references.bib

@article{knuth84,
  author = {Knuth, Donald E.},
  title = {Literate Programming},
  year = {1984},
  issue_date = {May 1984},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press, Inc.},
  address = {USA},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  issn = {0010-4620},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/27.2.97},
  doi = {10.1093/comjnl/27.2.97},
  journal = {Comput. J.},
  month = may,
  pages = {97–111},
  numpages = {15}
}


@article{hansen_high-resolution_2013,
	title = {High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change},
	volume = {342},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6160/850.short},
	number = {6160},
	urldate = {2016-01-13},
	journal = {science},
	author = {Hansen, Matthew C. and Potapov, Peter V. and Moore, Rebecca and Hancher, Matt and Turubanova, S. A. and Tyukavina, Alexandra and Thau, David and Stehman, S. V. and Goetz, S. J. and Loveland, T. R. and {others}},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {850--853},
	file = {Hansen et al. - 2013 - High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/ZZU74DTZ/Hansen et al. - 2013 - High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/IH9A4CDZ/850.html:text/html},
}

@misc{bedecarrats_alternative_2017,
	type = {Billet},
	title = {Une alternative à {Word} : écrire en {RMarkdown}},
	shorttitle = {Une alternative à {Word}},
	url = {http://data.hypotheses.org/1144},
	abstract = {— Billet écrit avec Florent Bédécarrats Ce texte vise à présenter l’écriture en RMarkdown, une alternative à Word qui possède de nombreux avantages, dans un contexte actuel complexe pour l’édition scientifique. RMarkdown est une syntaxe, avec laquelle on peut écrire des textes structurés et les transformer ensuite en différents formats (PDF, .docx, HTML) à l’aide […]},
	urldate = {2017-12-31},
	journal = {Data Sciences Sociales},
	author = {Bédécarrats, Florent and Hobeika, Alexandre},
	year = {2017},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/JEBWFWKY/1144.html:text/html},
}

@article{ghulam_monitoring_2014,
	title = {Monitoring {Tropical} {Forest} {Degradation} in {Betampona} {Nature} {Reserve}, {Madagascar} {Using} {Multisource} {Remote} {Sensing} {Data} {Fusion}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2151-1535},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2319314},
	abstract = {This paper demonstrates how animal and plant species diversity in the Betampona Nature Reserve (BNR), Madagascar has become threatened through forest degradation and the introduction of invasive species over the last two decades. First, land-use changes and agricultural activities were analyzed using Landsat and IKONOS-2 data from 1990 to 2010. Then, a decision tree algorithm was developed to map under canopy invasive plant species using high resolution optical stereo imaging, land-use classification, and characterizing plant growth using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and polarimetric InSAR observations from Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR). Next, causal association between land use, climate change, and spatial and temporal dynamics of invasive plant species distribution was explored using satellite derived and in situ climate variables, changes in drought regimes, and tropical cyclones. Results showed that the region experienced intense land-use changes characterized by significant increase in agricultural lands at the cost of primary forest and other land-cover types. Encroachment by habitat-altering invasive plants from 2005 to 2012 within the reserve was obvious, and were probably attributable to illegal logging, erosion of the reserve boundary from anthropogenic activities and cyclone damage as well as shifts in drought regimes. The spatial extent of guava (Psidium cattleianum) has increased from 5.6\% of the reserve in 2005 to 7.9\% in 2012, a 55-ha increase over less than 7 years. Madagascar cardamom (Aframomum angustifolium) has increased by 1.7\% and Molucca raspberry (Rubus moluccanus) by 2.3\%, respectively.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
	author = {Ghulam, Abduwasit},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Conference Name: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
	keywords = {Forests, Remote sensing, Agriculture, Betampona Nature Reserve (BNR), Data fusion, Degradation, forest degradation, land-use and land-cover change, Meteorology, remote sensing, Satellites, Vegetation},
	pages = {4960--4971},
	file = {Ghulam - 2014 - Monitoring Tropical Forest Degradation in Betampon.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/SSA9ZGRH/Ghulam - 2014 - Monitoring Tropical Forest Degradation in Betampon.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/VBKAMSBT/figures.html:text/html},
}

@article{brown_predicting_2015,
	title = {Predicting {Plant} {Diversity} {Patterns} in {Madagascar}: {Understanding} the {Effects} of {Climate} and {Land} {Cover} {Change} in a {Biodiversity} {Hotspot}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Predicting {Plant} {Diversity} {Patterns} in {Madagascar}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122721},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0122721},
	abstract = {Climate and land cover change are driving a major reorganization of terrestrial biotic communities in tropical ecosystems. In an effort to understand how biodiversity patterns in the tropics will respond to individual and combined effects of these two drivers of environmental change, we use species distribution models (SDMs) calibrated for recent climate and land cover variables and projected to future scenarios to predict changes in diversity patterns in Madagascar. We collected occurrence records for 828 plant genera and 2186 plant species. We developed three scenarios, (i.e., climate only, land cover only and combined climate-land cover) based on recent and future climate and land cover variables. We used this modelling framework to investigate how the impacts of changes to climate and land cover influenced biodiversity across ecoregions and elevation bands. There were large-scale climate- and land cover-driven changes in plant biodiversity across Madagascar, including both losses and gains in diversity. The sharpest declines in biodiversity were projected for the eastern escarpment and high elevation ecosystems. Sharp declines in diversity were driven by the combined climate-land cover scenarios; however, there were subtle, region-specific differences in model outputs for each scenario, where certain regions experienced relatively higher species loss under climate or land cover only models. We strongly caution that predicted future gains in plant diversity will depend on the development and maintenance of dispersal pathways that connect current and future suitable habitats. The forecast for Madagascar’s plant diversity in the face of future environmental change is worrying: regional diversity will continue to decrease in response to the combined effects of climate and land cover change, with habitats such as ericoid thickets and eastern lowland and sub-humid forests particularly vulnerable into the future.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-06},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Brown, Kerry A. and Parks, Katherine E. and Bethell, Colin A. and Johnson, Steig E. and Mulligan, Mark},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Forests, Madagascar, Climate change, Biodiversity, Cartography, Deforestation, Plants, Species diversity},
	pages = {e0122721},
	file = {Brown et al. - 2015 - Predicting Plant Diversity Patterns in Madagascar.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/N62R6LM7/Brown et al. - 2015 - Predicting Plant Diversity Patterns in Madagascar.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/WT5SKC7G/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{morelli_fate_2020,
	title = {The fate of {Madagascar}’s rainforest habitat},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1758-6798},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0647-x/},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0647-x},
	abstract = {Madagascar has experienced extensive deforestation and overharvesting, and anthropogenic climate change will compound these pressures. Anticipating these threats to endangered species and their ecosystems requires considering both climate change and habitat loss effects. The genus Varecia (ruffed lemurs), which is composed of two Critically Endangered forest-obligate species, can serve as a status indicator of the biodiverse eastern rainforest of Madagascar. Here, we combined decades of research to show that the suitable habitat for ruffed lemurs could be reduced by 29–59\% from deforestation, 14–75\% from climate change (representative concentration pathway 8.5) or 38–93\% from both by 2070. If current protected areas avoid further deforestation, climate change will still reduce the suitable habitat by 62\% (range: 38–83\%). If ongoing deforestation continues, the suitable habitat will decline by 81\% (range: 66–93\%). Maintaining and enhancing the integrity of protected areas, where rates of forest loss are lower, will be essential for ensuring persistence of the diversity of the rapidly diminishing Malagasy rainforests.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-06},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Morelli, Toni Lyn and Smith, Adam B. and Mancini, Amanda N. and Balko, Elizabeth A. and Borgerson, Cortni and Dolch, Rainer and Farris, Zachary and Federman, Sarah and Golden, Christopher D. and Holmes, Sheila M. and Irwin, Mitchell and Jacobs, Rachel L. and Johnson, Steig and King, Tony and Lehman, Shawn M. and Louis, Edward E. and Murphy, Asia and Randriahaingo, Hery N. T. and Randrianarimanana, H. L. Lucien and Ratsimbazafy, Jonah and Razafindratsima, Onja H. and Baden, Andrea L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Behavioural ecology, Climate-change ecology, Conservation biology, Forest ecology},
	pages = {89--96},
	file = {Morelli et al. - 2020 - The fate of Madagascar’s rainforest habitat.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/VN8N22RH/Morelli et al. - 2020 - The fate of Madagascar’s rainforest habitat.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/ILQZAMLJ/s41558-019-0647-x.html:text/html},
}

@article{lawal_observed_2019,
	title = {The observed and model-simulated response of southern {African} vegetation to drought},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {0168-1923},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192319303144},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107698},
	abstract = {Drought is a frequent disturbance in many regions of the globe and can have a particularly severe impact on vegetation. Over southern Africa, where drought is a regular occurrence, relatively little is known about how quickly vegetation responds to droughts. We characterized the meteorological drought occurrence in southern Africa from 1981 to 2005 and examined the impacts on vegetation productivity, as derived from satellite data. The spatio-temporal extent and severity of droughts were assessed at different timescales (1- to 18-month timescales) using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Thereafter, we examined the impacts of droughts on southern African vegetation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results of this study show that southern African vegetation responds differently to drought over the different timescales. During the 1981–2005 period, droughts had extensive impacts over central parts of South Africa, Namibia and western areas of Botswana and the responses of vegetation varied according to season and biome, likely due to the differences in the levels of water needed by vegetation during various growth/phenological phases. In addition, the magnitude of the drought’s impact on vegetation is sensitive to the type of drought index that is used to characterize its severity. We further investigated the response of vegetation as simulated by an Earth System Model (the Community Earth Systems Model, CESM) over the same period. The intensity of drought impacts on vegetation is underestimated by CESM, while the timescales at which vegetation responds to droughts are overestimated by it. Different model ensemble members show a substantial spread in the simulation of vegetation response across different biomes and seasons, which may be due to inherent errors and biases in the land component of the model (CLM4.5), or in the atmospheric model and/or the parameterizations. However, we demonstrate that the land component of the CESM (CLM4.5) does provide an adequate representation of the response of vegetation to drought and would provide useful information about the response of vegetation to future drought. If the uncertainties we identified could be reduced, a more realistic simulation of the vegetation response to drought could be realized.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-06},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	author = {Lawal, Shakirudeen and Lennard, Christopher and Jack, Christopher and Wolski, Piotr and Hewitson, Bruce and Abiodun, Babatunde},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Biomes, Climatology, Drought intensity, Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index},
	pages = {107698},
	file = {Lawal et al. - 2019 - The observed and model-simulated response of south.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/9KA4X838/Lawal et al. - 2019 - The observed and model-simulated response of south.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/UWVRP5US/S0168192319303144.html:text/html},
}

@article{carrasco_selecting_2020,
	title = {Selecting priority areas for the conservation of endemic trees species and their ecosystems in {Madagascar} considering both conservation value and vulnerability to human pressure},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-01947-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-020-01947-1},
	abstract = {Madagascar is one of the most biodiverse countries in Africa, due to its level of endemism and species diversity. However, the pressure of human activities threatens the last patches of natural vegetation in the country and conservation decisions are undertaken with limited data availability. In this study, we use free online datasets to generate distribution models of 1539 endemic trees and prioritise for conservation and restoration considering threat, alongside conservation value and cost. Threats considered include illegal logging, forest degradation and agriculture or slash and burns activities. We found that the areas with the highest potential concentration of species are along the north and south-east of the country where more than 400 tree species can be found. Most scenarios identify a common conservation and restoration priority area along the north east of the country. Our findings guide managers, conservation organizations or governments in decisions about where to invest their limited conservation resources.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-06-06},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Carrasco, Jesus and Price, Victoria and Tulloch, Vivitskaia and Mills, Morena},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {GBIF, Madagascar endemic Trees, Marxan, Marxan with probabilities, MaxEnt, Species distribution modelling, Systematic conservation planning},
	pages = {1841--1854},
	file = {Carrasco et al. - 2020 - Selecting priority areas for the conservation of e.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/V3PRFJS7/Carrasco et al. - 2020 - Selecting priority areas for the conservation of e.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schusler_identification_2020,
	title = {Identification of crucial stepping stone habitats for biodiversity conservation in northeastern {Madagascar} using remote sensing and comparative predictive modeling},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-01965-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-020-01965-z},
	abstract = {Madagascar is a global biodiversity hotspot of conservation concern. The decline of natural forest habitats due to shifting cultivation has been one of the major land use changes during the last decades. We analyzed satellite images between 1990 and 2018 from northeastern Madagascar to evaluate the contribution of nine variables (e.g., topographic, demographic, forest protection) to explain past forest loss, predict future deforestation probabilities to define important areas that require further conservation attention. Forest cover declined by 21\% since 1990 and the once continuous rain forest belt of the region is disrupted twice, in the center and at the southern limit of the study region. Status of forest protection and proximity to the forest edge were identified as most important predictors, but all variables contributed to explaining the observed pattern of deforestation. At least 20\% of the 3136 villages in the area were established since 1990 at the expense of previously forested areas. This housing sprawl was mainly driven by accessibility, decreasing landscape connectivity. To conserve the unique biodiversity of the region, the expansion of protected forests and active reforestation measures are urgently needed. Sustainable land use planning and forest management integrating the needs of local land users and conservation priorities should be promoted. We see the highest potential for external stakeholders (e.g., national NGOs) to implement targeted interventions embedded in community-based approaches. Our land cover maps and predictive modeling highlight crucial areas that could act as stepping stone habitats for dispersing or retreating species and therefore important locations to intensify conservation measures.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2022-06-06},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Schüßler, Dominik and Mantilla-Contreras, Jasmin and Stadtmann, Robin and Ratsimbazafy, Jonah H. and Radespiel, Ute},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Remote sensing, Agroforestry, Artificial neural networks, Land use change, Landscape connectivity, Protected areas},
	pages = {2161--2184},
	file = {Schüßler et al. - 2020 - Identification of crucial stepping stone habitats .pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/64XXF3NS/Schüßler et al. - 2020 - Identification of crucial stepping stone habitats .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{andriatsitohaina_participatory_2020,
	title = {Participatory {Bayesian} network modeling to understand driving factors of land-use change decisions: insights from two case studies in northeast {Madagascar}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1747-423X},
	shorttitle = {Participatory {Bayesian} network modeling to understand driving factors of land-use change decisions},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2020.1742810},
	doi = {10.1080/1747423X.2020.1742810},
	abstract = {Forest frontiers worldwide reveal trade-offs that are key in mitigating global change. In the forest frontiers of northeast Madagascar, land-use changes result from decisions made by smallholder farmers. In the past, subsistence needs led to increasing shifting cultivation, resulting in forest degradation and deforestation. This study focuses on investigating the role of locally determined factors in land-use change decisions in the forest frontier context. Therefore, we developed a Bayesian network-based land-use decision model that represents the causalities between factors influencing land-use decisions and takes into account local decision-makers’ knowledge. The approach is applied in two comparative case studies in northeast Madagascar. Results show that farmers mostly aim at extending the cultivation of cash crops. These results and the causal mechanisms disentangled for the forest frontier of northeast Madagascar help understand change mechanisms and hence, support decision-making to attain the Sustainable Development Goals.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Land Use Science},
	author = {Andriatsitohaina, R. Ntsiva N. and Celio, Enrico and Llopis, Jorge C. and Rabemananjara, Zo H. and Ramamonjisoa, Bruno S. and Grêt-Regamey, Adrienne},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2020.1742810},
	keywords = {land-use change, Bayesian networks, drivers, land-use decision modeling, modeling},
	pages = {69--90},
	file = {Participatory Bayesian network modeling to understand driving factors of land use change decisions insights from two case studies in northeast.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/A5GVD2WP/Participatory Bayesian network modeling to understand driving factors of land use change decisions insights from two case studies in northeast.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/N2CK8FMM/1747423X.2020.html:text/html},
}

@article{andriamparany_food_2021,
	title = {Food security and food quality among vanilla farmers in {Madagascar}: the role of contract farming and livestock keeping},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1876-4525},
	shorttitle = {Food security and food quality among vanilla farmers in {Madagascar}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01153-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s12571-021-01153-z},
	abstract = {The northeastern SAVA region of Madagascar is the largest vanilla producing area in the world and is flourishing due to a large global demand for natural vanilla. Although the general socio-economic situation has regionally improved because of high vanilla prices, little is known about the nutritional status of local vanilla farmers. We used a 12-month longitudinal food survey to analyze food security, food consumption and nutrient intake of local vanilla farming households (n = 140). Food consumption data was complemented with baseline, agro-economic, longitudinal and field-plot information to determine factors influencing food security, and the contribution of protein from Animal Source Food (ASF\_protein) to household nutrition using a stepwise generalized linear model. Results show a high level (74\%) of food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency but an acceptable level of protein intake among surveyed households. Consumption of rice, the principal source of carbohydrates, is stable across the year. Compared to other regions in Madagascar, local diets are moderately diversified with an acceptable share of ASF\_protein (about 50\%). Household size (P {\textless} 0.001) and cash income from rice sales (P {\textless} 0.001) were the most important factors influencing the food security index (FSI), while cash crop income (P {\textless} 0.01) and number of income sources (P {\textless} 0.01) were more important in the explanation of the dietary share of ASF\_protein. Yet, neither livestock ownership nor contracting with vanilla buyers/exporters did improve food security of the surveyed households. Households who concluded contracts were significantly less food secure than non-contracting households (P = 0.01) with seasonal fluctuations across the year. Policy implications of our findings are that, although many actors of the vanilla value chain run social and environmental programs in the SAVA region, more needs to be done to improve diet quality at household level and strengthen farmers’ resilience to food insecurity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	journal = {Food Security},
	author = {Andriamparany, Jessica Noromalala and Hänke, Hendrik and Schlecht, Eva},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Animal source food, Dietary diversity, Food security index, Seasonality, Vanilla farmers},
	pages = {981--1012},
	file = {Andriamparany2021_Article_FoodSecurityAndFoodQualityAmon.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/RDJ2MDPP/Andriamparany2021_Article_FoodSecurityAndFoodQualityAmon.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{llopis_capabilities_2020,
	title = {Capabilities {Under} {Telecoupling}: {Human} {Well}-{Being} {Between} {Cash} {Crops} and {Protected} {Areas} in {North}-{Eastern} {Madagascar}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2571-581X},
	shorttitle = {Capabilities {Under} {Telecoupling}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00126},
	abstract = {Global change processes are increasing their pace and reach, leading to telecoupled situations, where distant factors come to outpace local determinants of land use change. Often, these dynamics drive agricultural intensification processes, with as yet unclear implications for the well-being of human populations living in the areas affected. This study explores how two key telecoupling dynamics affect local well-being in the biodiversity hotspot of Madagascar. It focuses on forest frontier landscapes, which are undergoing processes of agricultural intensification as a consequence of distant factors. Concretely, we look at how the recent establishment of two, largely externally funded, terrestrial protected areas, Masoala National Park and Makira Natural Park, and the ongoing price boom for two export cash crops, vanilla and clove, have influenced the well-being of local populations in the country's north-east. We present data from eight focus group discussions conducted in four villages located on the periphery of the two protected areas. Drawing on the “capabilities approach,” we identify the key components of the local understanding of well-being, lay out the interconnections between these components, and explore how the two telecoupling processes affect well-being dynamics. Our findings reveal that well-being components present bundle characteristics, where increases or decreases in one component lead to parallel increases, or decreases in a set of them. We further ascertain that telecoupling processes might lead to trade-offs between well-being components. These findings highlight the need for a holistic understanding of human well-being when planning protected areas, and when designing governance mechanisms to steer local landscapes under intense cash crop price fluctuations toward sustainable outcomes.},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	journal = {Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems},
	author = {Llopis, Jorge C. and Diebold, Clara L. and Schneider, Flurina and Harimalala, Paul C. and Patrick, Laby and Messerli, Peter and Zaehringer, Julie G.},
	year = {2020},
	file = {Llopis et al. - 2020 - Capabilities Under Telecoupling Human Well-Being .pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/FA6AG4GF/Llopis et al. - 2020 - Capabilities Under Telecoupling Human Well-Being .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{carvalho_methods_2020,
	title = {Methods for prioritizing protected areas using individual and aggregate rankings},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0376-8929, 1469-4387},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/methods-for-prioritizing-protected-areas-using-individual-and-aggregate-rankings/3AB6D8C4A11A4EA30F9BAF51E748AF47},
	doi = {10.1017/S0376892920000090},
	abstract = {Despite their legal protection status, protected areas (PAs) can benefit from priority ranks when ongoing threats to their biodiversity and habitats outpace the financial resources available for their conservation. It is essential to develop methods to prioritize PAs that are not computationally demanding in order to suit stakeholders in developing countries where technical and financial resources are limited. We used expert knowledge-derived biodiversity measures to generate individual and aggregate priority ranks of 98 mostly terrestrial PAs on Madagascar. The five variables used were state of knowledge (SoK), forest loss, forest loss acceleration, PA size and relative species diversity, estimated by using standardized residuals from negative binomial models of SoK regressed onto species diversity. We compared our aggregate ranks generated using unweighted averages and principal component analysis (PCA) applied to each individual variable with those generated via Markov chain (MC) and PageRank algorithms. SoK significantly affected the measure of species diversity and highlighted areas where more research effort was needed. The unweighted- and PCA-derived ranks were strongly correlated, as were the MC and PageRank ranks. However, the former two were weakly correlated with the latter two. We recommend using these methods simultaneously in order to provide decision-makers with the flexibility to prioritize those PAs in need of additional research and conservation efforts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-08},
	journal = {Environmental Conservation},
	author = {Carvalho, Fabio and Brown, Kerry A. and Gordon, Adam D. and Yesuf, Gabriel U. and Raherilalao, Marie Jeanne and Raselimanana, Achille P. and Soarimalala, Voahangy and Goodman, Steven M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Madagascar, conservation triage, expert knowledge, forest loss acceleration, Markov chain algorithm, PageRank algorithm},
	pages = {113--122},
	file = {Carvalho et al. - 2020 - Methods for prioritizing protected areas using ind.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/QLBW72CK/Carvalho et al. - 2020 - Methods for prioritizing protected areas using ind.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/5XV3VBZ6/3AB6D8C4A11A4EA30F9BAF51E748AF47.html:text/html},
}

@article{weiskopf_climate_2021,
	title = {Climate change risks and adaptation options for {Madagascar}},
	volume = {26},
	copyright = {© 2021 by the author(s)},
	issn = {1708-3087},
	url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol26/iss4/art36/},
	doi = {10.5751/ES-12816-260436},
	abstract = {Weiskopf, S. R., J. A. Cushing, T. Morelli, and B. J. E. Myers. 2021. Climate change risks and adaptation options for Madagascar. Ecology and Society 26(4):36. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12816-260436},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	author = {Weiskopf, Sarah and Cushing, Janet and Morelli, Toni Lyn and Myers, Bonnie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: The Resilience Alliance},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/565KUMNN/art36.html:text/html;Weiskopf et al. - 2021 - Climate change risks and adaptation options for Ma.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/Q36GA47G/Weiskopf et al. - 2021 - Climate change risks and adaptation options for Ma.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rigden_retrospective_2022,
	title = {Retrospective {Predictions} of {Rice} and {Other} {Crop} {Production} in {Madagascar} {Using} {Soil} {Moisture} and an {NDVI}-{Based} {Calendar} from 2010–2017},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/5/1223},
	doi = {10.3390/rs14051223},
	abstract = {Malagasy subsistence farmers, who comprise 70\% of the nearly 26 million people in Madagascar, often face food insecurity because of unreliable food production systems and adverse crop conditions. The 2020–2021 drought in Madagascar, in particular, is associated with an exceptional food crisis, yet we are unaware of peer-reviewed studies that quantitatively link variations in weather and climate to agricultural outcomes for staple crops in Madagascar. In this study, we use historical data to empirically assess the relationship between soil moisture and food production. Specifically, we focus on major staple crops that form the foundation of Malagasy food systems and nutrition, including rice, which accounts for 46\% of the average Malagasy caloric intake, as well as cassava, maize, and sweet potato. Available data associated with survey-based crop statistics constrain our analysis to 2010–2017 across four clusters of Malagasy districts. Strong correlations are observed between remotely sensed soil moisture and rice production, ranging between 0.67 to 0.95 depending on the cluster and choice of crop calendar. Predictions are shown to be statistically significant at the 90\% confidence level using bootstrapping techniques, as well as through an out-of-sample prediction framework. Soil moisture also shows skill in predicting cassava, maize, and sweet potato production, but only when the months most vulnerable to water stress are isolated. Additional analyses using more survey data, as well as potentially more-refined crop maps and calendars, will be useful for validating and improving soil-moisture-based predictions of yield.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Rigden, Angela J. and Golden, Christopher and Huybers, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 5
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {agriculture, Madagascar, crop production, drought, rice production, soil moisture},
	pages = {1223},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/7B2UIWBD/Rigden et al. - 2022 - Retrospective Predictions of Rice and Other Crop P.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/YISG76TW/1223.html:text/html},
}

@article{cota_forest_2021,
	title = {Forest {Conservation} with {Deep} {Learning}: {A} {Deeper} {Understanding} of {Human} {Geography} around the {Betampona} {Nature} {Reserve}, {Madagascar}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	shorttitle = {Forest {Conservation} with {Deep} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3495},
	doi = {10.3390/rs13173495},
	abstract = {Documenting the impacts of climate change and human activities on tropical rainforests is imperative for protecting tropical biodiversity and for better implementation of REDD+ and UN Sustainable Development Goals. Recent advances in very high-resolution satellite sensor systems (i.e., WorldView-3), computing power, and machine learning (ML) have provided improved mapping of fine-scale changes in the tropics. However, approaches so far focused on feature extraction or the extensive tuning of ML parameters, hindering the potential of ML in forest conservation mapping by not using textural information, which is found to be powerful for many applications. Additionally, the contribution of shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands in forest cover mapping is unknown. The objectives were to develop end-to-end mapping of the tropical forest using fully convolution neural networks (FCNNs) with WorldView-3 (WV-3) imagery and to evaluate human impact on the environment using the Betampona Nature Reserve (BNR) in Madagascar as the test site. FCNN (U-Net) using spatial/textural information was implemented and compared with feature-fed pixel-based methods including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Deep Neural Network (DNN). Results show that the FCNN model outperformed other models with an accuracy of 90.9\%, while SVM, RF, and DNN provided accuracies of 88.6\%, 84.8\%, and 86.6\%, respectively. When SWIR bands were excluded from the input data, FCNN provided superior performance over other methods with a 1.87\% decrease in accuracy, while the accuracies of other models—SVM, RF, and DNN—decreased by 5.42\%, 3.18\%, and 8.55\%, respectively. Spatial–temporal analysis showed a 0.7\% increase in Evergreen Forest within the BNR and a 32\% increase in tree cover within residential areas likely due to forest regeneration and conservation efforts. Other effects of conservation efforts are also discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Cota, Gizelle and Sagan, Vasit and Maimaitijiang, Maitiniyazi and Freeman, Karen},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 17
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Betampona Nature Reserve (BNR), conservation efforts, FCNN, forest cover mapping, land cover mapping, Madagascar Flora and Fauna Group (MFG), WorldView-3 SWIR},
	pages = {3495},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/C5JN9X88/Cota et al. - 2021 - Forest Conservation with Deep Learning A Deeper U.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/QYLYYJPL/3495.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhang_automatic_2020,
	title = {Automatic {High}-{Resolution} {Land} {Cover} {Production} in {Madagascar} {Using} {Sentinel}-2 {Time} {Series}, {Tile}-{Based} {Image} {Classification} and {Google} {Earth} {Engine}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3663},
	doi = {10.3390/rs12213663},
	abstract = {Madagascar, one of Earth’s biodiversity hotpots, is characterized by heterogeneous landscapes and huge land cover change. To date, fine, reliable and timely land cover information is scarce in Madagascar. However, mapping high-resolution land cover map in the tropics has been challenging due to limitations associated with heterogeneous landscapes, the volume of satellite data used, and the design of methodology. In this study, we proposed an automatic approach in which the tile-based model was used on each tile (defining an extent of 1° × 1° as a tile) for mapping land cover in Madagascar. We combined spectral-temporal, textural and topographical features derived from all available Sentinel-2 observations (i.e., 11,083 images) on Google Earth Engine (GEE). We generated a 10-m land cover map for Madagascar, with an overall accuracy of 89.2\% based on independent validation samples obtained from a field survey and visual interpretation of very high-resolution (0.5–5 m) images. Compared with the conventional approach (i.e., the overall model used in the entire study area), our method enables reduce the misclassifications between several land cover types, including impervious land, grassland and wetland. The proposed approach demonstrates a great potential for mapping land cover in other tropical or subtropical regions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Zhang, Meinan and Huang, Huabing and Li, Zhichao and Hackman, Kwame Oppong and Liu, Chong and Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala and Ny Aina Nomenjanahary Raherivelo, Tahiry and Li, Yanxia and Gong, Peng},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 21
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Madagascar, big data, Google Earth Engine, land cover, Sentinel-2, tile-based model},
	pages = {3663},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/I58RD8VG/Zhang et al. - 2020 - Automatic High-Resolution Land Cover Production in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/NEGT4XNH/3663.html:text/html},
}

@article{rakotoarison_remote_2020,
	title = {Remote {Sensing} and {Multi}-{Criteria} {Evaluation} for {Malaria} {Risk} {Mapping} to {Support} {Indoor} {Residual} {Spraying} {Prioritization} in the {Central} {Highlands} of {Madagascar}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1585},
	doi = {10.3390/rs12101585},
	abstract = {The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) in Madagascar classifies Malagasy districts into two malaria situations: districts in the pre-elimination phase and districts in the control phase. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is identified as the main intervention means to control malaria in the Central Highlands. However, it involves an important logistical mobilization and thus necessitates prioritization of interventions according to the magnitude of malaria risks. Our objectives were to map the malaria transmission risk and to develop a tool to support the Malagasy Ministry of Public Health (MoH) for selective IRS implementation. For the 2014–2016 period, different sources of remotely sensed data were used to update land cover information and substitute in situ climatic data. Spatial modeling was performed based on multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) to assess malaria risk. Models were mainly based on environment and climate. Three annual malaria risk maps were obtained for 2014, 2015, and 2016. Annual parasite incidence data were used to validate the results. In 2016, the validation of the model using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an accuracy of 0.736; 95\% CI [0.669–0.803]. A free plugin for QGIS software was made available for NMCP decision makers to prioritize areas for IRS. An annual update of the model provides the basic information for decision making before each IRS campaign. In Madagascar and beyond, the availability of the free plugin for open-source software facilitates the transfer to the MoH and allows further application to other problems and contexts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Rakotoarison, Hobiniaina Anthonio and Rasamimalala, Mampionona and Rakotondramanga, Jean Marius and Ramiranirina, Brune and Franchard, Thierry and Kapesa, Laurent and Razafindrakoto, Jocelyn and Guis, Hélène and Tantely, Luciano Michaël and Girod, Romain and Rakotoniaina, Solofoarisoa and Baril, Laurence and Piola, Patrice and Rakotomanana, Fanjasoa},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 10
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Madagascar, remote sensing, malaria, multi-criteria evaluation, spatial modeling},
	pages = {1585},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/4M5CVSCP/Rakotoarison et al. - 2020 - Remote Sensing and Multi-Criteria Evaluation for M.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/XRAXFSQX/1585.html:text/html},
}

@article{dupuy_analyzing_2020,
	title = {Analyzing {Urban} {Agriculture}’s {Contribution} to a {Southern} {City}’s {Resilience} through {Land} {Cover} {Mapping}: {The} {Case} of {Antananarivo}, {Capital} of {Madagascar}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	shorttitle = {Analyzing {Urban} {Agriculture}’s {Contribution} to a {Southern} {City}’s {Resilience} through {Land} {Cover} {Mapping}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1962},
	doi = {10.3390/rs12121962},
	abstract = {High urbanization rates in cities lead to rapid changes in land uses, particularly in southern cities where population growth is fast. Urban and peri-urban agricultural land is often seen as available space for the city to expand, but at the same time, agricultural land provides many benefits to cities pertaining to food, employment, and eco-services. In this context, there is an urgent need to provide spatial information to support planning in complex urban systems. The challenge is to integrate analysis of agriculture and urban land-cover classes, and of their spatial and functional patterns. This paper takes up this challenge in Antananarivo (Madagascar), where agricultural plots and homes are interlocked and very small. It innovates by using a methodology already tested in rural settings, but never applied to urban environments. The key step of the analysis is to produce landscape zoning based on multisource satellite data to identify agri-urban functional areas within the city, and to explore their relationships. Our results demonstrate that the proposed classification method is well suited for mapping agriculture and urban land cover (overall accuracy = 76.56\% for the 20 classes of level 3) in such a complex setting. The systemic analysis of urban agriculture patterns and functions can help policymakers and urban planners to design and build resilient cities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Dupuy, Stéphane and Defrise, Laurence and Lebourgeois, Valentine and Gaetano, Raffaele and Burnod, Perrine and Tonneau, Jean-Philippe},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Madagascar, agri-urban zoning, land-cover mapping, Landsat8, OBIA, Pleiades, Sentinel2, urban agriculture},
	pages = {1962},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/F8Y8X8XV/Dupuy et al. - 2020 - Analyzing Urban Agriculture’s Contribution to a So.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/H9CKRV4K/1962.html:text/html},
}

@article{alexandre_sentinel-1_2020,
	title = {A {Sentinel}-1 {Based} {Processing} {Chain} for {Detection} of {Cyclonic} {Flood} {Impacts}},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/252},
	doi = {10.3390/rs12020252},
	abstract = {In the future, climate change will induce even more severe hurricanes. Not only should these be better understood, but there is also a necessity to improve the assessment of their impacts. Flooding is one of the most common powerful impacts of these storms. Analyzing the impacts of floods is essential in order to delineate damaged areas and study the economic cost of hurricane-related floods. This paper presents an automated processing chain for Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. This processing chain is based on the S1-Tiling algorithm and the normalized difference ratio (NDR). It is able to download and clip S1 images on Sentinel-2 tiles footprints, perform multi-temporal filtering, and threshold NDR images to produce a mask of flooded areas. Applied to two different study zones, subject to hurricanes and cyclones, this chain is reliable and simple to implement. With the rapid mapping product of EMS Copernicus (Emergency Management Service) as reference, the method confers up to 95\% accuracy and a Kappa value of 0.75.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Alexandre, Cyprien and Johary, Rosa and Catry, Thibault and Mouquet, Pascal and Révillion, Christophe and Rakotondraompiana, Solofo and Pennober, Gwenaelle},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 2
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {change detection, cyclone, flood, hurricane, NDR, SAR, Sentinel 1 time series},
	pages = {252},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/WWAYB5K8/Alexandre et al. - 2020 - A Sentinel-1 Based Processing Chain for Detection .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/2432BW4Z/htm.html:text/html},
}

@article{han_sst_2019,
	title = {{SST} {Anomalies} in the {Mozambique} {Channel} {Using} {Remote} {Sensing} and {Numerical} {Modeling} {Data}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1112},
	doi = {10.3390/rs11091112},
	abstract = {Based on both satellite remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST) data and numerical model results, SST warming differences in the Mozambique Channel (MC) west of the Madagascar Island (MI) were found with respect to the SST east of the MI along the same latitude. The mean SST west of the MI is up to about 3.0 °C warmer than that east of the MI. The SST differences exist all year round and the maximum value appears in October. The area of the highest SST is located in the northern part of the MC. Potential factors causing the SST anomalies could be sea surface wind, heat flux and oceanic flow advection. The presence of the MI results in weakening wind in the MC and in turn causes weakening of the mixing in the upper oceans, thus the surface mixed layer depth becomes shallower. There is more precipitation on the east of the MI than that inside the MC because of the orographic effects. Different precipitation patterns and types of clouds result in different solar radiant heat fluxes across both sides of the MI. Warm water advected from the equatorial area also contribute to the SST warm anomalies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Han, Guoqing and Dong, Changming and Li, Junde and Yang, Jingsong and Wang, Qingyue and Liu, Yu and Sommeria, Joel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 9
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Madagascar Island, Mozambique Channel, SST anomalies},
	pages = {1112},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/SDLZX5HE/Han et al. - 2019 - SST Anomalies in the Mozambique Channel Using Remo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/8LFXJT2K/1112.html:text/html},
}

@article{ghulam_remote_2015,
	title = {Remote {Sensing} {Based} {Spatial} {Statistics} to {Document} {Tropical} {Rainforest} {Transition} {Pathways}},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/5/6257},
	doi = {10.3390/rs70506257},
	abstract = {In this paper, grid cell based spatial statistics were used to quantify the drivers of land-cover and land-use change (LCLUC) and habitat degradation in a tropical rainforest in Madagascar. First, a spectral database of various land-cover and land-use information was compiled using multi-year field campaign data and photointerpretation of satellite images. Next, residential areas were extracted from IKONOS-2 and GeoEye-1 images using object oriented feature extraction (OBIA). Then, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data were used to generate land-cover and land-use maps from 1990 to 2011, and LCLUC maps were developed with decadal intervals and converted to 100 m vector grid cells. Finally, the causal associations between LCLUC were quantified using ordinary least square regression analysis and Moran’s I, and a forest disturbance index derived from the time series Landsat data were used to further confirm LCLUC drivers. The results showed that (1) local spatial statistical approaches were most effective at quantifying the drivers of LCLUC, and (2) the combined threats of habitat degradation in and around the reserve and increasing encroachment of invasive plant species lead to the expansion of shrubland and mixed forest within the former primary forest, which was echoed by the forest disturbance index derived from the Landsat data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Ghulam, Abduwasit and Ghulam, Oghlan and Maimaitijiang, Maitiniyazi and Freeman, Karen and Porton, Ingrid and Maimaitiyiming, Matthew},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Number: 5
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {remote sensing, Betampona Nature Reserve, land-cover/land-use change (LCLUC), tropical rainforest},
	pages = {6257--6279},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/AAKHWFC7/Ghulam et al. - 2015 - Remote Sensing Based Spatial Statistics to Documen.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/XHDZ26KC/htm.html:text/html},
}

@article{gimenez_impact_2012,
	title = {Impact of {Protected} {Areas} on {Forests} in {Madagascar}},
	author = {Gimenez, Theo},
	year = {2012},
	file = {Gimenez - 2012 - Impact of Protected Areas on Forests in Madagascar.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/P6K9RZ4W/Gimenez - 2012 - Impact of Protected Areas on Forests in Madagascar.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@techreport{desbureaux_impact_2015,
	title = {The impact of {Protected} {Areas} on {Deforestation}? {An} {Exploration} of the {Economic} and {Political} {Channels} for {Madagascar}'s {Rainforests} (2001-12)},
	shorttitle = {The impact of {Protected} {Areas} on {Deforestation}?},
	url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/wpaper/hal-01176860.html},
	abstract = {Protected Areas (PAs) remain the central instrument to protect Madagascar's threatened biodiversity. We combine matching and regressions in a quasi-natural experiment setting to analyze PAs' additionality annually between 2001 and 2012 and study the channels that moderate the impact. PAs' have allowed to stabilize deforestation around a positive without having halting it. They have recreating some law effectiveness in areas where initial law enforcement was the lowest, limiting what we call opportunistic deforestation. However, additionality decreases when poverty rates increase. Effectively stopping deforestation will require ambitious policies to trigger the necessary agricultural transition for the country.},
	language = {en},
	number = {hal-01176860},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	institution = {HAL},
	author = {Desbureaux, Sébastien and Aubert, Sigrid and Brimont, Laura and Karsenty, Alain and Lohanivo, Alexio Clovis and Rakotondrabe, Manohisoa and Razafindraibe, Andrianjakarivo Henintsoa and Razafiarijoana, Jules},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publication Title: Working Papers},
	keywords = {Madagascar, Effectiveness, Protected Areas},
	file = {Desbureaux et al. - 2015 - The impact of Protected Areas on Deforestation An.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/2AABZACJ/Desbureaux et al. - 2015 - The impact of Protected Areas on Deforestation An.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/65J6BWBE/hal-01176860.html:text/html},
}

@article{gardner_protected_2013,
	title = {Protected areas for conservation and poverty alleviation: experiences from {Madagascar}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0021-8901},
	shorttitle = {Protected areas for conservation and poverty alleviation},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/24031380},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	author = {Gardner, Charlie J. and Nicoll, Martin E. and Mbohoahy, Tsibara and Oleson, Kirsten L. L. and Ratsifandrihamanana, Anitry N. and Ratsirarson, Joelisoa and de Roland, Lily-Arison René and Virah-Sawmy, Malika and Zafindrasilivonona, Bienvenue and Davies, Zoe G.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: British Ecological Society},
	pages = {1289--1294},
	file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/9GAL7G8F/Gardner et al. - 2013 - Protected areas for conservation and poverty allev.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{noauthor_evaluating_nodate,
	title = {Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human well-being across the developing world},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aav3006},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	file = {Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/BA73J2TK/Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{eklund_what_2019,
	title = {What constitutes a useful measure of protected area effectiveness? {A} case study of management inputs and protected area impacts in {Madagascar}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2578-4854},
	shorttitle = {What constitutes a useful measure of protected area effectiveness?},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/csp2.107},
	doi = {10.1111/csp2.107},
	abstract = {Protected areas are one of the key tools for conserving biodiversity and recent studies have highlighted the positive impact they can have in avoiding habitat conversion. However, the relationship to management actions on the ground is far less studied and we currently do not know which management actions are the most crucial for success. To investigate this, we studied the effectiveness of the protected area network of Madagascar. We estimated the impact of individual protected areas in avoiding deforestation, accounting for confounding factors (elevation, slope, distance to urban centers and infrastructure, and distance to forest edge). We then investigated whether Protected Area Management Effectiveness scores, and their different facets, explained the variation observed. We found that the majority of the analyzed protected areas in Madagascar do reduce deforestation. Protected areas with higher management scores did not perform better in terms of avoiding deforestation. We discuss potential explanations for these results, and how they might influence the validity of current methods for estimating different facets of protected area effectiveness under different deforestation scenarios.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Conservation Science and Practice},
	author = {Eklund, Johanna and Coad, Lauren and Geldmann, Jonas and Cabeza, Mar},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/csp2.107},
	keywords = {impact evaluation, deforestation, Madagascar, effectiveness, management effectiveness, PAME, protected areas},
	pages = {e107},
	file = {Eklund et al. - 2019 - What constitutes a useful measure of protected are.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/I3Y7UHVN/Eklund et al. - 2019 - What constitutes a useful measure of protected are.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/YP5CEJHG/csp2.html:text/html},
}

@article{horning_strong_2008,
	title = {Strong support for weak performance: {Donor} competition in {Madagascar}},
	volume = {107},
	shorttitle = {Strong support for weak performance},
	number = {428},
	journal = {African Affairs},
	author = {Horning, Nadia Rabesahala},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	pages = {405--431},
	file = {Full Text:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/HDJFJRAB/Horning - 2008 - Strong support for weak performance Donor competi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/9BDAVFCR/12691.html:text/html},
}

@article{kull_fire_2009,
	title = {Fire ecology and fire politics in {Mali} and {Madagascar}},
	journal = {Tropical fire ecology},
	author = {Kull, Christian A. and Laris, Paul},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {171--226},
	file = {Kull and Laris - 2009 - Fire ecology and fire politics in Mali and Madagas.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/IQ38QF4I/Kull and Laris - 2009 - Fire ecology and fire politics in Mali and Madagas.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/4HZB3Q25/978-3-540-77381-8_7.html:text/html},
}

@book{scales_conservation_2014,
	title = {Conservation and environmental management in {Madagascar}},
	publisher = {Routledge London:},
	author = {Scales, Ivan R. and Ferguson, Barry},
	year = {2014},
	file = {Full Text:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/R9IUBXFB/Scales and Ferguson - 2014 - Conservation and environmental management in Madag.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{raik_forest_2007,
	title = {Forest management in {Madagascar}: {An} historical overview},
	volume = {2},
	shorttitle = {Forest management in {Madagascar}},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Madagascar Conservation \& Development},
	author = {Raik, Daniela},
	year = {2007},
}

@article{scales_future_2014,
	title = {The future of conservation and development in {Madagascar}: time for a new paradigm?},
	volume = {9},
	shorttitle = {The future of conservation and development in {Madagascar}},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Madagascar Conservation \& Development},
	author = {Scales, Ivan R.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {5--12},
}

@article{scales_lost_2012,
	title = {Lost in translation: conflicting views of deforestation, land use and identity in western {Madagascar}},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {1475-4959},
	shorttitle = {Lost in translation},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00432.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00432.x},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on the interplay between environmental narratives, identity politics and the management of forest resources in Madagascar. While efforts to conserve the island's biological diversity have centred primarily on the designation of protected areas, policies have increasingly focused on local communities. The experiences of the last 20 years have shown that community-based approaches to conservation offer considerable challenges due to the complex politics of natural resource use, which involve multiple and diverse stakeholders, often with very different and sometimes conflicting values. In this paper, I focus on the environmental perceptions and values of two groups in the Central Menabe region of western Madagascar – conservation organisations and rural households – revealing a contrasting set of views regarding the region's forest. I show that the conservation discourse has changed over time, increasingly emphasising the biological diversity of the region's tropical dry-deciduous forest and prioritising non-consumptive uses of natural resources. Although policy has changed in response to changing values, I show that it has been underpinned by the notion that hatsake (‘slash-and-burn’ agriculture) is an irrational practice driven by necessity rather than choice. Policy has thus sought to provide livelihood alternatives, firstly through forestry, then through changes in cultivation and increasingly through tourism. This misunderstands the local view of the forest, which sees hatsake as a way to make the land productive, as long as it is carried out responsibly according to local fady (taboos). As well as facing problems of translating conservation goals into local values and misunderstanding the motives for forest clearance, policy has been based on a narrative that attaches particular land use practices to ethnic identities. I argue that this ignores the history and fluid reality of both identity and land use.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {The Geographical Journal},
	author = {Scales, Ivan R},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00432.x},
	keywords = {Madagascar, environmental discourse, ethnic identity, forest, political ecology},
	pages = {67--79},
	file = {Scales - 2012 - Lost in translation conflicting views of deforest.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/3FJH6C4R/Scales - 2012 - Lost in translation conflicting views of deforest.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/ZS53QH78/j.1475-4959.2011.00432.html:text/html},
}

@article{desbureaux_rain_2018,
	title = {Rain, forests and farmers: {Evidence} of drought induced deforestation in {Madagascar} and its consequences for biodiversity conservation},
	volume = {221},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	shorttitle = {Rain, forests and farmers},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320717317111},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.005},
	abstract = {Cropland expansion is the primary driver of deforestation worldwide. Since land and rainfall are two crucial inputs for agricultural production, a lack of rainfall may have severe consequences on yields, which in turn may lead to a change in cultivated areas, with possible impacts on deforestation rates. Our paper explores this issue of drought induced deforestation that has been largely neglected in the literature. By focusing on Madagascar where agriculture is mostly rainfed, we demonstrate that between 2000 and 2013, clearing additional forests was a strategy that farmers employ to cope with the negative impacts of droughts. Using remote sensing data and fixed-effects panel regressions, we find that droughts increased deforestation by 7.6\% compared to years of near normal weather. The impact was most severe in dry and semi-arid areas (up to +17\%). When droughts occurred across consecutive years, deforestation declined, a result that is consistent with risk averse behavior of farmers. We show that these results are not driven by ecological mechanisms or by accidental fires. We then study the implication of these outcomes for conservation policy and demonstrate that protected areas were partly effective at buffering against upsurges in deforestation induced by droughts. Our results reinforce the notion that when deforestation is an agricultural problem, agricultural solutions must be combined with conservation policies to decrease deforestation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Desbureaux, Sébastien and Damania, Richard},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {357--364},
	file = {Desbureaux and Damania - 2018 - Rain, forests and farmers Evidence of drought ind.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/R6QPKBKN/Desbureaux and Damania - 2018 - Rain, forests and farmers Evidence of drought ind.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/FQ2TJZ6Q/S0006320717317111.html:text/html},
}

@techreport{desbureaux_common_2016,
	title = {Common {Resources} {Management} and the ‘{Dark} {Side}’of {Collective} {Action}: {An} {Impact} {Evaluation} for {Madagascar}’s {Forests}},
	shorttitle = {Common {Resources} {Management} and the ‘{Dark} {Side}’of {Collective} {Action}},
	author = {Desbureaux, Sébastien},
	year = {2016},
	file = {Desbureaux - 2016 - Common Resources Management and the ‘Dark Side’of .pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/GT8D7EBI/Desbureaux - 2016 - Common Resources Management and the ‘Dark Side’of .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{desbureaux_between_2015,
	title = {Between economic loss and social identity: {The} multi-dimensional cost of avoiding deforestation in {Eastern} {Madagascar}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	shorttitle = {Between economic loss and social identity},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800915002931},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.002},
	abstract = {This paper exhibits the multiple dimensions of the cost of stopping the main driver of deforestation in Madagascar, slash-and-burn agriculture (tavy). As well as being a major component of the economic livelihoods of most local households living at the edge of forests, tavy has been described by anthropologists as an important cultural practice. In this paper, we show that stopping tavy does not only entail an economic cost for local households. The loss of the cultural dimension of tavy would come at an additional “cultural cost” for some. Our results suggest that a viable cessation of deforestation in Madagascar would require going beyond simple compensation of the opportunity costs of avoiding deforestation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Desbureaux, Sébastien and Brimont, Laura},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Madagascar, Deforestation, Contingent valuation, Non-market valuation, Payments for environmental services, Slash and burn},
	pages = {10--20},
	file = {Desbureaux and Brimont - 2015 - Between economic loss and social identity The mul.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/ZXSDQHV7/Desbureaux and Brimont - 2015 - Between economic loss and social identity The mul.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/753XY5D8/S0921800915002931.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{gorenflo_exploring_2011,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	series = {Ecological {Studies}},
	title = {Exploring the {Association} {Between} {People} and {Deforestation} in {Madagascar}},
	isbn = {978-3-642-16707-2},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16707-2_11},
	abstract = {An island widely recognized for remarkably high biological diversity, Madagascar continues to experience considerable deforestation. This study explores possible causes of forest loss between 1990 and 2000. Applying a multivariate probit model, the study considers a range of human geographic, physical geographic, and infrastructure data to identify likely reasons for deforestation during the final decade of the twentieth century. Results indicate that protected areas substantially slow forest loss. They also show that access via roads and footpaths were important prerequisites for deforestation during the 1990s. Neither population density nor poverty seemed to be related to forest loss, though data shortcomings may help explain this lack of relationship. The issues that appear to be linked to deforestation in Madagascar are sensitive to policy decisions, suggesting that development strategies can help stem forest loss in this important repository of biological diversity.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	booktitle = {Human {Population}: {Its} {Influences} on {Biological} {Diversity}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Gorenflo, L. J. and Corson, Catherine and Chomitz, Kenneth M. and Harper, Grady and Honzák, Miroslav and Özler, Berk},
	editor = {Cincotta, Richard P. and Gorenflo, Larry J.},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-16707-2_11},
	keywords = {Deforestation Rate, Forest Cover Change, Forest Loss, Multivariate Probit Model, Protected Area},
	pages = {197--221},
	file = {Gorenflo et al. - 2011 - Exploring the Association Between People and Defor.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/AX7BQMNS/Gorenflo et al. - 2011 - Exploring the Association Between People and Defor.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{waeber_how_2016,
	title = {How {Effective} {Have} {Thirty} {Years} of {Internationally} {Driven} {Conservation} and {Development} {Efforts} {Been} in {Madagascar}?},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0161115},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0161115},
	abstract = {Conservation and development are intricately linked. The international donor community has long provided aid to tropical countries in an effort to alleviate poverty and conserve biodiversity. While hundreds of millions of \$ have been invested in over 500 environmental-based projects in Madagascar during the period covered by a series of National Environmental Action Plans (1993–2008) and the protected areas network has expanded threefold, deforestation remains unchecked and none of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established for 2000–2015 were likely be met. Efforts to achieve sustainable development had failed to reduce poverty or deliver progress toward any of the MDGs. Cross-sectorial policy adjustments are needed that (i) enable and catalyze Madagascar’s capacities rather than deepening dependency on external actors such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and donor countries, and that (ii) deliver improvements to the livelihoods and wellbeing of the country’s rural poor.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2022-06-11},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Waeber, Patrick O. and Wilmé, Lucienne and Mercier, Jean-Roger and Camara, Christian and Ii, Porter P. Lowry},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Conservation science, Forests, Madagascar, Biodiversity, Deforestation, Forest ecology, Environmental economics, Sustainability science},
	pages = {e0161115},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/VHC2D3HX/Waeber et al. - 2016 - How Effective Have Thirty Years of Internationally.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/FGCGM77S/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{montibeller_increasing_2020,
	title = {Increasing fragmentation of forest cover in {Brazil}’s {Legal} {Amazon} from 2001 to 2017},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {2020 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62591-x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-62591-x},
	abstract = {Persistent forest loss in the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA) is responsible for carbon emission, reduction of ecosystem services, and loss of biodiversity. Combining spatial data analysis with high spatial resolution data for forest cover and forest loss, we quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of forest dynamics in the BLA. We identified an alarming trend of increasing deforestation, with especially high rates in 2016 and 2017. Moreover, the creation of forest cover fragments is faster than ever due to decreasing size and dispersion of forest loss patches. From 2001 to 2017, the number of large forest loss patches decreased significantly, accompanied by a reduction in the size of these patches. Enforcement of field inspections and of initiatives to promote forest conservation will be required to stop this trend.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-19},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Montibeller, Bruno and Kmoch, Alexander and Virro, Holger and Mander, Ülo and Uuemaa, Evelyn},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Forest ecology, Environmental impact},
	pages = {5803},
	file = {Montibeller et al. - 2020 - Increasing fragmentation of forest cover in Brazil.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/554TK6IL/Montibeller et al. - 2020 - Increasing fragmentation of forest cover in Brazil.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/7K43M9AQ/s41598-020-62591-x.html:text/html},
}

@article{brennan_functional_2022,
	title = {Functional connectivity of the world’s protected areas},
	volume = {376},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abl8974},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abl8974},
	number = {6597},
	urldate = {2022-06-19},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Brennan, A. and Naidoo, R. and Greenstreet, L. and Mehrabi, Z. and Ramankutty, N. and Kremen, C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {1101--1104},
	file = {Brennan et al. - 2022 - Functional connectivity of the world’s protected a.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/VRJWYQCW/Brennan et al. - 2022 - Functional connectivity of the world’s protected a.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rosa_changes_2012,
	title = {Changes in {Size} of {Deforested} {Patches} in the {Brazilian} {Amazon}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01901.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01901.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: Different deforestation agents, such as small farmers and large agricultural businesses, create different spatial patterns of deforestation. We analyzed the proportion of deforestation associated with different-sized clearings in the Brazilian Amazon from 2002 through 2009. We used annual deforestation maps to determine total area deforested and the size distribution of deforested patches per year. The size distribution of deforested areas changed over time in a consistent, directional manner. Large clearings ({\textgreater}1000 ha) comprised progressively smaller amounts of total annual deforestation. The number of smaller clearings (6.25–50.00 ha) remained unchanged over time. Small clearings accounted for 73\% of all deforestation in 2009, up from 30\% in 2002, whereas the proportion of deforestation attributable to large clearings decreased from 13\% to 3\% between 2002 and 2009. Large clearings were concentrated in Mato Grosso, but also occurred in eastern Pará and in Rondônia. In 2002 large clearings accounted for 17\%, 15\%, and 10\% of all deforestation in Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia, respectively. Even in these states, where there is a highly developed agricultural business dominated by soybean production and cattle ranching, the proportional contribution of large clearings to total deforestation declined. By 2009 large clearings accounted for 2.5\%, 3.5\%, and 1\% of all deforestation in Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia, respectively. These changes in deforestation patch size are coincident with the implementation of new conservation policies by the Brazilian government, which suggests that these policies are not effectively reducing the number of small clearings in primary forest, whether these are caused by large landholders or smallholders, but have been more effective at reducing the frequency of larger clearings.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-19},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Rosa, Isabel M. D. and Souza Jr., Carlos and Ewers, Robert M.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01901.x},
	keywords = {conservation effectiveness, deforestación tropical, dinámica espacial, dinámica temporal, distribución de tamaños, efectividad de la conservación, size distribution, spatial dynamics, temporal dynamics, tropical deforestation},
	pages = {932--937},
	file = {Rosa et al. - 2012 - Changes in Size of Deforested Patches in the Brazi.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/5QFG2HSS/Rosa et al. - 2012 - Changes in Size of Deforested Patches in the Brazi.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{leberger_global_2020,
	title = {Global patterns of forest loss across {IUCN} categories of protected areas},
	volume = {241},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719301004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108299},
	abstract = {Forests are under increasing pressure globally and the establishment of protected areas has long been used as a conservation tool to preserve them. Seven categories of protected areas have been defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with different management objectives and protection levels. However, recent studies raised questions over whether protected areas are effective in preventing ecosystem degradation and whether IUCN categories vary in their effectiveness. In this study, we analysed forest loss and trends between 2001 and 2014 within IUCN protected areas at a global scale and within sixteen Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem services (IPBES) subregions, relevant for international policy. As habitat protection can be driven by the location of protected areas and as the amount of forest within protected sites is highly unequal, we reported the forest loss integrating the proximity of roads and population, as well as the amount of initial forest in 2000. Our results show that worldwide, the highest protection categories experienced less forest loss than those allowing more human intervention, although this result was reversed in three IPBES subregions. Moreover, in four subregions there was more forest loss within protected areas than outside. We also found accelerating rates of forest loss in protected areas across all IUCN categories, more pronounced in the highest protection IUCN categories. Our results highlight the importance of moving the discussion of the post-2020 biodiversity framework for protected areas beyond simple general areal targets and that areas with poor implementation effectiveness should benefit from additional support.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-19},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Leberger, Roxanne and Rosa, Isabel M. D. and Guerra, Carlos A. and Wolf, Florian and Pereira, Henrique M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Forest conservation, Forest loss, IPBES subregion, IUCN protected areas, Protected areas audit},
	pages = {108299},
	file = {Leberger et al. - 2020 - Global patterns of forest loss across IUCN categor.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/9NQ96CWX/Leberger et al. - 2020 - Global patterns of forest loss across IUCN categor.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/UP5HFPLX/S0006320719301004.html:text/html},
}

@article{ibisch_global_2016,
	title = {A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status},
	volume = {354},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aaf7166},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaf7166},
	number = {6318},
	urldate = {2022-06-19},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Ibisch, Pierre L. and Hoffmann, Monika T. and Kreft, Stefan and Pe’er, Guy and Kati, Vassiliki and Biber-Freudenberger, Lisa and DellaSala, Dominick A. and Vale, Mariana M. and Hobson, Peter R. and Selva, Nuria},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {1423--1427},
	file = {Ibisch et al. - 2016 - A global map of roadless areas and their conservat.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/LZGBWECV/Ibisch et al. - 2016 - A global map of roadless areas and their conservat.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fritz_continental_2022,
	title = {A {Continental} {Assessment} of the {Drivers} of {Tropical} {Deforestation} {With} a {Focus} on {Protected} {Areas}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2673-611X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcosc.2022.830248},
	abstract = {Deforestation contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions and must be reduced if the 1.5°C limit to global warming is to be realized. Protected areas represent one intervention for decreasing forest loss and aiding conservation efforts, yet there is intense human pressure on at least one-third of protected areas globally. There have been numerous studies addressing the extent and identifying drivers of deforestation at the local, regional, and global level. Yet few have focused on drivers of deforestation in protected areas in high thematic detail. Here we use a new crowdsourced data set on drivers of tropical forest loss for the period 2008–2019, which has been collected using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing application for visual interpretation of very high-resolution imagery by volunteers. Extending on the published data on tree cover and forest loss from the Global Forest Change initiative, we investigate the dominant drivers of deforestation in tropical protected areas situated within 30° north and south of the equator. We find the deforestation rate in protected areas to be lower than the continental average for the Latin Americas (3.4\% in protected areas compared to 5.4\%) and Africa (3.3\% compared to 3.9\%), but it exceeds that of unprotected land in Asia (8.5\% compared to 8.1\%). Consistent with findings from foregoing studies, we also find that pastures and other subsistence agriculture are the dominant deforestation driver in the Latin Americas, while forest management, oil palm, shifting cultivation and other subsistence agriculture dominate in Asia, and shifting cultivation and other subsistence agriculture is the main driver in Africa. However, we find contrasting results in relation to the degree of protection, which indicate that the rate of deforestation in Latin America and Africa in strictly protected areas might even exceed that of areas with no strict protection. This crucial finding highlights the need for further studies based on a bottom up crowdsourced, data collection approach, to investigate drivers of deforestation both inside and outside protected areas.},
	urldate = {2022-06-22},
	journal = {Frontiers in Conservation Science},
	author = {Fritz, Steffen and Laso Bayas, Juan Carlos and See, Linda and Schepaschenko, Dmitry and Hofhansl, Florian and Jung, Martin and Dürauer, Martina and Georgieva, Ivelina and Danylo, Olga and Lesiv, Myroslava and McCallum, Ian},
	year = {2022},
	file = {Fritz et al. - 2022 - A Continental Assessment of the Drivers of Tropica.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/HSXNJDF6/Fritz et al. - 2022 - A Continental Assessment of the Drivers of Tropica.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wolf_forest_2021,
	title = {A forest loss report card for the world’s protected areas},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2397-334X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01389-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41559-021-01389-0},
	abstract = {Protected areas are a key tool in the conservation of global biodiversity and carbon stores. We conducted a global test of the degree to which more than 18,000 terrestrial protected areas (totalling 5,293,217 km2) reduce deforestation in relation to unprotected areas. We also derived indices that quantify how well countries’ forests are protected, both in terms of forested area protected and effectiveness of protected areas at reducing deforestation, in relation to vertebrate species richness, aboveground forest carbon biomass and background deforestation rates. Overall, protected areas did not eliminate deforestation, but reduced deforestation rates by 41\%. Protected area deforestation rates were lowest in small reserves with low background deforestation rates. Critically, we found that after adjusting for effectiveness, only 6.5\%—rather than 15.7\%—of the world’s forests are protected, well below the Aichi Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2020 Target of 17\%. We propose that global targets for protected areas should include quantitative goals for effectiveness in addition to spatial extent.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Wolf, Christopher and Levi, Taal and Ripple, William J. and Zárrate-Charry, Diego A. and Betts, Matthew G.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Conservation biology, Forest ecology},
	pages = {520--529},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/S93KFFR3/s41559-021-01389-0.html:text/html;Wolf et al. - 2021 - A forest loss report card for the world’s protecte.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/NXCK886C/Wolf et al. - 2021 - A forest loss report card for the world’s protecte.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{leberger_global_2020-1,
	title = {Global patterns of forest loss across {IUCN} categories of protected areas},
	volume = {241},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719301004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108299},
	abstract = {Forests are under increasing pressure globally and the establishment of protected areas has long been used as a conservation tool to preserve them. Seven categories of protected areas have been defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with different management objectives and protection levels. However, recent studies raised questions over whether protected areas are effective in preventing ecosystem degradation and whether IUCN categories vary in their effectiveness. In this study, we analysed forest loss and trends between 2001 and 2014 within IUCN protected areas at a global scale and within sixteen Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem services (IPBES) subregions, relevant for international policy. As habitat protection can be driven by the location of protected areas and as the amount of forest within protected sites is highly unequal, we reported the forest loss integrating the proximity of roads and population, as well as the amount of initial forest in 2000. Our results show that worldwide, the highest protection categories experienced less forest loss than those allowing more human intervention, although this result was reversed in three IPBES subregions. Moreover, in four subregions there was more forest loss within protected areas than outside. We also found accelerating rates of forest loss in protected areas across all IUCN categories, more pronounced in the highest protection IUCN categories. Our results highlight the importance of moving the discussion of the post-2020 biodiversity framework for protected areas beyond simple general areal targets and that areas with poor implementation effectiveness should benefit from additional support.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Leberger, Roxanne and Rosa, Isabel M. D. and Guerra, Carlos A. and Wolf, Florian and Pereira, Henrique M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Forest conservation, Forest loss, IPBES subregion, IUCN protected areas, Protected areas audit},
	pages = {108299},
	file = {Leberger et al. - 2020 - Global patterns of forest loss across IUCN categor.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/5VVPXG2W/Leberger et al. - 2020 - Global patterns of forest loss across IUCN categor.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/E444SVZZ/S0006320719301004.html:text/html},
}

@article{morales-hidalgo_status_2015,
	series = {Changes in {Global} {Forest} {Resources} from 1990 to 2015},
	title = {Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the {Global} {Forest} {Resources} {Assessment} 2015},
	volume = {352},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715003370},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.011},
	abstract = {The global community has recognized the importance of forests for biodiversity, and has prioritized the preservation of forest biodiversity and ecosystem functions through multiple multilateral agreements and processes such as the Convention on Biodiversity’s Aichi Targets and the Millennium Development Goals. The Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) provides one mechanism for tracking progress toward such goals in three particular areas: primary forest area, protected forest areas, and areas designated for the conservation of biodiversity. In this paper, we quantify current area and trends in forest areas designated for the conservation of biodiversity, protected forest areas, and primary forests by country and biome; and examine the association between total forest area and measures of protection, per-capita income, and population. The overall findings suggest that countries are increasingly protecting forests of ecological significance at the global scale (7.7\% of forests were protected in 1990 rising to 16.3\% in 2015), with a strong upward trend in protected areas in the tropical domain (from 12\% in 1990 to 26.3\% in 2015). However, primary forest area has declined by 2.5\% globally and by 10\% in the tropics over the period 1990–2015 (using data for countries that reported in all years). Given that many species in the tropics are endemic to primary forests, losses in that climatic domain continue to be of concern, although the rate of decline appears to be slowing. Using multiple regression analysis, we find that a 1\% increase in protected area or area designated for biodiversity conservation within a country is associated with an increase in total forest area in that country of about 0.03\% (p{\textless}0.05). A 1\% within-country increase in population density and per capita GDP are associated with a decrease in forest area of about 0.2\% (p{\textless}0.01) and an increase in forest area of about 0.08\% (p{\textless}0.05) respectively. Our findings also indicate that, since FRA is used as one mechanism for tracking progress toward goals like the AICHI Biodiversity Targets, country correspondents may require additional assistance toward reporting on primary forest, protected forest, and biodiversity conservation statistics.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Morales-Hidalgo, David and Oswalt, Sonja N. and Somanathan, E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Protected areas, Biodiversity conservation, FRA 2015, Global Forest Resource Assessment, Primary forest},
	pages = {68--77},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/MTPIRR35/S0378112715003370.html:text/html},
}

@article{heino_forest_2015,
	title = {Forest {Loss} in {Protected} {Areas} and {Intact} {Forest} {Landscapes}: {A} {Global} {Analysis}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Forest {Loss} in {Protected} {Areas} and {Intact} {Forest} {Landscapes}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138918},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0138918},
	abstract = {In spite of the high importance of forests, global forest loss has remained alarmingly high during the last decades. Forest loss at a global scale has been unveiled with increasingly finer spatial resolution, but the forest extent and loss in protected areas (PAs) and in large intact forest landscapes (IFLs) have not so far been systematically assessed. Moreover, the impact of protection on preserving the IFLs is not well understood. In this study we conducted a consistent assessment of the global forest loss in PAs and IFLs over the period 2000–2012. We used recently published global remote sensing based spatial forest cover change data, being a uniform and consistent dataset over space and time, together with global datasets on PAs’ and IFLs’ locations. Our analyses revealed that on a global scale 3\% of the protected forest, 2.5\% of the intact forest, and 1.5\% of the protected intact forest were lost during the study period. These forest loss rates are relatively high compared to global total forest loss of 5\% for the same time period. The variation in forest losses and in protection effect was large among geographical regions and countries. In some regions the loss in protected forests exceeded 5\% (e.g. in Australia and Oceania, and North America) and the relative forest loss was higher inside protected areas than outside those areas (e.g. in Mongolia and parts of Africa, Central Asia, and Europe). At the same time, protection was found to prevent forest loss in several countries (e.g. in South America and Southeast Asia). Globally, high area-weighted forest loss rates of protected and intact forests were associated with high gross domestic product and in the case of protected forests also with high proportions of agricultural land. Our findings reinforce the need for improved understanding of the reasons for the high forest losses in PAs and IFLs and strategies to prevent further losses.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Heino, Matias and Kummu, Matti and Makkonen, Marika and Mulligan, Mark and Verburg, Peter H. and Jalava, Mika and Räsänen, Timo A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Conservation science, Forests, Asia, Deforestation, Forest ecology, Agricultural land, Population density, Regression analysis},
	pages = {e0138918},
	file = {Heino et al. - 2015 - Forest Loss in Protected Areas and Intact Forest L.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/NUW23XK7/Heino et al. - 2015 - Forest Loss in Protected Areas and Intact Forest L.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/7BZFUX6V/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{coad_measuring_2015,
	title = {Measuring impact of protected area management interventions: current and future use of the {Global} {Database} of {Protected} {Area} {Management} {Effectiveness}},
	volume = {370},
	shorttitle = {Measuring impact of protected area management interventions},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2014.0281},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2014.0281},
	abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) are at the forefront of conservation efforts, and yet despite considerable progress towards the global target of having 17\% of the world's land area within protected areas by 2020, biodiversity continues to decline. The discrepancy between increasing PA coverage and negative biodiversity trends has resulted in renewed efforts to enhance PA effectiveness. The global conservation community has conducted thousands of assessments of protected area management effectiveness (PAME), and interest in the use of these data to help measure the conservation impact of PA management interventions is high. Here, we summarize the status of PAME assessment, review the published evidence for a link between PAME assessment results and the conservation impacts of PAs, and discuss the limitations and future use of PAME data in measuring the impact of PA management interventions on conservation outcomes. We conclude that PAME data, while designed as a tool for local adaptive management, may also help to provide insights into the impact of PA management interventions from the local-to-global scale. However, the subjective and ordinal characteristics of the data present significant limitations for their application in rigorous scientific impact evaluations, a problem that should be recognized and mitigated where possible.},
	number = {1681},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Coad, Lauren and Leverington, Fiona and Knights, Kathryn and Geldmann, Jonas and Eassom, April and Kapos, Valerie and Kingston, Naomi and de Lima, Marcelo and Zamora, Camilo and Cuardros, Ivon and Nolte, Christoph and Burgess, Neil D. and Hockings, Marc},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	keywords = {impact assessment, biodiversity, biodiversity targets, conservation outcomes, convention on biological diversity (CBD)},
	pages = {20140281},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/W87AFNZW/Coad et al. - 2015 - Measuring impact of protected area management inte.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{blankespoor_protected_2017,
	title = {Protected areas and deforestation: new results from high-resolution panel data},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1477-8947},
	shorttitle = {Protected areas and deforestation},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1477-8947.12118},
	doi = {10.1111/1477-8947.12118},
	abstract = {This paper investigates the effectiveness of protected areas in slowing tropical forest clearing in 64 countries in Asia/Pacific, Africa and Latin America during the period of 2001–2012 by comparing deforestation rates inside and within 10 km outside of the boundaries of protected areas. Annual time series of these deforestation rates were constructed from recently published high-resolution data on forest clearing from Hansen et al. (2013). For 4,028 parks, panel estimation based on a variety of park characteristics was conducted to test if deforestation was lower in protected areas because of their protected status, or if other factors explained the difference. From a sample of 726 parks established since 2002, a test was also conducted to investigate the effect of park establishment on protection. Findings suggest park size, national park status and management by indigenous people all are significantly associated with effective protection across regions. For the Asia/Pacific region, the test offers compelling evidence that park establishment has a near-immediate and powerful effect.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Natural Resources Forum},
	author = {Blankespoor, Brian and Dasgupta, Susmita and Wheeler, David},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1477-8947.12118},
	keywords = {deforestation, Protected areas, annual time series, high-resolution data, local governance},
	pages = {55--68},
	file = {Version soumise:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/B8QYH2RA/Blankespoor et al. - 2017 - Protected areas and deforestation new results fro.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{abman_rule_2018,
	title = {Rule of {Law} and {Avoided} {Deforestation} from {Protected} {Areas}},
	volume = {146},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800917311473},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.004},
	abstract = {Global efforts to protect biodiversity and slow deforestation rely heavily on the establishment of protected areas; land set aside that cannot be deforested or developed. This paper studies the macro-level relationship between rule of law and variation in avoided deforestation from protected areas. Using recent global satellite data from 2000 to 2012, I estimate the country-level avoided deforestation of protected areas established in this period via nearest-neighbor matching. I then use weighted least-squares regressions to explain country-level variation in estimated avoided deforestation as a function of a country’s governance characteristics as well as other country-level controls. Across 71 countries in this study period, protected areas were more effective in countries with higher levels of corruption control and protection of property rights, protected areas were more effective in more democratic countries, and there appears to be no relationship between political stability and avoided deforestation from protected areas.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Abman, Ryan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Governance, Deforestation, Protected areas, Corruption},
	pages = {282--289},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/CIVYMR33/S0921800917311473.html:text/html},
}

@article{ribas_global_2020,
	title = {A global comparative analysis of impact evaluation methods in estimating the effectiveness of protected areas},
	volume = {246},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719319032},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108595},
	abstract = {Impact evaluation aims to estimate the effect of an intervention on intended, and perhaps unintended, outcomes compared to the outcomes of no intervention or different intervention. Traditional impact evaluation methods used in environmental sciences tend to compare protected and control areas that differ in several characteristics, thereby hampering the attribution of causality such as lower rates of deforestation occurring as consequence of protection. To overcome this problem, counterfactual methods have been developed to improve impact evaluation in environmental sciences, including studies that aim to measure the effects of protected areas in avoiding deforestation. The goal of counterfactual methods is achieved by identification of carefully selected and comparable control areas. Here, we report on a systematic review to evaluate whether estimates about the effectiveness of protected area differ between traditional and counterfactual impact evaluation methods. We found that estimates from traditional methods of avoided deforestation due to the establishment of protected areas were generally higher than those from counterfactual methods. However, estimates based on traditional linear models and multivariate ordinations were similar to those obtained by counterfactual methods. Although rarely used, linear methods and ordinations appear promising as parts of the impact evaluation toolbox, although their limitations need to be better understood.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Ribas, Luiz Guilherme dos Santos and Pressey, Robert L. and Loyola, Rafael and Bini, Luis Mauricio},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Environmental policy, Systematic review, Biodiversity conservation, Counterfactual thinking, Matching method, Protected area},
	pages = {108595},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/3899Z8JB/S0006320719319032.html:text/html},
}

@article{tabor_tropical_2018,
	title = {Tropical {Protected} {Areas} {Under} {Increasing} {Threats} from {Climate} {Change} and {Deforestation}},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2073-445X},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/7/3/90},
	doi = {10.3390/land7030090},
	abstract = {Identifying protected areas most susceptible to climate change and deforestation represents critical information for determining conservation investments. Development of effective landscape interventions is required to ensure the preservation and protection of these areas essential to ecosystem service provision, provide high biodiversity value, and serve a critical habitat connectivity role. We identified vulnerable protected areas in the humid tropical forest biome using climate metrics for 2050 and future deforestation risk for 2024 modeled from historical deforestation and global drivers of deforestation. Results show distinct continental and regional patterns of combined threats to protected areas. Eleven Mha (2\%) of global humid tropical protected area was exposed to the highest combined threats and should be prioritized for investments in landscape interventions focused on adaptation to climate stressors. Global tropical protected area exposed to the lowest deforestation risk but highest climate risks totaled 135 Mha (26\%). Thirty-five percent of South America’s protected area fell into this risk category and should be prioritized for increasing protected area size and connectivity to facilitate species movement. Global humid tropical protected area exposed to a combination of the lowest deforestation and lowest climate risks totaled 89 Mha (17\%), and were disproportionately located in Africa (34\%) and Asia (17\%), indicating opportunities for low-risk conservation investments for improved connectivity to these potential climate refugia. This type of biome-scale, protected area analysis, combining both climate change and deforestation threats, is critical to informing policies and landscape interventions to maximize investments for environmental conservation and increase ecosystem resilience to climate change.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Land},
	author = {Tabor, Karyn and Hewson, Jennifer and Tien, Hsin and González-Roglich, Mariano and Hole, David and Williams, John W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 3
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {climate change, deforestation, conservation, protected areas, biodiversity, tropics},
	pages = {90},
	file = {Tabor et al. - 2018 - Tropical Protected Areas Under Increasing Threats .pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/QE723B2V/Tabor et al. - 2018 - Tropical Protected Areas Under Increasing Threats .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wade_what_2020,
	title = {What {Is} {Threatening} {Forests} in {Protected} {Areas}? {A} {Global} {Assessment} of {Deforestation} in {Protected} {Areas}, 2001–2018},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1999-4907},
	shorttitle = {What {Is} {Threatening} {Forests} in {Protected} {Areas}?},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/5/539},
	doi = {10.3390/f11050539},
	abstract = {The protection of forests is crucial to providing important ecosystem services, such as supplying clean air and water, safeguarding critical habitats for biodiversity, and reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this importance, global forest loss has steadily increased in recent decades. Protected Areas (PAs) currently account for almost 15\% of Earth’s terrestrial surface and protect 5\% of global tree cover and were developed as a principal approach to limit the impact of anthropogenic activities on natural, intact ecosystems and habitats. We assess global trends in forest loss inside and outside of PAs, and land cover following this forest loss, using a global map of tree cover loss and global maps of land cover. While forests in PAs experience loss at lower rates than non-protected forests, we find that the temporal trend of forest loss in PAs is markedly similar to that of all forest loss globally. We find that forest loss in PAs is most commonly—and increasingly—followed by shrubland, a broad category that could represent re-growing forest, agricultural fallows, or pasture lands in some regional contexts. Anthropogenic forest loss for agriculture is common in some regions, particularly in the global tropics, while wildfires, pests, and storm blowdown are a significant and consistent cause of forest loss in more northern latitudes, such as the United States, Canada, and Russia. Our study describes a process for screening tree cover loss and agriculture expansion taking place within PAs, and identification of priority targets for further site-specific assessments of threats to PAs. We illustrate an approach for more detailed assessment of forest loss in four case study PAs in Brazil, Indonesia, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the United States.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Forests},
	author = {Wade, Christopher M. and Austin, Kemen G. and Cajka, James and Lapidus, Daniel and Everett, Kibri H. and Galperin, Diana and Maynard, Rachel and Sobel, Aaron},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 5
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {deforestation, protected areas, global forest, tree cover loss},
	pages = {539},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/DCNBSB8M/htm.html:text/html;Wade et al. - 2020 - What Is Threatening Forests in Protected Areas A .pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/MG46GQVB/Wade et al. - 2020 - What Is Threatening Forests in Protected Areas A .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{guerra_change_2019,
	title = {Change versus stability: are protected areas particularly pressured by global land cover change?},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1572-9761},
	shorttitle = {Change versus stability},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00918-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10980-019-00918-4},
	abstract = {Land cover change is a global multi-scale process affecting ecosystems, with potential implications for ecological processes and for the biological communities that support them. Land cover changes are especially relevant for protected areas where long-term ecosystem stability is a critical aspect of protecting and maintaining high levels of biodiversity and ecosystem functions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Guerra, Carlos António and Rosa, Isabel M. D. and Pereira, Henrique M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Ecosystem change, Global, Land degradation, Landscape impacts, Spillover effects},
	pages = {2779--2790},
	file = {Guerra et al. - 2019 - Change versus stability are protected areas parti.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/S6CDYUJL/Guerra et al. - 2019 - Change versus stability are protected areas parti.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bebber_tropical_2017,
	title = {Tropical protected areas reduced deforestation carbon emissions by one third from 2000–2012},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-14467-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-14467-w},
	abstract = {Tropical deforestation is responsible for around one tenth of total anthropogenic carbon emissions, and tropical protected areas (PAs) that reduce deforestation can therefore play an important role in mitigating climate change and protecting biodiversity and ecosystem services. While the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation has been estimated, the impact on global carbon emissions remains unquantified. Here we show that tropical PAs overall reduced deforestation carbon emissions by 4.88 Pg, or around 29\%, between 2000 and 2012, when compared to expected rates of deforestation controlling for spatial variation in deforestation pressure. The largest contribution was from the tropical Americas (368.8 TgC y−1), followed by Asia (25.0 TgC y−1) and Africa (12.7 TgC y−1). Variation in PA effectiveness is largely driven by local factors affecting individual PAs, rather than designations assigned by governments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Bebber, Daniel P. and Butt, Nathalie},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Conservation biology, Forest ecology, Environmental impact, Climate-change mitigation, Tropical ecology},
	pages = {14005},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/4VQ5W3XN/Bebber et Butt - 2017 - Tropical protected areas reduced deforestation car.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{spracklen_global_2015,
	title = {A {Global} {Analysis} of {Deforestation} in {Moist} {Tropical} {Forest} {Protected} {Areas}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143886},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143886},
	abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) have been established to conserve tropical forests, but their effectiveness at reducing deforestation is uncertain. To explore this issue, we combined high resolution data of global forest loss over the period 2000–2012 with data on PAs. For each PA we quantified forest loss within the PA, in buffer zones 1, 5, 10 and 15 km outside the PA boundary as well as a 1 km buffer within the PA boundary. We analysed 3376 tropical and subtropical moist forest PAs in 56 countries over 4 continents. We found that 73\% of PAs experienced substantial deforestation pressure, with {\textgreater}0.1\% a−1 forest loss in the outer 1 km buffer. Forest loss within PAs was greatest in Asia (0.25\% a−1) compared to Africa (0.1\% a−1), the Neotropics (0.1\% a−1) and Australasia (Australia and Papua New Guinea; 0.03\% a−1). We defined performance (P) of a PA as the ratio of forest loss in the inner 1 km buffer compared to the loss that would have occurred in the absence of the PA, calculated as the loss in the outer 1 km buffer corrected for any difference in deforestation pressure between the two buffers. To remove the potential bias due to terrain, we analysed a subset of PAs (n = 1804) where slope and elevation in inner and outer 1 km buffers were similar (within 1° and 100 m, respectively). We found 41\% of PAs in this subset reduced forest loss in the inner buffer by at least 25\% compared to the expected inner buffer forest loss (P{\textless}0.75). Median performance (P ˜) of subset reserves was 0.87, meaning a reduction in forest loss within the PA of 13\%. We found PAs were most effective in Australasia (P ˜ = 0.16), moderately successful in the Neotropics (P ˜ = 0.72) and Africa (P ˜ = 0.83), but ineffective in Asia (P ˜ = 1). We found many countries have PAs that give little or no protection to forest loss, particularly in parts of Asia, west Africa and central America. Across the tropics, the median effectiveness of PAs at the national level improved with gross domestic product per capita. Whilst tropical and subtropical moist forest PAs do reduce forest loss, widely varying performance suggests substantial opportunities for improved protection, particularly in Asia.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-06-21},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Spracklen, B. D. and Kalamandeen, M. and Galbraith, D. and Gloor, E. and Spracklen, D. V.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Conservation science, Forests, Asia, Africa, Deforestation, Forest ecology, Economic analysis, Tropical forests},
	pages = {e0143886},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/PHGK4VA3/article.html:text/html;Spracklen et al. - 2015 - A Global Analysis of Deforestation in Moist Tropic.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/M5EIG7H9/Spracklen et al. - 2015 - A Global Analysis of Deforestation in Moist Tropic.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{dubois_integrating_2016,
	title = {Integrating {Multiple} {Spatial} {Datasets} to {Assess} {Protected} {Areas}: {Lessons} {Learnt} from the {Digital} {Observatory} for {Protected} {Areas} ({DOPA})},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2220-9964},
	shorttitle = {Integrating {Multiple} {Spatial} {Datasets} to {Assess} {Protected} {Areas}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/5/12/242},
	doi = {10.3390/ijgi5120242},
	abstract = {The Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA) has been developed to support the European Union’s efforts in strengthening our capacity to mobilize and use biodiversity data so that they are readily accessible to policymakers, managers, researchers and other users. Assessing protected areas for biodiversity conservation at national, regional and international scales implies that methods and tools are in place to evaluate characteristics such as the protected areas’ connectivity, their species assemblages (including the presence of threatened species), the uniqueness of their ecosystems, and the threats these areas are exposed to. Typical requirements for such analyses are data on protected areas, information on species distributions and threat status, and information on ecosystem distributions. By integrating all these global data consistently in metrics and indicators, the DOPA provides the means to allow end-users to evaluate protected areas individually but also to compare protected areas at the country and ecoregion level to, for example, identify potential priorities for further conservation research, action and funding. Since the metrics and indicators are available through web services, the DOPA further allows end-users to develop their own applications without requiring management of large databases and processing capacities. In addition to examples illustrating how the DOPA can be used as an aid to decision making, we discuss the lessons learnt in the development of this global biodiversity information system, and outline planned future developments for further supporting conservation strategies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-07-03},
	journal = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information},
	author = {Dubois, Grégoire and Bastin, Lucy and Bertzky, Bastian and Mandrici, Andrea and Conti, Michele and Saura, Santiago and Cottam, Andrew and Battistella, Luca and Martínez-López, Javier and Boni, Martino and Graziano, Mariagrazia},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {protected areas, Aichi Target 11, biodiversity conservation, EU Biodiversity Strategy, web services},
	pages = {242},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/5VAGCNSX/Dubois et al. - 2016 - Integrating Multiple Spatial Datasets to Assess Pr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/74WZ9F44/242.html:text/html},
}

@article{baccini_estimated_2012,
	title = {Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2012 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1758-6798},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1354},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate1354},
	abstract = {Deforestation contributes 6–17\% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. However, much uncertainty in the calculation of deforestation emissions stems from the inadequacy of forest carbon-density and deforestation data. Now an analysis provides the most-detailed estimate so far of the carbon density of vegetation and the associated carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation for ecosystems across the tropics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Baccini, A. and Goetz, S. J. and Walker, W. S. and Laporte, N. T. and Sun, M. and Sulla-Menashe, D. and Hackler, J. and Beck, P. S. A. and Dubayah, R. and Friedl, M. A. and Samanta, S. and Houghton, R. A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Number: 3
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Forest ecology, Biogeochemistry},
	pages = {182--185},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/WKI5TQ2P/nclimate1354.html:text/html},
}

@article{weiss_global_2018,
	title = {A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015},
	volume = {553},
	number = {7688},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Weiss, D. Jꎬ and Nelson, Andy and Gibson, H. S. and Temperley, W. and Peedell, Stephen and Lieber, A. and Hancher, M. and Poyart, Eduardo and Belchior, Simão and Fullman, Nancy},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {333--336},
	file = {Full Text:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/D6ALTBCY/Weiss et al. - 2018 - A global map of travel time to cities to assess in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/GFFZ7F6A/nature25181.html:text/html},
}

@article{joppa_global_2011,
	title = {Global protected area impacts},
	volume = {278},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2010.1713},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.1713},
	abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) dominate conservation efforts. They will probably play a role in future climate policies too, as global payments may reward local reductions of loss of natural land cover. We estimate the impact of PAs on natural land cover within each of 147 countries by comparing outcomes inside PAs with outcomes outside. We use ‘matching’ (or ‘apples to apples’) for land characteristics to control for the fact that PAs very often are non-randomly distributed across their national landscapes. Protection tends towards land that, if unprotected, is less likely than average to be cleared. For 75 per cent of countries, we find protection does reduce conversion of natural land cover. However, for approximately 80 per cent of countries, our global results also confirm (following smaller-scale studies) that controlling for land characteristics reduces estimated impact by half or more. This shows the importance of controlling for at least a few key land characteristics. Further, we show that impacts vary considerably within a country (i.e. across a landscape): protection achieves less on lands far from roads, far from cities and on steeper slopes. Thus, while planners are, of course, constrained by other conservation priorities and costs, they could target higher impacts to earn more global payments for reduced deforestation.},
	number = {1712},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Joppa, Lucas N. and Pfaff, Alexander},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	keywords = {deforestation, REDD, land cover, protected areas, conservation impacts, matching},
	pages = {1633--1638},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/93G23MNS/Joppa and Pfaff - 2011 - Global protected area impacts.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nolte_governance_2013,
	title = {Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the {Brazilian} {Amazon}},
	volume = {110},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1214786110},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1214786110},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Nolte, Christoph and Agrawal, Arun and Silvius, Kirsten M. and Soares-Filho, Britaldo S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {4956--4961},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/WTXB2L2F/Nolte et al. - 2013 - Governance regime and location influence avoided d.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nelson_effectiveness_2011,
	title = {Effectiveness of {Strict} vs. {Multiple} {Use} {Protected} {Areas} in {Reducing} {Tropical} {Forest} {Fires}: {A} {Global} {Analysis} {Using} {Matching} {Methods}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Effectiveness of {Strict} vs. {Multiple} {Use} {Protected} {Areas} in {Reducing} {Tropical} {Forest} {Fires}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022722},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0022722},
	abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) cover a quarter of the tropical forest estate. Yet there is debate over the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation, especially when local people have rights to use the forest. A key analytic problem is the likely placement of PAs on marginal lands with low pressure for deforestation, biasing comparisons between protected and unprotected areas. Using matching techniques to control for this bias, this paper analyzes the global tropical forest biome using forest fires as a high resolution proxy for deforestation; disaggregates impacts by remoteness, a proxy for deforestation pressure; and compares strictly protected vs. multiple use PAs vs indigenous areas. Fire activity was overlaid on a 1 km map of tropical forest extent in 2000; land use change was inferred for any point experiencing one or more fires. Sampled points in pre-2000 PAs were matched with randomly selected never-protected points in the same country. Matching criteria included distance to road network, distance to major cities, elevation and slope, and rainfall. In Latin America and Asia, strict PAs substantially reduced fire incidence, but multi-use PAs were even more effective. In Latin America, where there is data on indigenous areas, these areas reduce forest fire incidence by 16 percentage points, over two and a half times as much as naïve (unmatched) comparison with unprotected areas would suggest. In Africa, more recently established strict PAs appear to be effective, but multi-use tropical forest protected areas yield few sample points, and their impacts are not robustly estimated. These results suggest that forest protection can contribute both to biodiversity conservation and CO2 mitigation goals, with particular relevance to the REDD agenda. Encouragingly, indigenous areas and multi-use protected areas can help to accomplish these goals, suggesting some compatibility between global environmental goals and support for local livelihoods.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Nelson, Andrew and Chomitz, Kenneth M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Conservation science, Ecosystems, Forests, Biodiversity, Deforestation, Tropical forests, Cities, Wildfires},
	pages = {e22722},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/WBAXPZ5L/Nelson and Chomitz - 2011 - Effectiveness of Strict vs. Multiple Use Protected.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/JVMUYMVG/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{pfaff_governance_2014,
	title = {Governance, location and avoided deforestation from protected areas: greater restrictions can have lower impact, due to differences in location},
	volume = {55},
	shorttitle = {Governance, location and avoided deforestation from protected areas},
	journal = {World Development},
	author = {Pfaff, Alexander and Robalino, Juan and Lima, Eirivelthon and Sandoval, Catalina and Herrera, Luis Diego},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {7--20},
	file = {Full Text:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/NFE4VN6X/Pfaff et al. - 2014 - Governance, location and avoided deforestation fro.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/ISZCBJWH/S0305750X1300017X.html:text/html},
}

@article{hargrave_economic_2013,
	title = {Economic causes of deforestation in the {Brazilian} {Amazon}: a panel data analysis for the 2000s},
	volume = {54},
	shorttitle = {Economic causes of deforestation in the {Brazilian} {Amazon}},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental and Resource Economics},
	author = {Hargrave, Jorge and Kis-Katos, Krisztina},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {471--494},
	file = {Full Text:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/J7E8BZQN/Hargrave and Kis-Katos - 2013 - Economic causes of deforestation in the Brazilian .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/57V7REAS/s10640-012-9610-2.html:text/html},
}

@article{geldmann_global-level_2019,
	title = {A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures},
	volume = {116},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1908221116},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1908221116},
	number = {46},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Geldmann, Jonas and Manica, Andrea and Burgess, Neil D. and Coad, Lauren and Balmford, Andrew},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {23209--23215},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/INPRXJB4/Geldmann et al. - 2019 - A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{soares-filho_role_2010,
	title = {Role of {Brazilian} {Amazon} protected areas in climate change mitigation},
	volume = {107},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0913048107},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0913048107},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Soares-Filho, Britaldo and Moutinho, Paulo and Nepstad, Daniel and Anderson, Anthony and Rodrigues, Hermann and Garcia, Ricardo and Dietzsch, Laura and Merry, Frank and Bowman, Maria and Hissa, Letícia and Silvestrini, Rafaella and Maretti, Cláudio},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {10821--10826},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/7J5UKKNJ/Soares-Filho et al. - 2010 - Role of Brazilian Amazon protected areas in climat.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{andam_measuring_2008,
	title = {Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation},
	volume = {105},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0800437105},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0800437105},
	number = {42},
	urldate = {2022-09-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Andam, Kwaw S. and Ferraro, Paul J. and Pfaff, Alexander and Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. Arturo and Robalino, Juan A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {16089--16094},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/IXGSSLDG/Andam et al. - 2008 - Measuring the effectiveness of protected area netw.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{kluve_kfw_2022,
	address = {Frankfürt},
	title = {The {KfW} {Protected} {Areas} {Portfolio}: a {Rigorous} {Impact} {Evaluation}},
	author = {Kluve, Jochen and Schielain, Johannes and Wong, Melvin and Eilers, Yota},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	file = {Kluve et al. - 2022 - The KfW Protected Areas Portfolio a Rigorous Impa.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/SYQPGBLZ/Kluve et al. - 2022 - The KfW Protected Areas Portfolio a Rigorous Impa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{gorgen_mapmebiodiversity_2022,
	title = {mapme.biodiversity: {Efficient} {Monitoring} of {Global} {Biodiversity} {Portfolios}},
	copyright = {GPL (≥ 3)},
	shorttitle = {mapme.biodiversity},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mapme.biodiversity},
	abstract = {Biodiversity areas, especially primary forest, serve a multitude of functions for local economy, regional functionality of the ecosystems as well as the global health of our planet. Recently, adverse changes in human land use practices and climatic responses to increased greenhouse gas emissions, put these biodiversity areas under a variety of different threats. The present package helps to analyse a number of biodiversity indicators based on freely available geographical datasets. It supports computational efficient routines that allow the analysis of potentially global biodiversity portfolios. The primary use case of the package is to support evidence based reporting of an organization's effort to protect biodiversity areas under threat and to identify regions were intervention is most duly needed.},
	urldate = {2022-09-03},
	author = {Görgen, Darius A. and Bhandari, Om Prakash},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
}

@misc{hoffman_biodiversity_2016,
	title = {Biodiversity {Hotspots} (version 2016.1)},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/3261807},
	abstract = {There are currently 36 recognized biodiversity hotspots. These are Earth’s most biologically rich—yet threatened—terrestrial regions. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, an area must meet two strict criteria: Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as "endemic" species). Have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation. Many of the biodiversity hotspots exceed the two criteria. For example, both the Sundaland Hotspot in Southeast Asia and the Tropical Andes Hotspot in South America have about 15,000 endemic plant species. The loss of vegetation in some hotspots has reached a startling 95 percent.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2022-09-20},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Hoffman, Michael and Koenig, Kellee and Bunting, Gill and Costanza, Jennifer and Williams, Kristen J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3261807},
	note = {Type: dataset},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Conservation Priorities},
	file = {Zenodo Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/FKI3F7C4/3261807.html:text/html},
}

@article{clark_bridging_2018,
	title = {Bridging funding gaps for climate and sustainable development: {Pitfalls}, progress and potential of private finance},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0264-8377},
	shorttitle = {Bridging funding gaps for climate and sustainable development},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837717310049},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.013},
	abstract = {In a world where natural capital is often unpriced or undervalued, thus making resource exploitation very lucrative, environmentally degrading activities will continue to dominate the economy. The past decade has seen a bourgeoning interest in scaling up private investment to address persistent socioeconomic and environmental challenges globally. The recently formulated sustainable development goals and global climate agenda have further heightened the urgency for a more holistic and integrated conceptualization of transitioning towards a sustainable low-carbon economy. Despite the increasing appeal of green finance as a concept, the delivery of an empirical evidence base that illustrates the effectiveness of projects aligned with climate action and sustainable development—both in terms of measurable performance and value for money—has been less forthcoming. Concurrently, there have been numerous claims of the potential of ‘unlocking’ the trillions of dollars of private finance that is available for investment. We perform a critical analysis of literature from across a spectrum of research topics to explore the inhibiting barriers and apparent disconnect between the purported available—or required—finance and the actual finance invested in sustainable development. Furthermore, we consider actions that government agencies and the research community might consider in order to better incentivize private investment in developing and low-income countries that will facilitate low-carbon sustainable development. We provide suggestions for fiscal and policy reform in addition to identifying the need for a centralized reporting and convening body. We conclude that far more coordinated efforts are required to encourage investments in long-term and sustainable landscape-scale initiatives. Current efforts at securing finance, implementing initiatives and building the knowledge base are accelerating but remain fragmented and often sectorial in their nature; we thus offer some key recommendations for areas of future progress.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-09-20},
	journal = {Land Use Policy},
	author = {Clark, Robyn and Reed, James and Sunderland, Terry},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Conservation and development, Green finance, Low-carbon economy, Sustainable Development Goals},
	pages = {335--346},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/KKVVTTQC/S0264837717310049.html:text/html;Version acceptée:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/XVPVAF9F/Clark et al. - 2018 - Bridging funding gaps for climate and sustainable .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{belle_towards_2020,
	title = {Towards a typological framework for area-based conservation},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS-26-2EB.en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {PARKS},
	author = {Belle, Elise MS and Bingham, Heather C. and Bhola, Nina and Dudley, Nigel and Stolton, Sue and Kingston, Naomi},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland},
	pages = {129--134},
	file = {Belle et al. - 2020 - Towards a typological framework for area-based con.pdf:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/PTLL24B6/Belle et al. - 2020 - Towards a typological framework for area-based con.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{waeber_parks_2020,
	title = {Parks and reserves in {Madagascar}: managing biodiversity for a sustainable future},
	shorttitle = {Parks and reserves in {Madagascar}},
	journal = {Protected Areas, National Parks and Sustainable Future. AN Bakar and MN Suratman (eds.)},
	author = {Waeber, Patrick O. and Rafanoharana, Serge and Rasamuel, H. Andry and Wilmé, Lucienne},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {89--108},
	file = {Full Text:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/98NXCS2Y/66280.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/5PEWFKR2/books.html:text/html},
}

@article{carvalho_methods_2020-1,
	title = {Methods for prioritizing protected areas using individual and aggregate rankings},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0376-8929, 1469-4387},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/methods-for-prioritizing-protected-areas-using-individual-and-aggregate-rankings/3AB6D8C4A11A4EA30F9BAF51E748AF47},
	doi = {10.1017/S0376892920000090},
	abstract = {Despite their legal protection status, protected areas (PAs) can benefit from priority ranks when ongoing threats to their biodiversity and habitats outpace the financial resources available for their conservation. It is essential to develop methods to prioritize PAs that are not computationally demanding in order to suit stakeholders in developing countries where technical and financial resources are limited. We used expert knowledge-derived biodiversity measures to generate individual and aggregate priority ranks of 98 mostly terrestrial PAs on Madagascar. The five variables used were state of knowledge (SoK), forest loss, forest loss acceleration, PA size and relative species diversity, estimated by using standardized residuals from negative binomial models of SoK regressed onto species diversity. We compared our aggregate ranks generated using unweighted averages and principal component analysis (PCA) applied to each individual variable with those generated via Markov chain (MC) and PageRank algorithms. SoK significantly affected the measure of species diversity and highlighted areas where more research effort was needed. The unweighted- and PCA-derived ranks were strongly correlated, as were the MC and PageRank ranks. However, the former two were weakly correlated with the latter two. We recommend using these methods simultaneously in order to provide decision-makers with the flexibility to prioritize those PAs in need of additional research and conservation efforts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-10-05},
	journal = {Environmental Conservation},
	author = {Carvalho, Fabio and Brown, Kerry A. and Gordon, Adam D. and Yesuf, Gabriel U. and Raherilalao, Marie Jeanne and Raselimanana, Achille P. and Soarimalala, Voahangy and Goodman, Steven M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Madagascar, conservation triage, expert knowledge, forest loss acceleration, Markov chain algorithm, PageRank algorithm},
	pages = {113--122},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/KFNLZIGY/Carvalho et al. - 2020 - Methods for prioritizing protected areas using ind.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/florent/Zotero/storage/SMHR695P/3AB6D8C4A11A4EA30F9BAF51E748AF47.html:text/html},
}

@book{goodman_les_2018,
	title = {Les aires protégées terrestres de {Madagascar}: leur histoire, description et biote.},
	shorttitle = {Les aires protégées terrestres de {Madagascar}},
	publisher = {Association Vahatra},
	author = {Goodman, Steven M. and Raherilalao, Marie Jeanne and Wohlhauser, Sébastien and Rabenandrasana, Jean Clarck N. and Rakotondratsimba, Herivololona M. and Andriamialisoa, Fanja and Razafimpahanana, Malalarisoa},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{barnier2022,
	title = {Introduction à {R} et au tidyverse},
	author = {Barnier, Julien},
	year = {2022},
	date = {2022},
	url = {https://juba.github.io/tidyverse/index.html}
}

@article{utilitr:2022,
	title = {utilitR: documentation collaborative sur R},
	editor = {Galiana, Lino and Meslin, Olivier},
	year = {2022},
	date = {2022},
	url = {https://www.book.utilitr.org/}
}

@book{grolemund2022,
	title = {R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data},
	author = {Grolemund, Garrett and Wickham, Hadley},
	year = {2022},
	date = {2022},
	publisher = {O'Reilly Media},
	edition = {1st edition},
	url = {https://r4ds.had.co.nz/},
	address = {Sebastopol, CA},
	langid = {English}
}

@book{grolemund2022a,
	title = {R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data},
	author = {Grolemund, Garrett and Wickham, Hadley},
	year = {2022},
	date = {2022},
	publisher = {O'Reilly Media},
	edition = {1st edition},
	url = {https://r4ds.had.co.nz/},
	address = {Sebastopol, CA},
	langid = {English}
}

@book{lovelace2022,
	title = {Geocomputation with R},
	author = {Lovelace, Robin and Nowosad, Jakub and Muenchow, Jannes},
	year = {2022},
	date = {2022},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	url = {https://geocompr.robinlovelace.net/},
	address = {Boca Raton London New York},
	langid = {Anglais}
}

@book{görgen2022,
	title = {mapme.biodiversity: Efficient Monitoring of Global Biodiversity Portfolios},
	author = {{Görgen}, Darius A. and Bhandari, Om Prakash},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08},
	date = {2022-08-23},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mapme.biodiversity}
}

@book{hlavac2022,
	title = {stargazer: Well-Formatted Regression and Summary Statistics Tables},
	author = {Hlavac, Marek},
	year = {2022},
	month = {03},
	date = {2022-03-04},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stargazer}
}

@article{did,
	title = {Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods},
	author = {Callaway, Brantly and {Sant'Anna}, Pedro H.C.},
	year = {2021},
	date = {2021},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001}
}

@article{callaway2021,
	title = {Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods},
	author = {Callaway, Brantly and {Sant{\textquoteright}Anna}, Pedro H. C.},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12},
	date = {2021-12-01},
	journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
	pages = {200--230},
	series = {Themed Issue: Treatment Effect 1},
	volume = {225},
	number = {2},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407620303948},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{devenish_track_2022,
	title = {On track to achieve no net loss of forest at {Madagascar}’s biggest mine},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00850-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-022-00850-7},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires reconciling development with biodiversity conservation. Governments and lenders increasingly call for major industrial developments to offset unavoidable biodiversity loss but there are few robust evaluations of whether offset interventions ensure no net loss of biodiversity. We focus on the biodiversity offsets associated with the high-profile Ambatovy mine in Madagascar and evaluate their effectiveness at delivering no net loss of forest. As part of their efforts to mitigate biodiversity loss, Ambatovy compensate for forest clearance at the mine site by slowing deforestation driven by small-scale agriculture elsewhere. Using a range of methods, including extensive robustness checks exploring 116 alternative model specifications, we show that the offsets are on track to avert as much deforestation as was caused by the mine. This encouraging result shows that biodiversity offsetting can contribute towards mitigating environmental damage from a major industrial development, even within a weak state, but there remain important caveats with broad application. Our approach could serve as a template to facilitate other evaluations and so build a stronger evidence-base of the effectiveness of no net loss interventions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-07-02},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {Devenish, Katie and Desbureaux, Sébastien and Willcock, Simon and Jones, Julia P. G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Environmental impact, Sustainability},
	pages = {498--508},
	file = {41893_2022_850_MOESM1_ESM.pdf:C\:\\Users\\fbede\\Zotero\\storage\\D23JNE3F\\41893_2022_850_MOESM1_ESM.pdf:application/pdf;Devenish et al_2023_On track to achieve no net loss of forest at Madagascar’s biggest mine.pdf:C\:\\Users\\fbede\\Zotero\\storage\\GD9SA6D9\\Devenish et al_2023_On track to achieve no net loss of forest at Madagascar’s biggest mine.pdf:application/pdf;Devenish et al. - 2022 - On track to achieve no net loss of forest at Madag.pdf:C\:\\Users\\fbede\\Zotero\\storage\\CAAPFA78\\Devenish et al. - 2022 - On track to achieve no net loss of forest at Madag.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:C\:\\Users\\fbede\\Zotero\\storage\\LPJXEKPB\\s41893-022-00850-7.html:text/html},
}

@book{larmarange2024,
	title = {guide-R : Guide pour l’analyse de données d’enquêtes avec R},
	author = {Larmarange, Joseph},
	year = {2024},
	date = {2024},
	url = {https://larmarange.github.io/guide-R/}
}