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<!--<div class="step">-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-8">-->
<!-- <h2>Social Media Use</h2>-->
<!-- <p>Social media refers to social networking sites (e.g., Instagram, TikTok), instant messengers (e.g., WhatsApp, Snapchat), video calling (e.g., Zoom) and online gaming platforms (e.g., Fortnite) – defined by the HBSC 2021/2022 questionnaire.</p>-->
<!-- <p>Social media use has been identified as an emerging youth health priority based on international and national Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) data.</p>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-4">-->
<!-- <img style="margin-top:40px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_1.png">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
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<!-- <div class="container">-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-8">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a2">HBSC Study Information</h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Despite growing awareness of the role that social media use plays in the lives of young people there are little population data on its impacts on the health of young Canadians.</li>-->
<!-- <li>One study that provides us with information on social media use and the health of youth is the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-4">-->
<!-- <img style="margin-top:40px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_2.png">-->
<!--<img style="margin-top:40px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_3.png">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study is a cross-national research study of youth aged 11 to 15 years, funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). It is conducted every 4 years, with currently over 50 participating countries across Europe and North America.</li>-->
<!-- <li>The study aims to increase knowledge and understanding of the health and well-being of young people and the associations between their health and social contexts.</li>-->
<!-- <li>-->
<!-- For every survey cycle, member countries use the same survey methods and questionnaire made by HBSC researchers-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Allows for data to be collected at a national level within Canada, but also for direct international comparison of results between countries. </li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <div style="padding: 5px; background-color:#5b9bd5; border-radius:10px;">For more information check out the HBSC in Canada page: <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/childhood-adolescence/programs-initiatives/school-health/health-behaviour-school-aged-children.html">https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/childhood-adolescence/programs-initiatives/school-health/health-behaviour-school-aged-children.html</a> and the International HBSC page: <a href="http://www.hbsc.org/">http://www.hbsc.org/</a> </div>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>For the 2017-18 cycle of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, students in Grades 6 to 10 from across Canada were asked about their social media use.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <div id="mapArea">-->
<!-- [MAP HERE]-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_4.png" width="500px" length="500px">-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>21,753 Canadian youth in grades 6 to 10 participated in the HBSC study in 2018.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a3">Intensive SMU and Problematic SMU</h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>The HBSC categorizes social media use as Intensive SMU and Problematic SMU.</li>-->
<!-- <li>The frequency of social media use reported by young people was used to identify intensive use. Participants who responded that they have online contact “Almost all the time throughout the day” were considered intensive social media users</li>-->
<!-- <li>Students were classified as intensive users of social media based on their frequency of communication with four groups<sup>1</sup>:</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <div class="container">-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-3">-->
<!-- <figure>-->
<!--style="margin-bottom:50px;"-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_5.png" width="250px" length="150px">-->
<!-- <figcaption>Friends from a larger friend group</figcaption>-->
<!-- </figure>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-3">-->
<!-- <figure>-->
<!-- <img style="margin-top:60px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_6.png" width="250px" length="200px">-->
<!-- <figcaption>People other than friends (for example: (e.g. parents, brothers/sisters, classmates, teachers).</figcaption>-->
<!-- </figure>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-3">-->
<!-- <figure>-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_7.png" width="250px" length="150px">-->
<!-- <figcaption>Friends that you got to know through the internet, but didn’t know before.</figcaption>-->
<!-- </figure>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-3">-->
<!-- <figure>-->
<!-- <img style="margin-top:60px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_8.png" width="250px" length="200px">-->
<!-- <figcaption>Close friend(s).</figcaption>-->
<!-- </figure>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <p style="font-size:13px">1. Inchley, J., Currie, D., Cosma, A. & Samdal, O. (2018). Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study Protocol: background, methodology and mandatory items for the 2017/18 survey. St Andrews: CAHRU</p>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <div class="container">-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-8">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a4">Intensive SMU National Results</h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>The <b>frequency</b> of social media use was used to identify intensive use</li>-->
<!-- <li><b>Across Canada</b>, it was found that more girls report intensive social media use than boys throughout all grades - with it being reported by about 3 in 10 boys, and 4 in 10 girls.-->
<!-- </li>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-4">-->
<!-- <img style="margin-top:40px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_1.png">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>As youth age, they are utilizing their phones or other devices more to stay in contact with others frequently and regularly throughout the day. </li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a5">Intensive SMU International Results</h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Internationally, intensive and problematic social media use was reported among 11, 13 and 15 year olds.</li>-->
<!-- <li>Across 40+ countries, Canada ranked in the lower quadrant of countries reporting intensive electronic media use among 11 and 13 year olds.</li>-->
<!-- <li>With older students, Canada increased in ranking and showed higher rates of intensive electronic media communication among 15 year olds.</li>-->
<!-- <li>Across all ages, more girls than boys reported intensive social media use.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <div id="globeDiv"><img src="./src/images/HBSC_9.png"></div>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a6">Problematic SMU National Results</h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Students were classified as problematic users of social media based on negative aspects of their social media use such as:-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>neglecting other activities;</li>-->
<!-- <li>being unable to focus on other things;</li>-->
<!-- <li>feeling bad about social media use, and having conflict, arguments;</li>-->
<!-- <li>lying to family or friends about social media use.<sup>1</sup></li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<!-- <li>Problematic social media use (PSMU) was measured by asking about participant’s experiences with social media, like Snapchat, Instagram and WhatsApp.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <div class="container">-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6">-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Reports of problematic social media use were significantly higher among older girls (ages 13-15 years) compared to younger girls (ages 11-12 years). </li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6">-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_10.png" width="300px" height="250px">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6">-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Reports of problematic social media use did not differ by age among boys.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6">-->
<!-- <img style="margin-top:40px;" src="./src/images/HBSC_1.png">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <a href="#quiz" style="text-decoration: none;">-->
<!-- <div style="margin-top: 10px; border: 3px solid green; padding:3px; border-radius:5px;">-->
<!-- Want to see how the HBSC measured PMSU? Take this “quiz” that includes the same questions as given to participants of the study!-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </a>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a6">Problematic SMU International Results</h2>-->
<!-- <p>Across 40+ countries, Canada ranked in the lower quadrant of countries reporting problematic social media use among 11, 13 year and olds.</p>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a7">Social Media Use on Health (Transition breaking off into the following two sections)</h2>-->
<!-- <p>The influence of social media use on health was highlighted as a priority area from previous HBSC reports.</p>-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_11.png">-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a8">Problematic social media use and mental health</h2>-->
<!-- <p>Adolescents who were classified as having problematic social media use (PMSU) and at moderate risk of PMSU were more likely to report high psychological symptoms, high emotional problems, and less likely to report high life satisfaction, compared to adolescents at low risk of PSMU</p>-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_12.png">-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a9">Predicted probabilities of mental health outcomes by problematic social media use</h2>-->
<!-- <p>Across almost all gender and grade groups, there was a gradient in risk of poor mental health with greater risk of problematic social media use.</p>-->
<!-- <div class="container">-->
<!-- <div class="row">-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6">-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_14.png">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6">-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_13.png">-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- </div>-->
<!-- <p>While boys who were classified as having problematic social media use were more likely to report poor mental health compared to other boys, girls reported poorer mental health overall compared to boys</p>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a10">Relationships and Connections</h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Strong relationships and connections are known to be protective to health for young people as they grow and develop through their adolescent years.<sup>2</sup>,<sup>3</sup></li>-->
<!-- <li>The HBSC study provided insight on connections and relationships.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_15.png" width="300px" height="250px">-->
<!-- <p style="font-size:13px;">2. Freeman, J., King, M., Pickett, W. (2016). Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children in Canada: Focus on Relationships. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, 194p; 2015 (ISBN 978-0-660-03890-2; Cat no: HP35-65/2106E, Publication Number: 150150)</p>-->
<!-- <p style="font-size:13px;" >3. Michaelson, V., Brooks, F., Jirásek, I., Inchley, J., Whitehead, R., King, N., Walsh, S., Davison, C., Mazur, J., Pickett , W., for the HBSC Child Spiritual Health Writing Group. (2016). Developmental patterns of adolescent spiritual health in six countries. SSM-population health, 2, 294-303.</p>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a11">Connections & Relationships </h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li><b>Connections</b> play an important role in the lives of young people.<sup>4</sup></li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <p style="border:3px solid black;">Connections were measured in the 2018 HBSC study using a short scale where adolescents rated the importance of connections within themselves (self), to other people (others), to nature and the land (nature), or to something greater (the transcendent) <sup>2</sup></p>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Strong <b>relationships</b> within families, schools and peer groups are known to be beneficial to adolescent health.<sup>3</sup></li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <p style="border:3px solid black;">Relationships: Measured by the strength of supports available from four social contexts - families, teachers, classmates, and friends</p>-->
<!-- <img src="./src/images/HBSC_16.png" width="300px" height="250px">-->
<!-- <p style="font-size:13px;">4. Public Health Agency of Canada [PHAC]. (2020). The health of Canadian youth: Findings from thehealth behaviour in school-aged children study. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/publichealth/services/publications/science-research-data/youth-findings-health-behaviour-school-agedchildren-study.html</p>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a12">SMU, Connections and Relationships Results </h2>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>In general, intensive social media use is not strongly associated with the qualities of the connections and relationships reported by young people.</li>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>However, it is associated with higher perceived levels of support from friends.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <li>-->
<!-- Associations between problematic social media use and young people's connections and relationships were more consistent compared to intensive social media use.-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Problematic social media use is generally associated with weaker connections and relationships among both boys and girls.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<!-- <li>Boys and girls who engaged in problematic social media use were much less likely to report high levels of family support.</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!--</div>-->
<!--<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-offset="250" data-aos-duration="400" data-aos-easing="ease-in-out" data-aos-mirror="true" data-aos-once="false" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom">-->
<!-- <h2 id="a13">Additional Research</h2>-->
<!-- <p>HBSC International Findings:</p>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Research has shown small or negligible associations between intense SMU and outcomes of life satisfaction, family support and psychological complaints depending on the prevalence of intense SMU within countries, suggesting that SMU may be normative adolescent behaviour that contributes positively to mental health and well-being. </li>-->
<!-- <li>In contrast, problematic SMU was consistently associated with significant lower levels of well-being compared to those reporting non-problematic SMU. </li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!-- <p>Additional Study:</p>-->
<!-- <ul>-->
<!-- <li>Longitudinal research confirms the temporal direction of such relationships, with addiction-like SMU symptoms being associated with decreased mental health over time, but not vice versa. In contrast, intensive social media use has not been found to be associated with mental health outcomes in longitudinal studies (Boer et al., 2021).</li>-->
<!-- </ul>-->
<!--</div>-->