diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6cb05448..f359778f 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@
 </style>
   <meta content="Bikeshed version 6edc88947, updated Thu Aug 17 11:18:09 2023 -0700" name="generator">
   <link href="https://aomediacodec.github.io/iamf/" rel="canonical">
-  <meta content="eee1fa2a79372ab63cc0e28ca7353aa6e9ab3fca" name="document-revision">
+  <meta content="77748c887e004f224adb1d796cedc458909b7558" name="document-revision">
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 .css.css, .property.property, .descriptor.descriptor {
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@@ -2379,7 +2379,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.4" id="timingmodel"><span class="secno
    <p>The figure below shows an example of the Timing Model in terms of the decode start times and durations of the coded <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream②⑥">Audio Substream</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream①④">Parameter Substream</a>.</p>
    <center><img height="1029" src="images/IAMF Timing Model.png" style="width:100%; height:auto;" width="1946"></center>
    <center>
-    <figcaption>An example of the IAMF Timing Model. AFO: Audio Frame OBU, PBO: Parameter Block OBU, PT<code>x</code>: time <code>x</code> (ms) on the presentation layer’s timeline, DT<code>y</code>: time <code>y</code> (ms) on the decoding layer’s timeline.</figcaption>
+    <figcaption>An example of the IAMF Timing Model. AFO: Audio Frame OBU, PBO: Parameter Block OBU, \(\text{PT}x\): time \(x\) (ms) on the presentation layer’s timeline, \(\text{DT}y\): time \(y\) (ms) on the decoding layer’s timeline.</figcaption>
    </center>
    <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">NOTE:</span> For a given decoded <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream②⑦">Audio Substream</a> (before trimming) and its associated <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream①⑤">Parameter Substream</a>(s), a decoder MAY apply trimming in 1 of 2 ways: <br> 1) The decoder processes the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream②⑧">Audio Substream</a> using the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream①⑥">Parameter Substream</a>(s), and then trims the processed audio samples. <br> 2) The decoder trims both the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream②⑨">Audio Substream</a> and the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream①⑦">Parameter Substream</a>(s). Then, the decoder processes the trimmed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream③⓪">Audio Substream</a> using the trimmed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream①⑧">Parameter Substream</a>(s).</p>
    <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="obu-syntax"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content">Open Bitstream Unit (OBU) Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#obu-syntax"></a></h2>
@@ -2429,7 +2429,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.2" id="obu-header"><span class="secno"
   }
   if (obu_extension_flag == 1) {
     leb128() extension_header_size;
-    unsigned int (8*extension_header_size) extension_header_bytes;
+    unsigned int (8 x extension_header_size) extension_header_bytes;
   }
 }
 </pre>
@@ -2552,7 +2552,8 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.5" id="obu-codecconfig"><span class="s
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="audio_roll_distance">audio_roll_distance</dfn> indicates how many audio frames prior to the current audio frame need to be decoded (and the decoded samples discarded) to set the decoder in a state that will produce the perfect decoded audio signal. It SHALL always be a negative value or zero. For some audio codecs, even if an audio frame can be decoded independently, the decoded signal after decoding only that frame may not represent a perfect, decoded audio signal, even ignoring compression artifacts. This can be due to overlap transforms. While potentially acceptable when starting to decode an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⓪">Audio Substream</a>, it may be problematic when automatically switching between similar <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④①">Audio Substream</a>s of different quality and/or bitrate.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>It SHALL be set to -R when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②">codec_id</a> is set to <code>Opus</code>, where R is <code>ceil(3840 / <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame③">num_samples_per_frame</a>)</code>.</p>
+     <p>It SHALL be set to \(-R\) when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②">codec_id</a> is set to <code>Opus</code>, where
+\[R = \left\lceil{\frac{3840}{\text{num_samples_per_frame}}}\right\rceil.\]</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>It SHALL be set to -1 when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id③">codec_id</a> is set to <code>mp4a</code>.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -2585,7 +2586,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6" id="obu-audioelement"><span class="
     }
     else if (param_definition_type > 2) {
         leb128() param_definition_size;
-        unsigned int (8*param_definition_size) param_definition_bytes;
+        unsigned int (8 x param_definition_size) param_definition_bytes;
     }
   }
 
@@ -2595,7 +2596,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6" id="obu-audioelement"><span class="
     AmbisonicsConfig ambisonics_config;
   } else {
     leb128() audio_element_config_size;
-    unsigned int (8*audio_element_config_size) audio_element_config_bytes;
+    unsigned int (8 x audio_element_config_size) audio_element_config_bytes;
   }
 }
 </pre>
@@ -2623,22 +2624,32 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6" id="obu-audioelement"><span class="
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="audio_element_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="audio_element_obu-codec_config_id">codec_config_id</dfn> indicates the identifier for the codec configuration which this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③①">Audio Element</a> refers to. Parsers compliant with this version of the specification SHOULD ignore <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②">Audio Element OBU</a>s with a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-codec_config_id">codec_config_id</a> identifying an unknown <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id⑤">codec_id</a>.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="num_substreams">num_substreams</dfn> specifies the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④④">Audio Substream</a>s that are used to reconstruct this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③②">Audio Element</a>. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="audio_element_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id">audio_substream_id</dfn> indicates the identifier for an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑤">Audio Substream</a> which this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③③">Audio Element</a> refers to.</p>
-   <p>Let a particular <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①②">Channel Group</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑥">Audio Substream</a>s be indexed as [<dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="c">c</dfn>, <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="n_c">n_c</dfn>], where a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①③">Channel Group</a> generation rule is described in <a href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-channelgroupgenerationrule">§ 10.2.5 Annex B-5: Channel Group Generation Rule</a> and</p>
+   <p>Let a particular <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①②">Channel Group</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑥">Audio Substream</a>s be indexed as \(\left[c, n_c\right]\), where a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①③">Channel Group</a> generation rule is described in <a href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-channelgroupgenerationrule">§ 10.2.5 Annex B-5: Channel Group Generation Rule</a> and</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#c" id="ref-for-c">c</a> = [1, ..., C] is the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①④">Channel Group</a> index and C is the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑤">Channel Group</a>s.</p>
+     <p>\(c = \left[1, \ldots, C\right]\) is the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①④">Channel Group</a> index and \(C\) is the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑤">Channel Group</a>s.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#n_c" id="ref-for-n_c">n_c</a> = [1, ..., N_c] is the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑦">Audio Substream</a> index in the c-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑥">Channel Group</a> and N_c is the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑧">Audio Substream</a>s in the c-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑦">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(n_c = \left[1, \ldots, N_c\right]\) is the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑦">Audio Substream</a> index in the \(c\)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑥">Channel Group</a> and \(N_c\) is the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑧">Audio Substream</a>s in the \(c\)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑦">Channel Group</a>.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>Then, the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id">audio_substream_id</a> maps to a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑧">Channel Group</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream④⑨">Audio Substream</a>s as follows, where i is the index of the array:</p>
-<pre>[
-  [1, 1], [1, 2], ..., [1, N_1],
-  [2, 1], [2, 2], ..., [2, N_2], 
-  ..., 
-  [C, 1], [C, 2], ..., [C, N_c]
-]
-</pre>
-   <p>The order of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑤⓪">Audio Substream</a>s in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑨">Channel Group</a> (i.e., the semantics of n_c) is specified in <a href="#syntax-scalable-channel-layout-config">§ 3.6.2 Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics</a>.</p>
+   <p>\[
+\left[
+\left[ 1, 1 \right],
+\left[ 1, 2 \right],
+\cdots,
+\left[ 1, N_1 \right],
+\left[ 2, 1 \right],
+\left[ 2, 2 \right],
+\cdots,
+\left[ 2, N_2 \right],
+\cdots,
+\left[ C, 1 \right],
+\left[ C, 2 \right],
+\cdots,
+\left[ C, N_c \right]
+\right]
+\]</p>
+   <p>The order of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑤⓪">Audio Substream</a>s in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group①⑨">Channel Group</a> (i.e., the semantics of \(n_c\)) is specified in <a href="#syntax-scalable-channel-layout-config">§ 3.6.2 Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics</a>.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="num_parameters">num_parameters</dfn> specifies the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream①⑨">Parameter Substream</a>s that are used by the algorithms specified in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③④">Audio Element</a>.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
@@ -2695,7 +2706,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6" id="obu-audioelement"><span class="
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_mode" id="ref-for-param_definition_mode">param_definition_mode</a> SHALL be set to 0.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration">duration</a> SHALL be the same as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame④">num_samples_per_frame</a> of this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③⑥">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration">duration</a> SHALL be the same as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame③">num_samples_per_frame</a> of this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③⑥">Audio Element</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks">num_subblocks</a> SHALL be set to 1.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -2709,7 +2720,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6" id="obu-audioelement"><span class="
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_mode" id="ref-for-param_definition_mode①">param_definition_mode</a> SHALL be set to 0.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration②">duration</a> SHALL be the same as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑤">num_samples_per_frame</a> of this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③⑧">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration②">duration</a> SHALL be the same as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame④">num_samples_per_frame</a> of this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③⑧">Audio Element</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks①">num_subblocks</a> SHALL be set to 1.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -2726,10 +2737,10 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6" id="obu-audioelement"><span class="
     <li data-md>
      <p>In this class, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w_idx_offset" id="ref-for-w_idx_offset">w_idx_offset</a> in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data①">demixing_info_parameter_data</a> SHALL be ignored.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Instead, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_w" id="ref-for-default_w">default_w</a> directly indicates the weight value <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k">w(k)</a>.</p>
+     <p>Instead, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_w" id="ref-for-default_w">default_w</a> directly indicates the weight value <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k">\(w(k)\)</a>.</p>
    </ul>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="default_w">default_w</dfn> indicates the weight value <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k①">w(k)</a> for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a> specified in <a href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio-demixer">§ 7.2.2 De-mixer</a>.</p>
-   <p>The mapping of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_w" id="ref-for-default_w①">default_w</a> to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k②">w(k)</a> SHOULD be as follows:</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="default_w">default_w</dfn> indicates the weight value <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k①">\(w(k)\)</a> for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a> specified in <a href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio-demixer">§ 7.2.2 De-mixer</a>.</p>
+   <p>The mapping of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_w" id="ref-for-default_w①">default_w</a> to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k②">\(w(k)\)</a> SHOULD be as follows:</p>
 <pre class="def">default_w :   w(k)
    0      :    0
    1      :  0.0179
@@ -2758,7 +2769,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.1" id="parameter-definition"><span c
     leb128() constant_subblock_duration;
     if (constant_subblock_duration == 0) {
       leb128() num_subblocks;
-      for (i=0; i&lt; num_subblocks; i++) {
+      for (i = 0; i&lt; num_subblocks; i++) {
         leb128() subblock_duration;
       }
     }
@@ -2770,7 +2781,9 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.1" id="parameter-definition"><span c
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_rate">parameter_rate</dfn> specifies the rate used by this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream②③">Parameter Substream</a>, expressed as ticks per second. Time-related fields associated with this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream②④">Parameter Substream</a>, such as durations, SHALL be expressed in the number of ticks.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>The rate SHALL be a value such that (the rate * <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑥">num_samples_per_frame</a>) / (the sample rate of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③⑨">Audio Element</a>) is a non-zero integer.</p>
+     <p>The parameter rate SHALL be a value such that the number of ticks per frame, computed as
+\[\frac{\text{parameter_rate} \times \text{num_samples_per_frame}}{\text{Audio Element sample rate}},\]
+is a non-zero integer.</p>
    </ul>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="param_definition_mode">param_definition_mode</dfn> indicates whether this parameter definition specifies the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration④">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks②">num_subblocks</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration②">constant_subblock_duration</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration">subblock_duration</a> fields for the parameter blocks with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id">parameter_id</a>.</p>
    <ul>
@@ -2781,20 +2794,19 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.1" id="parameter-definition"><span c
    </ul>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="ParamDefinition" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="paramdefinition-duration">duration</dfn> specifies the duration for which each parameter block with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id③">parameter_id</a> is valid and applicable. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="ParamDefinition" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration">constant_subblock_duration</dfn> specifies the duration of each subblock, in the case where all subblocks except the last subblock have equal durations. If all subblocks except the last subblock do not have equal durations, the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑤">constant_subblock_duration</a> SHALL be set to 0.</p>
-   <p>Let <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="d">D</dfn> = the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration⑦">duration</a>, <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="ns">NS</dfn> = the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks⑤">num_subblocks</a>, <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="csd">CSD</dfn> = the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑥">constant_subblock_duration</a> and <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="sd">SD</dfn> = the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration③">subblock_duration</a>.</p>
+   <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑥">constant_subblock_duration</a> is not equal to 0,</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#csd" id="ref-for-csd">CSD</a> != 0, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks⑥">num_subblocks</a> is implicitly calculated as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ns" id="ref-for-ns">NS</a> = ceil(<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#d" id="ref-for-d">D</a> / <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#csd" id="ref-for-csd①">CSD</a>).</p>
-     <ul>
-      <li data-md>
-       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ns" id="ref-for-ns①">NS</a> * <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#csd" id="ref-for-csd②">CSD</a> > <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#d" id="ref-for-d①">D</a>, the actual duration of the last subblock SHALL be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#d" id="ref-for-d②">D</a> - (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ns" id="ref-for-ns②">NS</a> - 1) * <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#csd" id="ref-for-csd③">CSD</a>.</p>
-     </ul>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks⑤">num_subblocks</a> is implicitly calculated as
+\[ \text{num_subblocks} = \left\lceil{ \frac{\text{duration}}{\text{constant_subblock_duration}}}\right\rceil. \]</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#csd" id="ref-for-csd④">CSD</a> = 0, the summation of all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#sd" id="ref-for-sd">SD</a>s in this parameter block SHALL be equal to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#d" id="ref-for-d③">D</a>.</p>
+     <p>If \(\textrm{num_subblocks} \times \text{constant_subblock_duration} > \text{duration}\), the actual duration of the last subblock SHALL be
+		\[ \text{duration} - \left( \text{num_subblocks} - 1 \right) \times \text{constant_subblock_duration}. \]</p>
    </ul>
+   <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑦">constant_subblock_duration</a> is equal to 0, the summation of all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration③">subblock_duration</a> in this parameter block SHALL be equal to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration⑦">duration</a>.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="ParamDefinition" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="paramdefinition-num_subblocks">num_subblocks</dfn> specifies the number of different sets of parameter values specified in each parameter block with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id④">parameter_id</a>, where each set describes a different subblock of the timeline, contiguously.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="ParamDefinition" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="paramdefinition-subblock_duration">subblock_duration</dfn> specifies the duration for the given subblock. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
-   <p>The values for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration⑧">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑦">constant_subblock_duration</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration④">subblock_duration</a> SHALL be expressed as the number of ticks at the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate②">parameter_rate</a> specified in the corresponding parameter definition.</p>
+   <p>The values for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration⑧">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑧">constant_subblock_duration</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration④">subblock_duration</a> SHALL be expressed as the number of ticks at the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate②">parameter_rate</a> specified in the corresponding parameter definition.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.2" id="syntax-scalable-channel-layout-config"><span class="secno">3.6.2. </span><span class="content">Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#syntax-scalable-channel-layout-config"></a></h4>
    <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#scalable_channel_layout_config" id="ref-for-scalable_channel_layout_config">scalable_channel_layout_config</a> provides the configuration for a given scalable channel audio representation.</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
@@ -2820,14 +2832,14 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.2" id="syntax-scalable-channel-layou
   }
 }
 </pre>
-   <p>When an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⓪">Audio Element</a> is composed of G(r) number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑤③">Audio Substream</a>s, its scalable channel audio representation is layered into <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers④">num_layers</a> = r number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group②⓪">Channel Group</a>s.</p>
+   <p>When an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element③⑨">Audio Element</a> is composed of \(G(r)\) number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑤③">Audio Substream</a>s, its scalable channel audio representation is layered into \(r\) <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers④">num_layers</a> of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group②⓪">Channel Group</a>s.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The order of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group②①">Channel Group</a>s in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit②">Temporal Unit</a> SHALL be same as the order of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel_audio_layer_config" id="ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config">channel_audio_layer_config</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#scalable_channel_layout_config" id="ref-for-scalable_channel_layout_config①">scalable_channel_layout_config</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>The q-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group②②">Channel Group</a> consists of G(q) - G(q-1) number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑤④">Audio Substream</a>s, where q = 1, 2, ..., r and G(0) = 0.</p>
+     <p>The \(q\)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group②②">Channel Group</a> consists of \(G(q) - G(q - 1)\) number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑤④">Audio Substream</a>s, where \(q = 1, 2, \ldots, r\) and \(G(0) = 0\).</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Let the term "Audio Frames" mean the set of all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu②②">Audio Frame OBU</a>s (for this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④①">Audio Element</a>) that have the same start timestamp. All Audio Frames in an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③⓪">IA Sequence</a> SHALL have the same number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu②③">Audio Frame OBU</a>s.</p>
+     <p>Let the term "Audio Frames" mean the set of all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu②②">Audio Frame OBU</a>s (for this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⓪">Audio Element</a>) that have the same start timestamp. All Audio Frames in an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③⓪">IA Sequence</a> SHALL have the same number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu②③">Audio Frame OBU</a>s.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu①②">Parameter Block OBU</a>s MAY be associated with Audio Frames.</p>
    </ul>
@@ -2972,7 +2984,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.2" id="syntax-scalable-channel-layou
       b0     : Right top front channel (Rtf)
 
 </pre>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="output_gain">output_gain</dfn> indicates the gain value to be applied to the mixed channels which are indicated by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_flags" id="ref-for-output_gain_flags①">output_gain_flags</a>, where each mixed channel is generated by downmixing two or more input channels. It is 20*log10 of the factor by which to scale the mixed channels. It is stored in a 16-bit, signed, two’s complement fixed-point value with 8 fractional bits (i.e., Q7.8 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-q-format" title="Q (number format)">[Q-Format]</a>).</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="output_gain">output_gain</dfn> indicates the gain value to be applied to the mixed channels which are indicated by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_flags" id="ref-for-output_gain_flags①">output_gain_flags</a>, where each mixed channel is generated by downmixing two or more input channels. It is computed as \(20 \times \log_{10}(f)\), where \(f\) is the factor by which to scale the mixed channels. It is stored in a 16-bit, signed, two’s complement fixed-point value with 8 fractional bits (i.e., Q7.8 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-q-format" title="Q (number format)">[Q-Format]</a>).</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.3" id="syntax-ambisonics-config"><span class="secno">3.6.3. </span><span class="content">Ambisonics Config Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#syntax-ambisonics-config"></a></h4>
    <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ambisonics_config" id="ref-for-ambisonics_config">ambisonics_config</a> provides the configuration for a given Ambisonics representation. In this specification, the <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ambix" title="AMBIX - A SUGGESTED AMBISONICS FORMAT">[AmbiX]</a> format is adopted, which uses Ambisonics Channel Number (ACN) channel ordering and normalizes the channels with Schmidt Semi-Normalization (SN3D).</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
@@ -2988,14 +3000,14 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.3" id="syntax-ambisonics-config"><sp
 class AmbisonicsMonoConfig() {
   unsigned int (8) output_channel_count;  // C
   unsigned int (8) substream_count;  // N
-  unsigned int (8 * C) channel_mapping;
+  unsigned int (8 x C) channel_mapping;
 }
 
 class AmbisonicsProjectionConfig() {
   unsigned int (8) output_channel_count;  // C
   unsigned int (8) substream_count;  // N
   unsigned int (8) coupled_substream_count;  // M
-  signed int (16 * (N + M) * C) demixing_matrix;
+  signed int (16 x (N + M) x C) demixing_matrix;
 }
 </pre>
    <p><b>Semantics</b></p>
@@ -3009,20 +3021,20 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.6.3" id="syntax-ambisonics-config"><sp
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="output_channel_count">output_channel_count</dfn> complies with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8486#" id="ref-for-something⑥">channel count</a> in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc8486" title="Ambisonics in an Ogg Opus Container">[RFC8486]</a> with the following restrictions:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>The allowed numbers of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_channel_count" id="ref-for-output_channel_count">output_channel_count</a> are pow(1 + n, 2), where n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 14.</p>
+     <p>The allowed numbers of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_channel_count" id="ref-for-output_channel_count">output_channel_count</a> are \(\left( 1 + n \right)^2\), for \(n = 0, 1, 2, \ldots, 14\).</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>In other words, the scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④②">Audio Element</a> SHALL NOT include non-diegetic channels.</p>
+     <p>In other words, the scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④①">Audio Element</a> SHALL NOT include non-diegetic channels.</p>
    </ul>
    <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#substream_count" id="ref-for-substream_count①">substream_count</a> specifies the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥③">Audio Substream</a>s. It SHALL be the same as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_substreams" id="ref-for-num_substreams①">num_substreams</a> in this OBU.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="channel_mapping">channel_mapping</dfn> complies with the "Channel Mapping" field for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://opus-codec.org/docs/opus_in_isobmff.html#" id="ref-for-something⑦">ChannelMappingFamily</a> = 2 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc8486" title="Ambisonics in an Ogg Opus Container">[RFC8486]</a>.</p>
-   <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#coupled_substream_count" id="ref-for-coupled_substream_count">coupled_substream_count</a> specifies the number of referenced <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥④">Audio Substream</a>s that are coded as coupled stereo channels, where M &lt;= N.</p>
+   <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#coupled_substream_count" id="ref-for-coupled_substream_count">coupled_substream_count</a> specifies the number of referenced <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥④">Audio Substream</a>s that are coded as coupled stereo channels, where \(\text{M} \le \text{N}\).</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="demixing_matrix">demixing_matrix</dfn> complies with the "Demixing Matrix" field for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://opus-codec.org/docs/opus_in_isobmff.html#" id="ref-for-something⑧">ChannelMappingFamily</a> = 3 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc8486" title="Ambisonics in an Ogg Opus Container">[RFC8486]</a> except that the byte order of each of the matrix coefficients is converted to big-endian.</p>
-   <p>A scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④③">Audio Element</a> has only one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group③⑦">Channel Group</a>, which includes all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥⑤">Audio Substream</a>s that it refers to. The order of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥⑥">Audio Substream</a>s in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group③⑧">Channel Group</a> SHALL conform to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc8486" title="Ambisonics in an Ogg Opus Container">[RFC8486]</a>.</p>
+   <p>A scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④②">Audio Element</a> has only one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group③⑦">Channel Group</a>, which includes all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥⑤">Audio Substream</a>s that it refers to. The order of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑥⑥">Audio Substream</a>s in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group③⑧">Channel Group</a> SHALL conform to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc8486" title="Ambisonics in an Ogg Opus Container">[RFC8486]</a>.</p>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7" id="obu-mixpresentation"><span class="secno">3.7. </span><span class="content">Mix Presentation OBU Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#obu-mixpresentation"></a></h3>
    <p>This section specifies the OBU payload of the Mix Presentation OBU.</p>
-   <p>The metadata in mix_presentation_obu specifies how to render, process and mix one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④④">Audio Element</a>s, with details provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation">§ 7.3 Mix Presentation</a>.</p>
+   <p>The metadata in mix_presentation_obu specifies how to render, process and mix one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④③">Audio Element</a>s, with details provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation">§ 7.3 Mix Presentation</a>.</p>
    <p>An <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③①">IA Sequence</a> MAY have one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①⓪">Mix Presentation</a>s specified. The IA parser SHALL select the appropriate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①①">Mix Presentation</a> to process according to the rules specified in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-selection">§ 7.3.1 Selecting a Mix Presentation</a>.</p>
-   <p>A <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①②">Mix Presentation</a> MAY contain one or more sub-mixes. Common use cases MAY specify only one sub-mix, which includes all rendered and processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑤">Audio Element</a>s used in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①③">Mix Presentation</a>. The use-case for specifying more than one sub-mix arises if an IA multiplexer is merging two or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③②">IA Sequence</a>s. In this case, it MAY choose to capture the loudness information from the original <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③③">IA Sequence</a>s in multiple sub-mixes, instead of recomputing the loudness information for the final mix.</p>
+   <p>A <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①②">Mix Presentation</a> MAY contain one or more sub-mixes. Common use cases MAY specify only one sub-mix, which includes all rendered and processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④④">Audio Element</a>s used in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①③">Mix Presentation</a>. The use-case for specifying more than one sub-mix arises if an IA multiplexer is merging two or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③②">IA Sequence</a>s. In this case, it MAY choose to capture the loudness information from the original <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence③③">IA Sequence</a>s in multiple sub-mixes, instead of recomputing the loudness information for the final mix.</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
 <pre>class MixPresentationOBU() {
   leb128() mix_presentation_id;
@@ -3065,16 +3077,16 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7" id="obu-mixpresentation"><span clas
    </ul>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_presentation_annotations">mix_presentation_annotations</dfn> provides informational metadata that an IA parser SHOULD refer to when selecting the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①⑦">Mix Presentation</a> to use. The metadata MAY also be used by the playback system to display information to the user but is not used in the rendering or mixing process to generate the final output audio signal.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="num_sub_mixes">num_sub_mixes</dfn> specifies the number of sub-mixes. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="num_audio_elements">num_audio_elements</dfn> specifies the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑥">Audio Element</a>s that are used in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①⑧">Mix Presentation</a> to generate the final output audio signal for playback. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="mix_presentation_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id">audio_element_id</dfn> indicates the identifier for an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑦">Audio Element</a> which this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①⑨">Mix Presentation</a> refers to.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="num_audio_elements">num_audio_elements</dfn> specifies the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑤">Audio Element</a>s that are used in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①⑧">Mix Presentation</a> to generate the final output audio signal for playback. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="mix_presentation_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id">audio_element_id</dfn> indicates the identifier for an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑥">Audio Element</a> which this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation①⑨">Mix Presentation</a> refers to.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_presentation_element_annotations">mix_presentation_element_annotations</dfn> provides informational metadata that the playback system MAY use to display information to the user. It is not used in the rendering or mixing process to generate the final output audio signal.</p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="rendering_config">rendering_config</dfn> provides the metadata required for rendering the referenced <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑧">Audio Element</a>.</p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="element_mix_config">element_mix_config</dfn> provides the metadata required for applying any processing to the referenced and rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑨">Audio Element</a> before being summed with other processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⓪">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="rendering_config">rendering_config</dfn> provides the metadata required for rendering the referenced <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑦">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="element_mix_config">element_mix_config</dfn> provides the metadata required for applying any processing to the referenced and rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑧">Audio Element</a> before being summed with other processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element④⑨">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="output_mix_config">output_mix_config</dfn> provides the metadata required for post-processing the mixed audio signal to generate the audio signal for playback.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="num_layouts">num_layouts</dfn> specifies the number of layouts for this sub-mix on which the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness" id="ref-for-loudness">loudness</a> information was measured.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="loudness_layout">loudness_layout</dfn> identifies the layout that was used to measure the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness" id="ref-for-loudness①">loudness</a> information provided in this sub-mix.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="loudness">loudness</dfn> provides the loudness information which was measured on <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout">loudness_layout</a> for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendered-mix-presentation" id="ref-for-rendered-mix-presentation③">Rendered Mix Presentation</a> by this sub-mix.</p>
-   <p>The layout specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①">loudness_layout</a> SHOULD NOT be higher than the highest layout among layouts provided by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤①">Audio Element</a>s except zero-order Ambisonics or Mono. In other words, rendering from an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤②">Audio Element</a> with the highest layout (except zero-order Ambisonics or Mono) to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout②">loudness_layout</a> SHOULD NOT require an up-mix.</p>
+   <p>The layout specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①">loudness_layout</a> SHOULD NOT be higher than the highest layout among layouts provided by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⓪">Audio Element</a>s except zero-order Ambisonics or Mono. In other words, rendering from an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤①">Audio Element</a> with the highest layout (except zero-order Ambisonics or Mono) to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout②">loudness_layout</a> SHOULD NOT require an up-mix.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout③">loudness_layout</a> for zero-order Ambisonics or Mono SHOULD NOT be higher than Stereo. Zero-order Ambisonics or Mono MAY be rendered to Stereo.</p>
@@ -3082,7 +3094,9 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7" id="obu-mixpresentation"><span clas
    <p>Each sub-mix SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness" id="ref-for-loudness②">loudness</a> for Stereo (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout④">loudness_layout</a> = <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.2051-3-202205-I!!PDF-E.pdf#" id="ref-for-something⑨">Loudspeaker configuration for Sound System A (0+2+0)</a>).</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If a sub-mix’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendered-mix-presentation" id="ref-for-rendered-mix-presentation④">Rendered Mix Presentation</a> is Mono, its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness" id="ref-for-loudness③">loudness</a> for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout⑤">loudness_layout</a> = Stereo SHOULD be measured on the Stereo signal generated using the equations, L = 0.707 * Mono and R = 0.707 * Mono.</p>
+     <p>If a sub-mix’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendered-mix-presentation" id="ref-for-rendered-mix-presentation④">Rendered Mix Presentation</a> is Mono, its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness" id="ref-for-loudness③">loudness</a> for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout⑤">loudness_layout</a> = Stereo SHOULD be measured on the Stereo signal generated using the equations:
+\[\text{L} = 0.707 \times \text{Mono}\]
+\[\text{R} = 0.707 \times \text{Mono}\]</p>
    </ul>
    <p>If one sub-mix of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①">Mix Presentation OBU</a> includes only one single scalable channel audio, then it SHALL comply with the following.</p>
    <ul>
@@ -3110,24 +3124,24 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.2" id="obu-mixpresentation-elementan
 }
 </pre>
    <p><b>Semantics</b></p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="audio_element_friendly_label">audio_element_friendly_label</dfn> specifies a human-friendly label to describe the referenced <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤③">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="audio_element_friendly_label">audio_element_friendly_label</dfn> specifies a human-friendly label to describe the referenced <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤②">Audio Element</a>.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.3" id="syntax-rendering-config"><span class="secno">3.7.3. </span><span class="content">Rendering Config Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#syntax-rendering-config"></a></h4>
-   <p>During playback, an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤④">Audio Element</a> SHOULD be rendered using a pre-defined renderer according to <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering">§ 7.3.2 Rendering an Audio Element</a>.</p>
+   <p>During playback, an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤③">Audio Element</a> SHOULD be rendered using a pre-defined renderer according to <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering">§ 7.3.2 Rendering an Audio Element</a>.</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
 <pre>class RenderingConfig() {
   unsigned int (2) headphones_rendering_mode;
   unsigned int (6) reserved;
   leb128() rendering_config_extension_size;
-  unsigned int (8*rendering_config_extension_size) rendering_config_extension_bytes;
+  unsigned int (8 x rendering_config_extension_size) rendering_config_extension_bytes;
 }
 </pre>
    <p><b>Semantics</b></p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="headphones_rendering_mode">headphones_rendering_mode</dfn> indicates whether the input channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑤">Audio Element</a> is rendered to stereo loudspeakers or spatialized with a binaural renderer when played back on headphones. If the playback layout is a loudspeaker layout or the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑥">Audio Element</a> is not CHANNEL_BASED, the parsers SHALL ignore this field.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="headphones_rendering_mode">headphones_rendering_mode</dfn> indicates whether the input channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤④">Audio Element</a> is rendered to stereo loudspeakers or spatialized with a binaural renderer when played back on headphones. If the playback layout is a loudspeaker layout or the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑤">Audio Element</a> is not CHANNEL_BASED, the parsers SHALL ignore this field.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>0: It indicates that the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑦">Audio Element</a> is rendered to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⓪">loudspeaker_layout</a> = Stereo.</p>
+     <p>0: It indicates that the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑥">Audio Element</a> is rendered to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⓪">loudspeaker_layout</a> = Stereo.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>1: It indicates that the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑧">Audio Element</a> is rendered to headphones.</p>
+     <p>1: It indicates that the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑦">Audio Element</a> is rendered to headphones.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>2~3: Reserved.</p>
    </ul>
@@ -3136,7 +3150,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.3" id="syntax-rendering-config"><spa
    <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="rendering_config_extension_size">rendering_config_extension_size<a class="self-link" href="#rendering_config_extension_size"></a></dfn> indicates the size in bytes of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendering_config_extension_bytes" id="ref-for-rendering_config_extension_bytes">rendering_config_extension_bytes</a>.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="rendering_config_extension_bytes">rendering_config_extension_bytes</dfn> represents reserved bytes for future use. Parsers compliant with this version of the specification SHOULD ignore these bytes.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.4" id="syntax-element-mix-config"><span class="secno">3.7.4. </span><span class="content">Element Mix Config Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#syntax-element-mix-config"></a></h4>
-   <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config">element_mix_config</a> provides metadata for any processing that needs to be applied to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑨">Audio Element</a> signal.</p>
+   <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config">element_mix_config</a> provides metadata for any processing that needs to be applied to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑧">Audio Element</a> signal.</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
 <pre>class ElementMixConfig() {
   MixGainParamDefinition mix_gain;
@@ -3147,8 +3161,8 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.4" id="syntax-element-mix-config"><s
 }
 </pre>
    <p><b>Semantics</b></p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_gain">mix_gain</dfn> provides the parameter definition for the gain value that is applied to all channels of the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⓪">Audio Element</a> signal. The parameter definition is provided by MixGainParamDefinition() and the corresponding parameter data to be provided in parameter blocks with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id⑤">parameter_id</a> is specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data">mix_gain_parameter_data</a>.</p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="default_mix_gain">default_mix_gain</dfn> specifies the default mix gain value to apply when there are no mix gain parameter blocks with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id⑥">parameter_id</a> provided. This value is expressed in dB and SHALL be applied to all channels in the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥①">Audio Element</a>. It is stored as a 16-bit, signed, two’s complement fixed-point value with 8 fractional bits (i.e., Q7.8 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-q-format" title="Q (number format)">[Q-Format]</a>).</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_gain">mix_gain</dfn> provides the parameter definition for the gain value that is applied to all channels of the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑤⑨">Audio Element</a> signal. The parameter definition is provided by MixGainParamDefinition() and the corresponding parameter data to be provided in parameter blocks with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id⑤">parameter_id</a> is specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data">mix_gain_parameter_data</a>.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="default_mix_gain">default_mix_gain</dfn> specifies the default mix gain value to apply when there are no mix gain parameter blocks with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id⑥">parameter_id</a> provided. This value is expressed in dB and SHALL be applied to all channels in the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⓪">Audio Element</a>. It is stored as a 16-bit, signed, two’s complement fixed-point value with 8 fractional bits (i.e., Q7.8 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-q-format" title="Q (number format)">[Q-Format]</a>).</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.5" id="obu-mixpresentation-outputmix"><span class="secno">3.7.5. </span><span class="content">Output Mix Config Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#obu-mixpresentation-outputmix"></a></h4>
    <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config">output_mix_config</a> provides metadata for any processing that needs to be applied to the mixed audio signal.</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
@@ -3242,7 +3256,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.7.7" id="obu-mixpresentation-loudness"
   }
   if (info_type &amp; 0b11111100 > 0) {
       leb128() info_type_size;
-      unsigned int (8*info_type_size) info_type_bytes;
+      unsigned int (8 x info_type_size) info_type_bytes;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -3283,8 +3297,6 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.8" id="obu-parameterblock"><span class
     leb128() constant_subblock_duration;
     if (constant_subblock_duration == 0) {
       leb128() num_subblocks;
-    } else {
-      // num_subblocks = ceil(duration / constant_subblock_duration)
     }
   }
 
@@ -3306,7 +3318,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.8" id="obu-parameterblock"><span class
     }
     else {
       leb128 parameter_data_size;
-      unsigned int (8*parameter_data_size) parameter_data_bytes;
+      unsigned int (8 x parameter_data_size) parameter_data_bytes;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -3314,17 +3326,20 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.8" id="obu-parameterblock"><span class
    <p><b>Semantics</b></p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="parameter_block_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_block_obu-parameter_id">parameter_id</dfn> indicates the identifier for a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream②⑤">Parameter Substream</a> which this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu①③">Parameter Block OBU</a> refers to.  If no <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu⑥">Audio Element OBU</a>s or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu②">Mix Presentation OBU</a>s refer to this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id⑧">parameter_id</a>, parsers compliant with this version of the specification SHOULD ignore <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu①④">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with this identifier.</p>
    <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="get_param_definition">get_param_definition()<a class="self-link" href="#get_param_definition"></a></dfn> is a run-time function to get the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_type" id="ref-for-param_definition_type③">param_definition_type</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_mode" id="ref-for-param_definition_mode②">param_definition_mode</a> from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu⑦">Audio Element OBU</a> or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu③">Mix Presentation OBU</a> that references this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id⑨">parameter_id</a>.</p>
-   <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_mode" id="ref-for-param_definition_mode③">param_definition_mode</a> = 0, this function additionally gets the following fields from the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu⑧">Audio Element OBU</a> or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu④">Mix Presentation OBU</a>: <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration⑨">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks⑦">num_subblocks</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑧">constant_subblock_duration</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration⑤">subblock_duration</a>.</p>
+   <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_mode" id="ref-for-param_definition_mode③">param_definition_mode</a> = 0, this function additionally gets the following fields from the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu⑧">Audio Element OBU</a> or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu④">Mix Presentation OBU</a>: <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-duration⑨">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks⑥">num_subblocks</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-constant_subblock_duration⑨">constant_subblock_duration</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration⑤">subblock_duration</a>.</p>
    <p>When it gets an unknown <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_definition_type" id="ref-for-param_definition_type④">param_definition_type</a>, parsers compliant with this version of the specification SHOULD ignore the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu①⑤">Parameter Block OBU</a>.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="parameter_block_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_block_obu-duration">duration</dfn> specifies the duration for which this parameter block is valid and applicable. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="parameter_block_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration">constant_subblock_duration</dfn> specifies the duration of each subblock, in the case where all subblocks except the last subblock have equal durations. If all subblocks except the last subblock do not have equal durations, the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration">constant_subblock_duration</a> SHALL be set to 0.</p>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="parameter_block_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks">num_subblocks</dfn> specifies the number of different sets of parameter values specified in this parameter block, where each set describes a different subblock of the timeline, contiguously. When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration①">constant_subblock_duration</a> != 0, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks">num_subblocks</a> is implicitly calculated as <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks①">num_subblocks</a> = ceil(<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-duration">duration</a> / <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration②">constant_subblock_duration</a>).</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="parameter_block_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks">num_subblocks</dfn> specifies the number of different sets of parameter values specified in this parameter block, where each set describes a different subblock of the timeline, contiguously. When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration①">constant_subblock_duration</a> not equal to 0, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks">num_subblocks</a> is implicitly calculated as</p>
+   <p>\[
+\text{num_subblocks} = \left\lceil{\frac{\text{duration}}{\text{constant_subblock_duration}}}\right\rceil.
+\]</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="parameter_block_obu" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration">subblock_duration</dfn> specifies the duration for the given subblock. It SHALL NOT be set to 0.</p>
-   <p>The values of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-duration①">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration③">constant_subblock_duration</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration">subblock_duration</a> SHALL be expressed as the number of ticks at the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate③">parameter_rate</a> specified in the corresponding parameter definition.</p>
+   <p>The values of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-duration">duration</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration②">constant_subblock_duration</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration">subblock_duration</a> SHALL be expressed as the number of ticks at the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate③">parameter_rate</a> specified in the corresponding parameter definition.</p>
    <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_data_size">parameter_data_size<a class="self-link" href="#parameter_data_size"></a></dfn> indicates the size in bytes of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_data_bytes" id="ref-for-parameter_data_bytes">parameter_data_bytes</a>.</p>
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="parameter_data_bytes">parameter_data_bytes</dfn> represents reserved bytes for future use when new syntaxes are defined. Parsers compliant with this version of the specification SHOULD ignore these bytes.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.8.1" id="syntax-mix-gain-param"><span class="secno">3.8.1. </span><span class="content">Mix Gain Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics</span><a class="self-link" href="#syntax-mix-gain-param"></a></h4>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_gain_parameter_data">mix_gain_parameter_data</dfn> specifies a gain parameter data to be used when mixing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥②">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="mix_gain_parameter_data">mix_gain_parameter_data</dfn> specifies a gain parameter data to be used when mixing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥①">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
    <p><b>Syntax</b></p>
 <pre>class MixGainParameterData() {
   leb128() animation_type;
@@ -3338,7 +3353,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.8.1" id="syntax-mix-gain-param"><span
        1       : LINEAR
        2       : BEZIER
 </pre>
-   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="param_data">param_data</dfn> uses the AnimatedParameterData function template. Each of the values defined within this instance (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#start_point_value" id="ref-for-start_point_value">start_point_value</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#end_point_value" id="ref-for-end_point_value">end_point_value</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#control_point_value" id="ref-for-control_point_value">control_point_value</a>) is expressed in dB and SHALL be applied to all channels in the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥③">Audio Element</a>. They are stored as 16-bit, signed, two’s complement fixed-point values with 8 fractional bits (i.e., Q7.8 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-q-format" title="Q (number format)">[Q-Format]</a>).</p>
+   <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="param_data">param_data</dfn> uses the AnimatedParameterData function template. Each of the values defined within this instance (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#start_point_value" id="ref-for-start_point_value">start_point_value</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#end_point_value" id="ref-for-end_point_value">end_point_value</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#control_point_value" id="ref-for-control_point_value">control_point_value</a>) is expressed in dB and SHALL be applied to all channels in the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥②">Audio Element</a>. They are stored as 16-bit, signed, two’s complement fixed-point values with 8 fractional bits (i.e., Q7.8 in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-q-format" title="Q (number format)">[Q-Format]</a>).</p>
 <pre>template &lt;class T>
 class AnimatedParameterData(animation_type) {
   if (animation_type == STEP) {
@@ -3373,23 +3388,23 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.8.2" id="syntax-demixing-info"><span c
    <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="dmixp_mode">dmixp_mode</dfn> indicates one of the pre-defined combinations of five demixing parameters.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>0: mode1, (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, w_idx_offset) = (1, 1, 0.707, 0.707, -1)</p>
+     <p>0: mode1, \(\left( \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \text{w_idx_offset} \right) = \left(1, 1, 0.707, 0.707, -1\right) \)</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>1: mode2, (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, w_idx_offset) = (0.707, 0.707, 0.707, 0.707, -1)</p>
+     <p>1: mode2, \(\left( \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \text{w_idx_offset} \right) = \left(0.707, 0.707, 0.707, 0.707, -1\right) \)</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>2: mode3, (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, w_idx_offset) = (1, 0.866, 0.866, 0.866, -1)</p>
+     <p>2: mode3, \(\left( \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \text{w_idx_offset} \right) = \left(1, 0.866, 0.866, 0.866, -1\right) \)</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>3: reserved</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>4: mode1, (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, w_idx_offset) = (1, 1, 0.707, 0.707, 1)</p>
+     <p>4: mode1, \(\left( \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \text{w_idx_offset} \right) = \left(1, 1, 0.707, 0.707, 1\right) \)</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>5: mode2, (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, w_idx_offset) = (0.707, 0.707, 0.707, 0.707, 1)</p>
+     <p>5: mode2, \(\left( \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \text{w_idx_offset} \right) = \left(0.707, 0.707, 0.707, 0.707, 1\right) \)</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>6: mode3, (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, w_idx_offset) = (1, 0.866, 0.866, 0.866, 1)</p>
+     <p>6: mode3, \(\left( \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \text{w_idx_offset} \right) = \left(1, 0.866, 0.866, 0.866, 1\right) \)</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>7: reserved</p>
    </ul>
-   <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="alpha">alpha<a class="self-link" href="#alpha"></a></dfn> and <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="beta">beta<a class="self-link" href="#beta"></a></dfn> are gain values used for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s7to5-enc" id="ref-for-s7to5-enc">S7to5 enc.</a>, <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="gamma">gamma<a class="self-link" href="#gamma"></a></dfn> for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t4to2-enc" id="ref-for-t4to2-enc">T4to2 enc.</a>, <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="delta">delta<a class="self-link" href="#delta"></a></dfn> for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s5to3-enc" id="ref-for-s5to3-enc">S5to3 enc.</a> and <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="w_idx_offset">w_idx_offset</dfn> is the offset used to generate a gain value <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="w">w<a class="self-link" href="#w"></a></dfn> used for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t2totf2-enc" id="ref-for-t2totf2-enc">T2toTF2 enc.</a>.</p>
+   <p>\(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are gain values used for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s7to5-enc" id="ref-for-s7to5-enc">S7to5 enc.</a>, \(\gamma\) for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t4to2-enc" id="ref-for-t4to2-enc">T4to2 enc.</a>, \(\delta\) for the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s5to3-enc" id="ref-for-s5to3-enc">S5to3 enc.</a> and <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="w_idx_offset">w_idx_offset</dfn> is the offset used to generate a gain value <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k③">\(w(k)\)</a> used for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t2totf2-enc" id="ref-for-t2totf2-enc">T2toTF2 enc.</a>.</p>
    <center><img height="373" src="images/Down-mix Mechanism.png" style="width:100%; height:auto;" width="800"></center>
    <center>
     <figcaption>IA Down-mix Mechanism</figcaption>
@@ -3432,7 +3447,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.9" id="obu-audioframe"><span class="se
   if (audio_substream_id_in_bitstream) {
      leb128() explicit_audio_substream_id;
   }
-  unsigned int (8*coded_frame_size) audio_frame();
+  unsigned int (8 x coded_frame_size) audio_frame();
 }
 </pre>
    <p><b>Semantics</b></p>
@@ -3512,9 +3527,9 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.11.3" id="flac-specific"><span class="
    <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#decoder_config" id="ref-for-decoder_config①⓪">decoder_config</a> for FLAC is the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something④⑨">METADATA_BLOCK</a>s of <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-flac" title="Free Lossless Audio Codec">[FLAC]</a> for mono or stereo channels. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤⓪">METADATA_BLOCK_STREAMINFO</a> has the following constraints:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤①">minimum block size</a> SHALL be set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑦">num_samples_per_frame</a>.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤①">minimum block size</a> SHALL be set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑤">num_samples_per_frame</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤②">maximum block size</a> SHALL be set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑧">num_samples_per_frame</a>.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤②">maximum block size</a> SHALL be set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑥">num_samples_per_frame</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤③">minimum frame size</a> SHOULD be set to 0.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -3527,7 +3542,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.11.3" id="flac-specific"><span class="
    <p>The format of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_frame" id="ref-for-audio_frame⑤">audio_frame()</a> is <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑤⑨">FRAME</a> of <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-flac" title="Free Lossless Audio Codec">[FLAC]</a> which contains only one single frame of mono or stereo channels with the following constraints.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥⓪">Block size in inter-channel samples</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥①">FRAME_HEADER</a> SHALL be set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑨">num_samples_per_frame</a>.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥⓪">Block size in inter-channel samples</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥①">FRAME_HEADER</a> SHALL be set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑦">num_samples_per_frame</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥②">Sample rate</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥③">FRAME_HEADER</a> SHALL indicate the same sample rate defined in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html" id="ref-for-something⑥④">METADATA_BLOCK_STREAMINFO</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -3551,7 +3566,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.11.4" id="lpcm-specific"><span class="
    <p>The format of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_frame" id="ref-for-audio_frame⑥">audio_frame()</a> is only one single mono or stereo PCM audio frame.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_frame" id="ref-for-audio_frame⑦">audio_frame()</a> contains a stereo PCM audio frame, the ith audio sample of the Left channel is followed by the ith audio sample of the Right channel, and then the (i+1)th audio sample of the Left channel is followed by the (i+1)th audio sample of the Right channel, where i = 1, 2, ..., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame①⓪">num_samples_per_frame</a> - 1.</p>
+     <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_frame" id="ref-for-audio_frame⑦">audio_frame()</a> contains a stereo PCM audio frame, the i-th audio sample of the Left channel is followed by the i-th audio sample of the Right channel, and then the (i+1)-th audio sample of the Left channel is followed by the (i+1)-th audio sample of the Right channel, where i = 1, 2, ..., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_samples_per_frame" id="ref-for-num_samples_per_frame⑧">num_samples_per_frame</a> - 1.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>When more than one byte is used to represent a PCM sample, the byte order (i.e., its endianness) is indicated in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#sample_format_flags" id="ref-for-sample_format_flags">sample_format_flags</a>.</p>
    </ul>
@@ -3620,7 +3635,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1" id="profiles-simple"><span class="s
     <li data-md>
      <p>They SHALL be able to decode and process up to 16 channels.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>They SHALL be able to reconstruct one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥④">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+     <p>They SHALL be able to reconstruct one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥③">Audio Element</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>They MAY use (default_)demixing_info_parameter_data to do down-mixing.</p>
    </ul>
@@ -3632,20 +3647,20 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2" id="profiles-base"><span class="sec
      <p>There SHALL be at most two unique <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu①⑤">Audio Element OBU</a>s at any one time.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There SHALL be at most one Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑤">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers⑧">num_layers</a> > 1 at any one time.</p>
+       <p>There SHALL be at most one Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥④">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers⑧">num_layers</a> > 1 at any one time.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There SHALL be at most one Scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑥">Audio Element</a> at any one time.</p>
+       <p>There SHALL be at most one Scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑤">Audio Element</a> at any one time.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>In other words, only the following combinations of two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑦">Audio Element</a>s are allowed.</p>
+       <p>In other words, only the following combinations of two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑥">Audio Element</a>s are allowed.</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑧">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers⑨">num_layers</a> = 1 + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑨">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①⓪">num_layers</a> = 1.</p>
+         <p>Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑦">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers⑨">num_layers</a> = 1 + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑧">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①⓪">num_layers</a> = 1.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⓪">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①①">num_layers</a> = 1 + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦①">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①②">num_layers</a> > 1.</p>
+         <p>Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑥⑨">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①①">num_layers</a> = 1 + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⓪">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①②">num_layers</a> > 1.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>Scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦②">Audio Element</a> + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦③">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①③">num_layers</a> = 1.</p>
+         <p>Scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦①">Audio Element</a> + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦②">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①③">num_layers</a> = 1.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>Scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦④">Audio Element</a> + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑤">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①④">num_layers</a> > 1.</p>
+         <p>Scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦③">Audio Element</a> + Channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦④">Audio Element</a> having <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①④">num_layers</a> > 1.</p>
        </ul>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
@@ -3665,14 +3680,14 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2" id="profiles-base"><span class="sec
      <p>They SHALL be able to decode and process up to 18 channels.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>The 18 channels limit applies to the sum of channels across all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑥">Audio Element</a>s in a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②①">Mix Presentation</a> before mixing.</p>
+       <p>The 18 channels limit applies to the sum of channels across all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑤">Audio Element</a>s in a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②①">Mix Presentation</a> before mixing.</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>One example is a mix with 3rd-order Ambisonics (16 channels) + non-diegetic stereo (2 channels).</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>They SHALL be able to reconstruct two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑦">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+     <p>They SHALL be able to reconstruct two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑥">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>They SHALL be able to mix two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑧">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+     <p>They SHALL be able to mix two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑦">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
    </ul>
    <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="standalone"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content">Standalone IAMF Representation</span><a class="self-link" href="#standalone"></a></h2>
    <p>This section details the order in which the OBUs are sequenced in a standalone IAMF representation.</p>
@@ -3702,7 +3717,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="5.1.2" id="standalone-iadata-obus"><span
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu③⓪">Audio Frame OBU</a>s and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu②④">Parameter Block OBU</a>s SHALL be ordered by their implied timestamp in the timeline.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If there are multiple <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu③①">Audio Frame OBU</a>s that have the same implied start timestamp, they SHALL be grouped by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑨">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+     <p>If there are multiple <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu③①">Audio Frame OBU</a>s that have the same implied start timestamp, they SHALL be grouped by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑧">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>A <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-delimiter-obu" id="ref-for-temporal-delimiter-obu⑥">Temporal Delimiter OBU</a> MAY be inserted at the beginning of a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit⑧">Temporal Unit</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -3866,7 +3881,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="6.4.1" id="isobmff-decapsulation-singlet
     <li data-md>
      <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#configobus" id="ref-for-configobus③">configOBUs</a> from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#iasampleentry" id="ref-for-iasampleentry②">IASampleEntry</a> are placed at the beginning of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑥⑧">IA Sequence</a>. These are the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors②⑥">Descriptors</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Next, place the OBUs from the <code>j = 1, 2, ..., m</code>-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sample" id="ref-for-ia-sample①③">IA Sample</a>s associated with the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#iasampleentry" id="ref-for-iasampleentry③">IASampleEntry</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑥⑨">IA Sequence</a>, in order. These form the <code>j = 1, 2, ..., m</code>-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①③">Temporal Unit</a>s.</p>
+     <p>Next, place the OBUs from the j = 1, 2, ..., m-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sample" id="ref-for-ia-sample①③">IA Sample</a>s associated with the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#iasampleentry" id="ref-for-iasampleentry③">IASampleEntry</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑥⑨">IA Sequence</a>, in order. These form the j = 1, 2, ..., m-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①③">Temporal Unit</a>s.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>If it is desirable to have <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-delimiter-obu" id="ref-for-temporal-delimiter-obu⑨">Temporal Delimiter OBU</a>s in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦⓪">IA Sequence</a>, insert a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-delimiter-obu" id="ref-for-temporal-delimiter-obu①⓪">Temporal Delimiter OBU</a> in front of every <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①④">Temporal Unit</a>.</p>
@@ -3909,7 +3924,7 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="processing"><span class="secno">7
        <p>Details are provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-selection">§ 7.3.1 Selecting a Mix Presentation</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Decoding and reconstructing one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⓪">Audio Element</a>s that are referenced by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②③">Mix Presentation</a>, and used in the remainder of the steps below.</p>
+     <p>Decoding and reconstructing one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑦⑨">Audio Element</a>s that are referenced by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②③">Mix Presentation</a>, and used in the remainder of the steps below.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Ambisonics decoding is described in <a href="#processing-ambisonics">§ 7.1 Ambisonics Decoding and Reconstruction</a>.</p>
@@ -3917,25 +3932,25 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="processing"><span class="secno">7
        <p>Scalable Channel Audio decoding is described in <a href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio">§ 7.2 Scalable Channel Audio Decoding and Reconstruction</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Rendering each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧①">Audio Element</a> to the playback layout.</p>
+     <p>Rendering each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⓪">Audio Element</a> to the playback layout.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Details are provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering">§ 7.3.2 Rendering an Audio Element</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Applying mixing parameters to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧②">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+     <p>Applying mixing parameters to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧①">Audio Element</a>.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Details are provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-mixing">§ 7.3.3 Mixing Audio Elements</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Synchronizing and then summing all rendered and individually processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧③">Audio Elements</a>.</p>
+     <p>Synchronizing and then summing all rendered and individually processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧②">Audio Elements</a>.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Details are provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-mixing">§ 7.3.3 Mixing Audio Elements</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Applying further mixing parameters to the mixed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧④">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+     <p>Applying further mixing parameters to the mixed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧③">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Details are provided in <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-mixing">§ 7.3.3 Mixing Audio Elements</a>.</p>
@@ -3959,9 +3974,9 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="processing"><span class="secno">7
     <li data-md>
      <p>The Codec Decoder for each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑦⑨">Audio Substream</a> outputs the decoded channels.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>The Audio Element Renderer reconstructs the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①②">3D audio signal</a> from decoded channels of Codec Decoders according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑤">Audio Element</a> type (specified <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu①⑧">Audio Element OBU</a>), and renders the audio channels to the playback layout.</p>
+     <p>The Audio Element Renderer reconstructs the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①②">3D audio signal</a> from decoded channels of Codec Decoders according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧④">Audio Element</a> type (specified <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu①⑧">Audio Element OBU</a>), and renders the audio channels to the playback layout.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>The Post-Processor outputs the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#immersive-audio" id="ref-for-immersive-audio⑨">Immersive Audio</a> for playback after processing and mixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑥">Audio Elements</a>, and then post-processing to perform loudness normalization and peak-limiting.</p>
+     <p>The Post-Processor outputs the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#immersive-audio" id="ref-for-immersive-audio⑨">Immersive Audio</a> for playback after processing and mixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑤">Audio Elements</a>, and then post-processing to perform loudness normalization and peak-limiting.</p>
    </ul>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.1" id="processing-ambisonics"><span class="secno">7.1. </span><span class="content">Ambisonics Decoding and Reconstruction</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-ambisonics"></a></h3>
    <p>The reconstruction of an Ambisonics signal SHALL conform to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-rfc8486" title="Ambisonics in an Ogg Opus Container">[RFC8486]</a>, except that a codec other than Opus MAY be used.</p>
@@ -3972,7 +3987,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.1" id="processing-ambisonics"><span cl
    </center>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>The OBU parser SHALL output the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧⓪">Audio Substream</a>s for a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑦">Audio Element</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦④">IA sequence</a>.</p>
+     <p>The OBU parser SHALL output the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧⓪">Audio Substream</a>s for a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑥">Audio Element</a> in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦④">IA sequence</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The OBU parser SHALL provide the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel_mapping" id="ref-for-channel_mapping">channel_mapping</a> or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_matrix" id="ref-for-demixing_matrix">demixing_matrix</a> information (according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ambisonics_mode" id="ref-for-ambisonics_mode①">ambisonics_mode</a>) to the Channel Mapping/Demixing Matrix module.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -4025,9 +4040,10 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2" id="processing-scalablechannelaudio
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.1" id="processing-scalablechannelaudio-gain"><span class="secno">7.2.1. </span><span class="content">Gain</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio-gain"></a></h4>
    <p>The Gain module is the mirror process of the Attenuation module (described in <a href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio">§ 8.2 Scalable Channel Audio Encoding</a>). It recovers the reduced sample values using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain" id="ref-for-output_gain⑤">output_gain</a>(i) when its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-output_gain_is_present_flag①">output_gain_is_present_flag</a>(i) for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④③">Channel Group</a> #i is set to 1. When its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-output_gain_is_present_flag②">output_gain_is_present_flag</a>(i) is set to 0, then this module SHALL be bypassed for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④④">Channel Group</a> #i. The value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain" id="ref-for-output_gain⑥">output_gain</a>(i) for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑤">Channel Group</a> #i SHALL be applied to all samples of the mixed channels in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑥">Channel Group</a> #i, where a mixed channel means the channel created by mixing multiple channels of an input channel audio when generating <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio">down-mixed audio</a> from the input channel audio (i.e., the channel audio for CL #n).</p>
    <p>To apply the gain, an implementation SHALL use the following:</p>
-<pre>sample = sample * pow(10, output_gain(i) / (20.0*256))
-</pre>
-   <p>where n = <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①⑦">num_layers</a> and i = 1, 2, ..., n. <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain" id="ref-for-output_gain⑦">output_gain</a>(i) is the raw 16-bit value for the ith layer which is specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel_audio_layer_config" id="ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config②">channel_audio_layer_config</a>.</p>
+   <p>\[
+\text{sample} =	\text{sample} \times 10^{\frac{\text{output_gain}(i)}{20.0 \times 256}}, \quad i = 1, 2, \ldots, n
+\]</p>
+   <p>where \(n\) is <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①⑦">num_layers</a>. <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain" id="ref-for-output_gain⑦">output_gain</a>(i) is the raw 16-bit value for the i-th layer which is specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel_audio_layer_config" id="ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config②">channel_audio_layer_config</a>.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.2" id="processing-scalablechannelaudio-demixer"><span class="secno">7.2.2. </span><span class="content">De-mixer</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio-demixer"></a></h4>
    <p>For scalable channel audio with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①⑧">num_layers</a> > 1, some channels of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i are delivered as-is but the rest are mixed with other channels for CL #i-1.</p>
    <p>The De-mixer module reconstructs the rest of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio②">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i from the mixed channels, which is passed by the Gain module, and its relevant non-mixed channels using its relevant demixing parameters.</p>
@@ -4037,31 +4053,41 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.2" id="processing-scalablechannelaud
      <p>Surround de-mixers</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s1to2-de-mixer">S1to2 de-mixer</dfn>: R2 = 2 * Mono – L2</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s1to2-de-mixer">S1to2 de-mixer</dfn>:
+\[\text{R2} = 2 \times \text{Mono} - \text{L2}\]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s2to3-de-mixer">S2to3 de-mixer</dfn>: L3 = L2 – 0.707 * C and R3 = R2 – 0.707 * C</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s2to3-de-mixer">S2to3 de-mixer</dfn>:
+\[\text{L3} = \text{L2} - 0.707 \times \text{C}\]
+\[\text{R3} = \text{R2} - 0.707 \times \text{C}\]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s3to5-de-mixer">S3to5 de-mixer</dfn>: Ls = 1/δ(k) * (L3 – L5) and Rs = 1/δ(k) * (R3 – R5)</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s3to5-de-mixer">S3to5 de-mixer</dfn>:
+\[\text{Ls} = \frac{1}{\delta(k)} \times \left( \text{L3} - \text{L5} \right) \]
+\[\text{Rs} = \frac{1}{\delta(k)} \times \left( \text{R3} - \text{R5} \right) \]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s5to7-de-mixer">S5to7 de-mixer</dfn>: Lrs = 1/β(k) * (Ls – α(k) * Lss) and Rrs = 1/β(k) * (Rs – α(k) * Rss)</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s5to7-de-mixer">S5to7 de-mixer</dfn>:
+\[ \text{Lrs} = \frac{1}{\beta(k)} \times \left( \text{Ls} - \alpha(k) \times \text{Lss} \right) \]
+\[ \text{Rrs} = \frac{1}{\beta(k)} \times \left( \text{Rs} - \alpha(k) \times \text{Rss} \right) \]</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Top de-mixers</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="tf2tot2-de-mixer">TF2toT2 de-mixer</dfn>: Ltf2 = Ltf3 – w(k) * (L3 – L5) and Rtf2 = Rtf3 – w(k) * (R3 – R5)</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="tf2tot2-de-mixer">TF2toT2 de-mixer</dfn>:
+\[ \text{Ltf2} = \text{Ltf3} - w(k) \times \left( \text{L3} - \text{L5} \right) \]
+\[ \text{Rtf2} = \text{Rtf3} - w(k) \times \left( \text{R3} -  \text{R5} \right) \]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="t2to4-de-mixer">T2to4 de-mixer</dfn>: Ltb = 1/γ(k) * (Ltf2 – Ltf4) and Rtb = 1/γ(k) * (Rtf2 – Rtf4)</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="t2to4-de-mixer">T2to4 de-mixer</dfn>:
+\[ \text{Ltb} = \frac{1}{\gamma(k)} \times \left( \text{Ltf2} - \text{Ltf4} \right) \]
+\[ \text{Rtb} = \frac{1}{\gamma(k)} \times \left( \text{Rtf2} - \text{Rtf4} \right) \]</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Where, Ltf2 and Rtf2 are the top channels of x.1.2ch, Ltf3 and Rtf3 are the top channels of 3.1.2ch, and Ltf4 and Rtf4 are the top channels of x.1.4ch (x = 5 or 7) and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k③">w(k)</a> is determined from the value of wIdx(k).</p>
-   </ul>
-   <p>Initially, wIdx(0) = 0 and the value of wIdx(k) SHALL be derived as follows:</p>
-   <ul>
-    <li data-md>
-     <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="widx-k">wIdx(k)<a class="self-link" href="#widx-k"></a></dfn> = Clip3(0, 10, wIdx(k-1) + w_idx_offset(k))</p>
+     <p>Where, Ltf2 and Rtf2 are the top channels of x.1.2ch, Ltf3 and Rtf3 are the top channels of 3.1.2ch, and Ltf4 and Rtf4 are the top channels of x.1.4ch (x = 5 or 7) and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k④">\(w(k)\)</a> is determined from the value of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#widx-k" id="ref-for-widx-k">\(\text{wIdx}(k)\)</a>.</p>
    </ul>
-   <p>The mapping of wIdx(k) to <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="w-k">w(k)</dfn> SHOULD be as follows:</p>
+   <p>Initially, \(\text{wIdx}(0) = 0\) and the value of <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="widx-k">wIdx(k)</dfn> SHALL be derived as follows:
+\[
+\text{wIdx}(k) = \text{Clip3}\left( 0, 10, \text{wIdx}(k - 1) + \text{w_idx_offset}(k) \right)
+\]</p>
+   <p>The mapping of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#widx-k" id="ref-for-widx-k①">\(\text{wIdx}(k)\)</a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="w-k">w(k)</dfn> SHOULD be as follows:</p>
 <pre class="def">wIdx(k) :   w(k)
    0    :    0
    1    :  0.0179
@@ -4075,41 +4101,42 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.2" id="processing-scalablechannelaud
    9    :  0.4821
    10    : 0.5
 </pre>
-   <p>When D_set = { x | S1 &lt; x ≤ Si} where x is an integer,</p>
+   <p>When \(D_{\text{set}} = \{x \mid \text{S1} &lt; x \le \text{Si}\} \) where \(x\) is an integer,</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If 2 is an element of D_set, the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s1to2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s1to2-de-mixer">S1to2 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>If 2 is an element of \(D_{\text{set}}\), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s1to2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s1to2-de-mixer">S1to2 de-mixer</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If 3 is an element of D_set, the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer">S2to3 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>If 3 is an element of \(D_{\text{set}}\), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer">S2to3 de-mixer</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If 5 is an element of D_set, the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s3to5-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s3to5-de-mixer">S3to5 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>If 5 is an element of \(D_{\text{set}}\), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s3to5-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s3to5-de-mixer">S3to5 de-mixer</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If 7 is an element of D_set, the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s5to7-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s5to7-de-mixer">S5to7 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>If 7 is an element of \(D_{\text{set}}\), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s5to7-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s5to7-de-mixer">S5to7 de-mixer</a>.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>When Ti = 2,</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If Sj = 3 (j=1,2,…, i-1), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer①">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>If Sj = 3 (j = 1, 2, …, i - 1), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer①">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a>.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>When Ti = 4,</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If Sj = 3 (j=1,2,…, i-1), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer②">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t2to4-de-mixer" id="ref-for-t2to4-de-mixer">T2to4 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>If Sj = 3 (j = 1, 2, …, i - 1), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer②">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t2to4-de-mixer" id="ref-for-t2to4-de-mixer">T2to4 de-mixer</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Else if Tj = 2 (j=1,2,…, i-1), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t2to4-de-mixer" id="ref-for-t2to4-de-mixer①">T2to4 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>Else if Tj = 2 (j = 1, 2, …, i - 1), the combination SHALL include <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#t2to4-de-mixer" id="ref-for-t2to4-de-mixer①">T2to4 de-mixer</a>.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>For example, consider the case where CL #1 = 2ch, CL #2 = 3.1.2ch, CL #3 = 5.1.2ch and CL #4 = 7.1.4ch. To reconstruct the rest (i.e., Ls5/Rs5/Ltf/Rtf) of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio④">down-mixed audio</a> 5.1.2ch,</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The combination includes <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer①">S2to3 de-mixer</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s3to5-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s3to5-de-mixer①">S3to5 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer③">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Ls5 and Rs5 are recovered by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer②">S2to3 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s3to5-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s3to5-de-mixer②">S3to5 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>Ls5 and Rs5 are recovered by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer②">S2to3 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s3to5-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s3to5-de-mixer②">S3to5 de-mixer</a>.
+\[ \text{Ls5} = \frac{1}{\delta(k)} \times \left( \text{L2} - 0.707 \times \text{C} - \text{L5} \right) \]
+\[ \text{Rs5} = \frac{1}{\delta(k)} \times \left( \text{R2} - 0.707 \times \text{C} - \text{R5} \right) \]</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Ltf and Rtf are recovered by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer③">S2to3 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer④">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a>.</p>
+     <p>Ltf and Rtf are recovered by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#s2to3-de-mixer" id="ref-for-s2to3-de-mixer③">S2to3 de-mixer</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer" id="ref-for-tf2tot2-de-mixer④">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a>.
+\[ \text{Ltf} = \text{Ltf3} - w(k) \times \left( \text{L2} - 0.707 \times \text{C} - \text{L5} \right) \]
+\[ \text{Rtf} = \text{Rtf3} - w(k) \times \left( \text{R2} - 0.707 \times \text{C} - \text{R5} \right) \]</p>
    </ul>
-<pre>Ls5 = 1/δ(k) * (L2 - 0.707 * C - L5) and Rs5 = 1/δ(k) * (R2 - 0.707 * C - R5).
-Ltf = Ltf3 - w(k) * (L2 - 0.707 * C - L5) and Rtf = Rtf3 - w(k) * (R2 - 0.707 * C - R5).
-</pre>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.3" id="processing-scalablechannelaudio-recongain"><span class="secno">7.2.3. </span><span class="content">Recon Gain</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio-recongain"></a></h4>
    <p>Recon gain is REQUIRED only for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers①⑨">num_layers</a> > 1 and when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id①⑨">codec_id</a> is set to <code>Opus</code> or <code>mp4a</code>.</p>
    <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑤">recon_gain</a> SHALL only be applied to all audio samples of the de-mixed channels from the De-mixer module.</p>
@@ -4118,22 +4145,22 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.3" id="processing-scalablechannelaud
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data⑤">recon_gain_info_parameter_data</a> indicates each channel of CL #i to which <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑥">recon_gain</a> needs to be applied and provides the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑦">recon_gain</a> value for each frame of the channel.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Sample (k,i) = Sample (k, i) * Smoothed_Recon_Gain (k,i), where k is the frame index and i is the sample index of the frame.</p>
+       <p>\(\text{sample}(k, i) = \text{sample}(k, i) \times \text{smoothed_recon_gain}(k, i)\), where \(k\) is the frame index and \(i\) is the sample index of the frame.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Smoothed_Recon_Gain (k) = MA_gain (k-1) * e_window + MA_gain (k) * s_window</p>
+       <p>\(\text{smoothed_recon_gain}(k) = \text{MA_gain}(k - 1) \times \text{e_window} + \text{MA_gain} \times \text{s_window}\).</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>MA_gain (k) = 2 / (N+1) * <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑧">recon_gain</a> (k) / 255 + (1 – 2/(N+1)) * MA_gain (k-1), where MA_gain (0) = 1.</p>
+       <p>\(\text{MA_gain}(k) = \frac{2}{N + 1} \times \frac{\text{recon_gain}(k)}{255} + \left( 1 - \frac{2}{N + 1} \right) \times \text{MA_gain}(k - 1)\), where \(\text{MA_gain}(0) = 1\).</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>e_window[0: olen] = hanning[olen:], e_window[olen:flen] = 0.</p>
+       <p>\(\text{e_window}[0:\text{olen}] = \text{hanning}[\text{olen}:]\), \(\text{e_window}[\text{olen}:\text{flen}] = 0\).</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>s_window[0: olen] = hanning[:olen], s_window[olen:flen] = 1.</p>
+       <p>\(\text{s_window}[0:\text{olen}] = \text{hanning}[:\text{olen}]\), \(\text{s_window}[\text{olen}:\text{flen}] = 1\).</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Where hanning = np.hanning (2*olen), flen is the frame size and olen is the overlap size.</p>
+       <p>Where \(\text{hanning} = \text{np.hanning}(2 \times \text{olen})\), \(\text{flen}\) is the frame size and \(\text{olen}\) is the overlap size.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>The value N = 7 is RECOMMENDED.</p>
+       <p>The value \(N = 7\) is RECOMMENDED.</p>
      </ul>
    </ul>
-   <p>The figure below shows the smoothing scheme of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑨">recon_gain</a>.</p>
+   <p>The figure below shows the smoothing scheme of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑧">recon_gain</a>.</p>
    <center><img height="334" src="images/Smoothing Scheme of Recon Gain.png" style="width:100%; height:auto;" width="1513"></center>
    <center>
     <figcaption>Smoothing Scheme of Recon Gain</figcaption>
@@ -4141,13 +4168,13 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2.3" id="processing-scalablechannelaud
    <p>The RECOMMENDED values for specific codecs are as follows:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②⓪">codec_id</a> is set to <code>Opus</code>: olen = 60.</p>
+     <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②⓪">codec_id</a> is set to <code>Opus</code>: \(\text{olen} = 60\).</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②①">codec_id</a> is set to <code>mp4a</code>: olen = 64.</p>
+     <p>When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②①">codec_id</a> is set to <code>mp4a</code>: \(\text{olen} = 64\).</p>
    </ul>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3" id="processing-mixpresentation"><span class="secno">7.3. </span><span class="content">Mix Presentation</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation"></a></h3>
    <p>An <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦⑤">IA Sequence</a> MAY contain more than one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②⑤">Mix Presentation</a>. <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-selection">§ 7.3.1 Selecting a Mix Presentation</a> details how a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②⑥">Mix Presentation</a> SHOULD be selected from multiple of them.</p>
-   <p>A <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②⑦">Mix Presentation</a> specifies how to render, process and mix one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑧">Audio Element</a>s. Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑨">Audio Element</a> SHALL first be individually rendered and processed before mixing. Then, any additional processing specified by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config①">output_mix_config</a> SHALL be applied to the mixed audio signal in order to generate the final output audio for playback. <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering">§ 7.3.2 Rendering an Audio Element</a> details how each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⓪">Audio Element</a> SHOULD be rendered, while <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-mixing">§ 7.3.3 Mixing Audio Elements</a> details how the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨①">Audio Element</a>s SHALL be processed and mixed.</p>
+   <p>A <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②⑦">Mix Presentation</a> specifies how to render, process and mix one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑦">Audio Element</a>s. Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑧">Audio Element</a> SHALL first be individually rendered and processed before mixing. Then, any additional processing specified by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config①">output_mix_config</a> SHALL be applied to the mixed audio signal in order to generate the final output audio for playback. <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering">§ 7.3.2 Rendering an Audio Element</a> details how each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑧⑨">Audio Element</a> SHOULD be rendered, while <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-mixing">§ 7.3.3 Mixing Audio Elements</a> details how the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⓪">Audio Element</a>s SHALL be processed and mixed.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.1" id="processing-mixpresentation-selection"><span class="secno">7.3.1. </span><span class="content">Selecting a Mix Presentation</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-selection"></a></h4>
    <p>When an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦⑥">IA Sequence</a> contains multiple <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②⑧">Mix Presentation</a>s, the IA parser SHOULD select the appropriate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation②⑨">Mix Presentation</a> in the following order.</p>
    <ol>
@@ -4177,7 +4204,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.1" id="processing-mixpresentation-se
      </ol>
    </ol>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2" id="processing-mixpresentation-rendering"><span class="secno">7.3.2. </span><span class="content">Rendering an Audio Element</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering"></a></h4>
-   <p>This specification supports the rendering of either a channel-based or scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨②">Audio Element</a> to either a target loudspeaker layout or binaurally, to headphones.</p>
+   <p>This specification supports the rendering of either a channel-based or scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨①">Audio Element</a> to either a target loudspeaker layout or binaurally, to headphones.</p>
    <p>In this section, for a given x.y.z layout, the next highest layout x'.y'.z' means that x', y', and z' are greater than or equal to x, y, and z, respectively.</p>
    <table class="def">
     <tbody>
@@ -4203,15 +4230,15 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2" id="processing-mixpresentation-re
       <td><a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-a2b">§ 7.3.2.4 Rendering a Scene-Based Audio Element to Headphones</a>
    </table>
    <h5 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.1" id="processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2l"><span class="secno">7.3.2.1. </span><span class="content">Rendering a Channel-Based Audio Element to Loudspeakers</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2l"></a></h5>
-   <p>This section defines the renderer to use, given a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨③">Audio Element</a> and a loudspeaker playback layout.</p>
+   <p>This section defines the renderer to use, given a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨②">Audio Element</a> and a loudspeaker playback layout.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The input layout (x.y.z) of the IA renderer is set as follows:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②⓪">num_layers</a> = 1, use the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑥">loudspeaker_layout</a> of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨④">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②⓪">num_layers</a> = 1, use the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑥">loudspeaker_layout</a> of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨③">Audio Element</a>.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Else, if there is an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑤">Audio Element</a> with a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑦">loudspeaker_layout</a> that matches the playback layout, use it.</p>
+       <p>Else, if there is an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨④">Audio Element</a> with a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑦">loudspeaker_layout</a> that matches the playback layout, use it.</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Else, use the next highest available layout from all available <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑧">loudspeaker_layout</a>s.</p>
      </ul>
@@ -4223,7 +4250,7 @@ <h5 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.1" id="processing-mixpresentation-
       <li data-md>
        <p>If DemixingParamDefinition() is not present, render according to <a href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2l-withoutdemixinfo">§ 7.3.2.1.1 Rendering Without Demixing Info</a>.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Else, if the playback layout matches a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑨">loudspeaker_layout</a> which can be generated from the highest loudspeaker layout of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑥">Audio Element</a> according to <a href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-channellayoutgenerationrule">§ 10.2.3 Annex B-3: Channel Layout Generation Rule</a>,</p>
+       <p>Else, if the playback layout matches a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout①⑨">loudspeaker_layout</a> which can be generated from the highest loudspeaker layout of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑤">Audio Element</a> according to <a href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-channellayoutgenerationrule">§ 10.2.3 Annex B-3: Channel Layout Generation Rule</a>,</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
          <p>If the playback layout has height channels, use <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data②">demixing_info_parameter_data</a> or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-default_demixing_info_parameter_data">default_demixing_info_parameter_data</a>.</p>
@@ -4250,7 +4277,9 @@ <h6 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.1.1" id="processing-mixpresentatio
      <p>Else if the playback layout is 7.1.2ch,</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Use the EAR Direct Speakers renderer (<a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-itu2127-0" title="Audio Definition Model renderer for advanced sound systems">[ITU2127-0]</a>) to first render the input audio to 7.1.4ch, followed by down-mixing from 7.1.4ch to 7.1.2ch. The height channels of 7.1.4ch are down-mixed to the height channels of 7.1.2ch as follows: Ltf2 = Ltf4 + 0.707 * Ltb and Rtf2 = Rtf4 + 0.707 * Rtb.</p>
+       <p>Use the EAR Direct Speakers renderer (<a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-itu2127-0" title="Audio Definition Model renderer for advanced sound systems">[ITU2127-0]</a>) to first render the input audio to 7.1.4ch, followed by down-mixing from 7.1.4ch to 7.1.2ch. The height channels of 7.1.4ch are down-mixed to the height channels of 7.1.2ch as follows:
+\[ \text{Ltf2} = \text{Ltf4} + 0.707 \times \text{Ltb} \]
+\[ \text{Rtf2} = \text{Rtf4} + 0.707 \times \text{Rtb} \]</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Else if the playback layout is 3.1.2ch,</p>
@@ -4264,14 +4293,14 @@ <h6 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.1.1" id="processing-mixpresentatio
      </ul>
    </ul>
    <h6 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.1.2" id="processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2l-configureear"><span class="secno">7.3.2.1.2. </span><span class="content">Configuring the EAR Direct Speakers Renderer</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2l-configureear"></a></h6>
-   <p>If the EAR Direct Speakers renderer is used, the following SHOULD be provided for each audio channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑦">Audio Element</a>:</p>
+   <p>If the EAR Direct Speakers renderer is used, the following SHOULD be provided for each audio channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑥">Audio Element</a>:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>speaker label: the label of the speaker position, using the same convention as "SP Label" in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-itu2051-3" title="Advance sound system for programme production">[ITU2051-3]</a>. This is defined for each audio channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑧">Audio Element</a> based on the information from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②⓪">loudspeaker_layouts</a>.</p>
+     <p>speaker label: the label of the speaker position, using the same convention as "SP Label" in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-itu2051-3" title="Advance sound system for programme production">[ITU2051-3]</a>. This is defined for each audio channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑦">Audio Element</a> based on the information from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②⓪">loudspeaker_layouts</a>.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>In <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-itu2051-3" title="Advance sound system for programme production">[ITU2051-3]</a>, an LFE audio channel MAY be identified either by an explicit label or its frequency content. In this specification, the LFE channel is identified based on the explicit label only, given by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②①">loudspeaker_layout</a>.</p>
    <h5 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.2" id="processing-mixpresentation-rendering-a2l"><span class="secno">7.3.2.2. </span><span class="content">Rendering a Scene-Based Audio Element to Loudspeakers</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-a2l"></a></h5>
-   <p>This section defines the renderer to use, given a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑨">Audio Element</a> and a loudspeaker playback layout.</p>
+   <p>This section defines the renderer to use, given a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑧">Audio Element</a> and a loudspeaker playback layout.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The input layout of the IA renderer is set to Ambisonics.</p>
@@ -4297,31 +4326,34 @@ <h5 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.2" id="processing-mixpresentation-
     <li data-md>
      <p>Ambisonics normalization method</p>
    </ol>
-   <p>In this specification, the <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ambix" title="AMBIX - A SUGGESTED AMBISONICS FORMAT">[AmbiX]</a> format is adopted, which uses SN3D normalization and ACN channel ordering. Accordingly, the Ambisonics order and degree can be computed from the channel index <code>k</code> as follows:</p>
-<pre>order   n = floor(sqrt(k)),
-degree  m = k - n * (n + 1).
-</pre>
+   <p>In this specification, the <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ambix" title="AMBIX - A SUGGESTED AMBISONICS FORMAT">[AmbiX]</a> format is adopted, which uses SN3D normalization and ACN channel ordering. Accordingly, the Ambisonics order and degree can be computed from the channel index \(k\) as follows:</p>
+   <p>\[
+\begin{aligned}[c]
+\text{order} \qquad &amp; n = \left\lfloor{\sqrt{k}}\right\rfloor\\
+\text{degree} \qquad &amp; m = k - n \times (n + 1)
+\end{aligned}
+\]</p>
    <h5 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.3" id="processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2b"><span class="secno">7.3.2.3. </span><span class="content">Rendering a Channel-Based Audio Element to Headphones</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-m2b"></a></h5>
-   <p>Given a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⓪">Audio Element</a> and headphones playback, the Binaural EBU ADM Direct Speaker renderer <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ebu-tech-3396" title="BINAURAL EBU ADM RENDERER (BEAR) FOR OBJECT-BASED SOUND OVER HEADPHONES">[EBU-Tech-3396]</a> SHOULD be used. The highest layout provided in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#scalable_channel_layout_config" id="ref-for-scalable_channel_layout_config④">scalable_channel_layout_config</a> SHOULD be used as the input to the renderer.</p>
+   <p>Given a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element⑨⑨">Audio Element</a> and headphones playback, the Binaural EBU ADM Direct Speaker renderer <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ebu-tech-3396" title="BINAURAL EBU ADM RENDERER (BEAR) FOR OBJECT-BASED SOUND OVER HEADPHONES">[EBU-Tech-3396]</a> SHOULD be used. The highest layout provided in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#scalable_channel_layout_config" id="ref-for-scalable_channel_layout_config④">scalable_channel_layout_config</a> SHOULD be used as the input to the renderer.</p>
    <h5 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.2.4" id="processing-mixpresentation-rendering-a2b"><span class="secno">7.3.2.4. </span><span class="content">Rendering a Scene-Based Audio Element to Headphones</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-rendering-a2b"></a></h5>
-   <p>Given a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪①">Audio Element</a> and headphones playback, the Resonance Audio renderer <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-resonance-audio" title="Efficient Encoding and Decoding of Binaural Sound with Resonance Audio">[Resonance-Audio]</a> SHOULD be used.</p>
+   <p>Given a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⓪">Audio Element</a> and headphones playback, the Resonance Audio renderer <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-resonance-audio" title="Efficient Encoding and Decoding of Binaural Sound with Resonance Audio">[Resonance-Audio]</a> SHOULD be used.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.3" id="processing-mixpresentation-mixing"><span class="secno">7.3.3. </span><span class="content">Mixing Audio Elements</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-mixpresentation-mixing"></a></h4>
-   <p>After rendering all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪②">Audio Element</a>s to a common playback layout, each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪③">Audio Element</a> SHALL be processed individually before mixing as follows:</p>
+   <p>After rendering all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪①">Audio Element</a>s to a common playback layout, each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪②">Audio Element</a> SHALL be processed individually before mixing as follows:</p>
    <ol>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪④">Audio Element</a>s do not have a common sample rate, re-sample them to a common sample rate. This specification RECOMMENDs 48 kHz.</p>
+     <p>If all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪③">Audio Element</a>s do not have a common sample rate, re-sample them to a common sample rate. This specification RECOMMENDs 48 kHz.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>If all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑤">Audio Element</a>s do not have a common bit-depth, convert them to a common bit-depth. This specification RECOMMENDs using 16 bits.</p>
+     <p>If all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪④">Audio Element</a>s do not have a common bit-depth, convert them to a common bit-depth. This specification RECOMMENDs using 16 bits.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Apply the per-element gain using the gain value specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config①">element_mix_config</a>.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>If there are no element mix gain <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream②⑨">Parameter Substream</a>s associated with the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑥">Audio Element</a>, use the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_mix_gain" id="ref-for-default_mix_gain">default_mix_gain</a> value.</p>
+       <p>If there are no element mix gain <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream②⑨">Parameter Substream</a>s associated with the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑤">Audio Element</a>, use the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_mix_gain" id="ref-for-default_mix_gain">default_mix_gain</a> value.</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Else, use the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_data" id="ref-for-param_data">param_data</a> value provided in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data③">mix_gain_parameter_data</a>.</p>
      </ul>
    </ol>
-   <p>The rendered and processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑦">Audio Element</a>s SHALL then be summed.</p>
+   <p>The rendered and processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑥">Audio Element</a>s SHALL then be summed.</p>
    <p>Finally, the output mix gain SHALL be applied using the value specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config②">output_mix_config</a> to generate one sub-mixed audio signal.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
@@ -4330,52 +4362,48 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3.3" id="processing-mixpresentation-mi
      <p>Else, use the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#param_data" id="ref-for-param_data①">param_data</a> value provided in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data④">mix_gain_parameter_data</a>.</p>
    </ul>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.4" id="processing-animated-params"><span class="secno">7.4. </span><span class="content">Animated Parameters</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-animated-params"></a></h3>
-   <p>This section describes how a set of parameter values is animated over a subblock in a parameter_block_obu and applied to the corresponding audio samples, using the information provided in AnimatedParameterData().</p>
+   <p>This section describes how a set of parameter values is animated over a subblock in a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu②⑧">Parameter Block OBU</a> and applied to the corresponding audio samples, using the information provided in AnimatedParameterData().</p>
    <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#animation_type" id="ref-for-animation_type①">animation_type</a> is equal to STEP, the parameter value provided by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#start_point_value" id="ref-for-start_point_value①">start_point_value</a> SHOULD be applied to all time steps in the subblock.</p>
-   <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#animation_type" id="ref-for-animation_type②">animation_type</a> is equal to LINEAR or BEZIER, the information provided in AnimatedParameterData() describes how the set of parameter values is animated as a Bezier curve. Let <code>T</code> be the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration①">subblock_duration</a> defined in the parameter_block_obu and <code>P0</code>, <code>P1</code> and <code>P2</code> be 2D coordinates defined as</p>
-<pre>P0 = (t0, start_point_value),
-P1 = (t1, control_point_value),
-P2 = (t2, end_point_value),
-</pre>
-   <p>where <code>t0 = 0</code> is the subblock start time, <code>t2 = D</code> is the subblock end time and <code>t1</code> is the control point time given by</p>
-<pre>t1 = round(D * control_point_relative_time).
-</pre>
-   <p>The values of <code>t0</code>, <code>t1</code> and <code>t2</code> are expressed as ticks at the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate④">parameter_rate</a> given in the associated parameter definition.</p>
+   <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#animation_type" id="ref-for-animation_type②">animation_type</a> is equal to LINEAR or BEZIER, the information provided in AnimatedParameterData() combined with the timing information provided in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition" id="ref-for-paramdefinition①">ParamDefinition()</a> and the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu②⑨">Parameter Block OBU</a> describe how the set of parameter values is animated as a Bezier curve. Let \(P_0\), \(P_1\), and \(P_2\) be 2D coordinates defined as</p>
+   <p>\[P_0 = (t_0, \text{start_point_value)},\]
+\[P_1 = (t_1, \text{control_point_value)},\]
+\[P_2 = (t_2, \text{end_point_value)},\]</p>
+   <p>where \(t_0 = 0\) is the subblock start time, \(t_2\) is the subblock end time and \(t_1\) is the control point time given by</p>
+   <p>\[t_1 = \text{round}(t_2 \times \text{control_point_relative_time}).\]</p>
+   <p>The values of \(t_0\), \(t_1\) and \(t_2\) are expressed as ticks at the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate④">parameter_rate</a> given in the associated parameter definition.</p>
    <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#animation_type" id="ref-for-animation_type③">animation_type</a> is equal to LINEAR, the set of parameter values is linearly interpolated between <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#start_point_value" id="ref-for-start_point_value②">start_point_value</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#end_point_value" id="ref-for-end_point_value①">end_point_value</a> at a given point in time as:</p>
-<pre>B_linear(a) = (1 - a) * P0 + a * P2,
-0 &lt;= a &lt;= 1,
-</pre>
-   <p>where <code>B_linear(a) = (t, y)</code> is a 2D coordinate with the parameter value <code>y</code> at time <code>t</code>.</p>
+   <p>\[
+B_{\text{linear}}(a) = (1 - a) \times P_0 + a \times P_2, \qquad 0 \le a \le 1,
+\]</p>
+   <p>where \(B_{\text{linear}}(a) = (t, y)\) is a 2D coordinate with the parameter value \(y\) at time \(t\).</p>
    <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#animation_type" id="ref-for-animation_type④">animation_type</a> is equal to BEZIER, the set of parameter values is interpolated following a quadratic Bezier curve between <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#start_point_value" id="ref-for-start_point_value③">start_point_value</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#end_point_value" id="ref-for-end_point_value②">end_point_value</a> at a given point in time as:</p>
-<pre>B_quad(a) = (1 - a)^2 * P0 + 2 * (1 - a) * a * P1 + a^2 * P2,
-0 &lt;= a &lt;= 1.
-</pre>
-   <p>where <code>B_quad(a) = (t, y)</code> is a 2D coordinate with parameter value <code>y</code> at time <code>t</code>.</p>
+   <p>\[
+B_{\text{quad}}(a) = (1 - a)^2 \times P_0 + 2 \times (1 - a) \times a \times P_1 + a^2 \times P_2, \qquad 0 \le a \le 1,
+\]</p>
+   <p>where \(B_{\text{quad}}(a) = (t, y)\) is a 2D coordinate with the parameter value \(y\) at time \(t\).</p>
    <p>To apply the parameter values to the audio samples in the subblock without interpolation, the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_rate" id="ref-for-parameter_rate⑤">parameter_rate</a> SHOULD be first resampled to the audio sample rate to give:</p>
-<pre>n0 = floor(t0 * (audio_sample_rate / parameter_rate)),
-n1 = floor(t1 * (audio_sample_rate / parameter_rate)),
-n2 = floor(t2 * (audio_sample_rate / parameter_rate)).
-</pre>
-   <p>Then, <code>P0</code>, <code>P1</code>, <code>P2</code> can be rewritten as:</p>
-<pre>P0 = (n0, start_point_value),
-P1 = (n1, control_point_value),
-P2 = (n2, end_point_value).
-</pre>
-   <p>Next, the parameter value <code>y</code> is computed for each time <code>t</code> that corresponds to an integer audio sample index, <code>t = n = [0, 1, 2, ..., n2]</code>. This is done by computing the equivalent value of <code>a</code> for every <code>n</code>, and then applying the Bezier equations <code>B_linear(a)</code> and <code>B_quad(a)</code> to find the parameter value <code>y</code>.</p>
-   <p>In the case of <code>B_linear(a)</code>, the mapping between <code>n</code> and <code>a</code> is given by:</p>
-<pre>a = n / n2.
-</pre>
-   <p>In the case of <code>B_quad(a)</code>, the mapping between <code>n</code> and <code>a</code> is given as follows. Let</p>
-<pre>alpha = n0 - 2 * n1 + n2,
-beta = 2 * (n1 - n0),
-gamma = n0 - n.
-</pre>
-   <p>If <code>alpha</code> is equal to 0, then</p>
-<pre>a = -gamma / beta,
-</pre>
-   <p>else,</p>
-<pre>a = (-beta + sqrt(beta^2 - 4 * alpha * gamma)) / (2 * alpha).
-</pre>
+   <p>\[n_0 = \left\lfloor\frac{t_0 \times \text{audio_sample_rate}}{\text{parameter_rate}}\right\rfloor,\]
+\[n_1 = \left\lfloor\frac{t_1 \times \text{audio_sample_rate}}{\text{parameter_rate}}\right\rfloor,\]
+\[n_2 = \left\lfloor\frac{t_2 \times \text{audio_sample_rate}}{\text{parameter_rate}}\right\rfloor,\]</p>
+   <p>Then, \(P_0\), \(P_1\), \(P_2\) can be rewritten as:</p>
+   <p>\[P_0 = (n_0, \text{start_point_value)},\]
+\[P_1 = (n_1, \text{control_point_value)},\]
+\[P_2 = (n_2, \text{end_point_value)},\]</p>
+   <p>Next, the parameter value \(y\) is computed for each time \(t\) that corresponds to an integer audio sample index, \(t = n = [0, 1, 2, \ldots, n_2]\). This is done by computing the equivalent value of \(a\) for every \(n\), and then applying the Bezier equations \(B_{\text{linear}}(a)\) and \(B_{\text{quad}}(a)\) to find the parameter value \(y\).</p>
+   <p>In the case of \(B_{\text{linear}}(a)\), the mapping between \(n\) and \(a\) is given by:</p>
+   <p>\[a = \frac{n}{n_2}.\]</p>
+   <p>In the case of \(B_{\text{quad}}(a)\), the mapping between \(n\) and \(a\) is given as follows. Let</p>
+   <p>\[\alpha = n_0 - 2 \times n_1 + n_2,\]
+\[\beta = 2 \times (n_1 - n_0),\]
+\[\gamma = n_0 - n.\]</p>
+   <p>Then,</p>
+   <p>\[
+a =
+\begin{cases}
+-\frac{\gamma}{\beta}, &amp; \text{if }~\alpha =  0,\\
+\frac{-\beta + \sqrt{\beta^2 - 4 \times \alpha \times \gamma}}{2 \times \alpha} &amp; \text{otherwise}.
+\end{cases}
+\]</p>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.5" id="processing-post"><span class="secno">7.5. </span><span class="content">Post Processing</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-post"></a></h3>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.5.1" id="processing-post-loudness"><span class="secno">7.5.1. </span><span class="content">Loudness Normalization</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-post-loudness"></a></h4>
    <p>Loudness normalization SHOULD be done by adjusting the loudness level to a target output level using the information provided in <a href="#obu-mixpresentation-loudness">§ 3.7.7 Loudness Info Syntax and Semantics</a>.  A control MAY be provided to set unique target output levels for each anchored loudness and/or the integrated loudness.  If loudness normalization increases the output level, a peak limiter to prevent saturation and/or clipping MAY be necessary; <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#true_peak" id="ref-for-true_peak">true_peak</a> or <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#digital_peak" id="ref-for-digital_peak">digital_peak</a> MAY be used to determine if peak limiting is needed.  Alternatively, the total amount of normalization MAY be limited.</p>
@@ -4408,7 +4436,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.6.2" id="processing-downmixmatrix-stat
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1
 \end{bmatrix}
-\ast
+\times
 \begin{bmatrix}
 	\text{L5} \\
 	\text{C} \\
@@ -4439,7 +4467,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.6.2" id="processing-downmixmatrix-stat
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; p &amp; 0 \\
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1
 \end{bmatrix}
-\ast
+\times
 \begin{bmatrix}
 	\text{L5} \\
 	\text{C} \\
@@ -4464,8 +4492,8 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.6.2" id="processing-downmixmatrix-stat
 	\text{LFE}
 \end{bmatrix}
 =
-\frac{2}{1 + 2 \ast p}
-\ast
+\frac{2}{1 + 2 \times p}
+\times
 \begin{bmatrix}
 	1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; p &amp; 0 &amp; p &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
 	0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
@@ -4474,7 +4502,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.6.2" id="processing-downmixmatrix-stat
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1
 \end{bmatrix}
-\ast
+\times
 \begin{bmatrix}
 	\text{L7} \\
 	\text{C} \\
@@ -4499,8 +4527,8 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.6.2" id="processing-downmixmatrix-stat
 	\text{LFE}
 \end{bmatrix}
 =
-\frac{2}{1 + 2 \ast p}
-\ast
+\frac{2}{1 + 2 \times p}
+\times
 \begin{bmatrix}
 	1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; p &amp; 0 &amp; p &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
 	0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
@@ -4509,7 +4537,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="7.6.2" id="processing-downmixmatrix-stat
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; p &amp; 0 \\
 	0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1
 \end{bmatrix}
-\ast
+\times
 \begin{bmatrix}
 	\text{L7} \\
 	\text{C} \\
@@ -4549,25 +4577,25 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="8" id="iamfgeneration"><span class="secn
     <li data-md>
      <p>A list of channel layouts to be supported for scalable channel audio, which conforms to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②③">loudspeaker_layout</a>.</p>
    </ul>
-   <p>The figure below shows an example architecture for an IA encoder that generates an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦⑧">IA Sequence</a> with one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑧">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+   <p>The figure below shows an example architecture for an IA encoder that generates an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦⑧">IA Sequence</a> with one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑦">Audio Element</a>.</p>
    <p>The IA encoder is composed of the Pre-processor, Codec encoder, and OBU packetizer modules.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Pre-processor outputs one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑦">Channel Group</a>s, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors③⓪">Descriptors</a> and optional <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③①">Parameter Substream</a>s based on the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑤">3D audio signal</a> and user inputs.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>It outputs one single <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑧">Channel Group</a> for a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑨">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+       <p>It outputs one single <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑧">Channel Group</a> for a scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑧">Audio Element</a>.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>It outputs one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑨">Channel Group</a>s for a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⓪">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+       <p>It outputs one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group④⑨">Channel Group</a>s for a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①⓪⑨">Audio Element</a>.</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>It outputs <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors③①">Descriptors</a> which are composed of one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence-header-obu" id="ref-for-ia-sequence-header-obu⑧">IA Sequence Header OBU</a>, one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu⑧">Codec Config OBU</a>, one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu①⑨">Audio Element OBU</a>, and one or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu⑦">Mix Presentation OBU</a>s.</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>It may output <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③②">Parameter Substream</a>s</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>For a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①①">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②①">num_layers</a> = 1, it may output a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③③">Parameter Substream</a> with demixing info.</p>
+         <p>For a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⓪">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②①">num_layers</a> = 1, it may output a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③③">Parameter Substream</a> with demixing info.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>For a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①②">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②②">num_layers</a> > 1, it outputs <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③④">Parameter Substream</a>s with demixing info and recon gain info.</p>
+         <p>For a channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①①">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②②">num_layers</a> > 1, it outputs <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③④">Parameter Substream</a>s with demixing info and recon gain info.</p>
         <li data-md>
          <p>It may further output <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③⑤">Parameter Substream</a>s with mixing gain.</p>
        </ul>
@@ -4578,7 +4606,7 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="8" id="iamfgeneration"><span class="secn
      <p>OBU packetizer packetizes <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors③②">Descriptors</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream③⑥">Parameter Substream</a>s and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧④">Audio Substream</a>s into OBUs, and outputs an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑦⑨">IA Sequence</a>.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Temporal unit generator generates a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①⑥">Temporal Unit</a> for each frame from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu③⑨">Audio Frame OBU</a>s and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu②⑧">Parameter Block OBU</a>s (if present).</p>
+       <p>Temporal unit generator generates a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①⑥">Temporal Unit</a> for each frame from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu③⑨">Audio Frame OBU</a>s and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⓪">Parameter Block OBU</a>s (if present).</p>
      </ul>
    </ul>
    <center><img height="594" src="images/IA Encoder Configuration.png" style="width:100%; height:auto;" width="1744"></center>
@@ -4640,7 +4668,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.2" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechannela
          <p>Down-mixer, Channel Group generator, and Attenuation modules are not needed.</p>
        </ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Down-mix parameter generator generates 5 down-mix parameters (α(k), β(k), γ(k), δ(k) and w(k)) by analyzing the input channel audio.</p>
+       <p>Down-mix parameter generator generates 5 down-mix parameters (\(\alpha(k)\), \(\beta(k)\), \(\gamma(k)\), \(\delta(k)\) and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k⑤">\(w(k)\)</a>) by analyzing the input channel audio.</p>
       <li data-md>
        <p>Down-mixer generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio⑤">down-mixed audio</a>s according to the list of channel layouts and the down-mix parameters.</p>
       <li data-md>
@@ -4661,39 +4689,39 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.2" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechannela
            <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel_audio_layer_config" id="ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config④">channel_audio_layer_config</a> is set as follows:</p>
            <ul>
             <li data-md>
-             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②④">loudspeaker_layout</a> is set to the ith list of channel layouts for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑤⑦">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②④">loudspeaker_layout</a> is set to the i-th list of channel layouts for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑤⑦">Channel Group</a>.</p>
             <li data-md>
-             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-output_gain_is_present_flag③">output_gain_is_present_flag</a> is set to 1 for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑤⑧">Channel Group</a> if attenuation is applied to the mixed channels of the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑤⑨">Channel Group</a>. Otherwise, it is set to 0 for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⓪">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-output_gain_is_present_flag③">output_gain_is_present_flag</a> is set to 1 for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑤⑧">Channel Group</a> if attenuation is applied to the mixed channels of the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑤⑨">Channel Group</a>. Otherwise, it is set to 0 for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⓪">Channel Group</a>.</p>
             <li data-md>
-             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-recon_gain_is_present_flag">recon_gain_is_present_flag</a> is set to 1 for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥①">Channel Group</a> if the preceding <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥②">Channel Group</a>s has one or more mixed channels from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio⑦">down-mixed audio</a> for the ith channel layout. Otherwise, it is set to 0 for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥③">Channel Group</a>. Especially, when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②⑦">num_layers</a> = 1, this flag is set to 0.</p>
+             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-recon_gain_is_present_flag">recon_gain_is_present_flag</a> is set to 1 for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥①">Channel Group</a> if the preceding <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥②">Channel Group</a>s has one or more mixed channels from the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio⑦">down-mixed audio</a> for the i-th channel layout. Otherwise, it is set to 0 for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥③">Channel Group</a>. Especially, when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②⑦">num_layers</a> = 1, this flag is set to 0.</p>
              <ul>
               <li data-md>
                <p>This flag is set to 0 for lossless codecs including LPCM.</p>
              </ul>
             <li data-md>
-             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#substream_count" id="ref-for-substream_count③">substream_count</a> is set to the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧⑧">Audio Substream</a>s in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥④">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#substream_count" id="ref-for-substream_count③">substream_count</a> is set to the number of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧⑧">Audio Substream</a>s in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥④">Channel Group</a>.</p>
             <li data-md>
-             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#coupled_substream_count" id="ref-for-coupled_substream_count①">coupled_substream_count</a> is set to the number of coupled substreams among the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧⑨">Audio Substream</a>s that make up the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑤">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+             <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#coupled_substream_count" id="ref-for-coupled_substream_count①">coupled_substream_count</a> is set to the number of coupled substreams among the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑧⑨">Audio Substream</a>s that make up the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑤">Channel Group</a>.</p>
             <li data-md>
-             <p>Each bit of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_flags" id="ref-for-output_gain_flags③">output_gain_flags</a> is set to 1 for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑥">Channel Group</a> if attenuation is applied to the relevant channel of the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑦">Channel Group</a>. Otherwise, it is set to 0 for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑧">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+             <p>Each bit of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_flags" id="ref-for-output_gain_flags③">output_gain_flags</a> is set to 1 for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑥">Channel Group</a> if attenuation is applied to the relevant channel of the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑦">Channel Group</a>. Otherwise, it is set to 0 for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑧">Channel Group</a>.</p>
             <li data-md>
              <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain" id="ref-for-output_gain⑧">output_gain</a> is set to the gain (i.e., the inverse of attenuation gain) which is applied to the channels which are indicated by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_gain_flags" id="ref-for-output_gain_flags④">output_gain_flags</a>.</p>
            </ul>
          </ul>
         <li data-md>
-         <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream④①">Parameter Substream</a>s can be composed of one for demixing info and the other for recon gain. When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-recon_gain_is_present_flag①">recon_gain_is_present_flag</a> = 0 for all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑨">Channel Group</a>s, no <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu②⑨">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for recon gain info are present in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧⓪">IA Sequence</a>.</p>
+         <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream④①">Parameter Substream</a>s can be composed of one for demixing info and the other for recon gain. When <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_is_present_flag" id="ref-for-recon_gain_is_present_flag①">recon_gain_is_present_flag</a> = 0 for all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑥⑨">Channel Group</a>s, no <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③①">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for recon gain info are present in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧⓪">IA Sequence</a>.</p>
          <ul>
           <li data-md>
-           <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#dmixp_mode" id="ref-for-dmixp_mode">dmixp_mode</a> of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data④">demixing_info_parameter_data</a> for the kth frame is set to indicate (α(k), β(k), γ(k), δ(k)) and w_idx_offset(k), where w_idx_offset(k) = 1 or -1.</p>
+           <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#dmixp_mode" id="ref-for-dmixp_mode">dmixp_mode</a> of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data④">demixing_info_parameter_data</a> for the k-th frame is set to indicate (\(\alpha(k)\), \(\beta(k)\), \(\gamma(k)\), \(\delta(k)\)) and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w_idx_offset" id="ref-for-w_idx_offset①">w_idx_offset</a>(k), where <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w_idx_offset" id="ref-for-w_idx_offset②">w_idx_offset</a>(k) = 1 or -1.</p>
           <li data-md>
-           <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_flags" id="ref-for-recon_gain_flags③">recon_gain_flags</a> of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data⑥">recon_gain_info_parameter_data</a> is set to indicate the de-mixed channels which need to apply <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①⓪">recon_gain</a> among the output channels after demixing for the ith channel layout.</p>
+           <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_flags" id="ref-for-recon_gain_flags③">recon_gain_flags</a> of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data⑥">recon_gain_info_parameter_data</a> is set to indicate the de-mixed channels which need to apply <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain⑨">recon_gain</a> among the output channels after demixing for the i-th channel layout.</p>
           <li data-md>
-           <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①①">recon_gain</a> is set to the gain value to be applied to the channel which is indicated by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_flags" id="ref-for-recon_gain_flags④">recon_gain_flags</a> for the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⓪">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+           <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①⓪">recon_gain</a> is set to the gain value to be applied to the channel which is indicated by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_flags" id="ref-for-recon_gain_flags④">recon_gain_flags</a> for the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⓪">Channel Group</a>.</p>
          </ul>
        </ul>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①⑧">Temporal Unit</a> for the kth frame is composed of zero or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⓪">Parameter Block OBU</a>s and followed by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④①">Audio Frame OBU</a>s for the kth frames.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit①⑧">Temporal Unit</a> for the k-th frame is composed of zero or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③②">Parameter Block OBU</a>s and followed by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④①">Audio Frame OBU</a>s for the kth frames.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>It may have the immediately preceding <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-delimiter-obu" id="ref-for-temporal-delimiter-obu①③">Temporal Delimiter OBU</a>.</p>
@@ -4728,14 +4756,14 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.2" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechannela
        <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①①">Codec Config OBU</a> is generated based on <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#decoder_config" id="ref-for-decoder_config①④">decoder_config</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>OBU packetizer generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③①">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for each frame which contains <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data⑤">demixing_info_parameter_data</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data⑦">recon_gain_info_parameter_data</a>.</p>
+     <p>OBU packetizer generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③③">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for each frame which contains <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#demixing_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data⑤">demixing_info_parameter_data</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain_info_parameter_data" id="ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data⑦">recon_gain_info_parameter_data</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>OBU packetizer generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④②">Audio Frame OBU</a>s for each frame of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑨②">Audio Substream</a>s.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>OBU packetizer generates a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit②⓪">Temporal Unit</a> for each frame.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit②①">Temporal Unit</a> consists of zero or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③②">Parameter Block OBU</a>s and followed by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④③">Audio Frame OBU</a>s.</p>
+       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit②①">Temporal Unit</a> consists of zero or more <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③④">Parameter Block OBU</a>s and followed by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④③">Audio Frame OBU</a>s.</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
          <p>It may have the immediately preceding <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-delimiter-obu" id="ref-for-temporal-delimiter-obu①④">Temporal Delimiter OBU</a>,</p>
@@ -4749,27 +4777,27 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.2" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechannela
     <figcaption>IA Encoding Flowchart for Scalable Channel Audio.</figcaption>
    </center>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.3" id="iamfgeneration-mixpresentation"><span class="secno">8.3. </span><span class="content">Mix Presentation Encoding</span><a class="self-link" href="#iamfgeneration-mixpresentation"></a></h3>
-   <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu⑨">Mix Presentation OBU</a> for one single channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①③">Audio Element</a> is set as follows:</p>
+   <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu⑨">Mix Presentation OBU</a> for one single channel-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①②">Audio Element</a> is set as follows:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_sub_mixes" id="ref-for-num_sub_mixes②">num_sub_mixes</a>: set to 1.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_audio_elements" id="ref-for-num_audio_elements②">num_audio_elements</a>: set to 1.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config②">element_mix_config</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③③">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config③">element_mix_config</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_mix_gain" id="ref-for-default_mix_gain②">default_mix_gain</a> = 0 dB.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config②">element_mix_config</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑤">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config③">element_mix_config</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_mix_gain" id="ref-for-default_mix_gain②">default_mix_gain</a> = 0 dB.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config③">output_mix_config</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③④">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config④">output_mix_config</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_mix_gain" id="ref-for-default_mix_gain③">default_mix_gain</a> = 0 dB.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config③">output_mix_config</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑥">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config④">output_mix_config</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default_mix_gain" id="ref-for-default_mix_gain③">default_mix_gain</a> = 0 dB.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layouts" id="ref-for-num_layouts①">num_layouts</a>: set to N, where N is the number of input channel layouts.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑤">loudness_layout</a>: set to L(1), L(2), ..., L(N), where L(i) is the measured layout for the ith layer and i = 1, 2, ..., N.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑤">loudness_layout</a>: set to L(1), L(2), ..., L(N), where L(i) is the measured layout for the i-th layer and i = 1, 2, ..., N.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudnessinfo" id="ref-for-loudnessinfo①">LoudnessInfo()</a> for L(1), <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudnessinfo" id="ref-for-loudnessinfo②">LoudnessInfo()</a> for L(2), ..., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudnessinfo" id="ref-for-loudnessinfo③">LoudnessInfo()</a> for L(N): loudness information of the audio rendered to to the measured layout L(i).</p>
      </ul>
    </ul>
    <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">NOTE:</span> If the input channel layouts do not include Stereo, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②⑧">num_layers</a> is set to N + 1 and the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑥">loudness_layout</a>s includes Stereo.</p>
-   <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⓪">Mix Presentation OBU</a> for one single scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①④">Audio Element</a> is set as follows:</p>
+   <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⓪">Mix Presentation OBU</a> for one single scene-based <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①③">Audio Element</a> is set as follows:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_sub_mixes" id="ref-for-num_sub_mixes③">num_sub_mixes</a>: set to 1</p>
@@ -4782,7 +4810,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.3" id="iamfgeneration-mixpresentation"
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layouts" id="ref-for-num_layouts②">num_layouts</a>: set to M1, the number of loudness informations which are provided.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑦">loudness_layout</a>: set to L(1), L(2), ..., L(M1), where L(i) is the measured layout for the ith loudness information and i = 1, 2, ..., M1.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑦">loudness_layout</a>: set to L(1), L(2), ..., L(M1), where L(i) is the measured layout for the i-th loudness information and i = 1, 2, ..., M1.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>One of them is Stereo.</p>
@@ -4792,20 +4820,20 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.3" id="iamfgeneration-mixpresentation"
     <li data-md>
      <p>This <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation" id="ref-for-mix-presentation③③">Mix Presentation</a> is authored using the highest <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑧">loudness_layout</a>.</p>
    </ul>
-   <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①①">Mix Presentation OBU</a> for 2 <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑤">Audio Element</a>s is set as follows:</p>
+   <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①①">Mix Presentation OBU</a> for 2 <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①④">Audio Element</a>s is set as follows:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_sub_mixes" id="ref-for-num_sub_mixes④">num_sub_mixes</a>: set to 1</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_audio_elements" id="ref-for-num_audio_elements④">num_audio_elements</a>: set to 2</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑤">element_mix_config</a> for each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑥">Audio Element</a>: set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain" id="ref-for-mix_gain①">mix_gain</a></p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑤">element_mix_config</a> for each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑤">Audio Element</a>: set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain" id="ref-for-mix_gain①">mix_gain</a></p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config⑥">output_mix_config</a>: set to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_gain" id="ref-for-output_mix_gain①">output_mix_gain</a></p>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layouts" id="ref-for-num_layouts③">num_layouts</a>: set to M2, the number of loudness informations which are provided.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑨">loudness_layout</a>: set to L(1), L(2), ..., L(M2), where L(i) is the measured layout for the ith loudness information and i = 1, 2, ..., M2.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout①⑨">loudness_layout</a>: set to L(1), L(2), ..., L(M2), where L(i) is the measured layout for the i-th loudness information and i = 1, 2, ..., M2.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>One of them is Stereo.</p>
@@ -4817,11 +4845,11 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.3" id="iamfgeneration-mixpresentation"
    </ul>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="8.3.1" id="iamfgeneration-mixpresentation-mix"><span class="secno">8.3.1. </span><span class="content">Element Mix Config</span><a class="self-link" href="#iamfgeneration-mixpresentation-mix"></a></h4>
    <p>This section provides a guideline to generate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑥">element_mix_config</a>.</p>
-   <p>An IA multiplexer may merge two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧②">IA Sequence</a>s (or two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑦">Audio Element</a>s). In this case, it adjusts the gain values for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑦">element_mix_config</a>s as necessary to describe the desired relative gains between the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧③">IA Sequence</a>s (or two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑧">Audio Element</a>s) when they are summed to generate the final mix. It also ensures that the gains selected do not result in clipping when the final mix is generated.</p>
+   <p>An IA multiplexer may merge two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧②">IA Sequence</a>s (or two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑥">Audio Element</a>s). In this case, it adjusts the gain values for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑦">element_mix_config</a>s as necessary to describe the desired relative gains between the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧③">IA Sequence</a>s (or two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑦">Audio Element</a>s) when they are summed to generate the final mix. It also ensures that the gains selected do not result in clipping when the final mix is generated.</p>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="8.4" id="iamfgeneration-multipleaudioelements"><span class="secno">8.4. </span><span class="content">Two Audio Elements Encoding</span><a class="self-link" href="#iamfgeneration-multipleaudioelements"></a></h3>
-   <p>This section provides a way to generate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧④">IA Sequence</a> having two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑨">Audio Element</a>s from two IA simple profiles.</p>
+   <p>This section provides a way to generate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧④">IA Sequence</a> having two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑧">Audio Element</a>s from two IA simple profiles.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="8.4.1" id="iamfgeneration-multipleaudioelements-onecodec"><span class="secno">8.4.1. </span><span class="content">Two Audio Elements with One Codec Config</span><a class="self-link" href="#iamfgeneration-multipleaudioelements-onecodec"></a></h4>
-   <p>This section provides a way to generate an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧⑤">IA Sequence</a> with two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⓪">Audio Element</a>s from two IA simple profiles with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①②">Codec Config OBU</a>. The result complies with the base profile.</p>
+   <p>This section provides a way to generate an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧⑤">IA Sequence</a> with two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①①⑨">Audio Element</a>s from two IA simple profiles with the same <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①②">Codec Config OBU</a>. The result complies with the base profile.</p>
    <p>Step 1: <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors④⓪">Descriptors</a> are generated as follows:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
@@ -4838,26 +4866,26 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="8.4.1" id="iamfgeneration-multipleaudioe
       <li data-md>
        <p>Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id②">audio_substream_id</a> is updated to be unique between the two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②④">Audio Element OBU</a>s.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-parameter_id" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-parameter_id③">parameter_id</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition" id="ref-for-paramdefinition①">ParamDefinition()</a>s carried in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑤">Audio Element OBU</a> are updated to be unique within the new <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧⑦">IA Sequence</a>, if necessary.</p>
+       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-parameter_id" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-parameter_id③">parameter_id</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition" id="ref-for-paramdefinition②">ParamDefinition()</a>s carried in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑤">Audio Element OBU</a> are updated to be unique within the new <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#ia-sequence" id="ref-for-ia-sequence⑧⑦">IA Sequence</a>, if necessary.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①②">Mix Presentation OBU</a>s: generate new ones which are used for mixing the two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②①">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①②">Mix Presentation OBU</a>s: generate new ones which are used for mixing the two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⓪">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id①">audio_element_id</a>s in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①③">Mix Presentation OBU</a> are set to indicate the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id②">audio_element_id</a>s of the referred <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑥">Audio Element OBU</a>s.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-parameter_id" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-parameter_id④">parameter_id</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition" id="ref-for-paramdefinition②">ParamDefinition()</a>s carried in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①④">Mix Presentation OBU</a> are set to refer their associated <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream④②">Parameter Substream</a>s.</p>
+       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-parameter_id" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-parameter_id④">parameter_id</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition" id="ref-for-paramdefinition③">ParamDefinition()</a>s carried in each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①④">Mix Presentation OBU</a> are set to refer their associated <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream④②">Parameter Substream</a>s.</p>
      </ul>
    </ul>
-   <p>Step 2: The ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit②③">Temporal Unit</a> is generated as follows:</p>
+   <p>Step 2: The i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-unit" id="ref-for-temporal-unit②③">Temporal Unit</a> is generated as follows:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Place all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑤">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for the ith frame, followed by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④④">Audio Frame OBU</a>s ith frame (grouped by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②②">Audio Element</a>s). Make the following modifications:</p>
+     <p>Place all <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑦">Parameter Block OBU</a>s for the i-th frame, followed by the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④④">Audio Frame OBU</a>s i-th frame (grouped by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②①">Audio Element</a>s). Make the following modifications:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type⑧">obu_type</a>s of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④⑤">Audio Frame OBU</a>s are updated to be aligned with the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id③">audio_substream_id</a>s specified in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑦">Audio Element OBU</a>s.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⓪">parameter_id</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑥">Parameter Block OBU</a>s are updated to identify their associated <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream④③">Parameter Substream</a>s based on the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-parameter_id" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-parameter_id⑤">parameter_id</a>s carried in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors④①">Descriptors</a>.</p>
+       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⓪">parameter_id</a>s in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑧">Parameter Block OBU</a>s are updated to identify their associated <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-substream" id="ref-for-parameter-substream④③">Parameter Substream</a>s based on the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#paramdefinition-parameter_id" id="ref-for-paramdefinition-parameter_id⑤">parameter_id</a>s carried in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#descriptors" id="ref-for-descriptors④①">Descriptors</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>It may have the immediately preceding <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#temporal-delimiter-obu" id="ref-for-temporal-delimiter-obu①⑤">Temporal Delimiter OBU</a>.</p>
@@ -4869,11 +4897,11 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="8.5.1" id="iamfgeneration-postprocessing
    <p>This section provides a way to generate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudnessinfo" id="ref-for-loudnessinfo①⓪">LoudnessInfo()</a>, given a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑤">Mix Presentation OBU</a> and a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout②①">loudness_layout</a>.</p>
    <ol>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②③">Audio Element</a> specified in the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑥">Mix Presentation OBU</a> is rendered to the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout②②">loudness_layout</a>.</p>
+     <p>Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②②">Audio Element</a> specified in the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑥">Mix Presentation OBU</a> is rendered to the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudness_layout" id="ref-for-loudness_layout②②">loudness_layout</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②④">Audio Element</a> specified in the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑦">Mix Presentation OBU</a> has a gain applied using the value from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain" id="ref-for-mix_gain②">mix_gain</a> specified in its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑧">element_mix_config</a>.</p>
+     <p>Each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②③">Audio Element</a> specified in the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑦">Mix Presentation OBU</a> has a gain applied using the value from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain" id="ref-for-mix_gain②">mix_gain</a> specified in its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#element_mix_config" id="ref-for-element_mix_config⑧">element_mix_config</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>All rendered and processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑤">Audio Element</a>s specified in the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑧">Mix Presentation OBU</a> are summed.</p>
+     <p>All rendered and processed <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②④">Audio Element</a>s specified in the given <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑧">Mix Presentation OBU</a> are summed.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>The summed audio (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendered-mix-presentation" id="ref-for-rendered-mix-presentation⑤">Rendered Mix Presentation</a>) has a gain applied using the value from <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain" id="ref-for-mix_gain③">mix_gain</a> specified in <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#output_mix_config" id="ref-for-output_mix_config⑦">output_mix_config</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
@@ -4905,35 +4933,35 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="9.2" id="convention-arithmetic-operators
    <table class="def">
     <tbody>
      <tr>
-      <td>+
+      <td>\(+\)
       <td>Addition.
      <tr>
-      <td>-
+      <td>\(-\)
       <td>Subtraction.
      <tr>
-      <td>*
+      <td>\(\times\)
       <td>Multiplication.
      <tr>
-      <td>/
+      <td>\(\frac{\cdot}{\cdot}\)
       <td>Floating point (arithmetic) division.
      <tr>
-      <td>floor(x)
-      <td>The largest integer that is smaller than or equal to x.
+      <td>\(\left\lfloor{x}\right\rfloor \)
+      <td>The largest integer that is smaller than or equal to \(x\).
      <tr>
-      <td>ceil(x)
-      <td>The smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x.
+      <td>\(\left\lceil{x}\right\rceil \)
+      <td>The smallest integer that is greater than or equal to \(x\).
      <tr>
-      <td>round(x)
-      <td>The integer value closest to x. It may be implemented as floor(x + 0.5).
+      <td>\(\text{round}(x)\)
+      <td>The integer value closest to \(x\). It may be implemented as \(\left\lfloor{x + 0.5}\right\rfloor \).
      <tr>
-      <td>sqrt(x)
-      <td>The square root of x.
+      <td>\(\sqrt{x}\)
+      <td>The square root of \(x\).
      <tr>
-      <td>Clip3(x, y, z)
+      <td>\(\text{Clip3}(x, y, z)\)
       <td>Conforms to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://aomedia.org/av1/specification/conventions/" id="ref-for-something⑨⑥">Clip3</a> specified in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-av1-convention" title="Conventions">[AV1-Convention]</a>.
      <tr>
-      <td>pow(x, y)
-      <td>The value of x to the power of y.
+      <td>\(x^y\)
+      <td>The value of \(x\) to the power of \(y\).
    </table>
    <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="10" id="annex"><span class="secno">10. </span><span class="content">Annex</span><a class="self-link" href="#annex"></a></h2>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="10.1" id="Annex_A"><span class="secno">10.1. </span><span class="content">Annex A: ID Linking Scheme (Informative)</span><a class="self-link" href="#Annex_A"></a></h3>
@@ -4950,33 +4978,33 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="10.1" id="Annex_A"><span class="secno">1
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix-presentation-obu" id="ref-for-mix-presentation-obu①⑨">Mix Presentation OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_presentation_id" id="ref-for-mix_presentation_id①">mix_presentation_id</a> = 21 is saying:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There are two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑥">Audio Element</a>s (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id③">audio_element_id</a> = 11 and 12) which need to be mixed. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id②">audio_element_id</a> = 11 and the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id③">audio_element_id</a> = 12 are linked to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑧">Audio Element OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id④">audio_element_id</a> = 11 and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑤">audio_element_id</a> = 12, respectively.</p>
+       <p>There are two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑤">Audio Element</a>s (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id③">audio_element_id</a> = 11 and 12) which need to be mixed. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id②">audio_element_id</a> = 11 and the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-mix_presentation_obu-audio_element_id③">audio_element_id</a> = 12 are linked to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑧">Audio Element OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id④">audio_element_id</a> = 11 and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑤">audio_element_id</a> = 12, respectively.</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑦">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①①">parameter_id</a> = 32 to be used for mixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑦">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑥">audio_element_id</a> = 11.</p>
+         <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑨">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①①">parameter_id</a> = 32 to be used for mixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑥">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑥">audio_element_id</a> = 11.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑧">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①②">parameter_id</a> = 33 to be used for mixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑧">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑦">audio_element_id</a> = 12.</p>
+         <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④⓪">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①②">parameter_id</a> = 33 to be used for mixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑦">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑦">audio_element_id</a> = 12.</p>
        </ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu③⑨">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①③">parameter_id</a> = 34 to be used for mixing the two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑨">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+       <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④①">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①③">parameter_id</a> = 34 to be used for mixing the two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑧">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu②⑨">Audio Element OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑧">audio_element_id</a> = 11 is saying:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>This <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⓪">Audio Element</a> has been coded using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①⑦">Codec Config OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_config_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-codec_config_obu-codec_config_id③">codec_config_id</a> = 0.</p>
+       <p>This <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①②⑨">Audio Element</a> has been coded using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①⑦">Codec Config OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_config_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-codec_config_obu-codec_config_id③">codec_config_id</a> = 0.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There are two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑨③">Audio Substream</a>s (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id⑧">audio_substream_id</a> = 0 and 1, respectively) in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③①">Audio Element</a>. They are linked to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④⑥">Audio Frame OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id⑨">audio_substream_id</a> = 0 and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①⓪">audio_substream_id</a> = 1 (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type⑨">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID0 and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type①⓪">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID1), respectively.</p>
+       <p>There are two <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑨③">Audio Substream</a>s (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id⑧">audio_substream_id</a> = 0 and 1, respectively) in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⓪">Audio Element</a>. They are linked to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④⑥">Audio Frame OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id⑨">audio_substream_id</a> = 0 and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①⓪">audio_substream_id</a> = 1 (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type⑨">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID0 and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type①⓪">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID1), respectively.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④⓪">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①④">parameter_id</a> = 31 to be used for demixing this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③②">Audio Element</a>.</p>
+       <p>There are <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④②">Parameter Block OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①④">parameter_id</a> = 31 to be used for demixing this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③①">Audio Element</a>.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element-obu" id="ref-for-audio-element-obu③⓪">Audio Element OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id⑨">audio_element_id</a> = 12 is saying:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>This <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③③">Audio Element</a> has been coded by using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①⑧">Codec Config OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_config_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-codec_config_obu-codec_config_id④">codec_config_id</a> = 0.</p>
+       <p>This <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③②">Audio Element</a> has been coded by using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①⑧">Codec Config OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_config_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-codec_config_obu-codec_config_id④">codec_config_id</a> = 0.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>There is one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑨④">Audio Substream</a> (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①①">audio_substream_id</a> = 2) in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③④">Audio Element</a>. It is linked to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④⑦">Audio Frame OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①②">audio_substream_id</a> = 2 (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type①①">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID2).</p>
+       <p>There is one <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-substream" id="ref-for-audio-substream⑨④">Audio Substream</a> (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①①">audio_substream_id</a> = 2) in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③③">Audio Element</a>. It is linked to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④⑦">Audio Frame OBU</a>s with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①②">audio_substream_id</a> = 2 (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type①①">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID2).</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu④⑧">Audio Frame OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①③">audio_substream_id</a> = 0 (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type①②">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID0) is providing the coded data which has been coded by using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu①⑨">Codec Config OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_config_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-codec_config_obu-codec_config_id⑤">codec_config_id</a> = 0.</p>
@@ -4985,13 +5013,13 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="10.1" id="Annex_A"><span class="secno">1
     <li data-md>
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-frame-obu" id="ref-for-audio-frame-obu⑤⓪">Audio Frame OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id" id="ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id①⑤">audio_substream_id</a> = 2 (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#obu_type" id="ref-for-obu_type①④">obu_type</a> = OBU_IA_Audio_Frame_ID2) is providing the coded data which has been coded by using <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec-config-obu" id="ref-for-codec-config-obu②①">Codec Config OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_config_obu-codec_config_id" id="ref-for-codec_config_obu-codec_config_id⑦">codec_config_id</a> = 0.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④①">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑤">parameter_id</a> = 31 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn">demixing_info_parameter_data()</a> to be applied for demixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑤">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id①⓪">audio_element_id</a> = 11.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④③">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑤">parameter_id</a> = 31 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn">demixing_info_parameter_data()</a> to be applied for demixing the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③④">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id①⓪">audio_element_id</a> = 11.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④②">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑥">parameter_id</a> = 32 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data⑤">mix_gain_parameter_data</a> to be applied to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑥">Audio Element</a> after rendering according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendering_config" id="ref-for-rendering_config①">rendering_config</a> of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑦">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id①①">audio_element_id</a> = 11.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④④">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑥">parameter_id</a> = 32 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data⑤">mix_gain_parameter_data</a> to be applied to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑤">Audio Element</a> after rendering according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendering_config" id="ref-for-rendering_config①">rendering_config</a> of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑥">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id①①">audio_element_id</a> = 11.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④③">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑦">parameter_id</a> = 33 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data⑥">mix_gain_parameter_data</a> to be applied to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑧">Audio Element</a> after rendering according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendering_config" id="ref-for-rendering_config②">rendering_config</a> of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑨">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id①②">audio_element_id</a> = 12.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④⑤">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑦">parameter_id</a> = 33 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data⑥">mix_gain_parameter_data</a> to be applied to the rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑦">Audio Element</a> after rendering according to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendering_config" id="ref-for-rendering_config②">rendering_config</a> of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑧">Audio Element</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio_element_obu-audio_element_id" id="ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_element_id①②">audio_element_id</a> = 12.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④④">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑧">parameter_id</a> = 34 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data⑦">mix_gain_parameter_data</a> to be applied to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendered-mix-presentation" id="ref-for-rendered-mix-presentation⑦">Rendered Mix Presentation</a> of the two rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①④⓪">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
+     <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter-block-obu" id="ref-for-parameter-block-obu④⑥">Parameter Block OBU</a> with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id" id="ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id①⑧">parameter_id</a> = 34 is providing <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#mix_gain_parameter_data" id="ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data⑦">mix_gain_parameter_data</a> to be applied to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#rendered-mix-presentation" id="ref-for-rendered-mix-presentation⑦">Rendered Mix Presentation</a> of the two rendered <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#audio-element" id="ref-for-audio-element①③⑨">Audio Element</a>s.</p>
    </ul>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2" id="Annex_B"><span class="secno">10.2. </span><span class="content">Annex B: Rules for Scalable Channel Audio (Normative)</span><a class="self-link" href="#Annex_B"></a></h3>
    <p>This Annex specifies normative rules for scalable channel audio with <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#num_layers" id="ref-for-num_layers②⑨">num_layers</a> > 1.</p>
@@ -5005,12 +5033,12 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.1" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
    <p>For a given channel-based input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑥">3D audio signal</a> (e.g., 7.1.4ch) and a given list of channel layouts based on the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑦">3D audio signal</a>,</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Down-mix parameter generator SHALL generate 5 down-mix parameters (α(k), β(k), γ(k), δ(k) and w(k), where k is the frame index) by analyzing the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑧">3D audio signal</a> and referring to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ai-cad-mixing" title="AI 3D immersive audio codec based on content-adaptive dynamic down-mixing and up-mixing framework">[AI-CAD-Mixing]</a>.</p>
+     <p>Down-mix parameter generator SHALL generate 5 down-mix parameters (\(\alpha(k)\), \(\beta(k)\), \(\gamma(k)\), \(\delta(k)\) and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k⑥">\(w(k)\)</a>, where \(k\) is the frame index) by analyzing the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑧">3D audio signal</a> and referring to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-ai-cad-mixing" title="AI 3D immersive audio codec based on content-adaptive dynamic down-mixing and up-mixing framework">[AI-CAD-Mixing]</a>.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>It is composed of an Audio Scene Classification module and a Height Energy Quantification module as depicted in Figure 11-2.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>Audio Scene Classification module generates 4 parameters (α(k), β(k), γ(k), δ(k)) by classifying audio scenes of the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑨">3D audio signal</a> in three modes.</p>
+       <p>Audio Scene Classification module generates 4 parameters (\(\alpha(k)\), \(\beta(k)\), \(\gamma(k)\), \(\delta(k)\)) by classifying audio scenes of the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal①⑨">3D audio signal</a> in three modes.</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
          <p>Default scene: Neither Dialog nor Effect</p>
@@ -5020,17 +5048,17 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.1" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
          <p>Effect scene: Directional and spatially moving sounds.</p>
        </ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>The Height Energy Quantification module generates a surround-to-height mixing parameter (w(k)) which is decided according to the relative energy difference between the top and surround channels of the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal②⓪">3D audio signal</a>.</p>
+       <p>The Height Energy Quantification module generates a surround-to-height mixing parameter (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k⑦">\(w(k)\)</a>) which is decided according to the relative energy difference between the top and surround channels of the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal②⓪">3D audio signal</a>.</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>If the energy of top channels is bigger than that of surround ones, then w_idx_offset(k) is set to 1. Otherwise, it is set to -1. And, w(k) is calculated based on w_idx_offset(k) and conforms to <a href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio">§ 7.2 Scalable Channel Audio Decoding and Reconstruction</a>.</p>
+         <p>If the energy of top channels is bigger than that of surround ones, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w_idx_offset" id="ref-for-w_idx_offset③">w_idx_offset</a>(k) is set to 1. Otherwise, it is set to -1. And, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w-k" id="ref-for-w-k⑧">\(w(k)\)</a> is calculated based on <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#w_idx_offset" id="ref-for-w_idx_offset④">w_idx_offset</a>(k) and conforms to <a href="#processing-scalablechannelaudio">§ 7.2 Scalable Channel Audio Decoding and Reconstruction</a>.</p>
        </ul>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Down-mixer generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio⑧">down-mixed audio</a> from the input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal②①">3D audio signal</a> according to the list of channel layouts and the down-mix parameters, and outputs <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio⑨">down-mixed audio</a> for each channel layout to the Loudness module.</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>It is not depicted in the figure but down-mixer further generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#dmixp_mode" id="ref-for-dmixp_mode①">dmixp_mode</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①②">recon_gain</a> for each frame to be passed to the OBU packetizer.</p>
+       <p>It is not depicted in the figure but down-mixer further generates <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#dmixp_mode" id="ref-for-dmixp_mode①">dmixp_mode</a> and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①①">recon_gain</a> for each frame to be passed to the OBU packetizer.</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Loudness module measures the loudness level (<a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1770-4-201510-I!!PDF-E.pdf#" id="ref-for-something⑨⑦">LKFS</a>) of each <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①⓪">down-mixed audio</a> based on <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-itu1770-4" title="Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level">[ITU1770-4]</a>, and passes them to OBU packetizer.</p>
@@ -5045,21 +5073,32 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.2" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
      <p>Surround down-mixers</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s7to5-enc">S7to5 enc.</dfn>: Ls5 = α(k) * Lss7 + β(k) * Lrs7 and Rs5 = α(k) * Rss7 + β(k) * Rrs7.</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s7to5-enc">S7to5 enc.</dfn>:
+\[\text{Ls5} = \alpha(k) \times \text{Lss7} + \beta(k) \times \text{Lrs7}\]
+\[\text{Rs5} = \alpha(k) \times \text{Rss7} + \beta(k) \times \text{Rrs7}\]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s5to3-enc">S5to3 enc.</dfn>: L3 = L5 + δ(k) * Ls5 and R3 = R5 + δ(k) * Rs5</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s5to3-enc">S5to3 enc.</dfn>:
+\[\text{L3} = \text{L5} + \delta(k) \times \text{Ls5}\]
+\[\text{R3} = \text{R5} + \delta(k) \times \text{Rs5}\]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s3to2-enc">S3to2 enc.<a class="self-link" href="#s3to2-enc"></a></dfn>: L2 = L3 + 0.707 * C and R2 = R3 + 0.707 * C</p>
+       <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s3to2-enc">S3to2 enc.<a class="self-link" href="#s3to2-enc"></a></dfn>:
+\[\text{L2} = \text{L3} + 0.707 \times \text{C}\]
+\[\text{R2} = \text{R3} + 0.707 \times \text{C}\]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s2to1-enc">S2to1 enc.<a class="self-link" href="#s2to1-enc"></a></dfn>: Mono = 0.5 * (L2 + R2)</p>
+       <p><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="s2to1-enc">S2to1 enc.<a class="self-link" href="#s2to1-enc"></a></dfn>:
+\[\text{Mono} = 0.5 \times (\text{L2} + \text{R2})\]</p>
      </ul>
     <li data-md>
      <p>Top down-mixers</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="t4to2-enc">T4to2 enc.</dfn>: Ltf2 = Ltf4 + γ(k) * Ltb4  and Rtf2 = Rtf4 + γ(k) * Rtb4.</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="t4to2-enc">T4to2 enc.</dfn>:
+\[\text{Ltf2} = \text{Ltf4} + \gamma(k) \times \text{Ltb4}\]
+\[\text{Rtf2} = \text{Rtf4} + \gamma(k) \times \text{Rtb4}\]</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="t2totf2-enc">T2toTF2 enc.</dfn>: Ltf3 = Ltf2 + w(k) * δ(k) * Ls5 and Rtf3 = Rtf2 + w(k) * δ(k) * Rs5.</p>
+       <p><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="t2totf2-enc">T2toTF2 enc.</dfn>:
+\[\text{Ltf3} = \text{Ltf2} + w(k) \times \delta(k) \times \text{Ls5}\]
+\[\text{Rtf3} = \text{Rtf2} + w(k) \times \delta(k) \times \text{Rs5}\]</p>
      </ul>
    </ul>
    <center><img height="373" src="images/Down-mix Mechanism.png" style="width:100%; height:auto;" width="800"></center>
@@ -5078,7 +5117,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.3" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
    <p>For a given channel layout (CL #n) of channel-based input <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#3d-audio-signal" id="ref-for-3d-audio-signal②④">3D audio signal</a>, any list of CLs ({CL #i: i = 1, 2, ..., n}) for scalable channel audio SHALL conform with the following rules:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Si ≤ Si+1 and Wi ≤ Wi+1 and Ti ≤ Ti+1 except Si = Si+1, Wi = Wi+1 and Ti = Ti+1 for i = n-1, n-2, …, 1. Where the ith channel layout CL #i = Si.Wi.Ti.</p>
+     <p>Si ≤ Si+1 and Wi ≤ Wi+1 and Ti ≤ Ti+1 except Si = Si+1, Wi = Wi+1 and Ti = Ti+1 for i = n-1, n-2, …, 1. Where the i-th channel layout CL #i = Si.Wi.Ti.</p>
     <li data-md>
      <p>CL #i is one of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#loudspeaker_layout" id="ref-for-loudspeaker_layout②⑥">loudspeaker_layout</a>s supported in this version of the specification.</p>
    </ul>
@@ -5088,62 +5127,62 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.3" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
     <figcaption>IA Down-mix Path</figcaption>
    </center>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.4" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-recongaingeneration"><span class="secno">10.2.4. </span><span class="content">Annex B-4: Recon Gain Generation</span><a class="self-link" href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-recongaingeneration"></a></h4>
-   <p>This section RECOMMENDs how to generate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①③">recon_gain</a>.</p>
+   <p>This section RECOMMENDs how to generate <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①②">recon_gain</a>.</p>
    <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">NOTE:</span> Recon gain generation is not required when the codec is lossless, i.e., when <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#codec_id" id="ref-for-codec_id②③">codec_id</a> is set to <code>ipcm</code> or <code>fLaC</code>.</p>
    <p>Recon gain needs to be applied to de-mixed channels. For this, the IA encoder needs to deliver it to IA decoders.</p>
-   <p>Let’s define the followings:</p>
+   <p>Let’s define the following:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Ok is the signal power for the frame #k of a channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①④">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i.</p>
+     <p>\(O_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of a channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①④">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Mk is the signal power for the frame #k of the relevant mixed channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①⑤">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i-1.</p>
+     <p>\(M_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of the relevant mixed channel of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①⑤">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i-1.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Dk is the signal power for the frame #k of the de-mixed channel for CL #i (after demixing in the decoder side).</p>
+     <p>\(D_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of the de-mixed channel for CL #i (after demixing in the decoder side).</p>
    </ul>
-   <p>If 10*log10(level Ok / maxL^2) is less than the first threshold value (-80dB is RECOMMENDED), Recon_Gain (k, i)  = 0. Where, maxL = 32767 for 16bits.</p>
-   <p>If 10*log10(level Ok / level Mk ) is less than the second threshold value (-6dB is RECOMMENDED), Recon_Gain (k, i) is set to the value which makes level Ok = Recon_Gain (k, i)^2 * level Dk. Otherwise, Recon_Gain (k, i) = 1. Actual value (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①④">recon_gain</a>) to be delivered is floor(255*Recon_Gain).</p>
+   <p>If \(10 \times \log_{10}(\frac{O_k}{L_{\text{max}}^2})\) is less than the first threshold value (-80dB is RECOMMENDED), Recon_Gain(k, i) = 0. Where, \(L_{\text{max}} = 32767\) for 16 bits.</p>
+   <p>If \(10 \times \log_{10}(\frac{O_k}{M_k})\) is less than the second threshold value (-6dB is RECOMMENDED), Recon_Gain(k, i) is set to the value which makes \(O_k = (\text{Recon_Gain}(k, 1))^2 \times D_k\). Otherwise, Recon_Gain(k, i) = 1. The actual value (i.e., <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#recon_gain" id="ref-for-recon_gain①③">recon_gain</a>) to be delivered is \( \left\lfloor{255 \times \text{Recon_Gain}}\right\rfloor \).</p>
    <p>For example, if we assume CL #i = 7.1.4ch and CL #i-1 = 5.1.2ch, then de-mixed channels are D_Lrs7, D_Rrs7, D_Ltb4 and D_Rtb4.</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>D_Lrs7 and D_Rrs7 are de-mixed from Ls5 and Rs5 in the (i-1)th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⑦">Channel Group</a> by using Lss7 and Rss7 in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⑧">Channel Group</a> and its relevant demixing parameters (i.e., α(k) and β(k)) , respectively.</p>
+     <p>D_Lrs7 and D_Rrs7 are de-mixed from Ls5 and Rs5 in the (i-1)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⑦">Channel Group</a> by using Lss7 and Rss7 in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⑧">Channel Group</a> and its relevant demixing parameters (i.e., \(\alpha(k)\) and \(\beta(k)\)) , respectively.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>D_Ltb4 and D_Rtb4 are de-mixed from Ltf2 and Rtf2 in the (i-1)th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⑨">Channel Group</a> by using Ltf4 and Rtf4 in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⓪">Channel Group</a> and its relevant demixing parameter (i.e., γ(k)), respectively.</p>
+     <p>D_Ltb4 and D_Rtb4 are de-mixed from Ltf2 and Rtf2 in the (i-1)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑦⑨">Channel Group</a> by using Ltf4 and Rtf4 in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⓪">Channel Group</a> and its relevant demixing parameter (i.e., \(\gamma(k)\)), respectively.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>Recon_Gain for D_Lrs7:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Ok is the signal power for the frame #k of Lrs7 in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧①">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(O_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Lrs7 in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧①">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Mk is the signal power for the frame #k of Ls5 in the (i-1)th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧②">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(M_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Ls5 in the (i-1)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧②">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Dk is the signal power for the frame #k of D_Lrs7.</p>
+     <p>\(D_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of D_Lrs7.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>Recon_Gain for D_Rrs7:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Ok is the signal power for the frame #k of Rrs7 in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧③">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(O_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Rrs7 in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧③">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Mk is the signal power for the frame #k of Rs5 in the (i-1)th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧④">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(M_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Rs5 in the (i-1)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧④">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Dk is the signal power for the frame #k of D_Rrs7.</p>
+     <p>\(D_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of D_Rrs7.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>Recon_Gain for D_Ltb4:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Ok is the signal power for the frame #k of Ltf4 in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑤">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(O_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Ltf4 in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑤">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Mk is the signal power for the frame #k of Ltf2 in the (i-1)th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑥">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(M_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Ltf2 in the (i-1)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑥">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Dk is the signal power for the frame #k of D_Ltb4.</p>
+     <p>\(D_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of D_Ltb4.</p>
    </ul>
    <p>Recon_Gain for D_Rtb4:</p>
    <ul>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Ok is the signal power for the frame #k of Rtf4 in the ith <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑦">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(O_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Rtf4 in the i-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑦">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Mk is the signal power for the frame #k of Rtf2 in the (i-1)th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑧">Channel Group</a>.</p>
+     <p>\(M_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of Rtf2 in the (i-1)-th <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑧">Channel Group</a>.</p>
     <li data-md>
-     <p>Level Dk is the signal power for the frame #k of D_Rtb4.</p>
+     <p>\(D_k\) is the signal power for the frame \(k\) of D_Rtb4.</p>
    </ul>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.5" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-channelgroupgenerationrule"><span class="secno">10.2.5. </span><span class="content">Annex B-5: Channel Group Generation Rule</span><a class="self-link" href="#iamfgeneration-scalablechannelaudio-channelgroupgenerationrule"></a></h4>
    <p>This section describes the generation rule for <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑧⑨">Channel Group</a>.</p>
@@ -5157,21 +5196,21 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.5" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑨④">Channel Group</a> #i (as called DCG, i = 2, 3, …, n): This <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑨⑤">Channel Group</a> contains (Ci – Ci-1) number of channels. (Ci – Ci-1) channel(s) consists of as follows:</p>
      <ul>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>(Si – Si-1) surround channel(s) if Si > Si-1 . When S_set = { x | Si-1 &lt; x ≤ Si and x is an integer},</p>
+       <p>(Si – Si-1) surround channel(s) if Si > Si-1 . When \(S_{\text{set}} = \{x  \mid \text{Si}-1 &lt; x \le \text{Si}\} \) and \(x\) is an integer,</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>If 2 is an element of S_set, the L2 channel is contained in this CG #i.</p>
+         <p>If 2 is an element of \(S_{\text{set}}\), the L2 channel is contained in this CG #i.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>If 3 is an element of S_set, the Center channel is contained in this CG #i.</p>
+         <p>If 3 is an element of \(S_{\text{set}}\), the Center channel is contained in this CG #i.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>If 5 is an element of S_set, the L5 and R5 channels are contained in this CG #i.</p>
+         <p>If 5 is an element of \(S_{\text{set}}\), the L5 and R5 channels are contained in this CG #i.</p>
         <li data-md>
-         <p>If 7 is an element of S_set, the Lss7 and Rss7 channels are contained in this CG #i.</p>
+         <p>If 7 is an element of \(S_{\text{set}}\), the Lss7 and Rss7 channels are contained in this CG #i.</p>
        </ul>
       <li data-md>
        <p>The LFE channel if Wi > Wi-1.</p>
       <li data-md>
-       <p>(Ti – Ti-1) top channels if Ti > Ti-1 .</p>
+       <p>(Ti - Ti-1) top channels if Ti > Ti-1.</p>
        <ul>
         <li data-md>
          <p>If Ti-1 = 0, the top channels of the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#down-mixed-audio" id="ref-for-down-mixed-audio①⑦">down-mixed audio</a> for CL #i are contained in this <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#channel-group" id="ref-for-channel-group⑨⑥">Channel Group</a> #i.</p>
@@ -5240,11 +5279,11 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.5" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
 	\end{bmatrix}
 	=
 	\begin{bmatrix}
-		1 &amp; p &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \ast \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \ast \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
-		0 &amp; p &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \ast \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \ast \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
+		1 &amp; p &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \times \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \times \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
+		0 &amp; p &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \times \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; \delta(k) \times \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
 		0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
-		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \ast \delta(k) \ast \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \ast \delta(k) \ast \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; \gamma(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
-		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \ast \delta(k) \ast \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \ast \delta(k) \ast \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; \gamma(k) &amp; 0 \\
+		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \times \delta(k) \times \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \times \delta(k) \times \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; \gamma(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
+		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \times \delta(k) \times \alpha(k) &amp; 0 &amp; w(k) \times \delta(k) \times \beta(k) &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; \gamma(k) &amp; 0 \\
 		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\
 		1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
 		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
@@ -5253,7 +5292,7 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="10.2.5" id="iamfgeneration-scalablechann
 		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
 		0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0
 	\end{bmatrix}
-	\ast
+	\times
 	\begin{bmatrix}
 		\text{L} \\
 		\text{C} \\
@@ -5435,7 +5474,6 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#714ch">7.1.4ch</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
    <li><a href="#71ch">7.1ch</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
    <li><a href="#additional_profile">additional_profile</a><span>, in § 3.4</span>
-   <li><a href="#alpha">alpha</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
    <li><a href="#ambisonics_config">ambisonics_config</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
    <li><a href="#ambisonics_mode">ambisonics_mode</a><span>, in § 3.6.3</span>
    <li><a href="#anchored_loudness">anchored_loudness</a><span>, in § 3.7.7</span>
@@ -5463,8 +5501,6 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
      <li><a href="#audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id">dfn for audio_element_obu</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
      <li><a href="#audio_substream-audio_substream_id">dfn for audio_substream</a><span>, in § 3.9</span>
     </ul>
-   <li><a href="#beta">beta</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
-   <li><a href="#c">c</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
    <li><a href="#channel_audio_layer_config">channel_audio_layer_config</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
    <li><a href="#channel-group">Channel Group</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#channel_mapping">channel_mapping</a><span>, in § 3.6.3</span>
@@ -5489,13 +5525,10 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#count_label">count_label</a><span>, in § 3.7</span>
    <li><a href="#coupled-stereo-channels">Coupled stereo channels</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
    <li><a href="#coupled_substream_count">coupled_substream_count</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
-   <li><a href="#csd">CSD</a><span>, in § 3.6.1</span>
-   <li><a href="#d">D</a><span>, in § 3.6.1</span>
    <li><a href="#decoder_config">decoder_config</a><span>, in § 3.5</span>
    <li><a href="#default_demixing_info_parameter_data">default_demixing_info_parameter_data</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
    <li><a href="#default_mix_gain">default_mix_gain</a><span>, in § 3.7.4</span>
    <li><a href="#default_w">default_w</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
-   <li><a href="#delta">delta</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
    <li><a href="#demixing_info">demixing_info</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
    <li><a href="#demixing_info_parameter_data">demixing_info_parameter_data</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
    <li><a href="#demixing_matrix">demixing_matrix</a><span>, in § 3.6.3</span>
@@ -5514,7 +5547,6 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#explicit_audio_substream_id">explicit_audio_substream_id</a><span>, in § 3.9</span>
    <li><a href="#extension_header_bytes">extension_header_bytes</a><span>, in § 3.2</span>
    <li><a href="#extension_header_size">extension_header_size</a><span>, in § 3.2</span>
-   <li><a href="#gamma">gamma</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
    <li><a href="#get_param_definition">get_param_definition()</a><span>, in § 3.8</span>
    <li><a href="#headphones_rendering_mode">headphones_rendering_mode</a><span>, in § 3.7.3</span>
    <li><a href="#ia_code">ia_code</a><span>, in § 3.4</span>
@@ -5550,10 +5582,8 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#mix_presentation_friendly_label">mix_presentation_friendly_label</a><span>, in § 3.7.1</span>
    <li><a href="#mix_presentation_id">mix_presentation_id</a><span>, in § 3.7</span>
    <li><a href="#mix-presentation-obu">Mix Presentation OBU</a><span>, in § 2.3.2.1</span>
-   <li><a href="#n_c">n_c</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
    <li><a href="#n-i">n(i)</a><span>, in § 3.8.3</span>
    <li><a href="#non-coupled-substream">non-coupled substream</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
-   <li><a href="#ns">NS</a><span>, in § 3.6.1</span>
    <li><a href="#num_audio_elements">num_audio_elements</a><span>, in § 3.7</span>
    <li><a href="#num_layers">num_layers</a><span>, in § 3.6.2</span>
    <li><a href="#num_layouts">num_layouts</a><span>, in § 3.7</span>
@@ -5621,7 +5651,6 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#sample_rate">sample_rate</a><span>, in § 3.11.4</span>
    <li><a href="#sample_size">sample_size</a><span>, in § 3.11.4</span>
    <li><a href="#scalable_channel_layout_config">scalable_channel_layout_config</a><span>, in § 3.6</span>
-   <li><a href="#sd">SD</a><span>, in § 3.6.1</span>
    <li><a href="#sound_system">sound_system</a><span>, in § 3.7.6</span>
    <li><a href="#start_point_value">start_point_value</a><span>, in § 3.8.1</span>
    <li>
@@ -5638,7 +5667,6 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#temporal-unit">Temporal Unit</a><span>, in § 2.4</span>
    <li><a href="#tf2tot2-de-mixer">TF2toT2 de-mixer</a><span>, in § 7.2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#true_peak">true_peak</a><span>, in § 3.7.7</span>
-   <li><a href="#w">w</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
    <li><a href="#widx-k">wIdx(k)</a><span>, in § 7.2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#w_idx_offset">w_idx_offset</a><span>, in § 3.8.2</span>
    <li><a href="#w-k">w(k)</a><span>, in § 7.2.2</span>
@@ -6209,7 +6237,7 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
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@@ -6220,7 +6248,7 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
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+window.dfnpanelData['num_samples_per_frame'] = {"dfnID": "num_samples_per_frame", "url": "#num_samples_per_frame", "dfnText": "num_samples_per_frame", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2461"}], "title": "3.2. OBU Header Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2463"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2466"}], "title": "3.11.3. FLAC Specific"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_samples_per_frame\u2467"}], "title": "3.11.4. LPCM Specific"}], "external": false};
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@@ -6243,8 +6271,6 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
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 window.dfnpanelData['audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id'] = {"dfnID": "audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id", "url": "#audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id", "dfnText": "audio_substream_id", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id\u2460"}], "title": "3.9. Audio Frame OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_element_obu-audio_substream_id\u2462"}], "title": "8.4.1. Two Audio Elements with One Codec Config"}], "external": false};
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@@ -6254,17 +6280,13 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
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+window.dfnpanelData['paramdefinition'] = {"dfnID": "paramdefinition", "url": "#paramdefinition", "dfnText": "ParamDefinition()", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition\u2460"}], "title": "7.4. Animated Parameters"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition\u2462"}], "title": "8.4.1. Two Audio Elements with One Codec Config"}], "external": false};
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+window.dfnpanelData['paramdefinition-num_subblocks'] = {"dfnID": "paramdefinition-num_subblocks", "url": "#paramdefinition-num_subblocks", "dfnText": "num_subblocks", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks\u2460"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks\u2463"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks\u2464"}], "title": "3.6.1. Parameter Definition Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-num_subblocks\u2465"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['paramdefinition-subblock_duration'] = {"dfnID": "paramdefinition-subblock_duration", "url": "#paramdefinition-subblock_duration", "dfnText": "subblock_duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration\u2463"}], "title": "3.6.1. Parameter Definition Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-paramdefinition-subblock_duration\u2464"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['num_layers'] = {"dfnID": "num_layers", "url": "#num_layers", "dfnText": "num_layers", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2462"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2463"}], "title": "3.6.2. Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2464"}], "title": "3.7. Mix Presentation OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2465"}], "title": "3.8.3. Recon Gain Info Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2466"}], "title": "4. Profiles"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2467"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2468"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u24ea"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2463"}], "title": "4.2. IA Base Profile"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2465"}], "title": "7.2. Scalable Channel Audio Decoding and Reconstruction"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2466"}], "title": "7.2.1. Gain"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2467"}], "title": "7.2.2. De-mixer"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2460\u2468"}], "title": "7.2.3. Recon Gain"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u24ea"}], "title": "7.3.2.1. Rendering a Channel-Based Audio Element to Loudspeakers"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2461"}], "title": "8. IAMF Generation Process (Informative)"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2463"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2466"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2467"}], "title": "8.3. Mix Presentation Encoding"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2461\u2468"}], "title": "10.2. Annex B: Rules for Scalable Channel Audio (Normative)"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2462\u24ea"}], "title": "10.2.1. Annex B-1: Down-mix parameter and Loudness"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-num_layers\u2462\u2460"}], "title": "10.2.3. Annex B-3: Channel Layout Generation Rule"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['channel_audio_layer_config'] = {"dfnID": "channel_audio_layer_config", "url": "#channel_audio_layer_config", "dfnText": "channel_audio_layer_config", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config"}, {"id": "ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config\u2460"}], "title": "3.6.2. Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config\u2461"}], "title": "7.2.1. Gain"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config\u2462"}], "title": "8. IAMF Generation Process (Informative)"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-channel_audio_layer_config\u2463"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}], "external": false};
@@ -6311,10 +6333,10 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
 window.dfnpanelData['anchor_element'] = {"dfnID": "anchor_element", "url": "#anchor_element", "dfnText": "anchor_element", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-anchor_element"}, {"id": "ref-for-anchor_element\u2460"}], "title": "3.7.7. Loudness Info Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['info_type_bytes'] = {"dfnID": "info_type_bytes", "url": "#info_type_bytes", "dfnText": "info_type_bytes", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-info_type_bytes"}], "title": "3.7.7. Loudness Info Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-parameter_id'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-parameter_id", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-parameter_id", "dfnText": "parameter_id", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2463"}], "title": "3.6.1. Parameter Definition Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2465"}], "title": "3.7.4. Element Mix Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2466"}], "title": "3.7.5. Output Mix Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2467"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2468"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u24ea"}], "title": "8.4.1. Two Audio Elements with One Codec Config"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2463"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2466"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-parameter_id\u2460\u2467"}], "title": "10.1. Annex A: ID Linking Scheme (Informative)"}], "external": false};
-window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-duration'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-duration", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-duration", "dfnText": "duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-duration"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-duration\u2460"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
-window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration", "dfnText": "constant_subblock_duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration\u2462"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
-window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks", "dfnText": "num_subblocks", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks\u2460"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
-window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration", "dfnText": "subblock_duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration\u2460"}], "title": "7.4. Animated Parameters"}], "external": false};
+window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-duration'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-duration", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-duration", "dfnText": "duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-duration"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
+window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration", "dfnText": "constant_subblock_duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-constant_subblock_duration\u2461"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
+window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks", "dfnText": "num_subblocks", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-num_subblocks"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
+window.dfnpanelData['parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration", "url": "#parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration", "dfnText": "subblock_duration", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_block_obu-subblock_duration"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['parameter_data_bytes'] = {"dfnID": "parameter_data_bytes", "url": "#parameter_data_bytes", "dfnText": "parameter_data_bytes", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-parameter_data_bytes"}], "title": "3.8. Parameter Block OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['mix_gain_parameter_data'] = {"dfnID": "mix_gain_parameter_data", "url": "#mix_gain_parameter_data", "dfnText": "mix_gain_parameter_data", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data"}], "title": "3.7.4. Element Mix Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2460"}], "title": "3.7.5. Output Mix Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2461"}], "title": "3.8.1. Mix Gain Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2463"}], "title": "7.3.3. Mixing Audio Elements"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-mix_gain_parameter_data\u2466"}], "title": "10.1. Annex A: ID Linking Scheme (Informative)"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['animation_type'] = {"dfnID": "animation_type", "url": "#animation_type", "dfnText": "animation_type", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-animation_type"}], "title": "3.8.1. Mix Gain Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-animation_type\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-animation_type\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-animation_type\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-animation_type\u2463"}], "title": "7.4. Animated Parameters"}], "external": false};
@@ -6324,10 +6346,10 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
 window.dfnpanelData['control_point_value'] = {"dfnID": "control_point_value", "url": "#control_point_value", "dfnText": "control_point_value", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-control_point_value"}, {"id": "ref-for-control_point_value\u2460"}], "title": "3.8.1. Mix Gain Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['demixing_info_parameter_data'] = {"dfnID": "demixing_info_parameter_data", "url": "#demixing_info_parameter_data", "dfnText": "demixing_info_parameter_data", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data"}, {"id": "ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data\u2460"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data\u2462"}], "title": "7.3.2.1. Rendering a Channel-Based Audio Element to Loudspeakers"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data\u2463"}, {"id": "ref-for-demixing_info_parameter_data\u2464"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['dmixp_mode'] = {"dfnID": "dmixp_mode", "url": "#dmixp_mode", "dfnText": "dmixp_mode", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-dmixp_mode"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-dmixp_mode\u2460"}], "title": "10.2.1. Annex B-1: Down-mix parameter and Loudness"}], "external": false};
-window.dfnpanelData['w_idx_offset'] = {"dfnID": "w_idx_offset", "url": "#w_idx_offset", "dfnText": "w_idx_offset", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-w_idx_offset"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
+window.dfnpanelData['w_idx_offset'] = {"dfnID": "w_idx_offset", "url": "#w_idx_offset", "dfnText": "w_idx_offset", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-w_idx_offset"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-w_idx_offset\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-w_idx_offset\u2461"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-w_idx_offset\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-w_idx_offset\u2463"}], "title": "10.2.1. Annex B-1: Down-mix parameter and Loudness"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['recon_gain_info_parameter_data'] = {"dfnID": "recon_gain_info_parameter_data", "url": "#recon_gain_info_parameter_data", "dfnText": "recon_gain_info_parameter_data", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data"}], "title": "3.6. Audio Element OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2462"}], "title": "3.6.2. Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2463"}], "title": "3.8.3. Recon Gain Info Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2464"}], "title": "7.2.3. Recon Gain"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_info_parameter_data\u2466"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['recon_gain_flags'] = {"dfnID": "recon_gain_flags", "url": "#recon_gain_flags", "dfnText": "recon_gain_flags", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_flags"}], "title": "3.6.2. Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_flags\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_flags\u2461"}], "title": "3.8.3. Recon Gain Info Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_flags\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain_flags\u2463"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}], "external": false};
-window.dfnpanelData['recon_gain'] = {"dfnID": "recon_gain", "url": "#recon_gain", "dfnText": "recon_gain", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain"}], "title": "3.6.2. Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2462"}], "title": "3.8.3. Recon Gain Info Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2463"}], "title": "7.2. Scalable Channel Audio Decoding and Reconstruction"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2466"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2467"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2468"}], "title": "7.2.3. Recon Gain"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u24ea"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2460"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2461"}], "title": "10.2.1. Annex B-1: Down-mix parameter and Loudness"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2463"}], "title": "10.2.4. Annex B-4: Recon Gain Generation"}], "external": false};
+window.dfnpanelData['recon_gain'] = {"dfnID": "recon_gain", "url": "#recon_gain", "dfnText": "recon_gain", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain"}], "title": "3.6.2. Scalable Channel Layout Config Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2462"}], "title": "3.8.3. Recon Gain Info Parameter Data Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2463"}], "title": "7.2. Scalable Channel Audio Decoding and Reconstruction"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2466"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2467"}], "title": "7.2.3. Recon Gain"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2468"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u24ea"}], "title": "8.2. Scalable Channel Audio Encoding"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2460"}], "title": "10.2.1. Annex B-1: Down-mix parameter and Loudness"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-recon_gain\u2460\u2462"}], "title": "10.2.4. Annex B-4: Recon Gain Generation"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['audio_substream-audio_substream_id'] = {"dfnID": "audio_substream-audio_substream_id", "url": "#audio_substream-audio_substream_id", "dfnText": "audio_substream_id", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2461"}], "title": "3.2. OBU Header Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2463"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2464"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2466"}], "title": "3.9. Audio Frame OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2467"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2468"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460\u24ea"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460\u2460"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460\u2461"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460\u2462"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460\u2463"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_substream-audio_substream_id\u2460\u2464"}], "title": "10.1. Annex A: ID Linking Scheme (Informative)"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['explicit_audio_substream_id'] = {"dfnID": "explicit_audio_substream_id", "url": "#explicit_audio_substream_id", "dfnText": "explicit_audio_substream_id", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-explicit_audio_substream_id"}], "title": "3.9. Audio Frame OBU Syntax and Semantics"}], "external": false};
 window.dfnpanelData['audio_frame'] = {"dfnID": "audio_frame", "url": "#audio_frame", "dfnText": "audio_frame()", "refSections": [{"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame"}], "title": "3.5. Codec Config OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2460"}], "title": "3.9. Audio Frame OBU Syntax and Semantics"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2461"}], "title": "3.11. Codec Specific"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2462"}], "title": "3.11.1. OPUS Specific"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2463"}], "title": "3.11.2. AAC-LC Specific"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2464"}], "title": "3.11.3. FLAC Specific"}, {"refs": [{"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2465"}, {"id": "ref-for-audio_frame\u2466"}], "title": "3.11.4. LPCM Specific"}], "external": false};
@@ -6344,7 +6366,8 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content"
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