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\begindata{text,1211896}
\textdsversion{12}
\template{default}
\define{global
}
\majorheading{The CM5 *Lisp Course
\smaller{\italic{Zdzislaw Meglicki
Centre for Information Science Research,
The Australian National University,
18th & 19th January 1994
}
}}\indent{These notes were prepared with Andrew {ez}, Lucid Common
Lisp, and with the Connection Machine CM5 *Lisp F7600 system on the computer
facilities of the Centre for Information Science Research, The Australian
National University. The notes are available in the {ez} format via
{ftp-anonymous} from {arp.anu.edu.au}. Directory:
{~ftp/ARP/papers/starlisp}.
}\majorheading{
Lesson 1
Introduction
}
\heading{Basic Common Lisp literature
}
\description{1) ``Lisp'', 3rd Edition, Patrick Henry Winston (MIT) and
Berthold Klaus Paul Horn (MIT), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989, ISBN
0-201-08319-1
2) ``Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'', Harold Abelson
(MIT), Gerald Jay Sussman (MIT), Julie Sussman (MIT), The MIT Press, Eleventh
Printing, 1990, ISBN 0-262-01077-1 (MIT Press), ISBN 0-07-000-422-6
(McGraw-Hill)
3) ``Common Lisp The Language'', 2nd Edition (CLtL2), Guy L. Steele Jr.
(TMC), Digital Press, 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6
}
\heading{What is Common Lisp used for, examples
}
\description{1) Hubble (Space) Telescope scheduling software (developed with
Allegro Common Lisp),
2) ``Cortex'', expert system for predicting properties of chemicals in various
circumstances developed by Molecular Knowledge Systems with Allegro Common
Lisp,
3) Development of MS Windows applications,
4) Symbolic manipulation programs, e.g., Macsyma,
5) Automated reasoning systems, e.g., NQTHM by Boyer and Moore,
6) Numerical aerodynamic tunnel developed by Lockheed with *Lisp on the CM2,
7) Robot control software developed by MIT AI Labs with *Lisp on the CM2,
\italic{\bold{8) Software prototyping - both numerical and AI}
\begindata{bp,1206928}
\enddata{bp,1206928}
\view{bpv,1206928,0,0,0}}
\heading{Lisp on the Connection Machine
}
1) Originally built by MIT researchers as a massively parallel machine for AI,
2) Initially *Lisp was the only high level CM2 language available,
3) CM2 and CM5 are used at MIT AI labs for robot control,
4) Lockheed was one of the first companies to make use of the CM2 for
numerical applications, their software was developed under *Lisp,
5) The University of Maryland developed an enemy ship recognition software for
the US Navy using *Lisp on the CM2,
6) *Lisp is still the only interactive prototyping environment available on
the CM5
}
\heading{Prototyping versus production code development
}
\description{1) The role of experimentation while developing difficult
algorithms
2) Experimentation is greatly hindered when working with non-interactive
programming environments:
\description{edit
compile
run
invoke external debugger
re-edit
re-compile
re-run
re-invoke external debugger
...
}3) *Lisp codes can be compiled after the prototyping stage. Because compiled
codes invoke basic CM-functions on the machine level, they should run as fast
as CMF or C* codes.\description{
}}
\heading{Working with Epoch and Lisp
}
\description{1) Interactive programming environments such as Lisp or Prolog
require buffering for
\description{automatic formatting
saving the worksheet
editing the worksheet
}2) Emacs and Epoch are traditionally used for this purpose
3) Epoch knows better how to work with X11 than Emacs. The new emacs-19 is
still dangerously buggy
4) The usual way to work with Lisp through Epoch is to have two windows: one
for worksheet editing and the other one for talking to Lisp. Lisp clauses can
be selected in the worksheet window and transferred in various ways to the
Lisp window. Text can be entered in Lisp window directly. It will be
automatically formatted by Epoch during insertion showing logical structure of
typed in programs.
}
\heading{Interactive session with Epoch
}
\description{1) Login on the system
2) Select Epoch from the root menu
}
\heading{Conversing with Epoch Lisp
}
When Epoch is brought up without any arguments, it provides a window marked
"{(Lisp Interaction)}". From within this window you can talk
directly to Epoch Lisp.
\description{1) Your first Lisp program: type {(print "hello
world")} in the Lisp Interaction window and press Line-Feed. Note, Line-Feed
is the little key under Return. Instead of Line-Feed you can also press
{C-j}. "{C-j}" means "Control-j".
2) Epoch/Emacs Lisp is similar to Common Lisp, but it is not exactly the same.
We will not dwell on Epoch Lisp any more.
\heading{Conversing with Common Lisp through Epoch
}
}\description{1) To edit a file with Epoch type {C-x C-f}. Note
that after you type {C-x}, the cursor jumps to the Minibuffer
window. Then when you type {C-f}, you see in the Minibuffer
}
\example{Find File: ~/
}
\indent{type the name of the file you want to edit or create, e.g.,
{worksheet.l
}}\description{2) Epoch window will clear and you will see that the editing
mode now becomes "{(Lisp)}". This is not the real Lisp window yet.
This is a window in which you will be editing your Lisp worksheet. Epoch will
help you edit the program - but you will have to invoke yet another window to
bring up real Common Lisp in it.
3) Type "{C-z 2}". This will bring up another window with the
cursor positioned in it. Now in this second window type "{M-x
run-lisp}" - this will bring up Lucid Common Lisp in the second window. The
abbreviation "{M-x}" means Meta-x. Meta key is the small key
labeled with a diamond to the left and to the right of the space-bar key. The
Epoch mode line says "{(Inferior Lisp: run)}"
4) Type in your first Lisp program into the Common Lisp window:
{(print "hello world")} and press the Return key this time, not the
Line-Feed key. You should see:
}\example{> (print "hello world")
"hello world"
"hello world"
>
}\leftindent{Observe that when you have typed in the second bracket the cursor
briefly jumps to the first bracket in order to show you which bracket you are
closing.
}\description{5) Now type "{C-z o}" in the Lisp window, the cursor
will jump back to the worksheet window. In that window type again your first
Lisp program {(print "hello world")}. Observe that again the cursor
will show you which bracket you are closing when you type the second bracket.
After you type in the line, press "{C-M-x}". Observe that Epoch
will have transferred the program to the Lisp window and executed it there.
6) You can also select the text in the worksheet window by pressing the first
button on the mouse and dragging the mouse across text. Then click on the Lisp
window, position the mouse pointer in the shape of the pencil exactly where
you want the text to go, and press the middle button on the mouse. This will
transfer the text from the worksheet window to the Lisp window. Now press the
Return key and execute the program.
\heading{Summary
}
}\description{1) When Epoch is invoked from the menu or without arguments in
brings up the Epoch-Lisp interaction window, in which Epoch-Lisp commands can
be executed by pressing the Line-Feed key.
2) To create a new file or to edit an existing one type {C-x C-f
file-name} in the Epoch window. File names with a suffix "{.l}"
will automatically invoke the Lisp editing mode.
3) To create another window type "{C-z 2}".
4) To invoke external Lisp process in that window, position the cursor in that
window and type "{M-x run-lisp}"
5) Programs can be typed and executed directly in the Lisp window. Epoch will
automatically show closing brackets and indent typed in text.
6) You can switch from one window to another by typing "{C-z o}" or
by clicking with the mouse on the appropriate window.
7) You can transfer Lisp clauses from Lisp window to the inferior Lisp process
by typing "{C-M-x}" or by copying and pasting with the mouse.
\begindata{bp,1206864}
\enddata{bp,1206864}
\view{bpv,1206864,1,0,0}}
\majorheading{Lesson 2
Basic Common Lisp
}
\heading{Using Common Lisp as a calculator
}
1) Switch back to the Common Lisp window and try the following:
\example{> (+ 2 2)
4
> (* 2 3)
6
}\indent{\italic{Here is how you can combine various mathematical operations
}}\example{> (+ (* 2 3) 4)
10
}\indent{\italic{When performing operations on integers Lisp will try to be as
accurate as possible to the very end
}}\example{> (/ 3 7)
3/7
}\indent{\italic{Common Lisp knows the value of }{pi}\italic{
}}\example{> pi
3.141592653589793
}\indent{\italic{It also knows about trigonometric functions
}}\example{> (sin (/ pi 2.0))
1.0
> (cos (/ pi 2.0))
6.123031769111886E-17
}\indent{\italic{This should be zero, but we are not so accurate
}}\example{> (tan (/ pi 2.0))
1.6331778728383844E16
}\indent{\italic{This should be infinity, but, thanks God, we are not
sufficiently accurate either.
Lisp functions can sometimes take arbitrary number of arguments
}}\example{> (max 3 7 2 1 6)
7
> (min 3 7 2 1 6)
1
> (+ 3 7 2 1 6)
19
> (- 3 7 2 1 6)
-13
> (1+ 3)
4
> (1- 3)
2
> (/ 8)
1/8
> (/ -8)
-1/8
}\indent{\italic{Common Lisp also knows about the greatest common divisor
}}\example{> (gcd 8 4)
4
> (gcd 236 111)
1
}\indent{\italic{It can also exponentiate
}}\example{> (expt 2 3)
8
}\indent{\italic{Note the difference between 2\superscript{3} and
\italic{e}\superscript{2}
}}\example{> (exp 2)
7.38905609893065
> (log 2)
0.6931471805599453
}\indent{\italic{If you want a logarithm of 2 in the base 2 use two arguments.
The default base is \italic{e}
}}\example{> (log 2 2)
1.0
}\indent{\italic{Square root is also there
}}\example{> (sqrt 2)
1.4142135623730952
}\indent{\italic{Common Lisp knows about complex numbers
}}\example{> (log -1.0)
#C(0.0 3.141592653589793)
> (sqrt -2)
#C(0.0 1.4142135623730952)
}\indent{\italic{This is an integer square root
}}\example{> (isqrt 9)
3
> (isqrt 10)
3
}\indent{\italic{and this is \italic{e\superscript{ix}}
}}\example{> (cis 0.0)
#C(1.0 0.0)
> (cis pi)
#C(-1.0 1.2246063538223773E-16)
> (cis (/ pi 2))
#C(6.123031769111886E-17 1.0)
}\indent{\italic{Common Lisp understands fractions
}}\example{> (numerator (/ 3 4))
3
> (denominator (/ 3 4))
4
}\indent{\italic{It can also truncate and round numbers
}}\example{> (truncate pi)
3
0.14159265358979312
> (round pi)
3
0.14159265358979312
> (truncate (+ pi (/ 1 2)))
3
0.6415926535897931
> (round (+ pi (/ 1 2)))
4
-0.3584073464102069
}\indent{\italic{or cast them onto other types
}}\example{> (float 2)
2.0
> (rational 2.0)
2
}\indent{\italic{Here is how you can find the division remainder
}}\example{> (rem 13 4)
1
}\indent{\italic{To generate random numbers use
}}\example{> (random 10.0)
2.061467316924359
> (random 10.0)
3.7399819979840676
>
}
There are many more useful mathematical functions in Common Lisp. These are
discussed in detail in Chapter 12, "Numbers" of the CLtL2.
\heading{Basic iterations in Common Lisp
}
\description{1) Still in Lisp window type the following text. With the
exception of the first line start every following line with a tab to get the
right indentation.
}
\example{> (dotimes (i 5 nil)
(print i))
0
1
2
3
4
NIL
>
}
\heading{Variables and more iterations in Common Lisp
}
1) Try the following
\example{> a
>>Error: The symbol A has no global value
SYMBOL-VALUE:
Required arg 0 (S): A
:C 0: Try evaluating A again
:A 1: Abort to Lisp Top Level
-> 1
Abort to Lisp Top Level
Back to Lisp Top Level
> (setf a 3)
3
> a
3
>
}
\indent{In Common Lisp parlance we say that symbol A has been bound to 3.
}
2) Variables can be also created locally using the {let} form:
\example{> (let ((result 1))
(dotimes (i 5 result)
(setf result (* (1+ i) result))))
120
> (* 1 2 3 4 5)
120
>
}
\description{3) This {(1+ i)} construct within the body of the loop
looks ungainly. A more general iteration facility called "{do}" can
be used to fix this:
}
\example{> (let ((result 1))
(do ((i 1 (1+ i)))
((< 5 i) result)
(setf result (* i result))))
120
>
}
\leftindent{The first argument of {do} creates local variables,
initialises them and tells {do} how to increment them on every
iteration. Several local variables can be created. We could use this feature
of {do} instead of the external {let}:
}
\example{> (do ((i 1 (1+ i))
(result 1))
((< 5 i) result)
(setf result (* i result)))
120
>
}
\heading{Defining your own functions
}
\description{1) The macro {defun} is used to define functions.
Macros is Common Lisp are a bit like macros in C. They are far more
sophisticated though and, like Common Lisp functions, they can be compiled
too. Here is a simple use of {defun}:
}
\example{> (defun factorial (n)
(do ((i 1)
(result 1))
((< n i) result)
(setf result (* i result))
(setf i (1+ i))))
FACTORIAL
> (factorial 5)
120
> (factorial 1)
1
> (factorial 3)
6
> (factorial 7)
5040
> (factorial 0)
1
>
}
\description{2) When it comes to defining long functions it is no longer
practical to work in the Lisp window. For this it is better to switch to the
worksheet window so that you can re-edit and modify existing definitions. If
you have managed to type in the definition of the factorial function without
mistakes into the Lisp window, copy and paste this definition using mouse to
the worksheet window.
3) The copied text may not be properly indented. To fix the problems try the
following
\description{a) position the cursor at the beginning of the definition and
type {C-space-bar}, the minibuffer should say "{Mark
set}"
b) now type {C-M-f}, the cursor should move to the end of the
function definition. You can go back to the beginning by typing
{C-M-b}, try it
c) when you are now positioned at the end of the function definition type
{M-x indent-region}.
}4) Modify the function definition by adding the comment:
}
\example{(defun factorial (n)
"this function computes the factorial of its
integer argument"
(do ((i 1)
(result 1))
((< n i) result)
(setf result (* i result))
(setf i (1+ i))))
}
\description{5) Transfer this new function definition to Common Lisp by
positioning the cursor at the end of the function and typing
{C-M-x}. Lisp should give you a warning that you are redefining the
function:
}
\example{;;; Warning: Redefining FUNCTION FACTORIAL which used to be defined
at top level
}
\description{6) Now change back to the Lisp window and type:
}
\example{> (describe 'factorial)
FACTORIAL is a symbol. Its home package is USER.
Its global function definition is #<Interpreted-Function (NAMED-LAMBDA
FACTORIAL (N) (BLOCK FACTORIAL (DO # # # #))) 157A406>.
#<Interpreted-Function (NAMED-LAMBDA FACTORIAL (N) (BLOCK FACTORIAL (DO # # #
#))) 157A406> is an interpreted function.
Its source code is
(NAMED-LAMBDA FACTORIAL
(N)
(BLOCK FACTORIAL
(DO ((I 1)
(RESULT 1))
((< N I)
RESULT)
(SETF RESULT (* I RESULT)) (SETF I (1+ I)))))
The function definition for FACTORIAL is in the file /tmp/emlisp3773.
It has this function documentation:
"this function computes the factorial of its integer argument"
>
}
\leftindent{Common Lisp is a self-documenting programming environment. You can
find much information about any function, macro, or a variable by asking
Common Lisp to {describe} it.
}
\description{7) You can easily time every function which executes in the
Common Lisp environment. Try
}
\example{> (time (factorial 180))
Elapsed Real Time = 0.03 seconds
Total Run Time = 0.03 seconds
User Run Time = 0.03 seconds
System Run Time = 0.00 seconds
Process Page Faults = 0
Dynamic Bytes Consed = 0
Ephemeral Bytes Consed = 15,728
2008960624991342996569513368984668389175
4034079886777794043533516004486095339598
0941180138112097309735631594101037399609
6710321321863314952736095985319667309729
4565355881980647506435385685815744504080
9209560358463319644664891114256430017824
1417967538181923386423026933278187319860
3960320000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000
}
\leftindent{Here you can also see that integer arithmetics in Common Lisp is
not restricted to 32 or 64 bits.
}
\description{8) The function {factorial} defined above is
interpreted. You can speed up the execution by compiling it:
}
\example{> (compile 'factorial)
;;; You are using the compiler in development mode (compilation-speed = 3)
;;; If you want faster code at the expense of longer compile time,
;;; you should use the production mode of the compiler, which can be obtained
;;; by evaluating (proclaim '(optimize (compilation-speed 0)))
;;; Generation of full safety checking code is enabled (safety = 3)
;;; Optimization of tail calls is disabled (speed = 2)
FACTORIAL
> (time (factorial 180))
Elapsed Real Time = 0.01 seconds
Total Run Time = 0.01 seconds
User Run Time = 0.01 seconds
System Run Time = 0.00 seconds
Process Page Faults = 0
Dynamic Bytes Consed = 0
Ephemeral Bytes Consed = 15,640
2008960624991342996569513368984668389175
4034079886777794043533516004486095339598
0941180138112097309735631594101037399609
6710321321863314952736095985319667309729
4565355881980647506435385685815744504080
9209560358463319644664891114256430017824
1417967538181923386423026933278187319860
3960320000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000
>
}
\heading{Summary
}
\description{1) Common Lisp provides a great variety of mathematical
functions. For example:
}\example{+, *, -, /, sin, cos, tan, max, min, gcd, expt, exp, log, sqrt,
isqrt, cis, 1+, 1-, numerator, denominator, truncate, round, float, rational,
rem, random
}\indent{and many others.
}\description{2) Common Lisp knows about fractions and complex numbers. It
also knows about {pi.}
3) Basic iterations in Common Lisp can be carried out using
{dotimes} or {do.}
4) Variables are created using {setf}, {let}, or
let-like constructs within {do}. There are also many other ways to
create and bind variables in Common Lisp.
5) Functions are defined using the {defun} macro.
6) Long functions are easier to define and modify in the worksheet window.
7) You can mark a position in a text in Epoch by {C-space-bar}.
8) {C-M-f} will move the cursor forward by the whole Lisp clause
and {C-M-b} will move the cursor backward by the whole Lisp clause.
9) The whole function can be automatically indented by marking the region and
typing {M-x indent-region. }
10) Common Lisp functions can be annotated by inserting a comment following
the list of parameters.
11) The documentation about every Common Lisp function is stored by the Lisp
system and can be invoked by calling the {describe} function.
12) Common Lisp functions can be timed by using the {time}
function.
13) Common Lisp functions can be compiled by using the {compile}
function.
14) Common Lisp integer arithmetics is not restricted to 32 or 64 bits.
\begindata{bp,1206800}
\enddata{bp,1206800}
\view{bpv,1206800,2,0,0}
\majorheading{Lesson 3
Arrays
}
\heading{Common Lisp arrays
}
1) Variables in Common Lisp are dynamically constructed as needed.
{setf} makes a simple variable if such doesn't exist yet. To make
an array you have to use a function {make-array}.
}\example{> (make-array '(4))
#<Simple-Vector T 4 1537E9E>
> (setf *print-array* t)
T
> (make-array '(4))
#(NIL NIL NIL NIL)
>
}
\indent{Unless a predefined global variable {*print-array*} is set
to {t} (true) array contents are not printed. This can be useful if
the program works on very long arrays. By default newly created arrays contain
{nil} (false) in every slot.
}\description{2) Arrays can be initialised using a function switch
"{:initial-element}", or "{:initial-contents}":
}
\example{> (make-array '(4) :initial-element 0.0)
#(0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0)
> (make-array '(4)
:initial-contents '(1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0))
#(1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0)
>
}
3) Arrays can be made multidimensional:
\example{> (make-array '(3 3) :initial-element 0.0)
#2A((0.0 0.0 0.0) (0.0 0.0 0.0) (0.0 0.0 0.0))
> (make-array '(3 3)
:initial-contents '((1.0 2.0 3.0)
(4.0 5.0 6.0)
(7.0 8.0 9.0)))
#2A((1.0 2.0 3.0) (4.0 5.0 6.0) (7.0 8.0 9.0))
>
}
4) Once made, arrays can be bound to various symbols using {setf}:
\example{> (setf a (make-array '(3)
:initial-contents '(1.0 0.0 0.0)))
#(1.0 0.0 0.0)
> (setf b (make-array '(3)
:initial-contents '(0.0 1.0 0.0)))
#(0.0 1.0 0.0)
> a