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<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
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<h2>A</h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/abduction/index.html"><strong>abduction</strong></a> (Igor Douven) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abelard/index.html"><strong>Abelard [Abailard], Peter</strong></a> (Peter King and Andrew Arlig) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abhidharma/index.html"><strong>Abhidharma</strong></a> (Noa Ronkin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abilities/index.html"><strong>abilities</strong></a> (John Maier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abner-burgos/index.html"><strong>Abner of Burgos</strong></a> (Shalom Sadik) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abrabanel/index.html"><strong>Abrabanel, Judah</strong></a> (Aaron Hughes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abstract-objects/index.html"><strong>abstract objects</strong></a> (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen) </li>
<li> accidental properties — see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/index.html">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/action/index.html"><strong>action</strong></a> (George Wilson and Samuel Shpall)
<ul>
<li> joint — see <a href="entries/shared-agency/index.html">agency: shared</a> </li>
<li> logic of — see <a href="entries/logic-action/index.html">logic: action</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/action-perception/index.html"><strong>action-based theories of perception</strong></a> (Robert Briscoe and Rick Grush) </li>
<li> action at a distance — see <a href="entries/qm-action-distance/index.html">quantum mechanics: action at a distance in</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/actualism/index.html"><strong>actualism</strong></a> (Christopher Menzel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/actualism-possibilism-ethics/index.html"><strong>actualism and possibilism in ethics</strong></a> (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/adaptationism/index.html"><strong>adaptationism</strong></a> (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/addams-jane/index.html"><strong>Addams, Jane</strong></a> (Maurice Hamington) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/adorno/index.html"><strong>Adorno, Theodor W.</strong></a> (Lambert Zuidervaart) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/advance-directives/index.html"><strong>advance directives</strong></a> (Agnieszka Jaworska) </li>
<li> Aegidius Romanus — see <a href="entries/giles/index.html">Giles of Rome</a> </li>
<li> Aenesidemus — see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/index.html">skepticism: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-concept/index.html"><strong>aesthetic, concept of the</strong></a> (James Shelley) </li>
<li> aesthetics
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-19th-romantic/index.html"><strong>19th Century Romantic</strong></a> (Keren Gorodeisky) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-judgment/index.html"><strong>aesthetic judgment</strong></a> (Nick Zangwill) </li>
<li> Beardsley — see <a href="entries/beardsley-aesthetics/index.html">Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-british/index.html"><strong>British, in the 18th century</strong></a> (James Shelley) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-cogsci/index.html"><strong>and cognitive science</strong></a> (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie) </li>
<li> Collingwood — see <a href="entries/collingwood-aesthetics/index.html">Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Croce — see <a href="entries/croce-aesthetics/index.html">Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> definition of art — see <a href="entries/art-definition/index.html">art, definition of</a> </li>
<li> Dewey — see <a href="entries/dewey-aesthetics/index.html">Dewey, John: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/environmental-aesthetics/index.html"><strong>environmental</strong></a> (Allen Carlson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-existentialist/index.html"><strong>existentialist</strong></a> (Jean-Philippe Deranty) </li>
<li> feminist — see <a href="entries/feminism-aesthetics/index.html">feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-french/index.html"><strong>French, in the 18th century</strong></a> (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot) </li>
<li> Gadamer — see <a href="entries/gadamer-aesthetics/index.html">Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-german/index.html"><strong>German, in the 18th century</strong></a> (Paul Guyer) </li>
<li> Goodman — see <a href="entries/goodman-aesthetics/index.html">Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Hegel — see <a href="entries/hegel-aesthetics/index.html">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Heidegger — see <a href="entries/heidegger-aesthetics/index.html">Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Hume — see <a href="entries/hume-aesthetics/index.html">Hume, David: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Japanese — see <a href="entries/japanese-aesthetics/index.html">Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Plato — see <a href="entries/plato-aesthetics/index.html">Plato: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Schopenhauer — see <a href="entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics/index.html">Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics</a> </li>
<li> Wittgenstein — see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-aesthetics/index.html">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-of-everyday/index.html"><strong>aesthetics of the everyday</strong></a> (Yuriko Saito) </li>
<li> aesthetic value — see <a href="entries/aesthetic-concept/index.html">aesthetic, concept of the</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/affirmative-action/index.html"><strong>affirmative action</strong></a> (Robert Fullinwider) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/africana/index.html"><strong>Africana Philosophy</strong></a> (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/africana-contemporary/index.html"><strong>contemporary</strong></a> (Paul C. Taylor) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> African Philosophy
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/african-ethics/index.html"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Kwame Gyekye) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/african-sage/index.html"><strong>sage philosophy</strong></a> (Dismas Masolo) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/afterlife/index.html"><strong>afterlife</strong></a> (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/agency/index.html"><strong>agency</strong></a> (Markus Schlosser)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/shared-agency/index.html"><strong>shared</strong></a> (Abraham Sesshu Roth) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see <a href="entries/reasons-agent/index.html">reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative</a> </li>
<li> agnosticism — see <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/index.html">atheism and agnosticism</a> </li>
<li> Agrippa — see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/index.html">skepticism: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/agrippa-nettesheim/index.html"><strong>Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius</strong></a> (Vittoria Perrone Compagni) </li>
<li> Akan Philosophy
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/akan-person/index.html"><strong>of the person</strong></a> (Ajume Wingo) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <em>akrasia</em> — see <a href="entries/weakness-will/index.html">weakness of will</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-baghdadi/index.html"><strong>al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif</strong></a> (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-farabi/index.html"><strong>al-Farabi</strong></a> (Therese-Anne Druart)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-metaphysics/index.html"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Stephen Menn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-logic/index.html"><strong>philosophy of logic and language</strong></a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-soc-rel/index.html"><strong>philosophy of society and religion</strong></a> (Nadja Germann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-psych/index.html"><strong>psychology and epistemology</strong></a> (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-ghazali/index.html"><strong>al-Ghazali</strong></a> (Frank Griffel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-kindi/index.html"><strong>al-Kindi</strong></a> (Peter Adamson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abu-bakr-al-razi/index.html"><strong>al-Razi, Abu Bakr</strong></a> (Peter Adamson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albalag/index.html"><strong>Albalag, Isaac</strong></a> (Bakinaz Abdalla) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albert-saxony/index.html"><strong>Albert of Saxony</strong></a> (Joél Biard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albert-great/index.html"><strong>Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus]</strong></a> (Markus Führer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albo-joseph/index.html"><strong>Albo, Joseph</strong></a> (Dror Ehrlich) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alcmaeon/index.html"><strong>Alcmaeon</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alexander/index.html"><strong>Alexander, Samuel</strong></a> (Emily A. E. Thomas) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alexander-aphrodisias/index.html"><strong>Alexander of Aphrodisias</strong></a> (Dorothea Frede) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/algebra/index.html"><strong>algebra</strong></a> (Vaughan Pratt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/algebra-logic-tradition/index.html"><strong>algebra of logic tradition</strong></a> (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alienation/index.html"><strong>alienation</strong></a> (David Leopold) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/althusser/index.html"><strong>Althusser, Louis</strong></a> (William Lewis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/altruism/index.html"><strong>altruism</strong></a> (Richard Kraut)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/altruism-biological/index.html"><strong>biological</strong></a> (Samir Okasha) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/altruism-empirical/index.html"><strong>empirical approaches</strong></a> (John Doris, Stephen Stich, and Lachlan Walmsley) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/alyngton/index.html"><strong>Alyngton, Robert</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ambiguity/index.html"><strong>ambiguity</strong></a> (Adam Sennet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ammonius/index.html"><strong>Ammonius</strong></a> (David Blank) </li>
<li> Ammonius Saccas — see <a href="entries/plotinus/index.html">Plotinus</a> </li>
<li> analogy
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/analogy-medieval/index.html"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/reasoning-analogy/index.html"><strong>analogy and analogical reasoning</strong></a> (Paul Bartha) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/analysis/index.html"><strong>analysis</strong></a> (Michael Beaney) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/analytic-synthetic/index.html"><strong>analytic/synthetic distinction</strong></a> (Georges Rey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anaphora/index.html"><strong>anaphora</strong></a> (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anarchism/index.html"><strong>anarchism</strong></a> (Andrew Fiala) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anaxagoras/index.html"><strong>Anaxagoras</strong></a> (Patricia Curd) </li>
<li> Anaxarchus — see <a href="entries/pyrrho/index.html">Pyrrho</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anderson-john/index.html"><strong>Anderson, John</strong></a> (Creagh McLean Cole) </li>
<li> Andronicus of Rhodes — see <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/index.html">Aristotle, commentators on</a> </li>
<li> animal
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/cognition-animal/index.html"><strong>cognition</strong></a> (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-animal/index.html"><strong>consciousness</strong></a> (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/animalism/index.html"><strong>animalism</strong></a> (Stephan Blatti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-animal/index.html"><strong>animals, moral status of</strong></a> (Lori Gruen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anomalous-monism/index.html"><strong>anomalous monism</strong></a> (Steven Yalowitz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anscombe/index.html"><strong>Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret</strong></a> (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anselm/index.html"><strong>Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury]</strong></a> (Thomas Williams) </li>
<li> anti-realism, moral — see <a href="entries/moral-anti-realism/index.html">moral anti-realism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/antiochus-ascalon/index.html"><strong>Antiochus of Ascalon</strong></a> (James Allen) </li>
<li> <em>a posteriori</em> knowledge — see <a href="entries/apriori/index.html"><em>a priori</em> justification and knowledge</a> </li>
<li> appearance vs. reality
<ul>
<li> epistemological problems of perception — see <a href="entries/perception-episprob/index.html">perception: epistemological problems of</a> </li>
<li> skepticism — see <a href="entries/skepticism/index.html">skepticism</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/apriori/index.html"><strong><em>a priori</em> justification and knowledge</strong></a> (Bruce Russell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aquinas/index.html"><strong>Aquinas, Saint Thomas</strong></a> (Ralph McInerny and John O’Callaghan)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/aquinas-moral-political/index.html"><strong>moral, political, and legal philosophy</strong></a> (John Finnis) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-metaphysics/index.html"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Amos Bertolacci) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-natural/index.html"><strong>natural philosophy and natural science</strong></a> (Jon McGinnis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-language/index.html"><strong>philosophy of language and logic</strong></a> (Tony Street and Nadja Germann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-phil-math/index.html"><strong>philosophy of mathematics</strong></a> (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-mind/index.html"><strong>psychology and philosophy of mind</strong></a> (Alfred Ivry) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-greek/index.html"><strong>Greek sources</strong></a> (Cristina D’Ancona) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-judaic/index.html"><strong>influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought</strong></a> (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-influence/index.html"><strong>influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West</strong></a> (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
<ul>
<li> Ibn Kammūna — see <a href="entries/ibn-kammuna/index.html">Ibn Kammūna</a> </li>
<li> Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see <a href="entries/ikhwan-al-safa/index.html">Ikhwân al-Safâ’</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/index.html"><strong>mysticism</strong></a> (Mehdi Aminrazavi) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/arcesilaus/index.html"><strong>Arcesilaus</strong></a> (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/architecture/index.html"><strong>architecture, philosophy of</strong></a> (Saul Fisher) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/archytas/index.html"><strong>Archytas</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arendt/index.html"><strong>Arendt, Hannah</strong></a> (Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves) </li>
<li> <em>arete</em> — see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/index.html">ethics: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/argument/index.html"><strong>argument and argumentation</strong></a> (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) </li>
<li> arguments for probabilism
<ul>
<li> epistemic utility — see <a href="entries/epistemic-utility/index.html">epistemic utility arguments for probabilism</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Aristotelianism
<ul>
<li> commentators on Aristotle — see <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/index.html">Aristotle, commentators on</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/index.html"><strong>in the Renaissance</strong></a> (Heinrich Kuhn) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle/index.html"><strong>Aristotle</strong></a> (Christopher Shields) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/index.html"><strong>Aristotle, commentators on</strong></a> (Andrea Falcon)
<ul>
<li> Alexander of Aphrosias — see <a href="entries/alexander-aphrodisias/index.html">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> </li>
<li> Ammonius — see <a href="entries/ammonius/index.html">Ammonius</a> </li>
<li> David — see <a href="entries/david/index.html">David</a> </li>
<li> Elias — see <a href="entries/elias/index.html">Elias</a> </li>
<li> Olympiodorus — see <a href="entries/olympiodorus/index.html">Olympiodorus</a> </li>
<li> Philoponus — see <a href="entries/philoponus/index.html">Philoponus</a> </li>
<li> Simplicius — see <a href="entries/simplicius/index.html">Simplicius</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Aristotle, General Topics
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-aesthetics/index.html"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Pierre Destrée) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-biology/index.html"><strong>biology</strong></a> (James Lennox) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-categories/index.html"><strong>categories</strong></a> (Paul Studtmann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-ethics/index.html"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Richard Kraut) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-logic/index.html"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Robin Smith) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-metaphysics/index.html"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-politics/index.html"><strong>political theory</strong></a> (Fred Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-psychology/index.html"><strong>psychology</strong></a> (Christopher Shields) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-rhetoric/index.html"><strong>rhetoric</strong></a> (Christof Rapp) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Aristotle, Special Topics
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-causality/index.html"><strong>causality</strong></a> (Andrea Falcon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-mathematics/index.html"><strong>mathematics</strong></a> (Henry Mendell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-natphil/index.html"><strong>natural philosophy</strong></a> (Istvan Bodnar) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/index.html"><strong>on non-contradiction</strong></a> (Paula Gottlieb) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/arnauld/index.html"><strong>Arnauld, Antoine</strong></a> (Elmar Kremer) </li>
<li> Arouet, François-Marie — see <a href="entries/voltaire/index.html">Voltaire</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arrows-theorem/index.html"><strong>Arrow’s theorem</strong></a> (Michael Morreau) </li>
<li> art
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/erotic-art/index.html"><strong>erotic</strong></a> (Hans Maes) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conceptual-art/index.html"><strong>art, conceptual</strong></a> (Elisabeth Schellekens) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/art-definition/index.html"><strong>art, definition of</strong></a> (Thomas Adajian) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/artifact/index.html"><strong>artifact</strong></a> (Beth Preston) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/artificial-intelligence/index.html"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong></a> (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu)
<ul>
<li> automated reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/index.html">reasoning: automated</a> </li>
<li> belief representation — see <a href="entries/formal-belief/index.html">belief, formal representations of</a> </li>
<li> Chinese room argument — see <a href="entries/chinese-room/index.html">Chinese room argument</a> </li>
<li> connectionism — see <a href="entries/connectionism/index.html">connectionism</a> </li>
<li> defeasible reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-defeasible/index.html">reasoning: defeasible</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-ai/index.html"><strong>ethics of</strong></a> (Vincent C. Müller) </li>
<li> frame problem — see <a href="entries/frame-problem/index.html">frame problem</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logic-ai/index.html"><strong>logic and</strong></a> (Richmond Thomason) </li>
<li> Turing test — see <a href="entries/turing-test/index.html">Turing test</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> aspect — see <a href="entries/tense-aspect/index.html">tense and aspect</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/assertion/index.html"><strong>assertion</strong></a> (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/associationist-thought/index.html"><strong>associationist theories of thought</strong></a> (Eric Mandelbaum) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/astell/index.html"><strong>Astell, Mary</strong></a> (Alice Sowaal) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/index.html"><strong>atheism and agnosticism</strong></a> (Paul Draper) </li>
<li> atomism
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/atomism-modern/index.html"><strong>17th to 20th century</strong></a> (Alan Chalmers) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/atomism-ancient/index.html"><strong>ancient</strong></a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/attention/index.html"><strong>attention</strong></a> (Christopher Mole) </li>
<li> attributes — see <a href="entries/properties/index.html">properties</a> </li>
<li> auditory perception — see <a href="entries/perception-auditory/index.html">perception: auditory</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/augustine/index.html"><strong>Augustine, Saint</strong></a> (Christian Tornau) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/auriol/index.html"><strong>Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter</strong></a> (Russell L. Friedman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/austin-john/index.html"><strong>Austin, John</strong></a> (Brian Bix) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/austin-jl/index.html"><strong>Austin, John Langshaw</strong></a> (Guy Longworth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/authenticity/index.html"><strong>authenticity</strong></a> (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/authority/index.html"><strong>authority</strong></a> (Tom Christiano)
<ul>
<li> legal — see <a href="entries/legal-obligation/index.html">legal obligation and authority</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> automated reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/index.html">reasoning: automated</a> </li>
<li> autonomy
<ul>
<li> and informed consent — see <a href="entries/informed-consent/index.html">informed consent</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/autonomy-moral/index.html"><strong>in moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (John Christman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/personal-autonomy/index.html"><strong>personal</strong></a> (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Averroes — see <a href="entries/ibn-rushd/index.html">Ibn Rushd</a>
<ul>
<li> natural philosophy — see <a href="entries/ibn-rushd-natural/index.html">Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Avicebron — see <a href="entries/ibn-gabirol/index.html">Ibn Gabirol, Solomon</a> </li>
<li> Avicenna — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina/index.html">Ibn Sina</a>
<ul>
<li> logic — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-logic/index.html">Ibn Sina: logic</a> </li>
<li> metaphysics — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/index.html">Ibn Sina: metaphysics</a> </li>
<li> natural philosophy — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-natural/index.html">Ibn Sina: natural philosophy</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> awareness, bodily — see <a href="entries/bodily-awareness/index.html">bodily awareness</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ayer/index.html"><strong>Ayer, Alfred Jules</strong></a> (Graham Macdonald and Nikhil Krishnan) </li>
</ul>
<a id="b"></a>
<hr />
<h2>B <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/francis-bacon/index.html"><strong>Bacon, Francis</strong></a> (Jürgen Klein and Guido Giglioni) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/roger-bacon/index.html"><strong>Bacon, Roger</strong></a> (Jeremiah Hackett) </li>
<li> Bain, Alexander — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/basing-epistemic/index.html"><strong>basing relation, epistemic</strong></a> (Keith Allen Korcz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/baudrillard/index.html"><strong>Baudrillard, Jean</strong></a> (Douglas Kellner) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bauer/index.html"><strong>Bauer, Bruno</strong></a> (Douglas Moggach) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bayes-theorem/index.html"><strong>Bayes’ Theorem</strong></a> (James Joyce) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bayle/index.html"><strong>Bayle, Pierre</strong></a> (Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson) </li>
<li> Beardsley, Monroe C.
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/beardsley-aesthetics/index.html"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Michael Wreen) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Beattie, James — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/beauty/index.html"><strong>beauty</strong></a> (Crispin Sartwell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/beauvoir/index.html"><strong>Beauvoir, Simone de</strong></a> (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/behaviorism/index.html"><strong>behaviorism</strong></a> (George Graham) </li>
<li> being — see <a href="entries/existence/index.html">existence</a> </li>
<li> being and becoming — see <a href="entries/time/index.html">time</a>
<ul>
<li> in modern physics — see <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/index.html">space and time: being and becoming in modern physics</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/belief/index.html"><strong>belief</strong></a> (Eric Schwitzgebel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-belief/index.html"><strong>belief, ethics of</strong></a> (Andrew Chignell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/formal-belief/index.html"><strong>belief, formal representations of</strong></a> (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/belief-merging/index.html"><strong>belief merging and judgment aggregation</strong></a> (Gabriella Pigozzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bell-theorem/index.html"><strong>Bell’s Theorem</strong></a> (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/principle-beneficence/index.html"><strong>beneficence, principle of</strong></a> (Tom Beauchamp) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/benjamin/index.html"><strong>Benjamin, Walter</strong></a> (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bentham/index.html"><strong>Bentham, Jeremy</strong></a> (James E. Crimmins) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bergson/index.html"><strong>Bergson, Henri</strong></a> (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/berkeley/index.html"><strong>Berkeley, George</strong></a> (Lisa Downing) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/berlin/index.html"><strong>Berlin, Isaiah</strong></a> (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bessarion/index.html"><strong>Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal]</strong></a> (Eva Del Soldato) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/implicit-bias/index.html"><strong>bias, implicit</strong></a> (Michael Brownstein) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/binarium/index.html"><strong><em>binarium famosissimum</em> [= most famous pair]</strong></a> (Paul Vincent Spade) </li>
<li> biodiversity — see <a href="entries/biodiversity/index.html">ecology: biodiversity</a> </li>
<li> biological development
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/theories-biological-development/index.html"><strong>theories of</strong></a> (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/biology-individual/index.html"><strong>biological individuals</strong></a> (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker) </li>
<li> biological information — see <a href="entries/information-biological/index.html">information: biological</a> </li>
<li> biology
<ul>
<li> conservation — see <a href="entries/conservation-biology/index.html">conservation biology</a> </li>
<li> developmental — see <a href="entries/biology-developmental/index.html">developmental biology</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/biology-experiment/index.html"><strong>experiment in</strong></a> (Marcel Weber) </li>
<li> molecular — see <a href="entries/molecular-biology/index.html">molecular biology</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/biology-philosophy/index.html"><strong>philosophy of</strong></a> (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths) </li>
<li> reduction in — see <a href="entries/reduction-biology/index.html">reduction, scientific: in biology</a> </li>
<li> teleological notions in — see <a href="entries/teleology-biology/index.html">teleology: teleological notions in biology</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> biology, philosophy of
<ul>
<li> feminist — see <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy-biology/index.html">feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/biomedicine/index.html"><strong>biomedicine, philosophy of</strong></a> (Sean Valles) </li>
<li> Blair, Hugh — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/blame/index.html"><strong>blame</strong></a> (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bodily-awareness/index.html"><strong>bodily awareness</strong></a> (Frédérique de Vignemont) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bodin/index.html"><strong>Bodin, Jean</strong></a> (Mario Turchetti) </li>
<li> body — see <a href="entries/substance/index.html">substance</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boethius/index.html"><strong>Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus</strong></a> (John Marenbon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boethius-dacia/index.html"><strong>Boethius of Dacia</strong></a> (Sten Ebbesen) </li>
<li> Bohr, Niels
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/bohr-correspondence/index.html"><strong>correspondence principle</strong></a> (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/bolzano/index.html"><strong>Bolzano, Bernard</strong></a> (Edgar Morscher)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/bolzano-logic/index.html"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Jan Šebestik) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/bonaventure/index.html"><strong>Bonaventure, Saint</strong></a> (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boole/index.html"><strong>Boole, George</strong></a> (Stanley Burris) </li>
<li> Boolean algebra
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/boolalg-math/index.html"><strong>the mathematics of</strong></a> (J. Donald Monk) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/bosanquet/index.html"><strong>Bosanquet, Bernard</strong></a> (William Sweet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boundary/index.html"><strong>boundary</strong></a> (Achille Varzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bounded-rationality/index.html"><strong>bounded rationality</strong></a> (Gregory Wheeler) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boyle/index.html"><strong>Boyle, Robert</strong></a> (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bradley/index.html"><strong>Bradley, Francis Herbert</strong></a> (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/bradley-moral-political/index.html"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (David Crossley) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bradley-regress/index.html"><strong>Regress</strong></a> (Katarina Perovic) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> brain death — see <a href="entries/death-definition/index.html">death: definition of </a> </li>
<li> brains in a vat — see <a href="entries/skepticism-content-externalism/index.html">skepticism: and content externalism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/brentano/index.html"><strong>Brentano, Franz</strong></a> (Wolfgang Huemer)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/brentano-judgement/index.html"><strong>theory of judgement</strong></a> (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/broad/index.html"><strong>Broad, Charlie Dunbar</strong></a> (Kent Gustavsson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/brouwer/index.html"><strong>Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan</strong></a> (Mark van Atten) </li>
<li> Brown, Thomas — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bruno/index.html"><strong>Bruno, Giordano</strong></a> (Dilwyn Knox) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buber/index.html"><strong>Buber, Martin</strong></a> (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buddha/index.html"><strong>Buddha</strong></a> (Mark Siderits) </li>
<li> Buddhism
<ul>
<li> Chan — see <a href="entries/buddhism-chan/index.html">Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism</a> </li>
<li> ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism — see <a href="entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/index.html">ethics: in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism</a> </li>
<li> mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see <a href="entries/mind-indian-buddhism/index.html">mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy</a> </li>
<li> Tiantai — see <a href="entries/buddhism-tiantai/index.html">Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism</a> </li>
<li> Zen — see <a href="entries/japanese-zen/index.html">Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Buddhism: Huayan — see <a href="entries/buddhism-huayan/index.html">Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism</a> </li>
<li> bundle theory — see <a href="entries/substance/index.html">substance</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buridan/index.html"><strong>Buridan, John [Jean]</strong></a> (Jack Zupko) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/burke/index.html"><strong>Burke, Edmund</strong></a> (Ian Harris) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/burley/index.html"><strong>Burley [Burleigh], Walter</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> Butler, Joseph
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/butler-moral/index.html"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Aaron Garrett) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/byzantine-philosophy/index.html"><strong>Byzantine Philosophy</strong></a> (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén) </li>
</ul>
<a id="c"></a>
<hr />
<h2>C <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> Caird, Edward — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> Callicles — see <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/index.html">Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/index.html"><strong>Cambridge Platonists</strong></a> (Sarah Hutton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/campanella/index.html"><strong>Campanella, Tommaso</strong></a> (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca) </li>
<li> Campbell, George — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/camus/index.html"><strong>Camus, Albert</strong></a> (Ronald Aronson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cancer/index.html"><strong>cancer</strong></a> (Anya Plutynski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/capability-approach/index.html"><strong>capability approach</strong></a> (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cardano/index.html"><strong>Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo]</strong></a> (Guido Giglioni) </li>
<li> Carmichael, Gershom — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/carnap/index.html"><strong>Carnap, Rudolf</strong></a> (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/carneades/index.html"><strong>Carneades</strong></a> (James Allen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cassirer/index.html"><strong>Cassirer, Ernst</strong></a> (Michael Friedman) </li>
<li> casuistry — see <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/index.html">reasoning: moral</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/categories/index.html"><strong>categories</strong></a> (Amie Thomasson)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/medieval-categories/index.html"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/category-mistakes/index.html"><strong>category mistakes</strong></a> (Ofra Magidor) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/category-theory/index.html"><strong>category theory</strong></a> (Jean-Pierre Marquis) </li>
<li> causal determinism — see <a href="entries/determinism-causal/index.html">determinism: causal</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causal-models/index.html"><strong>causal models</strong></a> (Christopher Hitchcock) </li>
<li> causation
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-backwards/index.html"><strong>backward</strong></a> (Jan Faye) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-counterfactual/index.html"><strong>counterfactual theories of</strong></a> (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-causation/index.html"><strong>in Arabic and Islamic thought</strong></a> (Kara Richardson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-physics/index.html"><strong>in physics</strong></a> (Mathias Frisch) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-law/index.html"><strong>in the law</strong></a> (Michael Moore) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-mani/index.html"><strong>and manipulability</strong></a> (James Woodward) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-medieval/index.html"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Graham White) </li>
<li> mental — see <a href="entries/mental-causation/index.html">mental causation</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-metaphysics/index.html"><strong>the metaphysics of</strong></a> (J. Dmitri Gallow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-probabilistic/index.html"><strong>probabilistic</strong></a> (Christopher Hitchcock) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causation-regularity/index.html"><strong>regularity and inferential theories of</strong></a> (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther) </li>
<li> retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see <a href="entries/qm-retrocausality/index.html">quantum mechanics: retrocausality</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/margaret-cavendish/index.html"><strong>Cavendish, Margaret Lucas</strong></a> (David Cunning) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cell-biology/index.html"><strong>cell biology, philosophy of</strong></a> (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cellular-automata/index.html"><strong>cellular automata</strong></a> (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue) </li>
<li> censorship — see <a href="entries/pornography-censorship/index.html">pornography: and censorship</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/certainty/index.html"><strong>certainty</strong></a> (Baron Reed) </li>
<li> <em>ceteris paribus</em> laws — see <a href="entries/ceteris-paribus/index.html">laws of nature: <em>ceteris paribus</em></a> </li>
<li> chance
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/chance-randomness/index.html"><strong>versus randomness</strong></a> (Antony Eagle) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> change
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/change/index.html"><strong>and inconsistency</strong></a> (Chris Mortensen) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> change: Chinese philosophy of — see <a href="entries/chinese-change/index.html">Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chaos/index.html"><strong>chaos</strong></a> (Robert Bishop) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-character/index.html"><strong>character, moral</strong></a> (Marcia Homiak)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-character-empirical/index.html"><strong>empirical approaches</strong></a> (Christian B. Miller) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/emilie-du-chatelet/index.html"><strong>Châtelet, Émilie du</strong></a> (Karen Detlefsen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/walter-chatton/index.html"><strong>Chatton, Walter</strong></a> (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chemistry/index.html"><strong>chemistry, philosophy of</strong></a> (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/childhood/index.html"><strong>childhood, the philosophy of</strong></a> (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/children/index.html"><strong>children, philosophy for</strong></a> (Michael Pritchard) </li>
<li> Chile
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/philosophy-chile/index.html"><strong>philosophy in</strong></a> (Ivan Jaksic) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> chimeras, human/non-human — see <a href="entries/chimeras/index.html">ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human</a> </li>
<li> Chinese ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/index.html">Chinese Philosophy: ethics</a> </li>
<li> Chinese Philosophy
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/buddhism-chan/index.html"><strong>Chan Buddhism</strong></a> (Peter Hershock) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-phil-medicine/index.html"><strong>Chinese medicine</strong></a> (Lisa Raphals) </li>
<li> Compared to Western Philosophy — see <a href="entries/comparphil-chiwes/index.html">comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western</a> </li>
<li> Confucius — see <a href="entries/confucius/index.html">Confucius</a> </li>
<li> Daoism (Taoism) — see <a href="entries/daoism/index.html">Daoism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/emotions-chinese/index.html"><strong>emotions in early Chinese Philosophy</strong></a> (Bongrae Seok) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-epistemology/index.html"><strong>epistemology</strong></a> (Jana Rošker) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/index.html"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (David Wong) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/han-dynasty/index.html"><strong>Han Dynasty</strong></a> (Alexus McLeod) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buddhism-huayan/index.html"><strong>Huayan Buddhism</strong></a> (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones) </li>
<li> Laozi — see <a href="entries/laozi/index.html">Laozi</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-legalism/index.html"><strong>legalism in</strong></a> (Yuri Pines) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-logic-language/index.html"><strong>logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy</strong></a> (Marshall Willman) </li>
<li> Mencius — see <a href="entries/mencius/index.html">Mencius</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-metaphysics/index.html"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Franklin Perkins) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mohism/index.html"><strong>Mohism</strong></a> (Chris Fraser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mohist-canons/index.html"><strong>Mohist Canons</strong></a> (Chris Fraser) </li>
<li> Neo-Daoism — see <a href="entries/neo-daoism/index.html">Neo-Daoism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-change/index.html"><strong>philosophy of change</strong></a> (Tze-Ki Hon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/qing-philosophy/index.html"><strong>Qing philosophy</strong></a> (On-cho Ng) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-phil-science/index.html"><strong>science</strong></a> (Lisa Raphals) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-social-political/index.html"><strong>social and political thought</strong></a> (Stephen C. Angle) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/song-ming-confucianism/index.html"><strong>Song-Ming Confucianism</strong></a> (Justin Tiwald) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buddhism-tiantai/index.html"><strong>Tiantai Buddhism</strong></a> (Brook Ziporyn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-translate-interpret/index.html"><strong>translating and interpreting</strong></a> (Henry Rosemont Jr.) </li>
<li> Wang Yangming — see <a href="entries/wang-yangming/index.html">Wang Yangming</a> </li>
<li> Xunzi — see <a href="entries/xunzi/index.html">Xunzi</a> </li>
<li> Zhuang Zi — see <a href="entries/zhuangzi/index.html">Zhuangzi</a> </li>
<li> Zhu Xi — see <a href="entries/zhu-xi/index.html">Zhu Xi</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-room/index.html"><strong>Chinese room argument</strong></a> (David Cole) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chisholm/index.html"><strong>Chisholm, Roderick</strong></a> (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/axiom-choice/index.html"><strong>choice, axiom of</strong></a> (John L. Bell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dynamic-choice/index.html"><strong>choice, dynamic</strong></a> (Chrisoula Andreou) </li>
<li> choice, social — see <a href="entries/social-choice/index.html">social choice theory</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/christiantheology-philosophy/index.html"><strong>Christian theology, philosophy and</strong></a> (William Wood) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/church/index.html"><strong>Church, Alonzo</strong></a> (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/church-turing/index.html"><strong>Church-Turing Thesis</strong></a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li>
<li> Church’s Thesis — see <a href="entries/church-turing/index.html">Church-Turing Thesis</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cicero/index.html"><strong>Cicero</strong></a> (Raphael Woolf) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/citizenship/index.html"><strong>citizenship</strong></a> (Dominique Leydet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/civic-education/index.html"><strong>civic education</strong></a> (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/humanism-civic/index.html"><strong>civic humanism</strong></a> (Cary Nederman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/civil-disobedience/index.html"><strong>civil disobedience</strong></a> (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/civil-rights/index.html"><strong>civil rights</strong></a> (Andrew Altman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/clarke/index.html"><strong>Clarke, Samuel</strong></a> (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati) </li>
<li> Clement of Alexandria — see <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/index.html">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> </li>
<li> climate justice — see <a href="entries/justice-climate/index.html">justice: climate</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/climate-science/index.html"><strong>climate science</strong></a> (Wendy Parker) </li>
<li> clinical research, ethics of — see <a href="entries/clinical-research/index.html">ethics, biomedical: clinical research</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cloning/index.html"><strong>cloning</strong></a> (Katrien Devolder) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cockburn/index.html"><strong>Cockburn, Catharine Trotter</strong></a> (Patricia Sheridan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/coercion/index.html"><strong>coercion</strong></a> (Scott Anderson) </li>
<li> cognition
<ul>
<li> animal — see <a href="entries/cognition-animal/index.html">animal: cognition</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/embodied-cognition/index.html"><strong>embodied</strong></a> (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/cognitive-disability/index.html"><strong>cognitive disability and moral status</strong></a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cognitive-science/index.html"><strong>cognitive science</strong></a> (Paul Thagard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-cognitivism/index.html"><strong>cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral</strong></a> (Mark van Roojen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cohen/index.html"><strong>Cohen, Hermann</strong></a> (Scott Edgar) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/collingwood/index.html"><strong>Collingwood, Robin George</strong></a> (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/collingwood-aesthetics/index.html"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Gary Kemp) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/collins/index.html"><strong>Collins, Anthony</strong></a> (William Uzgalis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/colonialism/index.html"><strong>colonialism</strong></a> (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/color/index.html"><strong>color</strong></a> (Barry Maund) </li>
<li> common cause principle — see <a href="entries/physics-Rpcc/index.html">Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/common-good/index.html"><strong>common good</strong></a> (Waheed Hussain) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/common-knowledge/index.html"><strong>common knowledge</strong></a> (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/communitarianism/index.html"><strong>communitarianism</strong></a> (Daniel Bell) </li>
<li> comparative philosophy
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/comparphil-chiwes/index.html"><strong>Chinese and Western</strong></a> (David Wong) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/compatibilism/index.html"><strong>compatibilism</strong></a> (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates) </li>
<li> competence, in biomedical decision-making — see <a href="entries/decision-capacity/index.html">decision-making capacity</a> </li>
<li> complexity
<ul>
<li> computability and — see <a href="entries/computability/index.html">computability and complexity</a> </li>
<li> computational — see <a href="entries/computational-complexity/index.html">computational complexity theory</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> composition, the vagueness of — see <a href="entries/problem-of-many/index.html">many, problem of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/compositionality/index.html"><strong>compositionality</strong></a> (Zoltán Gendler Szabó) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computability/index.html"><strong>computability and complexity</strong></a> (Neil Immerman) </li>
<li> computation
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/computation-physicalsystems/index.html"><strong>in physical systems</strong></a> (Gualtiero Piccinini and Corey Maley) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/computational-complexity/index.html"><strong>computational complexity theory</strong></a> (Walter Dean) </li>
<li> computational linguistics — see <a href="entries/computational-linguistics/index.html">linguistics: computational</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computational-philosophy/index.html"><strong>computational philosophy</strong></a> (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer) </li>
<li> computational theory of mind — see <a href="entries/computational-mind/index.html">mind: computational theory of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computer-science/index.html"><strong>computer science, philosophy of</strong></a> (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner) </li>
<li> computing
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/computing-history/index.html"><strong>modern history of</strong></a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computing-responsibility/index.html"><strong>and moral responsibility</strong></a> (Merel Noorman) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/comte/index.html"><strong>Comte, Auguste</strong></a> (Michel Bourdeau) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/concepts/index.html"><strong>concepts</strong></a> (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/condemnation/index.html"><strong>condemnation of 1277</strong></a> (Hans Thijssen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/condillac/index.html"><strong>Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de</strong></a> (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/conditionals/index.html"><strong>conditionals</strong></a> (Dorothy Edgington)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/counterfactuals/index.html"><strong>counterfactual</strong></a> (William Starr) </li>
<li> logic of — see <a href="entries/logic-conditionals/index.html">logic: conditionals</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/histfem-condorcet/index.html"><strong>in the history of feminism</strong></a> (Joan Landes) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/confirmation/index.html"><strong>confirmation</strong></a> (Vincenzo Crupi) </li>
<li> Confucianism
<ul>
<li> Japanese — see <a href="entries/japanese-confucian/index.html">Japanese Philosophy: Confucian</a> </li>
<li> Korean — see <a href="entries/korean-confucianism/index.html">Korean Philosophy: Confucianism</a> </li>
<li> Mencius — see <a href="entries/mencius/index.html">Mencius</a> </li>
<li> Song-Ming — see <a href="entries/song-ming-confucianism/index.html">Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism</a> </li>
<li> Wang Yangming — see <a href="entries/wang-yangming/index.html">Wang Yangming</a> </li>
<li> Xunzi — see <a href="entries/xunzi/index.html">Xunzi</a> </li>
<li> Zhu Xi — see <a href="entries/zhu-xi/index.html">Zhu Xi</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/confucius/index.html"><strong>Confucius</strong></a> (Mark Csikszentmihalyi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/connectionism/index.html"><strong>connectionism</strong></a> (Cameron Buckner and James Garson) </li>
<li> connectives
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/connectives-logic/index.html"><strong>sentence connectives in formal logic</strong></a> (Lloyd Humberstone) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conscience/index.html"><strong>conscience</strong></a> (Alberto Giubilini)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/conscience-medieval/index.html"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Peter Eardley) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness/index.html"><strong>consciousness</strong></a> (Robert Van Gulick)
<ul>
<li> animal — see <a href="entries/consciousness-animal/index.html">animal: consciousness</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-higher/index.html"><strong>higher-order theories</strong></a> (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-intentionality/index.html"><strong>and intentionality</strong></a> (Charles Siewert) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-neuroscience/index.html"><strong>neuroscience of</strong></a> (Wayne Wu) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-representational/index.html"><strong>representational theories of</strong></a> (William Lycan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-17th/index.html"><strong>seventeenth-century theories of</strong></a> (Larry M. Jorgensen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-temporal/index.html"><strong>temporal</strong></a> (Barry Dainton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness-unity/index.html"><strong>unity of</strong></a> (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> consent — see <a href="entries/political-obligation/index.html">political obligation</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consequence-medieval/index.html"><strong>consequence, medieval theories of</strong></a> (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consequentialism/index.html"><strong>consequentialism</strong></a> (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/index.html"><strong>rule</strong></a> (Brad Hooker) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conservation-biology/index.html"><strong>conservation biology</strong></a> (Jay Odenbaugh) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/conservatism/index.html"><strong>conservatism</strong></a> (Andy Hamilton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/constitutionalism/index.html"><strong>constitutionalism</strong></a> (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/constructive-empiricism/index.html"><strong>constructive empiricism</strong></a> (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler) </li>
<li> constructivism
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/constructivism-metaethics/index.html"><strong>in metaethics</strong></a> (Carla Bagnoli) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/contextualism-epistemology/index.html"><strong>contextualism, epistemic</strong></a> (Patrick Rysiew) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/continental-rationalism/index.html"><strong>Continental Rationalism</strong></a> (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/continuity/index.html"><strong>continuity and infinitesimals</strong></a> (John L. Bell) </li>
<li> continuum hypothesis — see <a href="entries/continuum-hypothesis/index.html">set theory: continuum hypothesis</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contractarianism/index.html"><strong>contractarianism</strong></a> (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contract-law/index.html"><strong>contract law, philosophy of</strong></a> (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contractualism/index.html"><strong>contractualism</strong></a> (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contradiction/index.html"><strong>contradiction</strong></a> (Laurence R. Horn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/convention/index.html"><strong>convention</strong></a> (Michael Rescorla)
<ul>
<li> moral/conventional distinction — see <a href="entries/moral-conventional/index.html">moral/conventional distinction</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conway/index.html"><strong>Conway, Lady Anne</strong></a> (Sarah Hutton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anna-julia-cooper/index.html"><strong>Cooper, Anna Julia</strong></a> (Kathryn T. Gines) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/copernicus/index.html"><strong>Copernicus, Nicolaus</strong></a> (Sheila Rabin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cordemoy/index.html"><strong>Cordemoy, Géraud de</strong></a> (Fred Ablondi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/corruption/index.html"><strong>corruption</strong></a> (Seumas Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmological-argument/index.html"><strong>cosmological argument</strong></a> (Bruce Reichenbach) </li>
<li> cosmology
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmology-30s/index.html"><strong>methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s</strong></a> (George Gale) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmology-theology/index.html"><strong>and theology</strong></a> (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmology/index.html"><strong>cosmology, philosophy of</strong></a> (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmopolitanism/index.html"><strong>cosmopolitanism</strong></a> (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) </li>
<li> counterfactuals — see <a href="entries/counterfactuals/index.html">conditionals: counterfactual</a> </li>
<li> counterpart theory — see <a href="entries/possible-objects/index.html">possible objects</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/crathorn/index.html"><strong>Crathorn, William</strong></a> (Aurélien Robert) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/creation-conservation/index.html"><strong>creation and conservation</strong></a> (David Vander Laan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/creationism/index.html"><strong>creationism</strong></a> (Michael Ruse) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/crescas/index.html"><strong>Crescas, Hasdai</strong></a> (Shalom Sadik) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/criminal-law/index.html"><strong>criminal law, theories of</strong></a> (James Edwards) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/index.html"><strong>critical philosophy of race</strong></a> (Linda Alcoff) </li>
<li> critical race theory — see <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/index.html">critical philosophy of race</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/critical-theory/index.html"><strong>critical theory</strong></a> (James Bohman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/critical-thinking/index.html"><strong>critical thinking</strong></a> (David Hitchcock) </li>
<li> Croce, Benedetto
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/croce-aesthetics/index.html"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Gary Kemp) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/alexander-crummell/index.html"><strong>Crummell, Alexander</strong></a> (Stephen Thompson) </li>
<li> Cudworth, Ralph — see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/index.html">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> cultural evolution — see <a href="entries/evolution-cultural/index.html">evolution: cultural</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/index.html"><strong>cultural heritage, ethics of</strong></a> (Erich Hatala Matthes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/culture/index.html"><strong>culture</strong></a> (Patti Tamara Lenard)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/culture-cogsci/index.html"><strong>and cognitive science</strong></a> (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Culverwell, Nathaniel — see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/index.html">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/curry-paradox/index.html"><strong>Curry’s paradox</strong></a> (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cusanus/index.html"><strong>Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa]</strong></a> (Clyde Lee Miller) </li>
</ul>
<a id="d"></a>
<hr />
<h2>D <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/peter-damian/index.html"><strong>Damian, Peter</strong></a> (Toivo J. Holopainen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dance/index.html"><strong>dance, philosophy of</strong></a> (Aili Bresnahan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dante/index.html"><strong>Dante Alighieri</strong></a> (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/daoism/index.html"><strong>Daoism</strong></a> (Chad Hansen)
<ul>
<li> Laozi — see <a href="entries/laozi/index.html">Laozi</a> </li>
<li> Neo-Daoism — see <a href="entries/neo-daoism/index.html">Neo-Daoism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/daoism-religion/index.html"><strong>religious</strong></a> (Fabrizio Pregadio) </li>
<li> Zhuang Zi — see <a href="entries/zhuangzi/index.html">Zhuangzi</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Darwin, Charles
<ul>
<li> from <em>Origin of Species</em> to <em>Descent of Man</em> — see <a href="entries/origin-descent/index.html">evolution: from <em>Origin of Species</em> to the <em>Descent of Man</em></a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/darwinism/index.html"><strong>Darwinism</strong></a> (James Lennox) </li>
<li> <em>Dasein</em> — see <a href="entries/heidegger/index.html">Heidegger, Martin</a> </li>
<li> Daud, Abraham Ibn — see <a href="entries/abraham-daud/index.html">Ibn Daud, Abraham</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/david/index.html"><strong>David</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/davidson/index.html"><strong>Davidson, Donald</strong></a> (Jeff Malpas) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/death/index.html"><strong>death</strong></a> (Steven Luper)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/death-definition/index.html"><strong>definition of </strong></a> (David DeGrazia) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> de Beauvoir, Simone — see <a href="entries/beauvoir/index.html">Beauvoir, Simone de</a> </li>
<li> deception
<ul>
<li> definition of — see <a href="entries/lying-definition/index.html">lying and deception: definition of</a> </li>
<li> self — see <a href="entries/self-deception/index.html">self-deception</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/decision-capacity/index.html"><strong>decision-making capacity</strong></a> (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/decision-theory/index.html"><strong>decision theory</strong></a> (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/decision-causal/index.html"><strong>causal</strong></a> (Paul Weirich) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/decision-theory-descriptive/index.html"><strong>descriptive</strong></a> (Jake Chandler) </li>
<li> expected utility theories of rational choice — see <a href="entries/rationality-normative-utility/index.html">rational choice, normative: expected utility</a> </li>
<li> non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see <a href="entries/rationality-normative-nonutility/index.html">rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> Dedekind, Richard
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/dedekind-foundations/index.html"><strong>contributions to the foundations of mathematics</strong></a> (Erich Reck) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/index.html"><strong>defaults in semantics and pragmatics</strong></a> (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/definitions/index.html"><strong>definitions</strong></a> (Anil Gupta) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/deleuze/index.html"><strong>Deleuze, Gilles</strong></a> (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/delmedigo/index.html"><strong>Delmedigo, Elijah</strong></a> (Michael Engel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/delusion/index.html"><strong>delusion</strong></a> (Lisa Bortolotti) </li>
<li> demarcation of science — see <a href="entries/pseudo-science/index.html">science: and pseudo-science</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/democracy/index.html"><strong>democracy</strong></a> (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/global-democracy/index.html"><strong>global</strong></a> (Jonathan Kuyper) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/democritus/index.html"><strong>Democritus</strong></a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li>
<li> demonstration
<ul>
<li> Aristotle’s theory of — see <a href="entries/aristotle-logic/index.html">Aristotle, General Topics: logic</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/demonstration-medieval/index.html"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (John Longeway) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> demonstratives — see <a href="entries/indexicals/index.html">indexicals</a> </li>
<li> denotation — see <a href="entries/reference/index.html">reference</a> </li>
<li> deontological ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-deontological/index.html">ethics: deontological</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dependence-ontological/index.html"><strong>dependence, ontological</strong></a> (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/depiction/index.html"><strong>depiction</strong></a> (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/derrida/index.html"><strong>Derrida, Jacques</strong></a> (Leonard Lawlor) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes/index.html"><strong>Descartes, René</strong></a> (Gary Hatfield)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-epistemology/index.html"><strong>epistemology</strong></a> (Lex Newman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-ethics/index.html"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Donald Rutherford) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-works/index.html"><strong>life and works</strong></a> (Kurt Smith) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-mathematics/index.html"><strong>mathematics</strong></a> (Mary Domski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-method/index.html"><strong>method</strong></a> (Tarek R. Dika) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-modal/index.html"><strong>modal metaphysics</strong></a> (David Cunning) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-ontological/index.html"><strong>ontological argument</strong></a> (Lawrence Nolan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-physics/index.html"><strong>physics</strong></a> (Edward Slowik) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pineal-gland/index.html"><strong>and the pineal gland</strong></a> (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li>
<li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/index.html">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes-ideas/index.html"><strong>theory of ideas</strong></a> (Kurt Smith) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/descriptions/index.html"><strong>descriptions</strong></a> (Peter Ludlow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/desert/index.html"><strong>desert</strong></a> (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/desgabets/index.html"><strong>Desgabets, Robert</strong></a> (Patricia Easton) </li>
<li> design, argument from — see <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/index.html">teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/desire/index.html"><strong>desire</strong></a> (Tim Schroeder) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/determinate-determinables/index.html"><strong>determinates vs. determinables</strong></a> (Jessica Wilson) </li>
<li> determinism
<ul>
<li> ancient theories of — see <a href="entries/freedom-ancient/index.html">freedom: ancient theories of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/determinism-causal/index.html"><strong>causal</strong></a> (Carl Hoefer) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/biology-developmental/index.html"><strong>developmental biology</strong></a> (Alan Love)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/evolution-development/index.html"><strong>evolution and development</strong></a> (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert) </li>
<li> theories of — see <a href="entries/theories-biological-development/index.html">biological development: theories of</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/dewey/index.html"><strong>Dewey, John</strong></a> (David Hildebrand)
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/dewey-aesthetics/index.html"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dewey-moral/index.html"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Elizabeth Anderson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dewey-political/index.html"><strong>political philosophy</strong></a> (Matthew Festenstein) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/dharmakiirti/index.html"><strong>Dharmakīrti</strong></a> (Tom Tillemans) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/diagrams/index.html"><strong>diagrams</strong></a> (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma)
<ul>
<li> epistemology of — see <a href="entries/epistemology-visual-thinking/index.html">visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/dialectical-school/index.html"><strong>Dialectical School</strong></a> (Susanne Bobzien) </li>
<li> dialectics, Hegel’s — see <a href="entries/hegel-dialectics/index.html">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dialetheism/index.html"><strong>dialetheism</strong></a> (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/diderot/index.html"><strong>Diderot, Denis</strong></a> (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dietrich-freiberg/index.html"><strong>Dietrich of Freiberg</strong></a> (Markus Führer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/digital-art/index.html"><strong>digital art, philosophy of</strong></a> (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dilthey/index.html"><strong>Dilthey, Wilhelm</strong></a> (Rudolf Makkreel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/diodorus-cronus/index.html"><strong>Diodorus Cronus</strong></a> (David Sedley) </li>
<li> Diogenes Laertius — see <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/index.html">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> </li>
<li> Dionysius the Areopagite — see <a href="entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/index.html">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dirty-hands/index.html"><strong>dirty hands, the problem of</strong></a> (C.A.J. Coady) </li>
<li> disability
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/disability-critical/index.html"><strong>critical disability theory</strong></a> (Melinda C. Hall) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disability/index.html"><strong>definitions and models</strong></a> (David Wasserman and Sean Aas) </li>
<li> feminist perspectives on — see <a href="entries/feminism-disability/index.html">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disability-health/index.html"><strong>health, well-being, personal relationships</strong></a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disability-care-rationing/index.html"><strong>and health care rationing</strong></a> (Jerome Bickenbach) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disability-justice/index.html"><strong>and justice</strong></a> (Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch) </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/disagreement/index.html"><strong>disagreement</strong></a> (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson)
<ul>
<li> moral — see <a href="entries/disagreement-moral/index.html">moral disagreement</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/discourse-representation-theory/index.html"><strong>discourse representation theory</strong></a> (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/discrimination/index.html"><strong>discrimination</strong></a> (Andrew Altman) </li>
<li> disease — see <a href="entries/health-disease/index.html">health</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disjunction/index.html"><strong>disjunction</strong></a> (Maria Aloni) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dispositions/index.html"><strong>dispositions</strong></a> (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara) </li>
<li> <em>Dissoi Logoi</em> — see <a href="entries/sophists/index.html">Sophists, The</a> </li>
<li> distributive justice — see <a href="entries/justice-distributive/index.html">justice: distributive</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/justice-moral-psych/index.html"><strong>and empirical moral psychology</strong></a> (Christian B. Miller) </li>
<li> international — see <a href="entries/international-justice/index.html">justice: international distributive</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> diversity
<ul>
<li> religious — see <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/index.html">religious diversity</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> divine
<ul>
<li> command theory — see <a href="entries/voluntarism-theological/index.html">voluntarism, theological</a> </li>
<li> foreknowledge and free will — see <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/index.html">free will: divine foreknowledge and</a> </li>
<li> freedom — see <a href="entries/divine-freedom/index.html">freedom: divine</a> </li>
<li> hiddenness — see <a href="entries/divine-hiddenness/index.html">hiddenness of God</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/illumination/index.html"><strong>illumination</strong></a> (Robert Pasnau) </li>
<li> providence — see <a href="entries/providence-divine/index.html">providence, divine</a> </li>
<li> revelation — see <a href="entries/divine-revelation/index.html">revelation, divine</a> </li>
<li> simplicity — see <a href="entries/divine-simplicity/index.html">simplicity: divine</a> </li>
</ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/doing-allowing/index.html"><strong>doing vs. allowing harm</strong></a> (Fiona Woollard and Frances Howard-Snyder) </li>
<li> domestic partnership and marriage — see <a href="entries/marriage/index.html">marriage and domestic partnership</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/domination/index.html"><strong>domination</strong></a> (Christopher McCammon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gametes-donation-sale/index.html"><strong>donation and sale of human eggs and sperm</strong></a> (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/organ-donation/index.html"><strong>donation of human organs</strong></a> (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/double-consciousness/index.html"><strong>double consciousness</strong></a> (John P. Pittman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/double-effect/index.html"><strong>double effect, doctrine of</strong></a> (Alison McIntyre) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/frederick-douglass/index.html"><strong>Douglass, Frederick</strong></a> (Ronald Sundstrom) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/index.html"><strong>doxography of ancient philosophy</strong></a> (Jaap Mansfeld) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dreams-dreaming/index.html"><strong>dreams and dreaming</strong></a> (Jennifer M. Windt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dualism/index.html"><strong>dualism</strong></a> (Howard Robinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dubois/index.html"><strong>Du Bois, W.E.B.</strong></a> (Robert Gooding-Williams) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/du-bos/index.html"><strong>Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste </strong></a> (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/duhem/index.html"><strong>Duhem, Pierre</strong></a> (Roger Ariew) </li>
<li> Dunbar, James — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/index.html">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/duns-scotus/index.html"><strong>Duns Scotus, John</strong></a> (Thomas Williams) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dutch-book/index.html"><strong>Dutch book arguments</strong></a> (Susan Vineberg) </li>
<li> dynamic epistemic logic — see <a href="entries/dynamic-epistemic/index.html">logic: dynamic epistemic</a> </li>
<li> dynamic semantics — see <a href="entries/dynamic-semantics/index.html">semantics: dynamic</a> </li>
</ul>
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