From 0aed31f4de4af9b851d797b89cc8e70de57fa1a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:29:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/12] Some typing

---
 manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py | 40 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
index 0b8de4c13f..5b6bf5c706 100644
--- a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
+++ b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import typing
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -13,9 +14,7 @@
 from ..utils.exceptions import EndSceneEarlyException
 from ..utils.iterables import list_update
 
-if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from typing import Any
-
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from manim.animation.animation import Animation
     from manim.scene.scene import Scene
 
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.skip_animations = skip_animations
         self.animations_hashes = []
         self.num_plays = 0
-        self.time = 0
+        self.time = 0.0
         self.static_image = None
 
     def init_scene(self, scene: Scene) -> None:
@@ -61,8 +60,8 @@ def play(
         self,
         scene: Scene,
         *args: Animation | Mobject | _AnimationBuilder,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
         # Reset skip_animations to the original state.
         # Needed when rendering only some animations, and skipping others.
         self.skip_animations = self._original_skipping_status
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ def play(
     def update_frame(  # TODO Description in Docstring
         self,
         scene: Scene,
-        mobjects: typing.Iterable[Mobject] | None = None,
+        mobjects: Iterable[Mobject] | None = None,
         include_submobjects: bool = True,
         ignore_skipping: bool = True,
         **kwargs: Any,
@@ -156,7 +155,12 @@ def update_frame(  # TODO Description in Docstring
         kwargs["include_submobjects"] = include_submobjects
         self.camera.capture_mobjects(mobjects, **kwargs)
 
-    def render(self, scene, time, moving_mobjects):
+    def render(
+        self,
+        scene: Scene,
+        time: float,
+        moving_mobjects: Iterable[Mobject] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
         self.update_frame(scene, moving_mobjects)
         self.add_frame(self.get_frame())
 
@@ -166,13 +170,13 @@ def get_frame(self) -> PixelArray:
 
         Returns
         -------
-        np.array
+        PixelArray
             NumPy array of pixel values of each pixel in screen.
-            The shape of the array is height x width x 3
+            The shape of the array is height x width x 3.
         """
         return np.array(self.camera.pixel_array)
 
-    def add_frame(self, frame: np.ndarray, num_frames: int = 1):
+    def add_frame(self, frame: PixelArray, num_frames: int = 1) -> None:
         """
         Adds a frame to the video_file_stream
 
@@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ def add_frame(self, frame: np.ndarray, num_frames: int = 1):
         self.time += num_frames * dt
         self.file_writer.write_frame(frame, num_frames=num_frames)
 
-    def freeze_current_frame(self, duration: float):
+    def freeze_current_frame(self, duration: float) -> None:
         """Adds a static frame to the movie for a given duration. The static frame is the current frame.
 
         Parameters
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ def freeze_current_frame(self, duration: float):
             num_frames=int(duration / dt),
         )
 
-    def show_frame(self):
+    def show_frame(self) -> None:
         """
         Opens the current frame in the Default Image Viewer
         of your system.
@@ -214,8 +218,8 @@ def show_frame(self):
     def save_static_frame_data(
         self,
         scene: Scene,
-        static_mobjects: typing.Iterable[Mobject],
-    ) -> typing.Iterable[Mobject] | None:
+        static_mobjects: Iterable[Mobject],
+    ) -> Iterable[Mobject] | None:
         """Compute and save the static frame, that will be reused at each frame
         to avoid unnecessarily computing static mobjects.
 
@@ -228,7 +232,7 @@ def save_static_frame_data(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        typing.Iterable[Mobject]
+        Iterable[Mobject]
             The static image computed.
         """
         self.static_image = None
@@ -238,7 +242,7 @@ def save_static_frame_data(
         self.static_image = self.get_frame()
         return self.static_image
 
-    def update_skipping_status(self):
+    def update_skipping_status(self) -> None:
         """
         This method is used internally to check if the current
         animation needs to be skipped or not. It also checks if

From b245ff4f28cba125bed61cb808fc84693185e6b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2025 19:51:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/12] Add type annotations for cairo_renderer

---
 manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py | 24 +++++------
 manim/scene/scene.py             | 10 ++---
 manim/utils/hashing.py           | 71 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 mypy.ini                         |  4 +-
 4 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
index 5b6bf5c706..947e00d4b0 100644
--- a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
+++ b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def __init__(
         camera_class: type[Camera] | None = None,
         skip_animations: bool = False,
         **kwargs: Any,
-    ) -> None:
+    ):
         # All of the following are set to EITHER the value passed via kwargs,
         # OR the value stored in the global config dict at the time of
         # _instance construction_.
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ def __init__(
         self.camera = camera_cls()
         self._original_skipping_status = skip_animations
         self.skip_animations = skip_animations
-        self.animations_hashes = []
+        self.animations_hashes: list[str | None] = []
         self.num_plays = 0
         self.time = 0.0
-        self.static_image = None
+        self.static_image: PixelArray | None = None
 
     def init_scene(self, scene: Scene) -> None:
         self.file_writer: Any = self._file_writer_class(
@@ -165,8 +165,7 @@ def render(
         self.add_frame(self.get_frame())
 
     def get_frame(self) -> PixelArray:
-        """
-        Gets the current frame as NumPy array.
+        """Gets the current frame as NumPy array.
 
         Returns
         -------
@@ -177,8 +176,7 @@ def get_frame(self) -> PixelArray:
         return np.array(self.camera.pixel_array)
 
     def add_frame(self, frame: PixelArray, num_frames: int = 1) -> None:
-        """
-        Adds a frame to the video_file_stream
+        """Adds a frame to the video_file_stream
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -207,12 +205,11 @@ def freeze_current_frame(self, duration: float) -> None:
             num_frames=int(duration / dt),
         )
 
-    def show_frame(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Opens the current frame in the Default Image Viewer
+    def show_frame(self, scene: Scene) -> None:
+        """Opens the current frame in the Default Image Viewer
         of your system.
         """
-        self.update_frame(ignore_skipping=True)
+        self.update_frame(scene, ignore_skipping=True)
         self.camera.get_image().show()
 
     def save_static_frame_data(
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ def save_static_frame_data(
         scene
             The scene played.
         static_mobjects
-            Static mobjects of the scene. If None, self.static_image is set to None
+            Static mobjects of the scene. If None, self.static_image is set to None.
 
         Returns
         -------
@@ -243,8 +240,7 @@ def save_static_frame_data(
         return self.static_image
 
     def update_skipping_status(self) -> None:
-        """
-        This method is used internally to check if the current
+        """This method is used internally to check if the current
         animation needs to be skipped or not. It also checks if
         the number of animations that were played correspond to
         the number of animations that need to be played, and
diff --git a/manim/scene/scene.py b/manim/scene/scene.py
index 94d8715d35..996bb5ba9d 100644
--- a/manim/scene/scene.py
+++ b/manim/scene/scene.py
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
     window = dpg.generate_uuid()
 except ImportError:
     dearpygui_imported = False
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 from tqdm import tqdm
@@ -59,11 +61,9 @@
 from ..utils.module_ops import scene_classes_from_file
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
     from types import FrameType
-    from typing import Any, Callable, TypeAlias, Union
 
-    from typing_extensions import Self
+    from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 
     from manim.typing import Point3D
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.moving_mobjects: list[Mobject] = []
         self.static_mobjects: list[Mobject] = []
         self.time_progression: tqdm[float] | None = None
-        self.duration: float | None = None
+        self.duration: float = 0.0
         self.last_t = 0.0
         self.queue: Queue[SceneInteractAction] = Queue()
         self.skip_animation_preview = False
diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index 8619cc7e34..73b6e19310 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -2,21 +2,20 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import collections
 import copy
 import inspect
 import json
-import typing
 import zlib
+from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterable
 from time import perf_counter
 from types import FunctionType, MappingProxyType, MethodType, ModuleType
-from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import numpy as np
 
 from manim._config import config, logger
 
-if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from manim.animation.animation import Animation
     from manim.camera.camera import Camera
     from manim.mobject.mobject import Mobject
@@ -55,14 +54,16 @@ class _Memoizer:
     THRESHOLD_WARNING = 170_000
 
     @classmethod
-    def reset_already_processed(cls):
+    def reset_already_processed(cls: type[_Memoizer]) -> None:
         cls._already_processed.clear()
 
     @classmethod
-    def check_already_processed_decorator(cls: _Memoizer, is_method: bool = False):
+    def check_already_processed_decorator(
+        cls: type[_Memoizer], is_method: bool = False
+    ) -> Callable:
         """Decorator to handle the arguments that goes through the decorated function.
-        Returns _ALREADY_PROCESSED_PLACEHOLDER if the obj has been processed, or lets
-        the decorated function call go ahead.
+        Returns the value of ALREADY_PROCESSED_PLACEHOLDER if the obj has been processed,
+        or lets the decorated function call go ahead.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ def check_already_processed_decorator(cls: _Memoizer, is_method: bool = False):
             Whether the function passed is a method, by default False.
         """
 
-        def layer(func):
+        def layer(func: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> Callable:
             # NOTE : There is probably a better way to separate both case when func is
             # a method or a function.
             if is_method:
@@ -83,9 +84,9 @@ def layer(func):
         return layer
 
     @classmethod
-    def check_already_processed(cls, obj: Any) -> Any:
+    def check_already_processed(cls: type[_Memoizer], obj: Any) -> Any:
         """Checks if obj has been already processed. Returns itself if it has not been,
-        or the value of _ALREADY_PROCESSED_PLACEHOLDER if it has.
+        or the value of ALREADY_PROCESSED_PLACEHOLDER if it has.
         Marks the object as processed in the second case.
 
         Parameters
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ def check_already_processed(cls, obj: Any) -> Any:
         return cls._handle_already_processed(obj, lambda x: x)
 
     @classmethod
-    def mark_as_processed(cls, obj: Any) -> None:
+    def mark_as_processed(cls: type[_Memoizer], obj: Any) -> None:
         """Marks an object as processed.
 
         Parameters
@@ -115,10 +116,10 @@ def mark_as_processed(cls, obj: Any) -> None:
 
     @classmethod
     def _handle_already_processed(
-        cls,
-        obj,
-        default_function: typing.Callable[[Any], Any],
-    ):
+        cls: type[_Memoizer],
+        obj: Any,
+        default_function: Callable[[Any], Any],
+    ) -> str | Any:
         if isinstance(
             obj,
             (
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ def _handle_already_processed(
             # It makes no sense (and it'd slower) to memoize objects of these primitive
             # types.  Hence, we simply return the object.
             return obj
-        if isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Hashable):
+        if isinstance(obj, Hashable):
             try:
                 return cls._return(obj, hash, default_function)
             except TypeError:
@@ -143,11 +144,11 @@ def _handle_already_processed(
 
     @classmethod
     def _return(
-        cls,
-        obj: typing.Any,
-        obj_to_membership_sign: typing.Callable[[Any], int],
-        default_func,
-        memoizing=True,
+        cls: type[_Memoizer],
+        obj: Any,
+        obj_to_membership_sign: Callable[[Any], int],
+        default_func: Callable[[Any], Any],
+        memoizing: bool = True,
     ) -> str | Any:
         obj_membership_sign = obj_to_membership_sign(obj)
         if obj_membership_sign in cls._already_processed:
@@ -173,9 +174,8 @@ def _return(
 
 
 class _CustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
-    def default(self, obj: Any):
-        """
-        This method is used to serialize objects to JSON format.
+    def default(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        """This method is used to serialize objects to JSON format.
 
         If obj is a function, then it will return a dict with two keys : 'code', for
         the code source, and 'nonlocals' for all nonlocalsvalues. (including nonlocals
@@ -234,11 +234,11 @@ def default(self, obj: Any):
         # Serialize it with only the type of the object. You can change this to whatever string when debugging the serialization process.
         return str(type(obj))
 
-    def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: typing.Iterable[Any]):
+    def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> list[Any] | dict[Any, Any]:
         """Check for circular reference at each iterable that will go through the JSONEncoder, as well as key of the wrong format.
 
         If a key with a bad format is found (i.e not a int, string, or float), it gets replaced byt its hash using the same process implemented here.
-        If a circular reference is found within the iterable, it will be replaced by the string "already processed".
+        If a circular reference is found within the iterable, it will be replaced by the value of ALREADY_PROCESSED_PLACEHOLDER.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
@@ -246,10 +246,10 @@ def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: typing.Iterable[Any]):
             The iterable to check.
         """
 
-        def _key_to_hash(key):
+        def _key_to_hash(key) -> int:
             return zlib.crc32(json.dumps(key, cls=_CustomEncoder).encode())
 
-        def _iter_check_list(lst):
+        def _iter_check_list(lst: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:
             processed_list = [None] * len(lst)
             for i, el in enumerate(lst):
                 el = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(el)
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def _iter_check_list(lst):
                 processed_list[i] = new_value
             return processed_list
 
-        def _iter_check_dict(dct):
+        def _iter_check_dict(dct: dict) -> dict:
             processed_dict = {}
             for k, v in dct.items():
                 v = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(v)
@@ -286,8 +286,11 @@ def _iter_check_dict(dct):
             return _iter_check_list(iterable)
         elif isinstance(iterable, dict):
             return _iter_check_dict(iterable)
+        else:
+            # mypy requires this line, even though it should not be reached.
+            return iterable
 
-    def encode(self, obj: Any):
+    def encode(self, obj: Any) -> str:
         """Overriding of :meth:`JSONEncoder.encode`, to make our own process.
 
         Parameters
@@ -306,7 +309,7 @@ def encode(self, obj: Any):
         return super().encode(obj)
 
 
-def get_json(obj: dict):
+def get_json(obj: Any) -> str:
     """Recursively serialize `object` to JSON using the :class:`CustomEncoder` class.
 
     Parameters
@@ -325,8 +328,8 @@ def get_json(obj: dict):
 def get_hash_from_play_call(
     scene_object: Scene,
     camera_object: Camera | OpenGLCamera,
-    animations_list: typing.Iterable[Animation],
-    current_mobjects_list: typing.Iterable[Mobject],
+    animations_list: Iterable[Animation],
+    current_mobjects_list: Iterable[Mobject],
 ) -> str:
     """Take the list of animations and a list of mobjects and output their hashes. This is meant to be used for `scene.play` function.
 
diff --git a/mypy.ini b/mypy.ini
index 42c31f08ef..dcbeb48575 100644
--- a/mypy.ini
+++ b/mypy.ini
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ ignore_errors = True
 ignore_errors = True
 
 [mypy-manim.renderer.cairo_renderer]
-ignore_errors = True
+ignore_errors = False
 
 [mypy-manim.renderer.opengl_renderer]
 ignore_errors = True
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ ignore_errors = True
 ignore_errors = True
 
 [mypy-manim.utils.hashing]
-ignore_errors = True
+ignore_errors = False
 
 
 

From ffc5164a11a037b74a6572be51fa7233a3c621c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 21:27:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/12] Fix two more type errors

---
 manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py | 2 +-
 manim/utils/hashing.py           | 2 +-
 mypy.ini                         | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
index 111f5265ac..ff17089a3d 100644
--- a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
+++ b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def save_static_frame_data(
         self,
         scene: Scene,
         static_mobjects: Iterable[Mobject],
-    ) -> Iterable[Mobject] | None:
+    ) -> PixelArray | None:
         """Compute and save the static frame, that will be reused at each frame
         to avoid unnecessarily computing static mobjects.
 
diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index 73b6e19310..d706328620 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ def get_json(obj: Any) -> str:
 def get_hash_from_play_call(
     scene_object: Scene,
     camera_object: Camera | OpenGLCamera,
-    animations_list: Iterable[Animation],
+    animations_list: Iterable[Animation] | None,
     current_mobjects_list: Iterable[Mobject],
 ) -> str:
     """Take the list of animations and a list of mobjects and output their hashes. This is meant to be used for `scene.play` function.
diff --git a/mypy.ini b/mypy.ini
index d0dcd812d6..55ae9d02fc 100644
--- a/mypy.ini
+++ b/mypy.ini
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ ignore_errors = True
 ignore_errors = True
 
 [mypy-manim.renderer.cairo_renderer]
-ignore_errors = True
+ignore_errors = False
 
 [mypy-manim.renderer.opengl_renderer]
 ignore_errors = True

From 7e62e3a6b80402b5556f3566a88b7b9bb964d049 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 21:56:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/12] Update mypy.ini

---
 mypy.ini | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypy.ini b/mypy.ini
index 55ae9d02fc..d04883078d 100644
--- a/mypy.ini
+++ b/mypy.ini
@@ -132,9 +132,6 @@ ignore_errors = True
 [mypy-manim.mobject.vector_field]
 ignore_errors = True
 
-[mypy-manim.renderer.cairo_renderer]
-ignore_errors = False
-
 [mypy-manim.renderer.opengl_renderer]
 ignore_errors = True
 

From aac3de0ebfe01956d90fc02ea77b80d13bd13266 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 16:25:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/12] Fix docstring

---
 manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
index ff17089a3d..66a1822101 100644
--- a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
+++ b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ def save_static_frame_data(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        Iterable[Mobject]
-            The static image computed.
+        PixelArray | None
+            The static image computed. The return value is None if there are no static mobjects in the scene.
         """
         self.static_image = None
         if not static_mobjects:

From 0d3ff4e338cd4c225f6dde41f73ac90bdb9b3945 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:26:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/12] Update manim/utils/hashing.py
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Co-authored-by: Francisco Manríquez Novoa <49853152+chopan050@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 manim/utils/hashing.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index d706328620..b4041ae93a 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> list[Any] | dict[Any, An
             The iterable to check.
         """
 
-        def _key_to_hash(key) -> int:
+        def _key_to_hash(key: Any) -> int:
             return zlib.crc32(json.dumps(key, cls=_CustomEncoder).encode())
 
         def _iter_check_list(lst: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:

From 75cf984e88a958c7673abaf991364cbf5dcae8b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:27:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/12] Update manim/utils/hashing.py
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Co-authored-by: Francisco Manríquez Novoa <49853152+chopan050@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 manim/utils/hashing.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index b4041ae93a..9394f16a63 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def _iter_check_list(lst: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:
                 processed_list[i] = new_value
             return processed_list
 
-        def _iter_check_dict(dct: dict) -> dict:
+        def _iter_check_dict(dct: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]:
             processed_dict = {}
             for k, v in dct.items():
                 v = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(v)

From d289a92869c9ea03b19a8a340ad5db0aad1ae375 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:34:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/12] Apply suggestions
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Co-authored-by: Francisco Manríquez Novoa <49853152+chopan050@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 manim/utils/hashing.py | 13 +++++++++----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index 9394f16a63..4544d4773d 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -234,7 +234,13 @@ def default(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
         # Serialize it with only the type of the object. You can change this to whatever string when debugging the serialization process.
         return str(type(obj))
 
-    def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> list[Any] | dict[Any, Any]:
+    @overload
+    def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: Sequence[Any]) -> list[Any]: ...
+    
+    @overload
+    def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]: ...
+    
+    def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable):
         """Check for circular reference at each iterable that will go through the JSONEncoder, as well as key of the wrong format.
 
         If a key with a bad format is found (i.e not a int, string, or float), it gets replaced byt its hash using the same process implemented here.
@@ -249,7 +255,7 @@ def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> list[Any] | dict[Any, An
         def _key_to_hash(key: Any) -> int:
             return zlib.crc32(json.dumps(key, cls=_CustomEncoder).encode())
 
-        def _iter_check_list(lst: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:
+        def _iter_check_list(lst: Sequence[Any]) -> list[Any]:
             processed_list = [None] * len(lst)
             for i, el in enumerate(lst):
                 el = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(el)
@@ -287,8 +293,7 @@ def _iter_check_dict(dct: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]:
         elif isinstance(iterable, dict):
             return _iter_check_dict(iterable)
         else:
-            # mypy requires this line, even though it should not be reached.
-            return iterable
+            raise TypeError("'iterable' is neither an iterable nor a dictionary.")
 
     def encode(self, obj: Any) -> str:
         """Overriding of :meth:`JSONEncoder.encode`, to make our own process.

From 687de5e41d141421e4a30e25ee86e8235e6dfa8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 02:14:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/12] Fix imports

---
 manim/utils/hashing.py | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index 4544d4773d..9a933f2b1a 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 import inspect
 import json
 import zlib
-from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterable, Sequence
 from time import perf_counter
 from types import FunctionType, MappingProxyType, MethodType, ModuleType
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, overload
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ def default(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
 
     @overload
     def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: Sequence[Any]) -> list[Any]: ...
-    
+
     @overload
     def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]: ...
-    
+
     def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable):
         """Check for circular reference at each iterable that will go through the JSONEncoder, as well as key of the wrong format.
 

From 6997608fbe2f1eb3b6ecf5193aa32b83fcd83355 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 02:24:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/12] Fix animations_list typing

---
 manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py | 1 +
 manim/utils/hashing.py           | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
index 66a1822101..bcbe3a4fc7 100644
--- a/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
+++ b/manim/renderer/cairo_renderer.py
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ def play(
                 logger.info("Caching disabled.")
                 hash_current_animation = f"uncached_{self.num_plays:05}"
             else:
+                assert scene.animations is not None
                 hash_current_animation = get_hash_from_play_call(
                     scene,
                     self.camera,
diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index 9a933f2b1a..ece745fd5b 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ def get_json(obj: Any) -> str:
 def get_hash_from_play_call(
     scene_object: Scene,
     camera_object: Camera | OpenGLCamera,
-    animations_list: Iterable[Animation] | None,
+    animations_list: Iterable[Animation],
     current_mobjects_list: Iterable[Mobject],
 ) -> str:
     """Take the list of animations and a list of mobjects and output their hashes. This is meant to be used for `scene.play` function.

From c3195a5f729fa5a743a790a2de84eccced9ba094 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 11:06:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/12] More typing improvements

---
 manim/utils/hashing.py | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index ece745fd5b..a11b1c96d2 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]: ...
     def _cleaned_iterable(self, iterable):
         """Check for circular reference at each iterable that will go through the JSONEncoder, as well as key of the wrong format.
 
-        If a key with a bad format is found (i.e not a int, string, or float), it gets replaced byt its hash using the same process implemented here.
+        If a key with a bad format is found (i.e not a int, string, or float), it gets replaced by its hash using the same process implemented here.
         If a circular reference is found within the iterable, it will be replaced by the value of ALREADY_PROCESSED_PLACEHOLDER.
 
         Parameters
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def _iter_check_list(lst: Sequence[Any]) -> list[Any]:
             processed_list = [None] * len(lst)
             for i, el in enumerate(lst):
                 el = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(el)
-                if isinstance(el, (list, tuple)):
+                if isinstance(el, Sequence):
                     new_value = _iter_check_list(el)
                 elif isinstance(el, dict):
                     new_value = _iter_check_dict(el)
@@ -274,21 +274,21 @@ def _iter_check_dict(dct: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]:
                 v = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(v)
                 if k in KEYS_TO_FILTER_OUT:
                     continue
-                # We check if the k is of the right format (supporter by Json)
+                # We check if the k is of the right format (supported by JSON)
                 if not isinstance(k, (str, int, float, bool)) and k is not None:
                     k_new = _key_to_hash(k)
                 else:
                     k_new = k
                 if isinstance(v, dict):
                     new_value = _iter_check_dict(v)
-                elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+                elif isinstance(v, Sequence):
                     new_value = _iter_check_list(v)
                 else:
                     new_value = v
                 processed_dict[k_new] = new_value
             return processed_dict
 
-        if isinstance(iterable, (list, tuple)):
+        if isinstance(iterable, Sequence):
             return _iter_check_list(iterable)
         elif isinstance(iterable, dict):
             return _iter_check_dict(iterable)
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def encode(self, obj: Any) -> str:
            The object encoder with the standard json process.
         """
         _Memoizer.mark_as_processed(obj)
-        if isinstance(obj, (dict, list, tuple)):
+        if isinstance(obj, (dict, Sequence)):
             return super().encode(self._cleaned_iterable(obj))
         return super().encode(obj)
 

From b873c0846623783ea6da9ffbedf878c4e2365d54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "F. Muenkel" <25496279+fmuenkel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 11:20:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/12] Revert typing improvements

---
 manim/utils/hashing.py | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/manim/utils/hashing.py b/manim/utils/hashing.py
index a11b1c96d2..d9824ef83f 100644
--- a/manim/utils/hashing.py
+++ b/manim/utils/hashing.py
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def default(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
             if obj.size > 1000:
                 obj = np.resize(obj, (100, 100))
                 return f"TRUNCATED ARRAY: {repr(obj)}"
-            # We return the repr and not a list to avoid the JsonEncoder to iterate over it.
+            # We return the repr and not a list to avoid the JSONEncoder to iterate over it.
             return repr(obj)
         elif hasattr(obj, "__dict__"):
             temp = obj.__dict__
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def _iter_check_list(lst: Sequence[Any]) -> list[Any]:
             processed_list = [None] * len(lst)
             for i, el in enumerate(lst):
                 el = _Memoizer.check_already_processed(el)
-                if isinstance(el, Sequence):
+                if isinstance(el, (list, tuple)):
                     new_value = _iter_check_list(el)
                 elif isinstance(el, dict):
                     new_value = _iter_check_dict(el)
@@ -281,14 +281,14 @@ def _iter_check_dict(dct: dict[Any, Any]) -> dict[Any, Any]:
                     k_new = k
                 if isinstance(v, dict):
                     new_value = _iter_check_dict(v)
-                elif isinstance(v, Sequence):
+                elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
                     new_value = _iter_check_list(v)
                 else:
                     new_value = v
                 processed_dict[k_new] = new_value
             return processed_dict
 
-        if isinstance(iterable, Sequence):
+        if isinstance(iterable, (list, tuple)):
             return _iter_check_list(iterable)
         elif isinstance(iterable, dict):
             return _iter_check_dict(iterable)
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def encode(self, obj: Any) -> str:
            The object encoder with the standard json process.
         """
         _Memoizer.mark_as_processed(obj)
-        if isinstance(obj, (dict, Sequence)):
+        if isinstance(obj, (dict, list, tuple)):
             return super().encode(self._cleaned_iterable(obj))
         return super().encode(obj)