Create Blog “2025-01-09-top-100-full-stack-developer-interview-questions-and-answers”

Author: kshyam

_posts/2025-01-09-top-100-full-stack-developer-interview-questions-and-answers.md

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+---
+title: 2025-01-09-Top 100 full-stack developer interview questions and answers
+description: A full-stack developer works on both front-end (client-side) and
+  back-end (server-side) parts of a web application.
+image: /img/blogs/top-100-full-stack-developer-interview-questions-and-answer.jpg
+layout: post
+permalink: /blog/:title
+author: Shyam Mohan
+category: Web development
+date: 2025-01-09T02:25:00.000Z
+---
+Here’s a comprehensive list of **top 100 full-stack developer interview questions and answers** covering front-end, back-end, database, and general topics. Due to the character limit, I’ll list key questions and answers in various categories. Let me know if you’d like this expanded or need a document for easier reference.
+
+---
+
+### **General Full-Stack Questions**
+1. **What is a Full-Stack Developer?**  
+   A full-stack developer works on both front-end (client-side) and back-end (server-side) parts of a web application.
+
+2. **What is the difference between full-stack and MEAN/MERN stack?**  
+   - MEAN: MongoDB, Express.js, Angular, Node.js  
+   - MERN: MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js  
+   These are JavaScript-based stacks, while "full-stack" is a general term for working on both front-end and back-end.
+
+3. **What is RESTful API?**  
+   REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications using stateless communication via HTTP.
+
+4. **What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?**  
+   - SQL: Relational, structured schema (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).  
+   - NoSQL: Non-relational, flexible schema (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
+
+5. **What are HTTP status codes?**  
+   - 200: OK  
+   - 404: Not Found  
+   - 500: Internal Server Error
+
+---
+
+### **Front-End Development**
+6. **What is the difference between HTML and HTML5?**  
+   HTML5 introduced new tags like `<article>`, `<section>`, `<audio>`, `<video>`, and supports offline storage and multimedia.
+
+7. **What is the DOM?**  
+   The DOM (Document Object Model) represents an HTML document as a tree structure where each node is an element.
+
+8. **What are CSS flexbox and grid?**  
+   - Flexbox: One-dimensional layout (row/column).  
+   - Grid: Two-dimensional layout (rows and columns).
+
+9. **What are media queries in CSS?**  
+   Media queries allow you to apply styles based on device properties like screen width (`@media screen and (max-width: 768px)`).
+
+10. **What is React Virtual DOM?**  
+    React's Virtual DOM is a lightweight copy of the DOM, used for efficient UI updates by minimizing direct DOM manipulation.
+
+---
+
+### **JavaScript**
+11. **What is the difference between `var`, `let`, and `const`?**  
+    - `var`: Function-scoped, hoisted.  
+    - `let`: Block-scoped, not hoisted.  
+    - `const`: Block-scoped, cannot be reassigned.
+
+12. **What is asynchronous JavaScript?**  
+    Asynchronous JavaScript (e.g., using Promises or `async/await`) allows non-blocking operations like API calls.
+
+13. **What is the purpose of closures?**  
+    Closures allow a function to access variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has returned.
+
+14. **What are JavaScript frameworks commonly used in full-stack development?**  
+    - Front-end: React, Angular, Vue.js.  
+    - Back-end: Node.js, Express.js.
+
+15. **What is CORS?**  
+    Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) allows restricted resources on a web page to be requested from another domain.
+
+---
+
+### **Back-End Development**
+16. **What is Node.js?**  
+    Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine, enabling server-side scripting.
+
+17. **What is middleware in Express.js?**  
+    Middleware functions handle requests, responses, or errors in Express.js applications.
+
+18. **What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architecture?**  
+    - Monolithic: Single codebase.  
+    - Microservices: Decoupled, independently deployable services.
+
+19. **What is JWT?**  
+    JSON Web Token is used for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object, often for authentication.
+
+20. **What are some popular backend frameworks?**  
+    - Node.js (Express.js, Nest.js)  
+    - Python (Django, Flask)  
+    - Ruby (Ruby on Rails)
+
+---
+
+### **Database**
+21. **What is indexing in databases?**  
+    Indexing improves database query performance by creating a data structure that allows quick data retrieval.
+
+22. **What is the difference between `DELETE`, `DROP`, and `TRUNCATE` in SQL?**  
+    - `DELETE`: Removes specific rows.  
+    - `TRUNCATE`: Removes all rows, faster.  
+    - `DROP`: Deletes the table itself.
+
+23. **What is ACID in database transactions?**  
+    ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability, ensuring reliable transactions.
+
+24. **What is MongoDB, and how does it store data?**  
+    MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in JSON-like documents.
+
+25. **What are database relationships?**  
+    - One-to-One  
+    - One-to-Many  
+    - Many-to-Many
+
+---
+
+### **DevOps and Deployment**
+26. **What is Docker?**  
+    Docker is a platform for containerizing applications, ensuring they run consistently in any environment.
+
+27. **What is CI/CD?**  
+    Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment automates code integration, testing, and deployment pipelines.
+
+28. **What is the purpose of load balancing?**  
+    Distributes network traffic across multiple servers to ensure high availability and reliability.
+
+29. **What is the difference between a virtual machine and a container?**  
+    - VM: Full OS with hardware virtualization.  
+    - Container: Lightweight, shares the host OS kernel.
+
+30. **What is Kubernetes?**  
+    Kubernetes is an orchestration tool for deploying, scaling, and managing containerized applications.
+
+---
+
+### **Miscellaneous**
+31. **What is the purpose of version control (e.g., Git)?**  
+    Version control manages changes to source code, allowing collaboration and history tracking.
+
+32. **What are WebSockets?**  
+    WebSockets enable full-duplex communication between a client and server in real-time.
+
+33. **What is GraphQL?**  
+    GraphQL is a query language and runtime for APIs, providing more flexibility than REST.
+
+34. **What is CSRF and how to prevent it?**  
+    Cross-Site Request Forgery is prevented by using tokens, same-site cookies, or header validations.
+
+35. **What is Webpack?**  
+    Webpack is a module bundler that bundles JavaScript files and assets for deployment.
+
+---