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12-06-echanges-client-serveur.html
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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><title>Les échanges de données entre le client et le serveur</title><style>
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background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%0A%3Crect%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20fill%3D%22%2358A9D7%22%2F%3E%0A%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M6.71429%2012.2852L14%204.9995L12.7143%203.71436L6.71429%209.71378L3.28571%206.2831L2%207.57092L6.71429%2012.2852Z%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
}
.checkbox-off {
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%0A%3Crect%20x%3D%220.75%22%20y%3D%220.75%22%20width%3D%2214.5%22%20height%3D%2214.5%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%20stroke%3D%22%2336352F%22%20stroke-width%3D%221.5%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
}
</style></head><body><article id="163cd297-f420-4709-b905-7746219b8a77" class="page sans"><header><img class="page-cover-image" src="media/12-06-echanges-client-serveur/2023-02-05_16_36_47-pexels-graham-henderson-7169287.jpg_-_Photos.png" style="object-position:center 0%"/><div class="page-header-icon page-header-icon-with-cover"><span class="icon">📘</span></div><h1 class="page-title">Les échanges de données entre le client et le serveur</h1></header><div class="page-body"><p id="eaf7f459-d2fc-4cc4-82f0-f3adb38e0c3c" class="">
</p><h2 id="7c99d518-7528-45ac-aece-7a97179f839c" class="">Redirection </h2><hr id="ea00973b-6103-47c4-9bbe-bca705fb6bcf"/><p id="5912dccc-316f-47bd-ab04-5e6f591af0f8" class="">La fonction <code>header()</code> permet d’envoyer un en-tête HTTP, notamment une redirection avec <code>Location</code> suivi d’un chemin relatif, absolu ou de l’adresse d’un site web.</p><figure class="block-color-yellow callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="39cfab77-1c9d-438b-b5ae-414c65d80c34"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">⚠️</span></div><div style="width:100%">Elle doit être appelée avant l’envoi de tout contenu.</div></figure><pre id="7a63af81-a44c-4368-be8d-ac0143af52a9" class="code"><code>header('Location: ../Chemin/Relatif/unePage.php');
header('Location: /Chemin/Absolu/uneAutrePage.php');
header('Location: http://www.un-site-web-fictif.fr/');</code></pre><figure class="block-color-brown callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="040741d1-0890-4690-a16b-c02b926a2ccf"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">ℹ️</span></div><div style="width:100%">On peut rafraîchir la page avec <code>header("Refresh:0");</code> (ou bien on peut utiliser du JavaScript avec <code>location.reload()</code>).</div></figure><p id="9773f83f-03e1-4076-82de-ce2aa1464051" class="">
</p><p id="017a8c23-29b8-4d36-afb5-0f7d239809d3" class="">Il est possible de rendre la redirection permanente avec l’envoi en amont d’un statut 308 :</p><pre id="21fa69b7-b606-46de-834e-ae4a0287232d" class="code"><code>header('Status: 308 Permanent Redirect', false, 308);
header('Location: ../Redirection/Permanente/uneNouvellePage.php');</code></pre><blockquote id="58ff2e68-eb46-44ef-ab3c-4539994d652b" class="">On peut faire une redirection permanente par exemple pendant qu’on bidouille sur la page d’accueil : on renvoie les utilisateurs ailleurs en attendant, puis on supprime la redirection.</blockquote><p id="54ff4f43-dcba-4e4a-a3a8-9c8cfc3e9bc1" class="">
</p><p id="2695c652-e772-45d4-a9d1-63009ac5313e" class="">Il est également possible de faire une redirection conditionnelle.</p><p id="1d4ff2b2-6d2d-4632-9b03-7635c3bf4290" class="">
</p><figure class="block-color-blue callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="1ee7689c-91c5-49e7-8b30-b9b5791e8313"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">⚙</span></div><div style="width:100%">Outils :
<a href="https://httpcats.com/">Liste des status HTTP</a></div></figure><p id="4cdcfb37-2b77-4a16-92f3-e2557dbfc7e3" class="">
</p><h2 id="f4c0adb2-5d59-439c-9737-f5c1263d6223" class="">Cookies</h2><hr id="de1e97d0-7ce7-4366-9b7f-4c832a88a1d9"/><p id="ec812820-6f40-448e-952e-42c5d644231e" class="">Un cookie est un fichier (temporaire) côté client, sous la forme de clé/valeur.</p><p id="39d89bf2-bab5-49bf-84e5-08160cede973" class="">Le serveur crée un cookie qu’il met chez le client, ainsi quand le client répond au navigateur alors il lui renvoie le cookie.</p><blockquote id="8bf8f533-41be-45f0-8b7f-13486ac1e15f" class="">BP : On ne met <strong>jamais</strong> un mot de passe dans un cookie…</blockquote><p id="4f5ab5e2-3869-49fa-b18e-3177729753e9" class="">
</p><p id="d8d7f890-bb63-46be-be8b-0c02d746aae5" class="">Créer un cookie : <code>setcookie('nom', 'valeur')</code></p><ul id="748571f9-3d21-430c-962b-b3f878cb3e4c" class="bulleted-list"><li style="list-style-type:disc"> peut ajouter une durée de validité : <code>setcookie('nom', 'valeur', time() + 24*60*60)</code></li></ul><p id="0b47389a-7959-47c0-b941-5a01bfbde745" class=""> (ici une journée écrite en nombre de secondes)</p><figure class="block-color-brown callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="81bbbd0f-a5ef-4ab5-9b72-f2ba53a4ab2b"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">ℹ️</span></div><div style="width:100%">Si aucune durée n’est indiquée, le cookie sera supprimé à la fermeture de la session.</div></figure><figure class="block-color-yellow callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="5df86f51-0385-4672-9122-3ab27a85e815"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">⚠️</span></div><div style="width:100%">La valeur d’un cookie est forcément une chaîne de caractères.</div></figure><p id="db4e50a2-0d20-4da0-813b-5b5389263214" class="">
</p><p id="bee4fb2e-289f-48b9-bdac-6f9ed1ac9880" class="">Supprimer un cookie : <code>setcookie('nom')</code></p><p id="981657f2-568c-468a-a8bd-936300b4b430" class="">
</p><p id="d44d1b65-cc42-448e-85af-6493bad9077e" class="">Lire un cookie : </p><p id="18183b2b-15d2-4993-b783-06c7adb08a39" class="">On utilise une variable superglobale <code>$_COOKIE</code> qui est un tableau associatif regroupant tous les cookies en clé/valeur.</p><pre id="9c22147d-d37b-46bc-a0b5-b1b025700331" class="code"><code>if (isset($_COOKIE['nom'])) {
echo "Le cookie dont la clé est 'nom' a pour valeur ".$COOKIE['nom'];
} else {
echo "Il n'y a pas de cookie dont la clé est 'nom'.";
}</code></pre><p id="016bccb8-3981-4433-b735-d060af409032" class="">
</p><figure class="block-color-blue_background callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="34545846-731b-47e4-bdad-fbe982d91cbe"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">📌</span></div><div style="width:100%">Pour aller plus loin : <mark class="highlight-gray">notion de non répudiation</mark></div></figure><p id="24cc8294-1fae-43e1-b81d-de3226cdff9c" class="">
</p><h2 id="e3a090d3-7c30-4db3-9e33-2320c5009385" class="">Session</h2><hr id="12621689-3149-4833-9437-c250f1a28d70"/><p id="11926eb4-1059-4a13-a518-00b9d9ec240a" class="">Une session est un emplacement mémoire dans lequel il y a des informations, stockées côté serveur (au contraire des cookies stockées côté client). Ces informations ne sont donc pas accessibles par le client.</p><figure class="block-color-yellow callout" style="white-space:pre-wrap;display:flex" id="3a699ba8-7541-4cf7-9cd4-36a72671f368"><div style="font-size:1.5em"><span class="icon">⚠️</span></div><div style="width:100%">Quand on ferme le navigateur, la session se ferme. Si on veut la garder, on la met dans un cookie !
Pour cela, on utilise notamment un identifiant unique, que l’on met dans un cookie et qui permet de recréer la session.</div></figure><p id="d6df6029-f01a-4994-a090-db6cf81f5c9e" class="">
</p><p id="f80cdc5d-148a-4d34-a470-63bd2ab7dec1" class="">Créer une session : <code>session_start();</code></p><ul id="f6c0d69c-22b2-403f-b964-81bc0f473f6c" class="bulleted-list"><li style="list-style-type:disc">si la session existe, elle est alors récupérée</li></ul><ul id="dc45b0e2-3ae7-4e39-ba7e-7484c2992a7a" class="bulleted-list"><li style="list-style-type:disc">un identifiant unique est généré automatiquement</li></ul><p id="91d9c216-d890-481a-9b07-7bcb78f136ae" class="">
</p><p id="c59809d1-dc5a-4698-ab03-7abc643c4021" class="">Stocker des données pour la session :</p><p id="e0c04152-3510-4e9e-bce1-3ae65ff75f67" class="">On utilise une variable superglobale <code>$_SESSION</code> qui est un tableau associatif regroupant toutes les informations stockées en clé/valeur.</p></div></article></body></html>