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Common problem

  • When installing front-end dependencies, If NPM or YARN is changed to a domestic source, Still a similar getaddrinfo ENOENT raw.githubusercontent.com error, consider setting up a proxy for it：

    npm config set proxy http://username:password@server:port
npm config set https-proxy http://username:password@server:port

    For example：(To set the proxy for YARN, replace the NPM with YARN and the port with the port of the local proxy.)

    npm config set proxy http://127.0.0.1:2802
npm config set https-proxy http://127.0.0.1:2802

Testnet Faucet Application

Ethereum Testnet Comparison Analysis

Ethereum test networks are designed to provide developers with environments for experimentation and testing. Each testnet differs in consensus mechanism, use case, design objectives, and resource allocation. Below is a detailed comparison of Rinkeby, Kovan, Ropsten, Goerli, Holesky, and Sepolia.

1. Rinkeby

  • Launch Date: 2017
  • Consensus Mechanism: Proof of Authority (POA)
  • Features:
    • Relies on designated validators to run nodes, enabling faster transaction confirmation.
    • Stable network but with low decentralization.
    • Suitable for scenarios requiring rapid testing.
  • Current Status: Gradually deprecated; no longer recommended for new projects.

2. Kovan

  • Launch Date: 2017
  • Consensus Mechanism: Proof of Authority (POA)
  • Features:
    • Created by the Parity team, offering fast synchronization and stable performance.
    • Nodes require permission to operate, limiting participants.
    • Suitable for permissioned chains and private development environments.
  • Current Status: Deprecated; developers have migrated to other networks.

3. Ropsten

  • Launch Date: 2016
  • Consensus Mechanism:
    • Initially: Proof of Work (POW).
    • Later: Transitioned to Proof of Stake (POS) to simulate the Ethereum mainnet shift.
  • Features:
    • The testnet most similar to the mainnet, supporting comprehensive testing and contract deployment.
    • Allowed mining to obtain test tokens, offering some decentralization.
    • High operational costs and slower synchronization due to POW mechanism.
  • Current Status: Deprecated since late 2022.

4. Goerli

  • Launch Date: 2019
  • Consensus Mechanism: Proof of Authority (POA), later transitioned to Proof of Stake (POS).
  • Features:
    • Multi-client support with strong compatibility, ideal for cross-client development.
    • Test tokens (GoETH) are limited and require faucets or requests, potentially causing bottlenecks.
    • Widely used for smart contract testing and validation.
  • Current Status: Deprecated.

5. Holesky

  • Launch Date: 2023
  • Consensus Mechanism: Proof of Stake (POS)
  • Features:
    • Designed for Ethereum staking and protocol upgrade testing with high performance.
    • Provides a large supply of test tokens, addressing the limitations of Goerli tokens.
    • Suitable for complex testing needs for developers and validators.
  • Current Status: Emerging as a potential replacement for Goerli, aiming to support broader ecosystem needs.

6. Sepolia

  • Launch Date: October 2021
  • Consensus Mechanism: Initially Proof of Work (POW), later transitioned to Proof of Stake (POS).
  • Features:
    • Designed specifically for developers, offering a precise testing environment for smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps).
    • Equipped with fast synchronization and a permissioned validator set for efficient operations.
    • Unlimited test tokens (SepETH) ensure developers are not constrained by token shortages, resolving Goerli’s major issue.
    • Positioned as Ethereum’s primary development test network for the future.
  • Current Status: Regarded as one of the top choices for developers.

Comparison Summary

Testnet Consensus Mechanism Token Acquisition Features Current Status
Rinkeby POA Free Faucet Fast but lacks decentralization Deprecated
Kovan POA Free Faucet Stable, requires permission to operate Deprecated
Ropsten POW → POS Mining or Faucet Closest to mainnet, supports full testing Deprecated
Goerli POA → POS Limited (Request) Strong compatibility, limited test tokens Deprecated
Holesky POS Unlimited For complex testing, resource-rich Emerging Network
Sepolia POW → POS Unlimited Efficient, precise, developer-friendly Recommended

Faucet Links

Holesky Testnet

Sepolia Testnet