diff --git a/ch06/note01.md b/ch06/note01.md index a4f645b7..8d7c8f44 100644 --- a/ch06/note01.md +++ b/ch06/note01.md @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ $$ ### Pertubation equations of order $0$, $1$ and $2$. -Opening the brackets and collecting different orders of $\lambda$ we have 0, 1 and 2nd order perturbation equations: +- Opening the brackets and collecting different orders of $\lambda$ we have 0, 1 and 2nd order perturbation equations: $$ @@ -100,22 +100,42 @@ $$ -- Note how the sum of upstairs index determines the order of perturbation expansion -- Note that 0 order is just the exact solution. -- Note that hamitonian only has first order expansion while eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are expanded to infinite terms. Usually going to second order is enough for most problems. +- Note how **the sum of upstairs indeces determines** the order of perturbation expansion +- The **0 order is just the exact solution.** +- **Hamitonian only has first order expansion** while eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are expanded to infinite terms. Usually going to second order is enough for most problems. ### Computing pertrubation correction to energy levels +:::{admonition} **Perturbation Approximation to Energies** +:class: important + $$ -\boxed{E_n = \color{green}{E^0_n} + \color{red}{H_{nn}} + \color{blue}{\sum_{k \neq n} \frac{\mid H_{nk}\mid^2}{E^0_n-E^0_k}}} +{E_n = \color{green}{E^0_n} + \color{red}{H_{nn}} + \color{blue}{\sum_{k \neq n} \frac{\mid H_{nk}\mid^2}{E^0_n-E^0_k}}} $$ -- **matrix elements**. The terms $H_{nk}=\langle n^0\mid H^1\mid k^0\rangle$ are matrix elements of the hamiltonian perturbation $\hat{H}^1$. +- **$n$ and $k$: Quantum numbers running from groun to excited states, e.g $n=0,1,2...$ + +- **Matrix Elements of pertrubation** + +$$\color{red} H_{nk}=\langle n^0\mid H^1\mid k^0\rangle$$ + +$$\color{blue} H_{nn}=\langle n^0\mid H^1\mid n^0\rangle$$ + +::: + +### First and second order corrections to the ground state -- **1st order correction** requires computing diagonal matrix elements only $H_{nn}$. For instance the correction to ground state we must compute $H_{00} = \langle 0|\hat{H}^1|0\rangle$ +- **The first order correction to the ground state** requires computing **diagonal** matrix elements only: + +$$E_0^{(1)} = \langle 0|\hat{H}^1|0\rangle$$ + +- **2nd order correction to the ground state** requires calculating **off-diagonal** elements $H_{0k}$ where $n=0$ and k runs over all excited states. + +$$E_0^{(2)} = {\sum_{k \neq 0} \frac{\mid H_{0k}\mid^2}{E^0_0-E^0_k}}$$ + +- Note how the energy in the denominator of 2nd order term involves difference between energy of a given state $E_n$ from all other states $E_k$ denoted by k the summation index. -- **2nd order correction** requires calculating off diagonal elements $H_{nk}$.Note how the energy in the denominator of 2nd order term involves difference between energy of a given state $E_n$ from all other states $E_k$ denoted by k the summation index. - **Key insight** If the matrix elements are of comparable magnitude the neighbouring energy levels make larger contributions to pertrubation expression. ### Derivations of 1st and 2nd order corrections @@ -272,7 +292,7 @@ $$ ### Applications :::{admonition} **Example-1: Estimate ground state with second order pertrubation** -:class: note +:class: info Write second order correction explicitely for the ground state for some exactly solvable hamiltonian $\hat{H^0}$ pertrubed by $\hat{H^1}$ @@ -291,7 +311,7 @@ $$ ::: :::{admonition} **Example-2: Magnetic field** -:class: note +:class: info Hydrogen atom in magnetic field problem can be seen as as a hamitonian of H atom to which we have added a small pertrubation in the form of interation with magnetic field. @@ -326,7 +346,7 @@ $$ :::{admonition} **Example-3: Perturbing particle in a box** -:class: note +:class: info Estimate the energy of the ground-state and first excited-state wavefunction within first-order perturbation theory of a system with the following potential energy: @@ -339,7 +359,7 @@ $$ V(x) = +\infty \,\,\, x \leq -\infty,\,\,\,\ x \geq \infty $$ ---- + This problem can be seen as a particle in a box pertrubed by the presence of a potential energy $V_0$ @@ -359,10 +379,10 @@ $$ ::: -:::{admonition} **Example-4 Unharmonic oscillator** +:::{admonition} **Example-4 Anharmonic oscillator** :class: note -Unharmonic oscillator problem can be seen as a problem fo harmonic oscillator + pertrubation in the form of unharmonic term: +- Anharmonic oscillator problem can be seen as a problem fo harmonic oscillator + pertrubation in the form of unharmonic term: $$ \hat{H} = \hat{K}+ \frac{kx^2}{2} +\gamma x^3 = \hat{H}_0+\gamma x^3