DICTIONARY.tex

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\entry{a}{pron.}{\pf{quoi}}{\textit{Interrogative and relative pronoun}.\\\s{indef} What?\\\s{def} Who? Whom?\\\s{indef} \textit{or} \s{def} Which, who, that \textit{(see grammar)}.}{}
\entry{á}{n.}{\pf{âme}}{Spirit.}{}
\entry{aḅ}{v.}{\pf{appeler}}{\\+\s{acc} \textit{and} \s{abs} To call, name, nominate, give a name to. \textit{In PF, this verb used to take a double accusative, but this usage disappeared early on in UF, with the second accusative, denoting the name, naturally being replaced by the absolutive, likely to avoid ambiguity that was starting to manifest as a result of UF’s increasingly free word order.}\ex \s{Snet’h v.2} \w{jdap rác’hsaý’adâ} ‘I call you a liar’; even in the writings of \s{Snet’h}, the double accusative is no longer attested.\\\textit{(archaic)} To call oneself, be called. \textit{Replaced by \w{nvẹ́} in Early Modern UF in the reflexive sense.}}{}
\entry{ab’há}{conj.}{\pf{avant que}}{+\s{opt} Before.}{}
\entry{áb’há}{n.}{\pf{enfant}}{Child.}{}
\entry{ab’haḍ}{v.}{\pf{abattre}}{\\To cut down, fell, knock down, shoot down.\\To butcher, cut apart violently.}{\s{fut} ab’haḍrẹ́, \s{subj} ab’has}
\entry{ab’hásy’ô}{n.}{\pf{aviation}}{Aviation.}{}
\entry{áb’hé}{adv.}{\pf{enfin}}{Finally, at last, at the end.}{}
\entry{ábhec}{v.}{\pf{empêcher}}{+\s{acc} To prevent, stop (sth. from happening).}{\s{fut} ábhece, \s{subj} ábhecs}
\entry{ab’hèc’h}{v.}{\pf{affecter}}{+\s{acc} To affect, influence.}{\s{fut} ab’hèc’hre, \s{subj} ab’hè\-c’hes}
\entry{áb’hẹḍ}{v.}{\pf{embêtter}}{\\+\s{acc} To disturb, inconvenience sbd.\\+\s{part} To harass, bother sbd.}{}
\entry{abhérś}{v.}{\pf{apercevoir}}{To behold, descry (+\s{part}).}{}
\entry{ab’héy’}{n.}{\pf{abeille}}{Bee.}{}
\entry{ab’hínéb’heḅaý’évrâ}{v.}{\pf{habit ne fait pas le moi\-ne}}{To judge based on appearances.}{\s{fut} ab’hínéb’heḅaý’év́ẹ́, \s{subj} ab’hínéb’heḅaý’\-év́\-ás}
\entry{áb’hóhẹ}{v.}{\pf{enfoncer}}{To push, press, shove, drive (+\s{ill} into).}{}
\entry{aḅrâ}{v.}{\pf{apprendre}}{To learn.}{\s{fut} aḅrâdé, \s{subj} aḅrâs}
\entry{aḅraúc̣}{v.}{\pf{approcher}}{To approach, come near, walk up to (+\s{all} sbd./sth.).}{\s{fut} aḅraúc̣é, \s{subj} aḅraúc̣s}
\entry{aḅrdvê}{adv.}{\pf{après-demain}}{The day after tomorrow. \textit{The prefix \w{aḅr} can be prepended as often as necessary, e.g. \w{aḅraḅraḅrdvê} would be ‘in four days’.}}{}
\entry{ac}{n.}{\pf{hache}}{Axe, hatchet.}{}
\refentry{ach’es}{\w{a} + \w{c’hes}}
\entry{act’he}{v. tr.}{from \w{ac}}{\\To cut or cleave with an axe.\\+\s{acc} To bring an end to.\\+\s{acc def} \textit{of \w{árb} intr. (other than literal)} To get to the point, cut to the chase.\\+\s{acc def} \textit{of \w{árb} and \s{acc}} To bring to light, reveal. \textit{Originally, this idiom did not take a double \s{acc}, but was instead formed with the \s{acc} of ‘tree’ and the \s{ill} of the object, meaning something along the lines of ‘to bring down the tree(s) on sth’—the image here being that of cutting down trees in a wood until only a clearing remains or is ‘brought to light’.}}{\s{fut} acḍe, \s{subj} act’hes}
\entry{ac̣t’he}{v. tr.}{\pf{acheter}}{To buy.}{\s{fut} ac̣ḍrẹ́, \s{subj} ac̣t’hes}
\entry{ad’he}{v.}{\pf{vader}}{To go.}{\s{fut} í, \s{subj} al}
\entry{ad’hór}{v. tr.}{\pf{adore}}{\\To love, adore.\\+\s{part} To be in love with, have a crush on.\\+\s{gen} To desire, yearn for sbd./sth.\ex \s{Snet’h iv.17} \w{jad’hóré ávvaúríhe} ‘I yearned to remember’ \textit{(compare \w{jad’hóré devvaúríhe} ‘I loved to remember’)}.}{\s{fut} ad’hórérẹ́, \s{subj} ad’hórs}
\entry{ád’húy’}{n.}{\pf{andouille}}{Fool, buffoon, idiot.}{}
\entry{ad’hyl}{v.}{\pf{adulte}}{To be adult, grown-up.}{\s{fut} ad’hyle, \s{subj} ad’hyls}
\entry{ád’hýr}{v.}{\pf{endure}}{To resist, endure, withstand (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{aḍrá}{v.}{\pf{attraper}}{\\+\s{acc} \textit{or} \s{part} To take.\\\w{aḍrá faúr} \textit{intr.} To take shape, take form.}{}
\entry{ádróid}{n.}{\pf{androïde}}{Android.}{}
\entry{áḍy’ẹ́}{num. frac. or n.}{\pf{entier}}{\\Entire, whole.\\\textit{n.} Entirety, wholeness.}{}
\entry{ady’ŷ}{v. or interj.}{\pf{adieu}}{\\Goodbye, farewell.\\+\s{gen} To say goodbye to sbd., bid sbd. farewell.}{}
\entry{áẹ}{n.}{\pf{en-haut}}{Sky. \textit{Often plural, especially in a religious sense.}}{}
\entry{ah}{n.}{\pf{assez}}{\textit{sufficient comparative prefix; see §~\ref{subsec:comparison}}.}{}
\entry{áhaúr}{conj.}{\pf{encore}}{+\s{subj} Even though.}{}
\entry{áhaúr}{adv.}{\pf{encore}}{\\\textit{(positive context)} Still, yet.\\\textit{(negative context)} Again.}{}
\entry{áhâłát’hẹ}{v.}{\pf{ensanglanté}}{To be (very) bloody, bloodstained.}{}
\entry{ahúr}{v.}{\pf{assurer}}{To ensure.}{\s{fut} ahúré, \s{subj} ahúrs}
\entry{aír}{v.}{\pf{hair}}{To hate, abhor, detest, loathe, despise (+\s{acc} sbd./sth.).}{}
\entry{ânb’hé}{adv.}{\pf{en effet}, via metathesis from *\w{âné\-b’he}}{Verily, indeed, in fact.}{}
\entry{ánvé}{v. tr.}{\pf{animer}}{To bring to life, animate.}{}
\entry{árb}{n.}{\pf{arbre}}{Tree.}{}
\entry{árḍihyl}{n.}{\pf{particule}}{Particle.}{}
\entry{áríb’h}{v.}{\pf{arriver}}{To arrive.}{}
\entry{árrih}{n.}{\pf{arbrisseau}}{Forest, woods, woodland.}{}
\entry{ársl}{v.}{\pf{harceler}}{To attack, assail, beset, bully (+\s{acc} sbd.).}{}
\entry{ârýý’}{v.}{\pf{enrouler}}{To wrap (+\s{acc} around sth.).}{}
\entry{ásy’ê}{v.}{\pf{ancien}}{To be ancient.}{\s{fut} ásy’êr, \s{subj} ásy’ês}
\entry{asý’ýâ}{particle}{\pf{pas absolument}}{Not, no. \textit{Commonly \w{’sý’ýâ} after vowels and verbs. This particle is used only in the indicative; see also \w{sá}, \w{t’hé}.}}{}
\entry{át’hád}{v.}{\pf{entendre}}{To hear, perceive (+\s{part} sbd./sth.).}{\s{fut} át’hádé, \s{subj} át’hás}
\entry{át’has}{v.}{\pf{entasser}}{\\\s{+acc} To heap, accumulate.\\\textit{refl.} To pile up, heap.}{}
\entry{át’hér}{v.}{\pf{enterrer}}{+\s{acc} To bury, inter.}{}
\entry{au}{conj.}{\pf{aussi}}{\\And, also, as well, too.\\\w{au} \ldots{} \w{au} \ldots{} ‘both \ldots{} and \ldots’}{}
\entry{aú}{n.}{\pf{homme}}{Man, human.}{}
\entry{aû}{particle}{\pf{non}}{Not-. \textit{Used to negate nouns, adjectives, and adverbs; see §~\ref{subsubsec:noun-negation}.}}{}
\refentry{aubhaus}{ní}
\entry{aub’heír}{v. (in)tr.}{\pf{obéir}}{To obey.}{}
\entry{aublit’hér}{v.}{\pf{oblitérer}}{\\To defeat, vanquish, obliterate (+\s{acc} sbd./sth.).\\To be better than, ‘beat’ (+\s{inf} sbd/sth.).}{}
\entry{auḍ}{adj.}{\pf{autre}}{Other, another.}{}
\entry{auḍé}{v.}{\pf{obtenir}}{\\To obtain, get, acquire.\\+\s{abl} To gain purchase on or hei\-ght or distance from.}{\s{fut} auḍy’édrẹ́}
\entry{auha}{conj.}{\pf{au cas où}}{+\s{opt} In case.}{}
\entry{aujúrdy’í}{adv.}{\pf{aujourd’hui}}{\textit{(archaic)} Today, nowadays. \textit{See also \w{júrdy’í}.}}{}
\entry{aúráj}{n.}{\pf{orage}}{\\\textit{(usually pl.)} Storm, tempest, thunderstorm.\ex \s{Snet’h ii.7} \w{phárýaúráj téríbâ} ‘like a terrible storm’.\\\textit{fig.} Upheaval, turmoil, crisis.}{}
\entry{ausc’hýr}{v.}{\pf{obscur}}{To be dark.}{}
\entry{av́ár}{v. irreg.}{\pf{avoir}}{+\s{acc} To have. \textit{This usually denotes inalienable possession.}}{\s{pres ant} and \s{pret} y, \textit{obsolete} \s{pret} ab’hẹ, \s{fut} aúrẹ́, \s{subj} ès}
\entry{av́árḷý}{v.}{\pf{avoir lieu}}{To take place, happen.}{\s{fut} lav́árḷýé, \s{subj} lav́árḷýs}
\entry{áv́áy’é}{v.}{\pf{envoyer}}{\\To send.\\\w{Ádác’hebèc’h áv́áy’é} To kill someone. \textit{Lit. ‘to send to the Promised Land’.}}{\s{fut} áv́áy’érẹ́, \s{subj} áv́áy’és}
\entry{áví}{n.}{\pf{ami}}{Friend.}{}
\entry{ávrê}{conj.}{\pf{à moins que}}{+\s{opt} Unless.}{}
\entry{aý’aúr}{conj.}{\pf{alors}}{While, as (temporal), because.}{}
\entry{Aý’èc’hsád}{n.}{\pf{Alexandre}}{\textit{Male given name}.}{}
\entry{áł}{v.}{from earlier *\w{ḅał} < \pf{parler}}{To speak.}{}
\entry{áȷ́éd}{v.}{\pf{enjoindre}}{To order, enjoin, command.}{}
\entry{ba}{v.}{\pf{baser}}{To base on, found on.}{\s{fut} bare, \s{subj} bas}
\entry{ḅá nórávíc’h}{n. archaic}{\pf{Panoramix}}{Druid. \textit{Only the \w{nórávíc’h} is inflected; infixing of adj. is attested.}\ex \s{Snet’h}, \s{iii.2}: \w{derúb’h phá ráinórávíc’h} ‘to find the great druid’, with infixed \w{rá}.}{}
\entry{baḍ}{v.}{\pf{battre}}{To beat, strike, hit (+\s{acc} sbd./sth.).}{}
\entry{ḅáhẹ}{n.}{\pf{pensée}}{Thought, reflection, meditation, faculty of thinking.}{}
\entry{ḅaj}{n.}{\pf{page}}{Page.}{}
\entry{ḅará}{n.}{\pf{parent}}{Parent.}{}
\entry{ḅarḍ}{v.}{\pf{partir}}{To leave, go away, depart.}{\s{fut} ḅarẹ́, \s{subj} ḅars}
\entry{ḅárḍáḍ}{v.}{\pf{partante}}{(+\s{aci}) To be interested in, willing to, ready to, prepared for.}{}
\entry{ḅárḍẹ}{n.}{\pf{partie}}{Part, portion, piece, faction of a whole.}{}
\entry{ḅárḍihibhá}{n.}{\pf{participant}}{Participant.}{}
\entry{ḅáréḍ}{v.}{\pf{parraitre}; future stem from \pf{sembler}}{To seem, appear.}{\s{fut} sáb}
\entry{ḅas}{conj.}{\pf{parce que}}{+\s{subj} Because. \textit{Often used to explain motivation rather than cause, as in e.g. ‘We did that because\ldots’}}{}
\entry{baú}{v. irreg.}{\pf{bon}}{\\To be good, well, healthy.\\To be right, correct, appropriate.\\\textit{usually intr.} To satisfy, fullfill, gratify.}{\s{fut} baúré, \s{subj} véy’ýrs; \s{comp} lẹvéy’ýr, y’ŷvéy’ýr, rêvéy’ýr; \s{sup} révéy’ýr, râdvâv\-éy’\-ýr}
\entry{ḅaú}{n.}{\pf{pont}}{Bridge.}{}
\entry{ḅauheŷnlabhé}{v.}{\pf{poser un lapin}}{To forsake, abandon.}{\s{fut} ḅauheŷnlabhére, \s{subj} ḅauheŷnlabhés}
\entry{ḅauhib}{v.}{\pf{impossible}}{To be impossible, unfeasible.}{\s{fut} ḅauhibre, \s{subj} ḅauh\-ibes}
\entry{Baúré}{n.}{\pf{Borée}}{Boreas, the North Wind.}{}
\entry{ḅáł}{v.}{\pf{parler}}{To speak, talk.}{\s{fut} báłérẹ́}
\entry{ḅáłýr}{n.}{\pf{parleur}}{Speaker, interlocutor.}{}
\entry{ḅelbec}{n.}{\pf{pelle} + \pf{bêche}}{Shovel.}{}
\entry{Bèrḍrá}{n.}{\pf{Bertrand}}{\textit{Male given name}.}{}
\entry{ḅẹt’hẹ}{v. irreg.}{\pf{petit}}{To be small, little.}{\s{fut} rêdẹ́, \s{subj} ḅẹt’hes; \s{comp} lẹrêd, y’ŷrêd, rêrêd; \s{sup} rérêd, râdvârêd}
\entry{ḅét’hýr}{v.}{\pf{peinture}}{To paint.}{}
\entry{ḅéy’í}{n.}{\pf{pays}}{Country, land, region, nation.}{}
\entry{b’há}{n.}{\pf{vent}}{Wind, breeze.}{}
\entry{b’hár}{n.}{\pf{vague}}{\\Wave.\\\textit{pl.} Ripples, undulations.}{}
\entry{b’hát’hiý’at’hýr}{v.}{\pf{ventilateur}}{To blow.}{}
\entry{b’hauḍ}{v.}{\pf{vôtre}}{To be yours (\s{pl}).}{\s{fut} b’hauḍre, \s{subj} b’haus}
\entry{b’haul}{v.}{\pf{voler}}{To hover, float.}{}
\entry{b’hây’ér}{adv.}{\pf{avant-hier}}{The day before yesterday. \textit{The prefix \w{b’hâ} can be prepended as often as necessary, e.g. \w{b’hâb’hâb’hây’ér} would be ‘four days ago’.}}{}
\entry{b’he}{conj.}{\pf{envers}}{+\s{subj} So that, so as to, to, in order to. \textit{Commonly enclitic \w{’b’h} after vowels.}}{}
\entry{b’hé}{n.}{\pf{vin}}{Grape.}{}
\entry{b’hénvâ}{n.}{\pf{évènement}}{Event, occurrence.}{}
\entry{b’hérḍy’ŷ}{v.}{\pf{vertueux}}{To be virtuous.}{}
\entry{b’hért’he}{n.}{from \pf{vérité}; the /i/ disappeared during Early Middle UF}{Truth.}{}
\entry{b’héy’}{v.}{\pf{veiller}}{\\\textit{intr.} To keep watch, keep guard.\\+\s{spress} To watch over, guard, keep an eye on.}{}
\entry{b’heý’au}{n.}{from archaic \w{b’heý’auhic’h}}{Bicycle.}{}
\entry{b’heý’auhic’h}{n. archaic}{\pf{vélo-cycle}}{Bicycle.}{}
\entry{b’heý’o}{v.}{back-formation from *\w{b’heý’os}, reanalysed as a subjunctive; from \pf{véloce}}{To be quick, fast.}{\s{fut} b’heý’o\-se, \s{subj} b’heý’os}
\entry{b’hí}{n.}{\pf{vigne}}{Vine.}{}
\entry{b’hic’hḍrár}{n.}{\pf{victoire}}{Victory.}{}
\entry{b’hid}{v.}{\pf{vide}}{To be empty.}{}
\entry{b’hizy’ô}{n.}{\pf{vision}}{Vision.}{}
\entry{b’hóy’ẹ}{v.}{\pf{voler}}{To fly. Flight.}{}
\entry{b’huḍ}{n.}{\pf{voûte}}{Vault, arched ceiling.}{}
\entry{b’hýlnẹ́r}{v.}{\pf{invulnérable}}{+\s{instr} To be incapable of being af\-fec\-ted by, invulnerable to.}{\s{fut} b’hýlnẹ́rẹ́, \s{subj} b’hýlnẹ́rs}
\entry{b’hŷnnúb’hâ}{adv.}{old \s{all} of \w{núb’hâ}}{Anew.}{}
\entry{ḅínár}{n.}{\pf{pinard}}{Wine.}{}
\refentry{bír}{vaúb’hẹ}
\entry{biwaú}{n.}{\pf{billion}}{\textit{(obsolete)} Billion (long scale, i.e. 10\Sup{12}). \textit{Replaced with modern \w{dýwaú}).}}{}
\entry{ḅré}{conj.}{\pf{après que}}{+\s{opt} After.}{}
\entry{ḅusy’ér}{n.}{\pf{poussière}}{Dust.}{}
\entry{bźé}{v.}{\pf{besoin}}{+\s{acc} \textit{or} \s{part} To need, require.}{}
\entry{caḍráy’ẹ́}{v.}{\pf{chatoyer}}{To shimmer, iridesce.}{}
\entry{cah}{v.}{\pf{chasser}}{To hunt.}{\s{fut} cahe, \s{subj} cas}
\entry{cahý}{pron. pl. indef.}{\pf{chacun}}{Each other, one another.}{}
\entry{Cár}{n.}{}{\textit{Male given name, equivalent to English ‘Kyle’ or ‘Charles’. Often declined like a regular noun, e.g. \s{nom} \w{Lác̣ár}}.}{}
\entry{cẹ}{v.}{\pf{chaud}}{To be hot.}{}
\entry{će}{v.}{\pf{échouer}}{\\+\s{part} To stumble, do a bad job at.\\+\s{acc} \textit{or} \s{aci} To fail, flunk, not pass.}{\s{fut} ćere, \s{subj} ćes}
\entry{cèc}{n.}{phonetic respelling of \w{cèc’h}}{\textit{(chess)} Check.}{}
\entry{cèc’h}{n.}{\pf{échec}}{Failure, defeat.}{}
\entry{cér}{v.}{\pf{cher}}{\\To be dear, important (+\s{dat} to sbd.). \textit{Possession of a noun qualified with this adjective verb is generally construed with the dative rather than the genitive, e.g. \w{asvẹ áví cérâ} or \w{áví cérâvé} ‘my dear friend’, rather than *\w{vaú áví cérâ}.}\\\textit{with \w{áví} ‘friend’} To be friends with.\ex \w{áví lẹcérvé} ‘he is a (dear) friend of mine’.}{\s{fut} céré, \s{subj} cés}
\entry{cévê}{n.}{\pf{chemin}}{Street.}{}
\entry{c’habhahit’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{capacité}}{Skill, capacity, ability.}{}
\entry{c’haḍ}{num.}{}{Four.}{}
\entry{c’haḍríy’ê}{num.}{}{Fourth.}{}
\entry{c’hah}{v.}{\pf{casser}}{\\+\s{acc} To break, shatter, smash.\\+\s{part} To crack, make a crack in.}{}
\entry{c’hánár}{n.}{\pf{canard}}{\\Ship, boat.\\\s{instr indef} By boat.}{}
\entry{c’hánaú}{n.}{\pf{canot}}{Duck (bird).}{}
\entry{c’háraúciḍ}{v.}{\pf{les carrotes sont cuites}}{To end for good, put to a permanent end.}{\s{fut} c’hár\-aúc\-re, \s{subj} c’háraúc}
\entry{c’hasḅesy’ál}{n.}{cas spécial}{Exception.}{}
\entry{c’haú}{adj.}{see sense 2}{\\Holy.\\\w{c’haú-}\L{}. \textit{The so-called ‘religious prefix’ is prepended in derivation to nouns that have a religous connotation; this is historically a back-formation from \w{c’haúfrér} and \w{c’haúhýr} which happen to both start with this ‘prefix’.}}{}
\entry{c’haúáł}{n.}{\w{c’haú} + \w{áł}}{Prophecy.}{}
\entry{c’haúbhárrás}{n.}{\w{c’haú} + \pf{paroisse}}{Parish.}{}
\entry{c’haúbhausy’ô}{n.}{\pf{composition}}{Composition, arrangement, structure.}{}
\entry{c’haúb’héc’h}{v.}{\pf{convaincre}}{To persuade.}{}
\entry{c’haúbhèłínáj}{n.}{\w{c’haú} + \pf{pèlerinage}}{Pilgrimage.}{}
\entry{c’haúbhýríf}{n.}{\w{c’haú} + \pf{purifier}}{To purify (+\s{acc} sbd./sth.).}{}
\entry{c’haúḅlér}{.v}{\pf{complaire}}{To be complacent; to be accepting in the presence of +\s{gen} sbd./sth. perceived as negative.}{\s{fut} c’haúḅlére, \s{subj} c’haúḅlés}
\entry{c’haúḅrâd}{v.}{\pf{comprendre}}{+\s{part} To comprehend, understand, gr\-asp.}{\s{fut} c’haúḅrâdrẹ́, \s{subj} c’haúḅrâs}
\refentry{c’haúḍé}{ní}
\entry{c’haúḍrêd’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{compte-rendu}}{Account, rec\-ord.}{}
\entry{c’haúfí}{v.}{\pf{confiner}}{To contain.}{}
\entry{c’haúfrér}{n.}{\pf{confrère}}{Brother (religious). \textit{Masc. or pl. only, see also \w{c’haúhýr}.}}{}
\entry{c’haúhaúvnaút’hẹ}{n.}{\w{c’haú} + \pf{com\-mu\-nau\-té}}{Mo\-nastery.}{}
\entry{c’haúhýr}{n.}{\pf{consœur}}{Sister (religious). \textit{Fem. only, see also \w{c’haúfrér}.}}{}
\entry{c’haúnéhás}{.n}{\pf{connaissance}}{Knowledge.}{}
\entry{c’haúr}{conj.}{\pf{car} + \pf{comme}}{+\s{subj} As, because, since.}{}
\entry{c’haút’h}{v.}{\pf{content}}{To be content. \textit{This is perceived as weaker than \w{baú} ‘satisfy’.}}{c’haút’hé, c’haúss}
\entry{c’haúv́ájẹ}{n.}{\w{c’haú} + \pf{magie}}{Magic.}{}
\entry{c’haúvnaút’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{communauté}}{Community.}{}
\entry{c’hd’hal}{adv.}{\pf{que dalle}}{Naught, absolutely no\-thing.}{}
\entry{C’hebèc’h}{n.}{\pf{Québec}}{The Promised Land.}{}
\entry{c’hèl}{det. postpos.}{\pf{quelques}}{Some, a few, a couple of.}{}
\entry{c’hèlc’hý}{pron.}{\pf{quelqu’un}}{Someone, somebody, anyone, anybody.}{}
\entry{c’hes}{quest. part.}{\pf{qu’est-ce que}}{\textit{See grammar}.}{\textit{often enclitic \w{-c’h’s} in older texts.}}
\entry{c’hesse}{}{contraction of \w{c’hes} + \w{se}}{Is it? \textit{Also substituted for other forms of ‘to be’ in questions, particularly for the plural neuter; stressed on the first syllable.}}{}
\entry{c’hlýr}{v.}{\pf{inclure}}{\\+\s{part} To include.\\+\s{acc} To possess, have \textit{(alienably)}.\\+\s{gen} \textit{usually} \s{indef} To sell, offer, have in stock.}{\s{fut} c’hlýré, \s{subj} c’hlýrs}
\entry{c’hóbhár}{v.}{\pf{comparer}}{To compare.}{\s{fut} c’hóbhárre, \s{subj} c’hó\-bhárs}
\entry{c’hóhid’hẹ́}{v.}{\pf{considérer}}{\\+\s{part} To consider, think ab\-out, ponder.\\+\s{acc} To think through.}{\s{fut} c’hóhid’hẹ́rẹ́, \s{subj} c’hóhid’hés}
\entry{c’hóný}{adj.}{\pf{connu}}{Known, familiar, well-kn\-own.}{}
\entry{c’hór}{n.}{\pf{corps}}{Body.}{}
\entry{c’hóvâ}{v.}{\pf{commencer}}{\\(\s{+ part}) To start, commence, begin.\\\s{+ gen} To start out as.\\\w{âc’hóvâ} \textit{def.} Beginning, start. \textit{Lit. ‘that which is being begun’.}}{\s{fut} c’hóvârẹ́, \s{subj} c’hóv\-ás}
\entry{c’hóvníc’h}{v.}{\pf{communiquer}}{\\To communicate (+\s{instr} with sbd.).\\Communication.}{\s{fut} c’hóvníc’hre, \s{subj} c’hóvníc’hes}
\entry{c’hrír}{v.}{\pf{écrire}}{To write.}{\s{fut} c’hrírẹ́, \s{subj} c’hrís}
\refentry{c’h’s}{c’hes}
\entry{c’hulvâ}{n.}{\pf{écoulement}}{Flow.}{}
\entry{c’húr}{v.}{\pf{court}}{To shrink, reduce in size, narrow.}{}
\entry{c’húr}{v.}{\pf{courrir}}{To run.}{}
\entry{c’hýr}{n.}{\pf{cœur}}{Heart.}{}
\entry{cyḍ}{n.}{\pf{chute}}{\textit{(grammar)} Case.}{}
\entry{dá}{n.}{\pf{dent}}{Tooth.}{}
\entry{ḍá}{conj.}{\pf{tandis}}{Whereas.}{}
\entry{ḍád}{n.}{\pf{stand}}{Stand, stall, booth.}{}
\entry{dahaúr}{particle}{\pf{d’accord}}{Sure, ok, agreed, fine.}{}
\entry{ḍalẹ}{n.}{\pf{tableau}}{Table.}{}
\entry{ḍaléraû}{n.}{from \w{ḍalẹ} + \w{-(é)raû}}{Carpenter.}{}
\entry{ḍalisvâ}{n.}{\pf{établissement}}{Establishment, institution.}{}
\entry{dár}{v.}{\pf{darder}}{To throw, cast, yeet (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{ḍaú}{n.}{\pf{tonne}}{Weight.}{}
\refentry{daú’b’h}{daú(c’h) \textnf{+} b’he}
\entry{ḍaúb’h}{v. intr.}{\pf{tomber}}{To fall, drop.}{}
\entry{daúb’hedwébhó}{v.}{\pf{tomber dans les pommes}}{To faint.}{\s{fut} daúb’hedwébhóre, \s{subj} daúb’hedwébhós}
\entry{daú(c’h)}{particle}{\pf{donc}}{Therefore, then, thus.}{}
\entry{ḍauḍ}{def. pron.}{from earlier \w{ḍẹ auḍ}}{Everything else, any other (one).}{}
\entry{Daúvníc’h}{n.}{}{\textit{Male or female given name, equivalent to English ‘Dominic’}.}{}
\entry{db’hid’h}{n.}{\pf{individu}}{Person, individual.}{}
\entry{de}{conj.}{\pf{dès que}}{+\s{subj} Once, when once, as soon as.}{}
\entry{dẹ́}{particle}{from \w{Provençal} \textit{den}}{Then (sequential), next.}{}
\entry{ḍẹ}{adj.}{\pf{tout}}{\\All, every, whole, entire.\\\w{ḍẹ auḍ} Obsolete form of \w{ḍauḍ}.}{}
\entry{dẹb’hní}{v.}{\pf{devenir}}{To become, turn into (+\s{trans} sth./sbd.). \textit{The subject is in the \s{abs} case.}}{}
\entry{deḅlér}{v.}{\pf{déplaire}}{To displease (+\s{acc} sbd.), be displeasing.}{}
\entry{dèc’h}{adj.}{\pf{dextre}}{Right (side), right-handed.}{}
\entry{ḍèc’hníc’hvâ}{adv.}{\pf{techniquement}}{Technically.}{}
\entry{dec̣ír}{v.}{\pf{déchirer}}{\\+\s{part} To tear, rip, rend.\\+\s{acc} To rend asunder, tear to pieces.}{\s{fut} dec̣irrẹ, \s{subj} dec̣írs}
\entry{ḍédv́ér}{interj.}{\pf{putain de merde}}{Fuck. \textit{Generic expletive}.}{}
\entry{dẹh}{v.}{\pf{dessous}}{To be below, beneath.}{}
\entry{dehab’híy’}{v. tr.}{\pf{déshabiller}}{To undress +\s{acc} sbd.}{}
\entry{dẹhẹ}{n.}{\pf{dessus}}{\\Top, upper side.\\Surface of a body of water.}{}
\entry{dehid}{v.}{\pf{décider}}{To decide (+\s{inf} to do sth.).}{}
\entry{dej}{particle}{from \w{dejẹ}}{\textit{Emphatic particle; only used in the preterite}.\\\s{pret} + \w{dej} \textit{roughly} To have ever done sth.}{}
\entry{dejẹ}{adv.}{\pf{déjà}}{Already.}{}
\entry{ḍèl}{particle}{\pf{tel}}{\textit{Emphatic particle, used as an intensifier, often postpositive after the verb, but not so much intensifying the verb directly as it does the entire clause.}.\ex \s{Snet’h}, \s{ii.34}: \w{lá-árb srýlé dèl} ‘so it was that the tree was burning’ or ‘the tree was burning fiercely’, or ‘indeed, the tree was burning’.}{}
\entry{ḍénéb}{n. pl.}{\pf{ténèbres}}{Darkness. \textit{This nouns is exclusively plural, e.g. \w{lḍénéb}.}}{}
\entry{ḍèr}{v.}{\pf{taire}}{To silence, shut up.}{\s{fut} ḍérẹ́}
\entry{ḍéraúj}{v.}{\pf{interroger}}{To demand.}{}
\entry{ḍérésḍ}{v.}{\pf{terrestre}}{To be terrestrial, earth-based.}{\s{fut} ḍérésḍrẹ́, \s{subj} ḍérésḍs}
\entry{ḍẹ́ríb}{v.}{\pf{terrible}}{To be terrible (all senses).}{\s{fut} ḍẹ́ríre, \s{subj} ḍẹ́rís}
\entry{dérny’é}{adj.}{\pf{dernier}}{Last, final, ultimate.}{}
\entry{dérny’ẹ́huf}{n.}{\pf{dernier} + \pf{souffle}}{Death.}{}
\entry{ḍérsèd}{v.}{\pf{intercéder}}{To intercede.}{}
\entry{ḍèrvíc’h}{n.}{\pf{thermique}}{Heat, warmth.}{}
\entry{deslẹ}{v.}{\pf{déceler}}{To detect, discover, uncover, reveal.}{\s{fut} deslẹre, \s{subj} deslẹs}
\entry{déví}{num. frac. or n.}{\pf{demi}}{Half.}{}
\entry{dévýr}{v.}{\pf{demeurer}}{\\To remain, stay.\\To live, dwell (+\s{iness} somewhere).}{}
\entry{ḍeý’ebhat’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{télépathie}}{Telepathy.}{}
\entry{ḍeý’ebhat’hic’h}{v.}{\pf{télépathique}}{To be telepathic.}{\s{fut} ḍeý’ebh\-at’hic’hre, \s{subj} ḍeý’ebhat’hic’hes}
\entry{dír}{v. tr.}{\pf{dire}}{+\s{acc} To say, tell (+\s{dat} someone).}{\s{fut} dírẹ́, \s{subj} díss}
\entry{díríj}{v.}{\pf{diriger}}{+\s{acc} To direct, run, oversee, operate (a business or establishment).}{\s{fut} díríje, \s{subj} díríjs}
\entry{dis}{num.}{}{Ten.}{}
\entry{dizy’ê}{num.}{}{Tenth.}{}
\entry{dónẹ́}{v.}{\pf{donner}}{\s{+ dat \& acc/part} To endow, bestow, give. \textit{The \s{acc} is used when talking about concrete, measurable, and finite objects or sums; the partitive to talk about abstract concepts or parts of objects; the \s{dat} is the person being endowed with.}}{\s{fut} dónrẹ́, \s{subj} dónés}
\entry{dub}{num.}{}{Twice.}{}
\entry{dubâ}{num.}{}{Twofold.}{}
\entry{ḍúr}{adv.}{\pf{toujours}}{\\\textit{(positive context)} Always.\\\textit{(negative context)} Still.}{}
\entry{ḍúr}{n.}{\pf{tour}}{Tower.}{}
\entry{duý’ýr}{v.}{\pf{douleur}}{To suffer, be in pain.}{}
\entry{dý}{num.}{}{Two.}{}
\entry{dy’ê}{v.}{\pf{tien}}{To be yours (\s{sg}).}{\s{fut} dy’êrẹ́, \s{subj} dy’ês}
\entry{dývrê}{particle}{\pf{du moins}}{At least. \textit{As in e.g. ‘At least, I think that \ldots’}}{}
\entry{dýzy’ê}{num.}{}{\\Second.\\\w{dýzy’êâ} Secondary.}{}
\entry{e}{n.}{\pf{eau}}{Water.}{}
\entry{ebhẹ}{v.}{\pf{épais}}{To be thick.}{\s{fut} ebhrẹ, \s{subj} ebhes}
\entry{ec̣}{n.}{\pf{péché}}{Sin, transgression, wrongdoing.}{}
\entry{ec’hlér}{v.}{\pf{éclairer}}{To shine.}{}
\entry{ed}{particle}{\pf{et}}{\textit{Used in numbers, see §~\ref{subsec:numerals}}.}{}
\entry{eḍ}{v. irreg.}{\pf{être}}{To be. \textit{Active only, see §~\ref{subsec:ed-paradigm}.}}{}
\entry{eḍrrá}{v.}{\pf{étroit}}{Pointy.}{}
\entry{Eḍy’ê}{n.}{}{\textit{Male given name, equivalent to English ‘Ste\-phen’}.}{}
\entry{ehyó}{n.}{\pf{écusson}}{Shield.}{}
\entry{el}{n.}{\pf{ailles}}{Wing, blade, fin.}{}
\entry{-(é)raû}{affix}{\pf{-eron}}{-maker, -wright. \textit{Used in derivation, see §~\ref{subsec:diachrony-and-derivation}.}\ex \w{ḍaléraû} ‘carpenter’ from \w{ḍalẹ} ‘table’.}{}
\entry{ez-}{pron.}{\pf{ses}}{Its, her, his, their.}{}
\entry{F}{adj.}{from \pf{fẹ}}{\textit{(Logic)} False. \textit{Always capitalised.}}{}
\entry{fahaú}{conj.}{\pf{de façon que}}{+\s{opt} In such a way that, such that, so much so.}{}
\entry{faú}{adv.}{\pf{fort}}{Very, right, really. \textit{Postpositive intensifier placed after adjectives, particularly in the comparative or superlative degrees.}}{}
\entry{faúr}{adj.}{\pf{fort}}{\textit{obsolete, except in proverbs} Strong, mighty.}{}
\entry{faúr₁}{n.}{\pf{force}}{\\Force, strength, power.\\\w{Faúr} \s{def} \textit{(science fiction, Star Wars)} The Force.}{}
\entry{faúr₂}{n. or v. tr.}{\pf{forme}}{\\Shape, form. \textit{In this sense sometimes also spelt \w{fór}.}\\+\s{acc} To give form to, shape.}{}
\entry{fé}{n.}{\pf{fin}}{End.}{}
\entry{fẹ}{v.}{\pf{faux}}{To be false, incorrect, wrong.}{\s{fut} faure, \s{subj} faus}
\entry{fẹhab}{v.}{\pf{faisable}}{To be possible, feasible.}{\s{fut} fẹhabre, \s{subj} fẹhas}
\entry{fèhẹ}{n.}{\pf{faisceau}}{\\Bundle, bunch, cluster.\\Beam, ray.}{}
\entry{fér}{v.}{\pf{faire}}{\\To do, make, build, construct, erect.\\\textit{Expletive; see §~\ref{subsubsec:personal-pronouns}}.}{\s{fut} fẹ́, \s{subj} fés}
\entry{férḍufraú}{v.}{\pf{en faire tout un fromage}}{To make a big fuss a\-bout something.}{\s{fut} fér\-ḍu\-fraúrẹ́, \s{subj} férḍufraús}
\entry{férr-rásvát’h}{n.}{\pf{faire la grasse mat’}}{A long, deep sleep.}{}
\entry{fic’h}{v.}{back-formation from *\w{fic’hs}, reinterpreted as a subjunctive stem; from \pf{fixer}}{To fix, set, establish.}{\s{fut} fic’hre, \s{subj} fic’hs}
\entry{fihas}{v.}{\pf{efficace}}{To be efficient.}{}
\refentry{fór}{faúr₂}
\entry{fórvẹ́}{v.}{\pf{informer}}{To inform (+\s{acc} sbd.) (+\s{aci} of sth.).}{\s{fut} fórv́ẹ́, \s{subj} fórvẹ́s}
\entry{fúr}{v.}{\pf{fournir}}{To deliver, provide (+\s{dat} sbd.) (+ \s{acc} with sth.).}{}
\entry{fý}{n.}{\pf{feu}}{Fire.}{}
\entry{hab’híy’}{v. tr.}{\pf{habiller}}{To dress +\s{acc} sbd.}{}
\entry{í}{n.}{\pf{hymne}}{Legend, myth.}{}
\refentry{ís}{ub’hrá}
\entry{isḍrár}{n.}{\pf{histoire}}{Story, tale.}{}
\entry{íváj}{n. archaic}{\pf{image}}{Image, picture.}{}
\entry{iý’ývî}{v.}{\pf{illuminer}}{To light up, illuminate.}{}
\entry{Já}{n.}{}{\textit{Male or female given name, equivalent to English ‘John’ or ‘Joan’}.}{}
\entry{Jac’h}{n.}{\pf{Jacques}}{\textit{Male given name}.}{}
\entry{jávé}{adv.}{\pf{jamais}}{\textit{neg. only} Never, at no time.}{}
\entry{jaý’aú}{n.}{\pf{jalon}}{\\Nail.\\\textit{(obsolete)} Stake, pole.}{}
\entry{Jed’háy’}{n.}{\pf{Jedi}}{Jedi (Star Wars).}{}
\entry{júrdy’í}{adv.}{from archaic \pf{aujúrdy’í}}{Today, nowadays.}{}
\entry{jys}{conj.}{\pf{jusqu’à ce que}}{+\s{opt} Until.}{}
\entry{jys}{adv.}{\pf{juste}}{Just, only, merely.}{}
\entry{jys}{v.}{\pf{injuste}}{To be unjust, unfair.}{\s{fut} jysre, \s{subj} jyss}
\entry{lá}{v.}{\pf{planer}}{To fly.}{}
\entry{lab’h}{v.}{\pf{laver}}{\\To wash, clean (+\s{acc} sth.).\\\textit{refl} To wash oneself, take a bath, have a shower.}{}
\entry{Lác}{n.}{}{\textit{Female given name, equivalent to English ‘Bi\-anca’}.}{}
\entry{láḍ}{n.}{\pf{plante}}{\\Blade of grass.\\\textit{pl.} Grass.}{}
\entry{lánẹ́}{v.}{\pf{flâner}}{To meander.}{}
\entry{lár}{v.}{\pf{large}}{Wide, broad.}{}
\entry{lârdávrá}{n.}{\pf{langue de bois}}{Evasive, unclear, or overly formal speech.}{}
\entry{las}{v.}{\pf{placer}}{To place, put, set (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{laú}{v.}{\pf{long}}{Long. \textit{Often in compounds \w{laú-} ‘long-’.}}{}
\entry{laúrs}{conj.}{\pf{lorsque}}{When (temporal only).}{}
\entry{laúrvé}{conj.}{from \w{laúrs} + \w{vé}}{\textit{(contraction)} But when. \textit{Stressed on the first syllable.}}{}
\entry{laut’h}{v.}{\pf{flotter}}{Fl\-oat, hover, levitate.}{\s{fut} laut’hre, \s{subj} laut’hes}
\entry{le}{v.}{\pf{laisser} > *\w{lehe}}{To let, allow, permit. \textit{Used chiefly in questions or imperative.}}{\s{fut} lere, \s{subj} les}
\entry{lé}{n.}{\pf{plaine}}{Plain, plains.}{}
\entry{lẹ}{n.}{\pf{clef}}{Key.}{}
\entry{lẹ-}{prefix}{\pf{plus}}{\textit{Affirming comparative prefix. See grammar}.}{}
\entry{lec’hḍraúvnẹ́t’hic’h}{v.}{\pf{électromagnétique}}{To be electromagnetic.}{\s{fut} lec’hḍraúvnẹ́t’hic’hre, \s{subj} lec’hḍraúvnẹ́t’hic’hes}
\entry{leḍ}{n.}{\pf{lettre}}{\\Letter (of the alphabet).\\\w{lý’aúleḍ} By the book.}{}
\entry{lèheb’h}{v.}{\pf{laisser-faire}}{+\s{aci} To let happen.}{}
\entry{lẹhuvud}{n.}{\pf{coup de foudre}}{Love at first sight.}{}
\entry{lér}{v.}{\pf{clair}}{To be evident, obvious, frank, clear.}{}
\entry{lér}{v.}{\pf{plaire}}{To please (+\s{acc} sbd.), be pleasing.}{}
\entry{lí}{v.}{\pf{lire}}{\\+\s{part} To read from.\\+\s{acc} To peruse, read entirely.}{\s{fut} lírẹ́, \s{subj} lís}
\entry{lit’hijy’}{v.}{\pf{litigier}}{To litigate, be at law with (+\s{dat} sbd.).}{}
\entry{lívnád}{n.}{\pf{limonade}}{Lemonade.}{}
\entry{liv́uhé}{n.}{\pf{livre} + \pf{bouquin}}{Book.}{}
\entry{lúr}{v.}{\pf{lourd}}{To be bulky, oversized, heavy.}{}
\entry{ly}{particle}{\pf{plus}}{\textit{obsolete variant of \w{lẹ}, sometimes leniting}.}{}
\entry{lý}{n.}{\pf{plume}}{Pen, quill.}{}
\entry{ḷý}{n.}{\pf{lieu}}{\textit{Base of the spatial correlatives. In senses 2–5, case affixes are attached before \this, e.g. sense 2 \s{all} \w{sẹb’héḷý} ‘hither’}.\\Place, location.\\\w{sẹ}\ldots\this{} \s{def} [from \w{sẹh}] Here, hither, hence, \&c. \textit{Proximal demonstrative (all cases).}\\\w{sý’\L}\ldots\this{} \s{def} [from \w{sý’ẹ}] There, thither, thence, \&c. \textit{Distal demonstrative (all cases).}\\\this\w{hes} \s{indef} [from \w{c’hes}] Where, whither, when\-ce, \&c. \textit{Interrogative (locative cases only).}\\\w{s’}/\w{sá\L}\ldots\this{} \s{indef} [from \w{sá}] No\-where, from no\-where, \&c. \textit{Negative (locative cases only).}}{}
\entry{lybhárdyt’há}{adv.}{pluspart du temps}{Often.}{}
\entry{lýr}{pron.}{\pf{leur}}{Their.}{}
\entry{lýrḍ}{v.}{from \pf{leur}; the ‘ḍ’ was added in analogy with \w{naúḍ} and \w{b’hauḍ}}{To be theirs.}{\s{fut} lýrḍre, \s{subj} lýrs}
\entry{lys}{adv.}{\pf{plus} /plys/}{\textit{neg. only} No longer, not any more. \textit{The meaning of this and \w{lẹ} swapped at some point for unknown reasons.}}{}
\entry{lýv́á}{v. \s{3rd} person only}{\pf{pleuvoir}}{To rain.}{\s{fut} lýv́áre, \s{subj} lýv́ás}
\entry{lývy’ér}{n.}{\pf{lumière}}{Light.}{}
\entry{lyzy’ýr}{adj.}{\pf{plusieurs}}{Several.}{}
\entry{n}{n.}{\pf{haine}}{Hate, hatred, loathing.}{}
\entry{nájẹ}{v.}{\pf{nager}}{To swim.}{\s{fut} náȷ́ẹ, \s{subj} nájes}
\entry{nárrahóḍ}{v.}{\pf{raconter} + \pf{narrer}; subj. from \pf{filer}}{To narrate, recount \s{+part sth.}, tell (\s{+dat} sbd.) a story.}{\s{fut} nárrahóḍe, \s{subj} fils}
\entry{nát’hýr}{n.}{\pf{nature}}{\\\textit{(chiefly)} \s{indef} Nature, the natural world.\\\s{def} The way something is.}{}
\entry{naúḍ}{v.}{\pf{nôtre}}{To be ours.}{\s{fut} naúḍre, \s{subj} naús}
\entry{néḍ}{v. dep.}{\pf{naître}}{To be born. \textit{This is a deponent verb whose subject takes the \s{acc} and which only takes passive affixes.}}{\s{sub} néhs}
\entry{nérjẹ}{n.}{\pf{énergie}}{Energy.}{}
\entry{nés}{adj.}{from earlier \w{nésḍ}}{Left (side), left-handed.}{}
\entry{nésḍ}{adj. archaic}{\pf{senestre}}{Left (side), left-handed.}{}
\entry{ní}{v.}{\pf{nier}, \s{fut} from \pf{contrer}, \s{subj} from \pf{oposer}}{To deny, ref\-use, reject, rebut (+\s{acc} sbd./sth.).}{\s{fut} c’haúḍé, \s{subj} aubhaus}
\entry{ní}{conj.}{\pf{ni}}{Neither, nor.}{}
\entry{níb’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{niveau}}{\\Level, degree.\\\s{def iness + gen} On the level of.}{}
\entry{nór}{v.}{back-formation from *\w{nórâ} from \pf{ignorant}}{To be ignorant, unaware, oblivious.}{}
\entry{nóráv}{n.}{from archaic \w{ḅá nórávíc’h}}{Druid.}{}
\entry{núb’h}{v.}{\pf{nouveau}}{To be new.}{\s{fut} núb’he, \s{subj} núb’hs}
\entry{nvẹ́}{v. intr.}{\pf{nommer}}{\textit{(refl. or intr.)} To be called, name oneself. \textit{Usually placed after the name. This word replaced \w{aḅ} in the reflexive sense in Early Modern UF. Outside of literature, this verb is frequentsly simply intransitive rather than reflexive.}\ex \w{Aý’èc’hsád j(v)nvé} ‘My name is Aý’èc’hsád’.}{}
\entry{nýb’hy’ê}{num.}{}{Ninth.}{}
\entry{nýt’h}{num.}{}{Nine.}{}
\refentry{p-}{ḅ-}
\refentry{ph-}{ḅ-}
\refentry{p’h-}{bh-}
\entry{R}{adj.}{from \pf{ré}}{\textit{(Logic)} True. \textit{Always capitalised.}}{}
\entry{r}{n.}{\pf{air}}{Air. \textit{Frequently in the plural.}}{}
\entry{ra}{conj.}{\pf{swa} > *\w{rá}}{\\Or. \textit{Exclusive, see also~\w{u}.}\\\w{u}/\w{ra} \ldots\ \w{ra} \ldots\ ‘either \ldots\ or \ldots’ \textit{(exclusive)}.}{}
\entry{râ}{v.}{\pf{gagner}}{To win, gain, earn (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{rá₁}{n.}{\pf{loi}}{Law, rule, regulation.}{}
\entry{rá₂}{adj.}{\pf{grand}}{Big, large, great.}{}
\entry{rá₃}{n.}{\pf{mois}}{Month.}{}
\entry{rá₄}{n.}{\pf{voix}}{Voice.}{}
\entry{rá₅}{n.}{\pf{bras}}{Arm.}{}
\entry{Ráb’h}{n.}{from earlier \w{Réáb’h}; presumably the name of some celebrity or local deity}{\\\textit{indecl.} \s{def sg} \textit{always} \s{nom} \textit{or} \s{voc} Ráb’h. \textit{Main god of the ULTRAFRENCH pantheon; usually male. Old-fashioned also often all-caps \w{RÁB’H}.}\ex \s{Snet’h}, \s{i.17}: \w{au lebálá daú RÁB’H} ‘and thus spake Ráb’h’.\\\w{Ráb’h sénýr} \s{def sg} Lord Ráb’h. \textit{Used for \senseref{1} in all other cases; as with all names, only \w{sénýr} is inflected. Old-fashioned often \w{RÁB’H Sénýr}.}\ex \s{Snet’h}, \s{8.1}: \w{au labraúc RÁB’H naút B’héhénýr} ‘and they came to our Lord Ráb’h’.\\\textit{(rarely)} \w{réáb’h} The main god of another culture. \textit{Only attested figuratively. Not capitalised in this sense, and declined like a regular word.}\ex \s{Snet’h}, \s{ii.3}: \w{ledéraújá’z derévôt’he láréáb’h} ‘their god demanded they return’.}{}
\entry{rábh}{v.}{\pf{frapper}}{+\s{acc} To smite, strike down.}{}
\refentry{ráb’h}{v́ár}
\entry{ráb’háy’}{v.}{\pf{travailler}, \s{fut} and \s{subj} from \pf{bos\-ser}}{To work.}{\s{fut} bohér, \s{subj} bos}
\entry{rác’hánár}{n.}{from \w{ráhe} + \w{c’hánár}}{Airship, dirigible.}{}
\entry{rác’hsaý’ad}{v.}{\pf{raconter des salades}}{To lie, tell tall tales, overexaggerate.}{\s{fut} rác’h\-sa\-ý’e, \s{subj} rác’hsaýs}
\entry{rád}{v. tr.}{\pf{rendre}}{To surrender +\s{acc} sth. (\s{dat} to sbd.).}{}
\entry{râd}{v.}{\pf{prendre}}{+\s{acc} \textit{or} \s{part} To grab. \textit{The \s{part} usually implies that only a part or some of a larger whole is grabbed, e.g. a handful of sand).}}{}
\entry{rád’hérn}{n. def.}{from \w{rá} + \w{dérny’é}}{Last month.}{}
\entry{rád’hsy’ô}{n.}{\pf{traditon}}{Tradition, custom.}{}
\entry{rád’hyc’hsy’ô}{n.}{\pf{traduction}}{Translation.}{}
\entry{râdrásôn}{v.}{\pf{prendre ses jambe à son cou}}{To run.}{\s{fut} râdrásônre, \s{subj} râdrásôns}
\entry{rádrénẹ́}{v. + \s{aci}}{\pf{les doigts dans le nez}}{To put no effort into.}{\s{fut} rádrénrẹ́, \s{subj} rádrénẹ́s}
\entry{râdvâ-}{prefix}{\pf{grandement}}{\textit{Superlative prefix. See grammar}.}{}
\entry{râhaúḍ}{v.}{\pf{recontrer}}{To meet, encounter, come face to face (+\s{all} with sbd.).}{\s{fut} râhaúḍre, \s{subj} râhaús}
\entry{ráhe}{n.}{\pf{oiseau}}{Bird.}{}
\entry{ráhé}{n.}{from \w{ráhe} + \w{ráhó}}{Flying fish.}{}
\entry{ráhé}{n.}{\pf{voisin}}{Neighbour.}{}
\entry{ráhẹ}{conj.}{\pf{quoique}}{+\s{subj} Although, though.}{}
\entry{râhẹ}{n.}{\pf{français}}{Human, person.}{}
\entry{ráhis}{v.}{\pf{raciste}}{To be racist.}{\s{fut} ráhise, \s{subj} ráhiss}
\entry{ráhó}{n.}{\pf{poisson}}{Fish.}{}
\entry{ráhó}{n.}{\pf{gazon}}{Grassland, grassy field, meadow.}{}
\entry{ráhut’h}{n.}{\pf{grand} + \pf{couteau}}{Sword, blade.\ex \w{áráhut’h’t ilý ly b’haúr} ‘the pen is mightier than the sword’. \textit{This was originally a fossilised, obsolete ACI: \w{á\-hut’h\-rá éḍ ilý lẹb’haúr}}.}{}
\entry{rál}{n.}{\pf{toile}}{Canvas.}{}
\entry{rár}{v.}{\pf{voir}}{To see (+\s{part} sbd./sth.).}{\s{fut} b’hérẹ́, \s{subj} rárs}
\entry{rárd}{v.}{\pf{regarder}}{\\+\s{acc} To watch.\\+\s{part} To look at.}{\s{fut} rárdre, \s{subj} rárds}
\entry{râsír}{v.}{\pf{transpirer}}{+\s{aci}.\\To come to light, become known, transpire.\\\s{pres ant} For it to be clear, apparent, evident that \ldots \textit{Lit. ‘it has come to light that \ldots’}}{\s{fut} râsírẹ́, \s{subj} râsírs}
\entry{rát’hẹ}{particle}{\pf{vois-tu}}{You see, you know.}{}
\entry{raû}{n. archaic}{\pf{tronc}}{Log (of a tree).}{}
\entry{raû}{interj.}{\pf{gône}}{Kid. \textit{This is grammatically a vocative—not that one could tell since it looks identical to the absolutive.}}{}
\entry{raú(b’hc’h)-}{prefix}{from \w{rób’hoc’h}}{\textit{Causative prefix, see §~\ref{subsec:diachrony-and-derivation}}.}{}
\entry{raúb’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{robot}}{Robot.}{}
\entry{raûc}{n.}{\pf{tronche}}{Head.}{}
\entry{raúc’hlá}{v.}{\pf{proclamer}}{+\s{acc/aci} To proclaim, announce, declare.}{}
\entry{raûd’hárb}{n.}{\pf{tronc d’arbre}}{Log (of a tree).}{}
\entry{raúhérẹ́}{v.}{from \w{raú-} + \w{sérẹ́}}{To tighten, make tighter (+\s{acc}).}{\s{fut} raúhérrẹ́, \s{subj} raúhérẹ́s}
\entry{raúhy’b’h}{v.}{from \w{raú-} + \w{sy’b’h}}{To raise, lift up (+\s{acc} sth.) (+\s{ela} from sth.).}{}
\entry{raúl}{n.}{\pf{parole}}{\\Language, speech, word.\\\w{Raúl} \textit{(definite only)} Short for \w{T’hebhaú Raúl}. \textit{\s{nom sg} irreg. \w{Raúl}; all other forms are regular}.}{}
\entry{raúvá}{n.}{\pf{fromage}}{Moon.}{}
\entry{ráv́â}{adv.}{\pf{rarement}}{\textit{neg. only} Seldom, rarely (ever).}{}
\entry{rávér}{n.}{\pf{grammaire}}{\\Grammar, the grammatical rules of a language.\\A textbook describing the grammar of a language.}{}
\entry{ráy’á}{v. or n.}{\pf{voyage}}{\\To travel, go on a journey.\\\textit{n.} Travel, voyage, journey.}{}
\entry{ráy’é}{v.}{\pf{noyer}}{To drown.}{}
\entry{ráy’ê}{n.}{\pf{moyen}}{\\Way, means, method.\\\w{ráy’ê y’aúhý} + \s{aci} There is no way, that \ldots{}.\\\s{instr pl} \w{b’hehráy’ê} How, by what means, in this way.}{}
\entry{ráý’ẹ}{v.}{\pf{râler}}{To complain, grumble.}{}
\entry{ré}{v.}{\pf{vrai}}{To be true, correct, right.}{\s{fut} rẹ́, \s{subj} rés}
\entry{ré}{n.}{\pf{rai}}{Ray, beam.}{}
\entry{ré}{v.}{\pf{créer}, \s{subj} from \pf{fabriquer}}{To create, make (\s{+acc} sth.).}{\s{fut} rẹ́éré, \s{subj} faríc’hs}
\entry{ré}{adj.}{\pf{près}}{Near, close, nearby.}{}
\entry{ré}{v. intr.}{\pf{errer}}{To wander, roam (+\s{perl} across sth.).}{}
\entry{ré}{adv.}{en vain}{In vain, for nothing. \textit{Usually preceded directly by the verb it applies to.}}{}
\entry{ré}{n.}{\pf{souhait}}{Wish.}{}
\entry{ré-}{prefix}{\pf{très}}{\textit{Superlative prefix. See grammar}.}{}
\entry{rê}{conj.}{\pf{bien que}}{+\s{subj} Although, though.}{}
\entry{rê}{v.}{\pf{trine}}{To be composed of three parts or people; triune.}{\s{fut} rêrẹ́, \s{subj} rês}
\entry{rê}{n.}{\pf{airain}}{Copper.}{}
\entry{rê}{n.}{\pf{point}}{Point (in a score).}{}
\entry{rê-}{prefix}{\pf{moins}}{\textit{Neutral comparative prefix. See grammar}.}{}
\refentry{Réáb’h}{Ráb’h}
\entry{réaû}{n.}{from \w{ré}}{Creation, making.}{}
\entry{rébh}{v.}{\pf{préparer}}{To anticipate (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{rẹ́b’h}{v. or n.}{\pf{rêver}}{\\To dream (+\s{gen} of sth.).\\Dream, a dreaming.}{\s{fut} rẹ́v́e, \s{subj} rẹ́b’hs}
\entry{rébhauz}{v.}{\pf{reposer}}{\\+\s{acc} To set down, put down, place.\\\textit{refl.} To rest, relax, repose.}{}
\entry{réb’hní}{v.}{\pf{prévenir}}{\\To prevent, stop (+\s{acc} sth. from happening).\\To forewarn (+\s{part} of sth.).}{\s{fut} réb’hníre, \s{subj} réb’hnís}
\entry{rébhós}{n.}{\pf{réponse}}{Answer, response, reply.}{}
\entry{réḍ}{v.}{\pf{souhaiter}}{To wish (+\s{acc/aci} for sth.).}{}
\entry{rêd}{v.}{\pf{craindre}}{+\s{opt} To fear, lest \ldots \textit{Construed with the negated optative.}}{\s{fut} rêdrẹ́, \s{subj} rês}
\refentry{rêd}{ḅẹt’hẹ}
\entry{rêd’hes}{particle}{\pf{bien sûr}}{Of course, certainly, surely.}{}
\entry{rêdrsýrśẹ}{v.}{\pf{prendre sur soi}}{\\+\s{aci} To take upon onself to do sth.\\+\s{pci} To take upon oneself to start doing sth.}{}
\entry{rẹ́dy’í}{v.}{\pf{réduire}}{To reduce (+\s{acc} \textit{or pass.} sbd./sth.) (+\s{all} to sth.).}{\s{fut} rẹ́dy’ré, \s{subj} rẹ́dy’ís}
\entry{rẹ́flec̣}{v.}{\pf{réfléchir}}{To think (+\s{part} sth.).}{}
\entry{réhẹv́}{v.}{\pf{recevoir}}{To receive.}{\s{fut} réhẹv́é, \s{subj} rẹsy}
\entry{rêr}{n.}{\pf{fringues}}{\\An article of clothing, garment, piece of clothing.\\\textit{pl.} Clothes, garments.}{}
\entry{rés}{n.}{\pf{reste}}{Rest, remainder.}{}
\entry{rét’hád}{v.}{\pf{prétendre}}{To claim, allege.}{\s{fut} rét’hádrẹ́, \s{subj} rét’h\-ádes}
\entry{rét’hẹ}{v.}{\pf{traiter}}{To handle, take care of, deal with.}{\s{fut} rét’hẹre, \s{subj} rét’hes}
\entry{rét’hír}{v.}{\pf{retirer}}{\\(+\s{acc}) To pull, draw, withdraw.\\+\s{part} To pull on sth. without actually moving it; to try to pull sth.}{\s{fut} rét’hírẹ́, \s{subj} rét’hírs}
\entry{révôt’hẹ}{v.}{\pf{remonter}}{To return, come back.}{}
\entry{révy’ẹ́}{num.}{}{\\First.\\\w{révy’ẹ́â} Primary.}{}
\entry{ríḅ}{num.}{}{Thrice, three times.}{}
\entry{ríḅâ}{num.}{}{Threefold.}{}
\entry{ríb’hy’ér}{n.}{\pf{rivière}}{River.}{}
\entry{ríj}{v. tr.}{\pf{ériger}}{+\s{acc} To erect, raise, set up.}{}
\entry{rívnél}{n.}{\pf{criminel}}{Scoundrel, someone without virtue.}{}
\entry{ríy’ŷrệ}{n.}{\pf{prieuré}}{Priory.}{}
\entry{rjẹ}{n.}{\pf{Hergé}}{Comic book.}{}
\entry{rób’hoc’h}{v.}{\pf{provoquer}; future from \pf{infliger}}{\s{+acc} To cause, make happen.}{\s{fut} flijé, \s{subj} rób’hoc’hs}
\entry{rrá}{v.}{\pf{croire}}{Believe (something or someone).}{\s{fut} rrẹ́, \s{subj} rrás}
\entry{rrá}{num.}{}{Three.}{}
\entry{rrád’hahánár}{n.}{\pf{froid de canard}}{Extreme cold, coldness.}{}
\entry{rráḍraúc}{n.}{\pf{droit} + \pf{gauche}}{Side.}{}
\entry{rrázy’ê}{num.}{}{\\Third.\\\w{rrázy’êâ} Tertiary.}{}
\entry{rúb’h}{v.}{\pf{trouver}}{To find, discover.}{}
\entry{rvá}{interj.}{of unknown origin}{Alas, woe, oh. \textit{Exclamation of distress, surprise, sadness, or regret.}}{\textit{after words that end with ‘r’, this is spelt \w{-vá} instead}}
\entry{rýc̣ér}{v.}{\pf{requerir}}{To ask, question.}{}
\entry{rýd}{v.}{\pf{rude}}{To be uneven, rough, rugged.}{}
\entry{rýl}{v.}{\pf{brûler}}{\\\s{+acc} To burn.\\\s{+part} To scorch, singe.}{}
\entry{rýl}{n.}{\pf{gueule}}{Face.}{}
\entry{rýrŷ}{v.}{\pf{rugueux}}{To be rough, rugged.}{}
\entry{rýsḍ}{v.}{\pf{frustrer}}{To frustrate, vex, annoy.}{}
\entry{rývýr}{.n}{\pf{rumeur}}{History.}{}
\entry{rýý’ẹ́}{v.}{\pf{céruléen}}{To be cerulean, sky-blue.}{}
\entry{rzaúsḍ}{v.}{\pf{exhaustif}}{\\To be exhaustive, comprehensive, complete.\\To be finished, completed.}{\s{fut} rzaúsḍre, \s{subj} rzaúsḍs}
\entry{s}{conj.}{\pf{si}}{If, when, whenever.}{}
\refentry{s’}{sá}
\entry{sá}{particle}{\pf{sans}}{Not, no. \textit{Always enclitic \w{s’} before vowels. This particle is used only in the subjunctive; see also \w{asý’ýâ}, \w{t’hé}.}}{}
\entry{sá}{conj.}{\pf{sans que}}{+\s{subj} Without (doing sth.).}{}
\entry{sáḍy’ér}{n.}{\pf{sanctuaire}}{Sanctuary, shrine.}{}
\entry{sáhẹ}{v.}{\pf{insensé}}{To be preposterous, absurd, nonsensical.}{\s{fut} sáhere, \s{subj} sáhes}
\entry{sáhyẹ}{adj.}{\pf{sens dessus dessous}}{To be upside down.}{}
\entry{saj}{v.}{\pf{sage}}{To be wise, prudent.}{}
\entry{sajès}{n.}{\pf{sagesse}}{Wisdom.}{}
\entry{Sásc’hríḍ}{n.}{\pf{sanskrit}}{The Sanskrit language. \textit{Never lenited.}}{}
\entry{sásy’él}{v.}{\pf{essentiel}}{To be essential.}{\s{fut} sásy’élẹ́, \s{subj} sásy’éls}
\entry{sauc’h}{conj.}{\pf{sauf que}}{+\s{subj} Except that.}{}
\entry{saul}{n.}{\pf{sol}}{Sun.}{}
\entry{saúr}{n.}{\pf{sorte}}{\\Kind, sort, type, form.\\\s{def + gen} (some) kind(s) of.}{}
\entry{saut’h}{v. intr. or tr.}{\pf{sauter}}{To teleport, translocate, warp (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{sauz}{n.}{\pf{chose}}{Thing, object.}{}
\entry{sauz-aud}{adj.}{\pf{autre chose}}{Something else, another thing.}{}
\refentry{sauzaud}{sauz-aud}
\entry{sav́á}{v.}{\pf{savoir}}{To know (+\s{part/acc} sth.). \textit{The case depends on the depth of the speaker’s understanding: the \s{acc} indicates ‘complete’ or expert-level understanding, the \s{part} only some understanding.}}{\s{fut} saúr, \s{subj} sac}
\entry{Sávýy’él}{n.}{\pf{Samuel}}{\textit{Male given name}.}{}
\entry{sḅé}{v.}{\pf{espérer}}{\\To want (+\s{acc/inf} sth.).\\+\s{opt} To wish, want, desire.}{\s{fut} sḅérẹ́, \s{subj} sḅés}
\entry{sb’hé}{v.}{\pf{se baigner}}{To bathe.}{}
\entry{sḅrí}{n.}{\pf{espirit}}{Soul.}{}
\entry{sẹ}{particle}{\pf{ainsi}}{So, thus, as a result.}{}
\entry{séḅ}{v.}{\pf{simple}}{To be plain, simple.}{\s{fut} séḅrẹ́, \s{subj} séḅs}
\entry{séḅ}{num.}{}{Once.}{}
\entry{seb’haúd}{v. intr.}{\pf{s’effondrer}}{To cave in, collapse.}{}
\entry{séc̣é}{num.}{}{Fifth.}{}
\entry{séc’h}{num.}{}{Five.}{}
\entry{sèḍ}{num.}{}{Seven.}{}
\entry{sèd’h}{part.}{from \pf{c’est du}}{It is due to (+\s{gen} sth. / +\s{aci} the fact that...).}{}
\entry{sèḍy’ê}{num.}{}{Seventh.}{}
\entry{sẹh}{det.}{\pf{ceci}}{+\s{def} \textit{noun} This, these. \textit{Precedes and is attached to nouns.}}{}
\entry{sẹhérél}{v.}{\pf{se quereller}}{To quarrel, argue, fight about (+\s{part}).}{}
\entry{sehul}{v.}{\pf{s’écouler}}{To flow.}{}
\entry{sẹhúr}{v.}{\pf{secourir}}{To help, succour, give aid (+\s{dat} to sb.) (+\s{aci}/\s{acc} with sth.).}{\s{fut} sẹhúrre, \s{subj} sẹhús}
\entry{sénýr}{n.}{\pf{seigneur}}{\\Lord.\\\textit{Short for \w{Ráb’h sénýr}}.}{}
\entry{sẹrád}{v. intr.}{\pf{se rendre}}{To surrender.}{}
\entry{sérḍé}{det.}{\pf{certain}}{Certain, particular but not specified.}{}
\entry{sérẹ́}{v.}{\pf{serré}}{\\To be tight, close-fitting, snug.\\\s{def} \textit{usually} \s{instr} \w{c’hýr sérệ} A heavy heart. \textit{The use of the \s{instr} instead of the \s{ess} case in this sense is an established idiom; in Middle UF, the \s{ess} was more common in this sense.}}{\s{fut} sérrẹ́, \s{subj} sérẹ́s}
\entry{sèt’h}{v.}{\pf{sentir}}{To feel.}{\s{fut} sèt’he, \s{subj} sès}
\entry{set’hád}{v. chiefly trans.}{from \pf{s’étendre}; see also \senseref{3}}{\\+\s{acc/part} To spread, extend, expand. \textit{The \s{acc} is used for concrete objects or substances, the \s{part} for abstract or intangible concepts.}\\\textit{refl.} To sprawl, stretch out, extend oneself.\\\textit{intr. (archaic) Same as \senseref{2}, but implicitly reflexive even though it is morphologically only intransitive. This sense has been largely replaced by the morphological reflexive}.}{}
\entry{séy’ẹ́}{v.}{\pf{essayer}}{+\s{part} \textit{or} \s{inf} To try, attempt.}{\s{fut} séy’ẹ́rẹ́, \s{subj} séy’ẹ́s}
\entry{siḍ}{n.}{\pf{site}}{Facility, site.}{}
\entry{sis}{num.}{}{Six.}{}
\entry{sisḍé}{n.}{\pf{système}}{System.}{}
\entry{Sit’h}{n.}{\pf{Sith}}{Sith (Star Wars).}{}
\entry{sit’há}{conj.}{\pf{si tant est que}}{+\s{opt} Supposing that; if, assuming that.}{}
\entry{sívý’ér}{v.}{\pf{similaire}}{To be similar, alike (+\s{gen} to sth.).}{}
\entry{sizy’ê}{num.}{}{Sixth.}{}
\entry{Snet’h}{n.}{}{\textit{Family name, equivalent to English ‘Smyth’}.}{}
\entry{sol}{n.}{\pf{sol}}{Ground, floor, earth, soil. \textit{The plural may be used to indicate a large quantity of soil.}}{}
\entry{suḍ}{v.}{\pf{soutenir}}{\\+\s{acc} To support, hold up.\\+\s{part} To help support, hold up part of.}{}
\entry{sud’hénvâ}{adv.}{\pf{soudainement}}{Suddenly.}{}
\entry{suf}{n.}{\pf{souffre}}{Pain.}{}
\entry{sufb’h}{n.}{\pf{souffle} + \pf{vie}}{Life.}{}
\entry{suh}{n.}{\pf{souci}}{Fear, dread.}{}
\entry{susy’é}{v.}{\pf{soucier}}{+\s{part, pci} To care about, worry about.}{\s{fut} susy’ére, \s{subj} susy’és}
\entry{swi}{det.}{\pf{celui}}{The one, that one, this one.}{}
\entry{sy’b’h}{v. intr.}{\pf{se lever}}{To rise (+\s{ela} from sth.).}{}
\entry{sybhẹ́rýr}{v.}{\pf{supérieur}}{\textit{intr. or} +\s{gen} To be superior to, better than, higher than.}{\s{fut} sybhẹ́rýrẹ́, \s{subj} sybhẹ́rýrs}
\entry{syḅlẹ}{v.}{\pf{suppléer}}{\\To supplement (\s{acc} sth.) (+\s{instr} with sth.). \textit{If no \s{instr} is present, the subject is implied to be the supplement.}\\\w{syḅlâ} \textit{adj.} Additional, extra.}{}
\entry{sy’ê}{v.}{\pf{sien}}{To be his, hers, its.}{\s{fut} sy’êrẹ́, \s{subj} sy’ês}
\entry{sý’ẹ}{det.}{\pf{cela}}{+\s{def} \textit{noun} That, those. \textit{Precedes and is attached to nouns; often \w{sý’} before vowels, with one apostrophe, not two.}}{}
\entry{syhyý’á}{v.}{\pf{succulent}}{To be succulent, delicious.}{\s{fut} syhyý’áré, \s{subj} syhyý’ás}
\entry{syl}{v.}{\pf{seul}}{\\To be the only one.\\To be lone, alone.}{\s{fut} syle, \s{subj} syls}
\refentry{’sý’ýâ}{asý’ýâ}
\refentry{t-}{ḍ-}
\entry{t’hé}{conj.}{\pf{de peur que} > *\w{dbhýrc’h} > *\w{dýrc’h} > *\w{dc’hý} > \this}{Not, no. \textit{Always \w{t’h’\N} before vowels, but does not nasalise if the ‘é’ is still present. This particle is used only in the optative; see also \w{asý’ýâ}, \w{sá}.}}{}
\entry{T’hebhaú}{n. or adj.}{from \w{t’hebhaúz}}{(ULTRA-) France, (ULTRA-)French.}{}
\entry{T’hebhaú Raúl}{n. def. sg.}{from \w{t’hebhaúz} + \w{raúl}}{The ULTRAFR\-ENCH language. \textit{Only \w{T’hebhaú} is declined as though the entire phrase were one word. In informal speech and writing, this is typically shortened to \w{Raúl}.}}{\s{nom sg} \textit{irreg.} \w{T’hebhaú Raúl}}
\entry{t’hebhaúz}{v.}{\pf{jeter l’éponge}}{To be (ULTRA-)French.}{\s{fut} t’hebhaúźe, \s{subj} t’hebhaúś}
\entry{t’hiy’e}{v.}{from \w{yt’hiy’ihẹ}; \s{subj} via ba\-ck-formation from the \s{fut}}{+\s{part} To use, make use of.}{\s{fut} t’hiźe, \s{subj} \s{t’hizes}}
\entry{u}{conj.}{\pf{ou}}{\\Or. \textit{Inclusive, see also \w{ra}.}\\\w{u} \ldots\ \w{u} \ldots\ ‘\ldots\ or \ldots’ \textit{(inclusive)}.}{}
\entry{ub’h}{v.}{\pf{ouvrir}}{To open.}{\s{fut} uv́, \s{subj} ub’hs}
\entry{ub’hrá}{v.}{\pf{pouvoir}}{\\+\s{inf/aci} To be able to, can. \textit{Never construed with an \s{inf} if it in and of itself is the infinitive of an \s{aci} or \s{pci}, in which case the variant with the \s{part} (\senseref{2}) is used instead.}\\+\s{part} To be capable of \ldots\\\s{opt cond i + aci} To be possible; may. \textit{Dynamic or epistemic, never deontic; this and sense 4 are essentially a more emphatic optative.}\\\s{opt cond ii + aci} Might. \textit{Dynamic or epistemic, never deontic.}}{\s{fut} úrẹ́, \s{subj} ís}
\entry{ulíy’ẹ́}{v.}{\pf{oublier}}{To forget.}{\s{fut} ulíy’ẹ́rẹ́, \s{subj} ulíy’ẹ́s}
\entry{úrbh}{conj.}{\pf{pour peu que}}{+\s{opt} Provided that, so long as.}{}
\entry{urdálbhaúrḍ}{n.}{\pf{avoir un oursin dans le portefeuille}}{A very rich person; billionaire.}{}
\refentry{úrẹ́}{ub’hrá}
\entry{uy’ed’háb’hrí}{v.}{\pf{rouler dans la farine}}{To scam, cheat, swindle.}{\s{fut} uy’e\-d’háv́e, \s{subj} uy’ed’háb’hrís}
\entry{vá}{n.}{\pf{mât}}{Mast.}{}
\refentry{vá}{rvá}
\entry{vádłabhaud’hávúrsab’hád’háváb’hrárḍuẹ}{v.}{\pf{vendre la peau de ours avant de avoir tué}}{\textit{(literary)} To depend on predictions of the future. \textit{Of disputed origin; first attested in the works of the Early UF comedian \s{J. A. B. Snet’h}.}}{\s{fut} vád\-ła\-bhau\-d’há\-vúr\-sa\-b’há\-d’há\-vá\-b’hrár\-ḍu\-re, \s{s} vád\-ła\-bhau\-d’há\-vúr\-sa\-b’há\-d’há\-vá\-b’hrár\-ḍus}
\entry{vâhẹ}{v.}{\pf{manquer}}{\\+\s{gen} To lack, want.\\+\s{part} \textit{or} \s{pass} To miss. \textit{The object and subject of this verb are swapped compared to English ‘to miss’, e.g. \w{b’hývvâhé} (\s{2pl.act} + \s{1sg.pass}) ‘I miss you (\s{pl})’, lit. roughly ‘you (\s{pl}) are wanting to me’).}\\+\s{acc} To miss out on.}{\s{fut} vâhérẹ́, \s{subj} vâhés}
\entry{váj}{n.}{from \w{íváj}}{Image, picture.}{}
\entry{válḍrét’hás}{n.}{\pf{maltraitance}}{Torture.}{}
\entry{válfèz}{v.}{\pf{malfaisant}}{To be malfeasant, evil, malevolent.}{\s{fut} válfèź, \s{subj} válfès}
\entry{válv́áy’}{v.}{\pf{malvoyant}}{To be blind.}{}
\entry{válvê}{v.}{\pf{malmener}}{To mistreat, torture.}{\s{fut} válv́e, \s{subj} válvês}
\entry{v́ár}{v. irreg.}{\pf{devoir}}{\\\s{pass} +\s{aci} Must, have to, be obliged to. \textit{The subject is always in the passive in this sense only.}\\+\s{dat} To owe sbd. (+\s{acc} sth.).\\\s{cond i + aci} Even if.\ex \w{aúrdyssa dẹće} ‘even if he should fail’.}{\s{cond i, ii} dy, \s{fut} dv́e, \s{subj} ráb’h}
\entry{várḍeý’}{v.}{\pf{marteler}}{+\s{acc} To forge.}{}
\entry{vás}{n. \s{pl def}}{\pf{masses}}{The masses, the people.}{}
\entry{vaúb’hẹ}{v. irreg.}{\pf{mauvais}}{\\To be bad.\\To be wrong, incorrect, inappropriate.}{\s{fut} bíré, \s{subj} bíres; \s{comp} lẹbír, y’ŷbír, rêbír; \s{sup} réb’hír, râdvâbír}
\entry{vaûd}{n.}{\pf{monde}}{World.}{}
\entry{vaûḍ}{v.}{\pf{montrer}}{To show, display (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{vaúd’hér}{v.}{\pf{modérer}}{To be moderate.}{}
\entry{vaût’há}{n.}{\pf{montagne}}{Mountain.}{}
\entry{váý’eb’his}{n.}{\pf{maléfice}}{Vice.}{}
\entry{váý’ýr}{n.}{\pf{malheur}}{Tragedy, misfortune.}{}
\entry{váłé}{conj.}{\pf{malgré que}}{+\s{subj} Despite that, in spite of.}{}
\entry{vé}{conj.}{\pf{mais}}{But, however, although.}{}
\entry{vê₁}{adv.}{\pf{demain}}{Tomorrow.}{}
\entry{vê₂}{n.}{\pf{main}}{Hand.}{}
\entry{véc}{n.}{\pf{mèche}}{\\A strand of hair.\\\s{pl.} Hair.}{}
\entry{véḍ}{v.}{\pf{mettre}}{To lay, put, place (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{véḍ}{n.}{\pf{maître}}{Master, expert.}{}
\entry{véhýr}{conj.}{\pf{dans la mesure où}}{Insofar as.}{}
\entry{véhýr}{v/n.}{\pf{mesure}}{\\To measure.\\Measurement.}{\s{fut} véhýrẹ́, \s{subj} véhýrs}
\entry{vér}{n.}{\pf{mère}}{\textit{(informal)} Mum, mom.}{}
\entry{vérjet’hic’h}{v.}{\pf{énergétique}}{To be vigorous, energetic.}{}
\entry{vérr}{n.}{\pf{mer}}{Sea, ocean.}{}
\entry{vérs}{interj.}{\pf{merci}}{\\Thank you. (+\s{gen} for sth.).\\\w{dyvérs fér} To thank (+\s{dat} sbd.) (+\s{gen} for sth.).}{}
\refentry{vérvá}{vér + vá}
\entry{vêt’hnâ}{adv.}{from \pf{maintenant}, lenited for unknown reasons}{Now.}{}
\refentry{véy’ýr}{baú}
\entry{víd’hẹ}{n.}{\pf{midi}}{Noon, midday.}{}
\entry{Víd’hic’hlaúry’ê}{n.}{\pf{Midichlorien}}{Midichlorian (Star Wars).}{}
\entry{vísy’ô}{n.}{\pf{émission}}{\\Emission.\\Programme, broadcast, show.}{}
\entry{víwý}{v.}{\pf{milieu}}{To be central, in the middle of.}{}
\entry{vnásḍér}{n.}{\pf{monastère}}{Castle.}{}
\entry{vú}{adj.}{\pf{moult}}{Many, much, a lot of.}{}
\entry{vúb’hvâ}{n.}{\pf{movement}}{Movement, motion.}{}
\entry{vúslihé}{n.}{\pf{mousse} + \pf{lichen}}{Moss.}{}
\entry{vvâ}{n.}{\pf{maman}}{Mother.}{}
\entry{vvâ}{n.}{\pf{moment}}{Moment, instant.}{}
\entry{vvaúríhe}{v. (in)tr.}{\pf{mémoriser}}{To remember.}{\s{fut} vvaúríźe, \s{subj} vvaúríhes}
\entry{vŷ}{v.}{\pf{mener}}{To lead.}{\s{fut} menre, \s{subj} mens}
\entry{w}{v.}{\pf{enlever}}{To remove (+\s{acc} sth.).}{}
\entry{ý}{num.}{}{One.}{}
\entry{y’ác’hraúníc’h}{v.}{\pf{diachronique}}{To be diachronic.}{\s{fut} y’ác’hraú\-níc’hre, \s{subj} y’ác’hraúníc’hes}
\entry{y’aúhý}{part.}{\pf{il n’y a aucun}}{There is no, there are no, there is none.}{}
\entry{ý’aúhý}{part.}{\pf{il y a aucun}}{There is, there are.}{}
\entry{y’aúý’}{v.}{back-formation from \w{y’aúý’vâ}, displacing earlier \w{y’aúý’á}}{To be violent, vehement.}{}
\entry{y’aúý’á}{v. archaic}{back-formation from \w{y’aúý’ávâ}}{To be violent, vehement.}{}
\entry{y’aúý’ávâ}{adv. archaic}{\pf{violament}}{Violently, vehemently.}{}
\entry{y’aúý’vâ}{adv.}{back-formation from \w{y’aúý’á}, displacing earlier \w{y’aúý’ávâ}}{Violently, vehemently.}{}
\entry{y’é}{pron.}{\pf{rien}}{Nothing. \textit{Like most negative polarity items, this induces negation of the verb.}}{}
\entry{y’ẹ́}{v.}{\pf{nier}}{To forbid, deny.}{\s{fut} y’ẹ́rẹ́, \s{subj} y’ẹ́s}
\entry{y’ê}{v.}{\pf{mien}}{To be mine.}{\s{fut} y’êrẹ́, \s{subj} y’ês}
\entry{y’éjúré}{n.}{\pf{siège} + \pf{tabouret}}{Chair, seat.}{}
\entry{y’ér}{adv.}{\pf{hier}}{Yesterday.}{}
\entry{y’í}{n.}{\pf{nuit}}{Night.}{}
\entry{y’í}{n.}{\pf{puits}}{Well (water source).}{}
\entry{y’íḍ}{num.}{}{Eight.}{}
\entry{y’íḍy’ê}{num.}{}{Eighth.}{}
\entry{y’íhá}{v.}{\pf{puissant}}{To be powerful, mighty, puissant.}{}
\entry{y’ír}{v. (in)tr.}{\pf{ouïr}}{\\To understand, listen.\\\textit{(rarely)} To hear.}{\s{fut} aúré, \s{subj} rás}
\entry{y’ís}{conj.}{\pf{puisque}}{Considering that, since, because. \textit{Unlike \w{c’haúr}, this does not take the subjunctive; it is used to indicate the (potential) cause of something.}}{}
\entry{yl}{n.}{\pf{hublot}}{Window.}{}
\entry{ýr}{v.}{\pf{heurter}}{To hit, strike.}{\s{fut} ýrḍ, \s{subj} ýrs}
\entry{yt’hiy’ihẹ}{v.}{\pf{utiliser}}{+\s{part} \textit{(archaic)} To use, make use of.}{\s{fut} yt’hiy’iźe, \s{subj} yt’hiy’\-ihẹs}
\entry{y’úr}{n.}{\pf{jour}}{\\Day.\\\w{órdy’úr ád’y’úr} Day after day. \textit{Contracted \s{ela} and \s{ill}.}}{}
\entry{y’ŷ}{n.}{from \w{y’ŷvéłáfrí}}{Eye.}{}
\entry{y’ŷ-}{prefix}{\pf{mieux}}{\textit{Denying comparative prefix. See grammar}.}{}
\entry{Yý’is}{n.}{\pf{Ulysse}}{\textit{Male given name}.}{}
\entry{y’ŷvéłáfrí}{n. pl. archaic}{\pf{yeux de merlan frit}}{Eyes.}{}
\entry{Zauḅ}{n.}{\pf{Ésope}}{Aesop.}{}