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14. 抽象合约和接口

抽象合约

如果一个智能合约里至少有一个未实现的函数，即某个函数缺少主体{}中的内容，则必须将该合约标为abstract，不然编译会报错；另外，未实现的函数需要加virtual，以便子合约重写。拿我们之前的插入排序合约为例，如果我们还没想好具体怎么实现插入排序函数，那么可以把合约标为abstract，之后让别人补写上。

abstract contract InsertionSort{
    function insertionSort(uint[] memory a) public pure virtual returns(uint[] memory);
}

ERC721 範例

interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
    
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);

    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;

    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);

    function safeTransferFrom( address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes calldata data) external;
}

什么时候使用接口？

如果我们知道一个合约实现了IERC721接口，我们不需要知道它具体代码实现，就可以与它交互。

无聊猿BAYC属于ERC721代币，实现了IERC721接口的功能。我们不需要知道它的源代码，只需知道它的合约地址，用IERC721接口就可以与它交互，比如用balanceOf()来查询某个地址的BAYC余额，用safeTransferFrom()来转账BAYC。

contract interactBAYC {
    // 利用BAYC地址创建接口合约变量（ETH主网）
    IERC721 BAYC = IERC721(0xBC4CA0EdA7647A8aB7C2061c2E118A18a936f13D);

    // 通过接口调用BAYC的balanceOf()查询持仓量
    function balanceOfBAYC(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance){
        return BAYC.balanceOf(owner);
    }

    // 通过接口调用BAYC的safeTransferFrom()安全转账
    function safeTransferFromBAYC(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external{
        BAYC.safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
    }
}

Solidity中的抽象合约（abstract）和接口（interface），他们都可以写模版并且减少代码冗余。