diff --git a/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Expr.hs b/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Expr.hs
index d015f18e0..ff1114235 100644
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Expr.hs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Expr.hs
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ module PGF.Expr(Tree, BindType(..), Expr(..), Literal(..), Patt(..), Equation(..
                 MetaId,
 
                 -- helpers
-                pMeta,pArg,pLit,freshName,ppMeta,ppLit,ppParens
+                pMeta,pArg,pLit,freshName,ppMeta,ppLit,ppParens,
+                freshBoundVars
                ) where
 
 import PGF.CId
@@ -235,10 +236,11 @@ pLit = liftM LStr (RP.readS_to_P reads)
 
 ppExpr :: Int -> [CId] -> Expr -> PP.Doc
 ppExpr d scope (EAbs b x e) = let (bs,xs,e1) = getVars [] [] (EAbs b x e)
+                                  xs' = freshBoundVars scope xs
                               in ppParens (d > 1) (PP.char '\\' PP.<>
-                                                   PP.hsep (PP.punctuate PP.comma (reverse (List.zipWith ppBind bs xs))) PP.<+>
+                                                   PP.hsep (PP.punctuate PP.comma (reverse (List.zipWith ppBind bs xs'))) PP.<+>
                                                    PP.text "->" PP.<+>
-                                                   ppExpr 1 (xs++scope) e1)
+                                                   ppExpr 1 (xs' ++ scope) e1)
                               where
                                 getVars bs xs (EAbs b x e) = getVars (b:bs) ((freshName x xs):xs) e
                                 getVars bs xs e            = (bs,xs,e)
@@ -289,6 +291,15 @@ freshName x xs0 = loop 1 x
       | elem y xs = loop (i+1) (mkCId (show x++show i))
       | otherwise = y
 
+-- refresh new vars xs in scope if needed. AR 2024-03-01
+freshBoundVars :: [CId] -> [CId] -> [CId]
+freshBoundVars scope xs = foldr fresh [] xs
+  where
+    fresh x xs' = mkCId (freshName (showCId x) xs') : xs'
+    freshName s xs' = 
+      if elem (mkCId s) (xs' ++ scope)
+      then freshName (s ++ "'") xs'
+      else s
 
 -----------------------------------------------------
 -- Computation
diff --git a/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Linearize.hs b/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Linearize.hs
index 5fdb186c1..a508f3dbc 100644
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Linearize.hs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/PGF/Linearize.hs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ linTree pgf cnc e = nub (map snd (lin Nothing 0 e [] [] e []))
   where
     lp    = lproductions cnc
 
-    lin mb_cty n_fid e0 ys xs (EAbs _ x e) es = lin   mb_cty n_fid e0 ys (x:xs) e      es
+    lin mb_cty n_fid e0 ys xs (EAbs _ x e) es = lin   mb_cty n_fid e0 ys (freshBoundVars (xs ++ ys) [x] ++ xs) e      es --fresh: AR 2024
     lin mb_cty n_fid e0 ys xs (EApp e1 e2) es = lin   mb_cty n_fid e0 ys    xs  e1 (e2:es)
     lin mb_cty n_fid e0 ys xs (EImplArg e) es = lin   mb_cty n_fid e0 ys    xs  e      es
     lin mb_cty n_fid e0 ys xs (ETyped e _) es = lin   mb_cty n_fid e0 ys    xs  e      es