references.bib

@TechReport{2007,
  title = {Les {{Principes}} de {{Jogjakarta}} : {{Principes}} Sur l'application de La L\'egislation Internationale Des Droits Humains En Mati\`ere d'orientation Sexuelle et d'identit\'e de Genre},
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}

@Article{Ainsworth2015,
  title = {Sex Redefined},
  author = {Claire Ainsworth},
  year = {2015},
  month = {feb},
  journal = {Nature},
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}

@Misc{americanpsychologicalassociation2014,
  title = {Answers to Your Questions about Transgender People, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression},
  author = {{American Psychological Association}},
  year = {2014},
  abstract = {Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe people whose gender identity (sense of themselves as male or female) or gender expression differs from socially constructed norms associated with their birth sex. This includes androgynous, bigendered and gender queer people, who tend to see traditional concepts of gender as restrictive.},
  howpublished = {https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\6MVDS42C\\transgender.html},
}

@Article{angus2021,
  title = {A Systematic Review of Antiandrogens and Feminization in Transgender Women},
  author = {Lachlan M. Angus and Brendan J. Nolan and Jeffrey D. Zajac and Ada S. Cheung},
  year = {2021},
  month = {may},
  journal = {Clinical Endocrinology},
  volume = {94},
  number = {5},
  pages = {743--752},
  issn = {0300-0664, 1365-2265},
  doi = {10.1111/cen.14329},
  abstract = {Antiandrogens are frequently used with estradiol in transgender women seeking feminization. Antiandrogens act by various mechanisms to decrease the production or effects of testosterone, but it is unclear which antiandrogen is most effective at feminization. A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. We searched online databases (Medline, Embase and PsycINFO) and references of relevant articles for studies of antiandrogens in transgender women aged 16+ years to achieve feminization (namely changes in breast size, body composition, facial or body hair) or changes in serum total testosterone concentration when compared to placebo, estradiol alone or an alternative antiandrogen. Four studies fulfilled eligibility criteria and were included in a narrative review. The addition of cyproterone acetate, leuprolide and medroxyprogesterone acetate may be more effective than spironolactone or estradiol alone at suppressing the serum total testosterone concentration. Body composition changes appear similar in transgender women treated with estradiol and additional cyproterone acetate or leuprolide. No eligible studies adequately evaluated the effects of antiandrogens on breast development or facial and body hair reduction. It remains unclear which antiandrogen is most effective at achieving feminization. Cyproterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and leuprolide may be more effective than spironolactone at suppressing the serum total testosterone concentration. However, due to spironolactone's antagonism of the androgen receptor, it is unclear whether this results in clinically meaningful differences in feminization. Further research with clinically meaningful endpoints is needed to optimize the use of antiandrogens in transgender women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {THAG,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\P3V5ECFG\\Angus et al. - 2021 - A systematic review of antiandrogens and feminizat.pdf},
}

@Article{becasen2019,
  title = {Estimating the {{Prevalence}} of {{HIV}} and {{Sexual Behaviors Among}} the {{US Transgender Population}}: {{A Systematic Review}} and {{Meta-Analysis}}, 2006\textendash 2017},
  author = {Jeffrey S. Becasen and Christa L. Denard and Mary M. Mullins and Darrel H. Higa and Theresa Ann Sipe},
  year = {2019},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {109},
  issn = {0090-0036},
  doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2018.304727},
  isbn = {0090-0036},
  pmid = {30496000},
  keywords = {Meta-analysis,Systematic review,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\2GAGMTE6\\Becasen et al. - 2019 - Estimating the Prevalence of HIV and Sexual Behaviors Among the US Transgender Population A Systematic Review an.pdf},
}

@Article{carswell2017,
  title = {Induction and {{Maintenance}} of {{Amenorrhea}} in {{Transmasculine}} and {{Nonbinary Adolescents}}},
  author = {Jeremi M. Carswell and Stephanie A. Roberts},
  year = {2017},
  month = {dec},
  journal = {Transgender Health},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {195--201},
  issn = {2380-193X},
  doi = {10.1089/trgh.2017.0021},
  abstract = {The treatment of persistent uterine bleeding in those patients who identify as transmasculine or nonbinary is often straightforward, but can be difficult in a subset of patients. This article reviews the physiology of the normal menstrual cycle and the hormonal influences on the endometrium, and then explores options for the treatment of persistent bleeding for people both already on testosterone and for those who are either not ready for or who do not desire testosterone.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Effets désirables,Nonbinary,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\FGTU5IMF\\Carswell et Roberts - 2017 - Induction and Maintenance of Amenorrhea in Transma.pdf},
}

@Article{clark2021,
  title = {This {{Wasn}}'t a {{Split-Second Decision}}'': {{An Empirical Ethical Analysis}} of {{Transgender Youth Capacity}}, {{Rights}}, and {{Authority}} to {{Consent}} to {{Hormone Therapy}}},
  shorttitle = {This {{Wasn}}'t a {{Split-Second Decision}}''},
  author = {Beth A. Clark and Alice Virani},
  year = {2021},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Journal of Bioethical Inquiry},
  issn = {1176-7529, 1872-4353},
  doi = {10.1007/s11673-020-10086-9},
  abstract = {Abstract             Inherent in providing healthcare for youth lie tensions among best interests, decision-making capacity, rights, and legal authority. Transgender (trans) youth experience barriers to needed gender-affirming care, often rooted in ethical and legal issues, such as healthcare provider concerns regarding youth capacity and rights to consent to hormone therapy. Even when decision-making capacity is present, youth may lack the legal authority to give consent. The aims of this paper are therefore to provide an empirical analysis of minor trans youth capacity to consent to hormone therapy and to address the normative question of whether there is ethical justification for granting trans youth the authority to consent to this care. Through qualitative content analysis of interviews with trans youth, parents, and healthcare providers, we found that trans youth demonstrated the understandings and abilities characteristic of the capacity to consent to hormone therapy and that they did consent to hormone therapy with positive outcomes. Employing deontological and consequentialist reasoning and drawing on a foundation of empirical evidence, human rights, and best interests we conclude that granting trans youth with decisional capacity both the right and the legal authority to consent to hormone therapy via the informed consent model of care is ethically justified.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethics,THAG,Transgender people,Transgender youth},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\MZXXT3FH\\Clark et Virani - 2021 - This Wasn’t a Split-Second Decision” An Empirical.pdf},
}

@TechReport{commissiondeprofilsdesmedecinsgeneralistes2015,
  title = {Campagne d'information 2015 de La {{Commission}} de Profils Des \guillemotleft{} M\'edecins G\'en\'eralistes \guillemotright : {{Rapport}} d'activit\'e Personnel 2013},
  author = {{Commission de profils des m{\a'e}decins g{\a'e}n{\a'e}ralistes}},
  year = {2015},
  institution = {{INAMI - Direction Recherche, D\'eveloppement et promotion de la Qualit\'e}},
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}

@Article{connelly2019,
  title = {Gender-{{Affirming Hormone Therapy}}, {{Vascular Health}} and {{Cardiovascular Disease}} in {{Transgender Adults}}},
  author = {Paul J. Connelly and E. {Marie Freel} and Colin Perry and John Ewan and Rhian M. Touyz and Gemma Currie and Christian Delles},
  year = {2019},
  month = {dec},
  journal = {Hypertension},
  volume = {74},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1266--1274},
  publisher = {{American Heart Association}},
  doi = {10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13080},
  abstract = {Gender-affirming or cross-sex hormone therapy is integral to the management of transgender individuals yet our appreciation of the effects of such hormones on cardiovascular health is limited. Insights into vascular pathophysiology and outcomes in transgender people receiving sex steroids could be fundamental in providing better care for this population through the management of cardiovascular risk and more broadly advance our understanding of the role of sex and gender in vascular health and disease. In addition, there is a need to understand how gender-affirming hormone therapy impacts cardiovascular disease risk and events as transgender individuals age. This review explores the available evidence on the associations between gender-affirming hormones and cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, thrombosis, lipid abnormalities, and diabetes mellitus. Current research about vascular outcomes in adults receiving hormonal therapy is limited by the absence of large cohort studies, lack of appropriate control populations, and inadequate data acquisition from gender identity services. Existing epidemiological data suggest that the use of estrogens in transgender females confers an increased risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Conversely, transgender males receiving testosterone lack any consistent or convincing evidence of increased risk of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. Further studies are required to confirm whether such risk exists and the mechanisms by which they occur.},
  keywords = {Cardiovascular,Effets indésirables,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\LH27253N\\Connelly et al_2019_Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Vascular Health and Cardiovascular Disease in.pdf},
}

@Article{deblok2019,
  title = {Cancer {{Risk}} in {{Transgender People}}},
  author = {Christel J.M. {de Blok} and Koen M.A. Dreijerink and Martin {den Heijer}},
  year = {2019},
  month = {jun},
  journal = {Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {441--452},
  issn = {08898529},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.005},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\VT2FJNAI\\de Blok et al_2019_Cancer Risk in Transgender People.pdf},
}

@Article{deblok2019a,
  title = {Breast Cancer Risk in Transgender People Receiving Hormone Treatment: Nationwide Cohort Study in the {{Netherlands}}},
  shorttitle = {Breast Cancer Risk in Transgender People Receiving Hormone Treatment},
  author = {Christel J M {de Blok} and Chantal M Wiepjes and Nienke M Nota and Klaartje {van Engelen} and Muriel A Adank and Koen M A Dreijerink and Ellis Barb{\a'e} and Inge R H M Konings and Martin {den Heijer}},
  year = {2019},
  month = {may},
  journal = {BMJ},
  pages = {l1652},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1756-1833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.l1652},
  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               To investigate the incidence and characteristics of breast cancer in transgender people in the Netherlands compared with the general Dutch population.                                         Design               Retrospective, nationwide cohort study.                                         Setting               Specialised tertiary gender clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.                                         Participants               2260 adult trans women (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity) and 1229 adult trans men (female sex assigned at birth, male gender identity) who received gender affirming hormone treatment.                                         Main outcome measures               Incidence and characteristics (eg, histology, hormone receptor status) of breast cancer in transgender people.                                         Results               The total person time in this cohort was 33\,991 years for trans women and 14\,883 years for trans men. In the 2260 trans women in the cohort, 15 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified (median duration of hormone treatment 18 years, range 7-37 years). This was 46-fold higher than in cisgender men (standardised incidence ratio 46.7, 95\% confidence interval 27.2 to 75.4) but lower than in cisgender women (0.3, 0.2 to 0.4). Most tumours were of ductal origin and oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive, and 8.3\% were human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) positive. In 1229 trans men, four cases of invasive breast cancer were identified (median duration of hormone treatment 15 years, range 2-17 years). This was lower than expected compared with cisgender women (standardised incidence ratio 0.2, 95\% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.5).                                         Conclusions               This study showed an increased risk of breast cancer in trans women compared with cisgender men, and a lower risk in trans men compared with cisgender women. In trans women, the risk of breast cancer increased during a relatively short duration of hormone treatment and the characteristics of the breast cancer resembled a more female pattern. These results suggest that breast cancer screening guidelines for cisgender people are sufficient for transgender people using hormone treatment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet,A lire,Cancer,Effets indésirables,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\SRA2MRRH\\de Blok et al_2019_Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment.pdf},
}

@TechReport{flores2016,
  title = {How Many {{Adults}} Identify as {{Transgender}} in the {{United States}}?},
  author = {Andrew R Flores and Jody L Herman and Gary J Gates and Taylor N T Brown},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {13},
  address = {{Los Angeles, CA}},
  institution = {{The Williams Institue}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\ZSATX4CW\\Flores et al. - HOW MANY ADULTS IDENTIFY AS TRANSGENDER IN THE UNI.pdf},
}

@Misc{genrespluriels2018,
  title = {Atteindre Son Point de Confort ?},
  author = {{Genres Pluriels}},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {https://www.genrespluriels.be/Atteindre-son-point-de-confort},
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}

@Misc{ghesquiere2021,
  title = {Catalogue Des Indicateurs Statistiques - {{WALSTAT}}},
  author = {Fran{\c c}ois Ghesquiere},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {https://walstat.iweps.be/walstat-catalogue.php?niveau\_agre=A\&indicateur\_id=833800\&ordre=0\&periode=2019\&niveau\_agre=P\&sel\_niveau\_catalogue=T},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\6Q4S9D8X\\walstat-catalogue.html},
}

@Article{goodman2019,
  title = {Size and {{Distribution}} of {{Transgender}} and {{Gender Nonconforming Populations}}},
  author = {Michael Goodman and Noah Adams and Trevor Corneil and Baudewijntje Kreukels and Joz Motmans and Eli Coleman},
  year = {2019},
  month = {jun},
  journal = {Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {303--321},
  issn = {08898529},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.001},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\KBA99KXM\\Goodman et al. - 2019 - Size and Distribution of Transgender and Gender No.pdf},
}

@Article{green2021,
  title = {Association of {{Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy With Depression}}, {{Thoughts}} of {{Suicide}}, and {{Attempted Suicide Among Transgender}} and {{Nonbinary Youth}}},
  author = {Amy E. Green and Jonah P. DeChants and Myeshia N. Price and Carrie K. Davis},
  year = {2021},
  month = {dec},
  journal = {Journal of Adolescent Health},
  pages = {S1054139X21005681},
  issn = {1054139X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.036},
  abstract = {Purpose: There are no large-scale studies examining mental health among transgender and nonbinary youth who receive gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). The purpose of this study is to examine associations among access to GAHT with depression, thoughts of suicide, and attempted suicide among a large sample of transgender and nonbinary youth. Methods: Data were collected as part of a 2020 survey of 34,759 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youth aged 13e24, including 11,914 transgender or nonbinary youth. Adjusted logistic regression assessed whether receipt of GAHT was associated with lower levels of depression, thoughts of suicide, and attempted suicide among those who wanted to receive GAHT. Results: Half of transgender and nonbinary youth said they were not using GAHT but would like to, 36\% were not interested in receiving GAHT, and 14\% were receiving GAHT. Parent support for their child's gender identity had a strong relationship with receipt of GAHT, with nearly 80\% of those who received GAHT reporting they had at least one parent who supported their gender identity. Use of GAHT was associated with lower odds of recent depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] {$\frac{1}{4}$} .73, p {$<$} .001) and seriously considering suicide (aOR {$\frac{1}{4}$} .74, p {$<$} .001) compared to those who wanted GAHT but did not receive it. For youth under age 18, GAHT was associated with lower odds of recent depression (aOR {$\frac{1}{4}$} .61, p {$<$} .01) and of a past-year suicide attempt (aOR {$\frac{1}{4}$} .62, p {$<$} .05). Conclusions: Findings support a relationship between access to GAHT and lower rates of depression and suicidality among transgender and nonbinary youth. \'O 2021 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Depression,Effets désirables,Mental health,Nonbinary,Suicide,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women,Transgender youth,Wellbeing},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\2BZXU2IJ\\Green et al. - 2021 - Association of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Wi.pdf},
}

@Article{greene2021,
  title = {Reproductive {{Endocrinology Reference Intervals}} for {{Transgender Men}} on {{Stable Hormone Therapy}}},
  author = {Dina N Greene and Robert L Schmidt and Gabrielle Winston-McPherson and Jessica Rongitsch and Katherine L Imborek and Jane A Dickerson and Julia C Drees and Robert M Humble and Nicole Nisly and Nancy J Dole and Susan K Dane and Janice Frerichs and Matthew D Krasowski},
  year = {2021},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--50},
  issn = {2576-9456},
  doi = {10.1093/jalm/jfaa169},
  abstract = {Gender-affirming therapy with testosterone is commonly prescribed to aid in the masculinization of transgender men. Sex-hormone concentrations are routinely measured, but interpretation of results can be difficult due to the lack of published reference intervals.Healthy transgender individuals who had been prescribed testosterone (n\,=\,82) for at least a year were recruited from internal medicine and primary care clinics that specialize in transgender medical care. Total testosterone and estradiol were measured using immunoassay and mass spectrometry; LH, FSH, SHBG, prolactin, progesterone, anti-M\"ullerian hormone (AMH), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were measured using immunoassay; free testosterone was calculated. Reference intervals (central 95\%) were calculated according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.When evaluating general endocrine laboratory tests in people using masculinizing hormones, reference intervals for cisgender men can be applied for total and free testosterone and SHBG and reference intervals for cisgender women can be applied for prolactin. Reference intervals for estradiol, LH, FSH, AMH, and DHEAS differ from those used for cisgender men and cisgender women, and therefore should be interpreted using intervals specific to the transmasculine population. For testosterone and estradiol, results from immunoassays were clinically equivalent to mass spectrometry.Masculinizing hormones will alter the concentrations of commonly evaluated endocrine hormones. Providers and laboratories should use appropriate reference intervals to interpret the results of these tests.},
  keywords = {Transgender men},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\RFN757PG\\Greene et al_2021_Reproductive Endocrinology Reference Intervals for Transgender Men on Stable.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\CJXVZEAP\\6006635.html},
}

@InCollection{hall2019,
  title = {Neuroendocrine {{Control}} of the {{Menstrual Cycle}}},
  shorttitle = {Yen \& {{Jaffe}}'s {{Reproductive Endocrinology}}},
  booktitle = {Yen \& {{Jaffe}}'s {{Reproductive Endocrinology}} : Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management},
  author = {Janet Hall},
  editor = {J{\a'e}rome {Strauss III} and Robert Barbieri},
  year = {2019},
  edition = {Eigth Edition},
  pages = {213--236},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  address = {{Philadelphia}},
  abstract = {The pattern of regular ovulatory cycles required for normal reproduction in women is achieved through precise functional and temporal integration of stimulatory and inhibitory signals from the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the ovary. The process begins with pulsatile secretion of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus into the pituitary portal venous system, where it regulates the synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the anterior pituitary and their secretion into the circulation. FSH and LH stimulate follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and the coordinated secretion of estradiol, progesterone, and the inhibins from the ovary; these hormones control the dynamic modulation of gonadotropin secretion through hypothalamic and direct pituitary mechanisms.},
  isbn = {978-0-323-47912-7},
}

@Article{hashemi2021,
  title = {Longitudinal {{Changes}} in {{Liver Enzyme Levels Among Transgender People Receiving Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy}}},
  author = {Leila Hashemi and Qi Zhang and Darios Getahun and Guneet K. Jasuja and Courtney McCracken and Joseph Pisegna and Douglas Roblin and Michael J. Silverberg and Vin Tangpricha and Suma Vupputuri and Michael Goodman},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Journal of Sexual Medicine},
  volume = {18},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1662--1675},
  issn = {17436109},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.011},
  abstract = {(2021) Hashemi et al. Journal of Sexual Medicine. Background: The effect of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on clinical laboratory parameters, including levels of liver enzymes alanine amin...},
  langid = {british},
  keywords = {THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\PY5H2PZB\\Hashemi et al_2021_Longitudinal Changes in Liver Enzyme Levels Among Transgender People Receiving.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\TEUK59I2\\317e40ef-1fff-3e81-b61e-330ecd7c19da.html},
}

@Article{haupt2020,
  title = {Antiandrogen or Estradiol Treatment or Both during Hormone Therapy in Transitioning Transgender Women},
  author = {Claudia Haupt and Miriam Henke and Alexia Kutschmar and Birgit Hauser and Sandra Baldinger and Sarah Rafaela Saenz and Gerhard Schreiber},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
  volume = {2020},
  number = {11},
  issn = {14651858},
  abstract = {(2020) Haupt et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Background: Gender dysphoria is described as a mismatch between an individual's experienced or expressed gender and their assigned gende...},
  langid = {british},
  keywords = {Antiandrogen,Modalité,Review,THAG,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\TUVIC4R2\\Haupt et al_2020_Antiandrogen or estradiol treatment or both during hormone therapy in.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\US38UGEZ\\0d063610-76a3-3d98-a712-e716bed69e26.html},
}

@Article{hembree2017,
  title = {Endocrine {{Treatment}} of {{Gender-Dysphoric}}/{{Gender-Incongruent Persons}}: {{An Endocrine Society}}* {{Clinical Practice Guideline}}},
  shorttitle = {Endocrine {{Treatment}} of {{Gender-Dysphoric}}/{{Gender-Incongruent Persons}}},
  author = {Wylie C Hembree and Peggy T Cohen-Kettenis and Louis Gooren and Sabine E Hannema and Walter J Meyer and M Hassan Murad and Stephen M Rosenthal and Joshua D Safer and Vin Tangpricha and Guy G T'Sjoen},
  year = {2017},
  month = {nov},
  journal = {The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \& Metabolism},
  volume = {102},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3869--3903},
  issn = {0021-972X, 1945-7197},
  doi = {10.1210/jc.2017-01658},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Effets désirables,Effets indésirables,Modalité,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\GXRS9VCN\\Hembree et al. - 2017 - Endocrine Treatment of Gender-DysphoricGender-Inc.pdf},
}

@Article{hostetter2022,
  title = {``{{We Are Doing}} the {{Absolute Most That We Can}}, and {{No One Is Listening}}'': {{Barriers}} and {{Facilitators}} to {{Health Literacy}} within {{Transgender}} and {{Nonbinary Communities}}},
  shorttitle = {``{{We Are Doing}} the {{Absolute Most That We Can}}, and {{No One Is Listening}}''},
  author = {C. Riley Hostetter and Jarrod Call and Donald R. Gerke and Brendon T. Holloway and N. Eugene Walls and Jennifer C. Greenfield},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  issn = {16604601},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph19031229},
  abstract = {(2022) Hostetter et al. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals face disparities in nearly every aspect of health. One factor ...},
  langid = {british},
  keywords = {Health Literacy,Healthcare access,Nonbinary,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\YU9RGS7U\\Hostetter et al_2022_“We Are Doing the Absolute Most That We Can, and No One Is Listening”.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\B5HUTJP3\\ddf3df1b-60fa-3197-bc62-8ed2a5c579a8.html},
}

@Article{irwig2016,
  title = {Transgender {{Care}} by {{Endocrinologists}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Michael S. Irwig},
  year = {2016},
  month = {jul},
  journal = {Endocrine Practice},
  volume = {22},
  number = {7},
  pages = {832--836},
  issn = {1530891X},
  doi = {10.4158/EP151185.OR},
  abstract = {Objective: Little is known about the attitudes and practice patterns of transgender care by endocrinologists. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, practice patterns, access, and competency among a representative sample of endocrinologists in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Healthcare access,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\FEE6KD3T\\Irwig_2016_Transgender Care by Endocrinologists in the United States.pdf},
}

@Article{irwig2017,
  title = {Testosterone {{Therapy}} for {{Transgender Men}}},
  author = {MS Irwig},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {The lancet. Diabetes \& endocrinology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {301--311},
  issn = {2213-8595},
  doi = {10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00036-X},
  abstract = {Testosterone therapy is a cornerstone of medical treatment for transgender men who choose to undergo it. The goal of testosterone therapy is usually to achieve serum testosterone concentrations in the male reference range. Testosterone has several desired effects as well as undesired and unknown effects. The desired effects include increased facial and body hair, increased lean mass and strength, decreased fat mass, deepening of the voice, increased sexual desire, cessation of menstruation, clitoral enlargement, and reductions in gender dysphoria, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression. Achievement of these goals comes with potential undesired effects and risks including acne, alopecia, reduced HDL cholesterol, increased triglycerides, and a possible increase in systolic blood pressure. An additional benefit of testosterone therapy (with or without mastectomy) is a reduced risk of breast cancer. Most of the effects of testosterone start to develop within several months of starting therapy, although facial hair and alopecia continue to develop after 1 year. A major limitation in the study of testosterone therapy for transgender men is a paucity of high-quality data due to a shortage of randomised controlled trials (partly because of ethical issues), few prospective and long-term studies, the use of suboptimum control groups, loss to follow-up, and difficulties in recruitment of representative samples of transgender populations.},
  pmid = {27084565},
  keywords = {Effets désirables,Effets indésirables,Modalité,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\G4WV8JZJ\\Irwig - 2017 - Testosterone Therapy for Transgender Men.pdf},
}

@Article{iwamoto2019,
  title = {Health Considerations for Transgender Women and Remaining Unknowns: A Narrative Review},
  shorttitle = {Health Considerations for Transgender Women and Remaining Unknowns},
  author = {Sean J. Iwamoto and Justine Defreyne and Micol S. Rothman and Judith {Van Schuylenbergh} and Laurens {Van de Bruaene} and Joz Motmans and Guy T'Sjoen},
  year = {2019},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {204201881987116},
  issn = {2042-0188, 2042-0196},
  doi = {10.1177/2042018819871166},
  abstract = {Transgender (trans) women (TW) were assigned male at birth but have a female gender identity or gender expression. The literature on management and health outcomes of TW has grown recently with more publication of research. This has coincided with increasing awareness of gender diversity as communities around the world identify and address health disparities among trans people. In this narrative review, we aim to comprehensively summarize health considerations for TW and identify TW-related research areas that will provide answers to remaining unknowns surrounding TW's health. We cover up-to-date information on: (1) feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT); (2) benefits associated with GAHT, particularly quality of life, mental health, breast development and bone health; (3) potential risks associated with GAHT, including cardiovascular disease and infertility; and (4) other health considerations like HIV/AIDS, breast cancer, other tumours, voice therapy, dermatology, the brain and cognition, and aging. Although equally deserving of mention, feminizing gender-affirming surgery, paediatric and adolescent populations, and gender nonbinary individuals are beyond the scope of this review. While much of the data we discuss come from Europe, the creation of a United States transgender cohort has already contributed important retrospective data that are also summarized here. Much remains to be determined regarding health considerations for TW. Patients and providers will benefit from larger and longer prospective studies involving TW, particularly regarding the effects of aging, race and ethnicity, type of hormonal treatment (e.g. different oestrogens, anti-androgens) and routes of administration (e.g. oral, parenteral, transdermal) on all the topics we address.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Effets désirables,Effets indésirables,Modalité,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\SQQ745KA\\Iwamoto et al. - 2019 - Health considerations for transgender women and re.pdf},
}

@Article{iwamoto2019a,
  title = {Letter to the {{Editor}}: ``{{Progesterone Is Important}} for {{Transgender Women}}'s {{Therapy}}\textemdash{{Applying Evidence}} for the {{Benefits}} of {{Progesterone}} in {{Ciswomen}}''},
  shorttitle = {Letter to the {{Editor}}},
  author = {Sean J Iwamoto and Guy T'Sjoen and Joshua D Safer and Caroline J Davidge-Pitts and Margaret E Wierman and Michele B Glodowski and Micol S Rothman},
  year = {2019},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \& Metabolism},
  volume = {104},
  number = {8},
  pages = {3127--3128},
  issn = {0021-972X, 1945-7197},
  doi = {10.1210/jc.2019-00249},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {THAG,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\CIJE36MK\\Iwamoto et al. - 2019 - Letter to the Editor “Progesterone Is Important f.pdf},
}

@TechReport{james2016,
  title = {The {{Report}} of the 2015 {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Transgender Survey}}},
  author = {S.E James and J.L. Herman and S. Rankin and M. Keisling and L. Mottet and M. Anafi},
  year = {2016},
  address = {{Washington, DC}},
  institution = {{National Center for Transgender Equality}},
  keywords = {A lire,Sexual violence,Suicide,Transgender people,Violence},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\QLD65BWG\\USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF},
}

@Article{ker2021,
  title = {`{{A}} Little Bubble of Utopia': Constructions of a Primary Care-Based Pilot Clinic Providing Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy},
  shorttitle = {`{{A}} Little Bubble of Utopia'},
  author = {Alex Ker and Gloria Fraser and Theresa Fleming and Cathy Stephenson and Anny {da Silva Freitas} and Richard Carroll and Thomas K. Hamilton and Antonia C. Lyons},
  year = {2021},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Health Sociology Review},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--40},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {1446-1242},
  doi = {10.1080/14461242.2020.1855999},
  abstract = {The provision of gender affirming hormone therapy for transgender and non-binary people is a rapidly developing area of gender affirming healthcare. While research indicates the benefits of providing gender affirming hormone therapy through interdisciplinary primary care-based models, less is known about how service users and providers construct their understandings of affirmative approaches. In this paper, we present findings from a discourse analysis of four service users' and four healthcare professionals' talk about a primary care-based pilot clinic providing gender affirming hormone therapy in Aotearoa New Zealand. Participants employed notions of pathologisation, time, and agency in their talk to construct the clinic as a personal setting which gave service users time to make their own health decisions, while constructing hospitals as impersonal with lengthy wait times. The assessment-driven nature of best practice guidelines that governed clinicians' decision-making was constructed as constraining users' agency. Findings highlight the ongoing importance of aligning gender affirming hormone therapy with other non-disease types of healthcare, and suggest new ways for achieving this through affirmative approaches to healthcare.},
  pmid = {33622204},
  keywords = {★,Healthcare systems,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2020.1855999},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\ZAJCXA3G\\Ker et al_2021_‘A little bubble of utopia’.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\7GWBVLBZ\\14461242.2020.html},
}

@Article{koehler2021,
  title = {Centralized and {{Decentralized Delivery}} of {{Transgender Health Care Services}}: {{A Systematic Review}} and a {{Global Expert Survey}} in 39 {{Countries}}},
  shorttitle = {Centralized and {{Decentralized Delivery}} of {{Transgender Health Care Services}}},
  author = {Andreas Koehler and Bernhard Strauss and Peer Briken and Daria Szuecs and Timo O. Nieder},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Frontiers in Endocrinology},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1664-2392},
  abstract = {IntroductionTransgender health care is delivered in both centralized (by one interdisciplinary institution) and decentralized settings (by different medical institutions spread over several locations). However, the health care delivery setting has not gained attention in research so far. Based on a systematic review and a global expert survey, we aim to investigate its role in transgender health care quality.MethodsWe performed two studies. In 2019, we systematically reviewed the literature published in databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science) from January 2000 to April 2019. Secondly, we conducted a cross-sectional global expert survey. To complete the evidence on the question of (de-)centralized delivery of transgender health care, we performed a grey literature search for additional information than the systematic review and the expert survey revealed. These analyses were conducted in 2020.ResultsEleven articles met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review. 125 participants from 39 countries took part in the expert survey. With insights from the grey literature search, we found transgender health care in Europe was primarily delivered centralized. In most other countries, both centralized and decentralized delivery structures were present. Comprehensive care with medical standards and individual access to care were central topics associated with the different health care delivery settings.DiscussionThe setting in which transgender health care is delivered differs between countries and health systems and could influence different aspects of transgender health care quality. Consequently, it should gain significant attention in clinical practice and future health care research.},
  keywords = {Healthcare systems,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\9CFMCPSD\\Koehler et al_2021_Centralized and Decentralized Delivery of Transgender Health Care Services.pdf},
}

@Article{kotamarti2021,
  title = {Risk for {{Venous Thromboembolism}} in {{Transgender Patients Undergoing Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment}}: {{A Systematic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Risk for {{Venous Thromboembolism}} in {{Transgender Patients Undergoing Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment}}},
  author = {Vasanth S. Kotamarti and Nicolas Greige and Adee J. Heiman and Ashit Patel and Joseph A. Ricci},
  year = {2021},
  month = {jul},
  journal = {The Journal of Sexual Medicine},
  volume = {18},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1280--1291},
  issn = {17436095},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.04.006},
  abstract = {Background: Feminizing and masculinizing hormone treatments are established components of management in transgender patients. Exogenous hormones have been associated with hemostatic effects, which are well-studied in cis-gender individuals on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Unfortunately, comprehensive understanding of their effects on venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in the transgender population is lacking. Aim: This manuscript aims to identify the risk of VTE among transgender individuals undergoing cross-sex hormone therapy. Methods: A Systematic review of the literature was performed in March 2020 for studies reporting VTE rates in transgender patients undergoing hormone treatment and rates in cis-gender patients on HRT. Data regarding demographics, hormone therapy, and VTE incidence were collected and pooled for analysis. Outcome: The primary outcome of interest was the development of a VTE event in association with concurrent hormone administration. Results: Overall, 22 studies were included with 11 reporting VTE rates among transgender patients, 6 in cisfemale patients, and 5 in cis-male patients. Data from 9,180 transgender patients (6,068 assigned male at birth [AMAB] and 3,112 assigned female at birth [AFAB]) undergoing hormone treatment and 103,713 cis-gender patients (18,748 female and 84,965 male) undergoing HRT were pooled. The incidence of VTE was higher in AMAB patients compared to AFAB patients (42.8 vs 10.8 VTE per 10,000 patient years; P = .02). The rate of VTE incidences in AMAB patients appears similar or higher than the rate demonstrated in cis-females on HRT. VTE incidence in AFAB patients, however, is similar to the published rates in cis-males on HRT. Clinical Implications: AMAB patients on hormone therapy have higher VTE rates than AFAB patients. AMAB and AFAB patients may have similar VTE incidence to cis-female and cis-male patients on hormone replacement therapy, respectively. Strengths \& Limitations: This is the first study to aggregate and quantify the development of VTE events in association with hormone therapy in transgender patients. It places these values in the context of rates published in more widely studied populations. It is limited by its retrospective data and heterogenic data. Conclusion: Surgical planning regarding perioperative and postoperative VTE prophylaxis or cessation of hormone therapy should take into account each patient's Caprini risk assessment and the nature of each intervention. Kotamarti VS, Greige N, Heiman AJ, et al. Risk for Venous Thromboembolism in Transgender Patients Undergoing Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment: A Systematic Review. J Sex Med 2021;18: 1280-1291.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Effets indésirables,Meta-analysis,Systematic review,THAG,Thrombosis,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\IBBAHJPJ\\Kotamarti et al. - 2021 - Risk for Venous Thromboembolism in Transgender Pat.pdf},
}

@Article{krempasky2020,
  title = {Contraception across the Transmasculine Spectrum},
  author = {Chance Krempasky and Miles Harris and Lauren Abern and Frances Grimstad},
  year = {2020},
  month = {feb},
  journal = {American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology},
  volume = {222},
  number = {2},
  pages = {134--143},
  issn = {00029378},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ajog.2019.07.043},
  abstract = {The field of transgender health continues to expand rapidly, including research in the area of family planning. While much attention has been given to fertility preservation and the parenting intentions of transgender individuals, far less has been paid to pregnancy prevention and contraceptive needs of people along the transmasculine gender spectrum (transgender men and gender-nonbinary persons who were assigned female at birth). Existing research illustrates that many clinicians and transmasculine individuals falsely believe that there is no risk of pregnancy while amenorrheic. These studies also show inconsistent counseling practices provided to transmasculine persons surrounding contraception and pregnancy while falling short of providing robust clinical guidance for improvement. Clinicians report a lack of adequate training in transgender reproductive health, and consequently, many do not feel comfortable treating transgender patients. The aim of this publication is to consolidate the findings of these prior studies and build upon them to offer comprehensive clinical guidance for managing contraception in transmasculine patients. To do so, it reviews the physiologic effects of testosterone on the sex steroid axis and current understanding of why ovulation and pregnancy may still occur while amenorrheic. Gender-inclusive terminology and a suggested script for eliciting a gender-affirming sexual history are offered. Common concerns (such as the effects on gender dysphoria and gender affirmation) and side effects of available contraceptive methods are subsequently addressed and how these may have a unique impact on transmasculine persons as compared with cisgender women. Lastly, a model is provided for approaching contraceptive counseling in the transmasculine population to assist clinicians and patients in determining the need for and selection of the type of contraception. To center transmasculine voices, the development of this publication's guidelines have been led by reproductive care clinicians of transgender experience.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Contraception,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\HTGYMCA3\\Krempasky et al. - 2020 - Contraception across the transmasculine spectrum.pdf},
}

@Article{lee2022,
  title = {``{{I Don}}'t {{Want}} to {{Spend}} the {{Rest}} of My {{Life Only Going}} to a {{Gender Wellness Clinic}}'': {{Healthcare Experiences}} of {{Patients}} of a {{Comprehensive Transgender Clinic}}},
  shorttitle = {``{{I Don}}'t {{Want}} to {{Spend}} the {{Rest}} of My {{Life Only Going}} to a {{Gender Wellness Clinic}}''},
  author = {Joy L. Lee and Monica Huffman and Nicholas A. Rattray and Jennifer L. Carnahan and J. Dennis Fortenberry and Janine M. Fogel and Michael Weiner and Marianne S. Matthias},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine},
  issn = {15251497},
  doi = {10.1007/s11606-022-07408-5},
  abstract = {(2022) Lee et al. Journal of General Internal Medicine. Background: Transgender individuals are less likely to have had a primary care visit in the last year than cisgender individuals. While the i...},
  langid = {british},
  keywords = {Healthcare access,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\QRF923ID\\Lee et al_2022_“I Don’t Want to Spend the Rest of my Life Only Going to a Gender Wellness.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\KTE7T5WF\\b954ec18-3d99-3a06-99ca-3caed1389f5b.html},
}

@InCollection{liu2019,
  title = {Hypothalamo-{{Pituitary Unit}}, {{Testis}}, and {{Male Accessory Organs}}},
  shorttitle = {Yen \& {{Jaffe}}'s {{Reproductive Endocrinology}}},
  booktitle = {Yen \& {{Jaffe}}'s {{Reproductive Endocrinology}} : Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management},
  author = {Peter Liu and Johannes Veldhuis},
  editor = {J{\a'e}rome {Strauss III} and Robert Barbieri},
  year = {2019},
  edition = {Eigth Edition},
  pages = {213--236},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  address = {{Philadelphia}},
  abstract = {The pattern of regular ovulatory cycles required for normal reproduction in women is achieved through precise functional and temporal integration of stimulatory and inhibitory signals from the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the ovary. The process begins with pulsatile secretion of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus into the pituitary portal venous system, where it regulates the synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the anterior pituitary and their secretion into the circulation. FSH and LH stimulate follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and the coordinated secretion of estradiol, progesterone, and the inhibins from the ovary; these hormones control the dynamic modulation of gonadotropin secretion through hypothalamic and direct pituitary mechanisms.},
  isbn = {978-0-323-47912-7},
}

@Article{Marshall2016,
  title = {Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Suicidality in Trans People: {{A}} Systematic Review of the Literature},
  author = {Ellen Marshall and Laurence Claes and Walter Pierre Bouman and Gemma L. Witcomb and Jon Arcelus},
  year = {2016},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {International Review of Psychiatry},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--69},
  publisher = {{Taylor and Francis Ltd}},
  issn = {13691627},
  doi = {10.3109/09540261.2015.1073143},
  abstract = {Literature has described high levels of mental health problems among trans people, such as depression, resulting in increased levels of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviour and suicidality (suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts and suicide rates). With the aim of systematically reviewing the available literature in this field, this study identifies 31 papers that explore the rates of NSSI and suicidality in trans people. From reviewing the literature, it was revealed that trans people have a higher prevalence of NSSI and suicidality compared to the cisgender (non-trans) population. There appear to be some gender differences within these rates, with trans men at a greater risk for NSSI behaviour. Prevalence rates differ depending on the different stages of transition, but they are still overall greater than the cisgender population. The study concludes that trans individuals are at a greater risk of NSSI behaviour and suicidality than the cisgender population, and discusses risk factors and the need to develop effective preventative interventions.},
  keywords = {Self-harm,Suicide,Systematic review,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\26XSTH9M\\Marshall et al. - 2016 - Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality in trans people A systematic review of the literature.pdf},
}

@TechReport{McNeil2012,
  title = {Trans {{Mental Health}} and {{Emotional Wellbeing Study}}},
  author = {Jay McNeil and Louis Bailey and Sonja Ellis and James Morton and Maeve Regan},
  year = {2012},
  number = {September},
  address = {{Edinburgh}},
  institution = {{Scottish Transgender Alliance}},
  keywords = {Depression,Mental health,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\XCSNH89U\\McNeil et al. - 2012 - Trans Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing Study.pdf},
}

@Misc{meulders2022,
  title = {{{MDRDs}} - {{CKD-EPI}} - {{Cockcroft}} | {{SFNDT}}},
  author = {Quentin Meulders},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {https://www.sfndt.org/professionnels/calculateurs/mdrds-ckd-epi-cockcroft},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\J96VT6LH\\mdrds-ckd-epi-cockcroft.html},
}

@Article{meyer2003,
  title = {Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: {{Conceptual}} Issues and Research Evidence.},
  author = {Ilan H. Meyer},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {129},
  number = {5},
  pages = {674--697},
  issn = {0033-2909},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674},
  abstract = {In this article the author reviews research evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, using meta-analyses, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorders than heterosexuals. The author offers a conceptual framework for understanding this excess in prevalence of disorder in terms of minority stress\textemdash explaining that stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile and stressful social environment that causes mental health problems. The model describes stress processes, including the experience of prejudice events, expectations of rejection, hiding and concealing, internalized homophobia, and ameliorative coping processes. This conceptual framework is the basis for the review of research evidence, suggestions for future research directions, and exploration of public policy implications.},
  arxiv = {NIHMS150003},
  isbn = {8585348585},
  pmid = {1000000221},
  keywords = {★,Bisexuals,Minority stress,MSM,MSMW,WSW,WSWM},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\H78C5JAL\\Meyer - 2003 - Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations Conceptual issues and research evid.pdf},
}

@Article{moravek2018,
  title = {Gender-{{Affirming Hormone Therapy}} for {{Transgender Men}}},
  author = {Molly B. Moravek},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Clinical obstetrics and gynecology},
  volume = {61},
  number = {4},
  pages = {687--704},
  issn = {1532-5520},
  doi = {10.1097/GRF.0000000000000398},
  abstract = {There are an estimated 1.4 million transgender adults in the United States, and lack of providers knowledgeable in transgender care is a barrier to health care. Obstetricians and Gynecologists can help increase access in part by becoming competent in gender-affirming hormone therapy. For transgender men, testosterone protocols can be extrapolated from those used for hypogonadal cisgender men. Unfortunately, there are not any high-quality, long-term prospective studies on the effectiveness and safety of different testosterone regimens specifically in transgender men, but the available data suggest that gender-affirming testosterone therapy is safe and effective with proper screening and monitoring.},
  pmid = {30285972},
  keywords = {Effets désirables,Effets indésirables,Modalité,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\M3CHXFQY\\Moravek - 2018 - Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender M.pdf},
}

@TechReport{motmans2017,
  title = {{\^Etre une personne transgenre en Belgique : 10 ans plus tard}},
  shorttitle = {{\^Etre une personne transgenre en Belgique}},
  author = {Joz Motmans and Elia Wyverkens and Justine Defreyne},
  editor = {Michel Pasteel},
  year = {2017},
  address = {{Bruxelles, Belgique}},
  institution = {{Institut pour l'\'egalit\'e des femmes et des hommes}},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Disclosure,Discrimination,Healthcare access,Mental health,Suicide,Transgender men,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\TY4AIDSZ\\Motmans et al. - 2017 - Être une personne transgenre en Belgique  10 ans .pdf},
}

@Misc{ordredesmedecins2021,
  title = {Genre et Soins de Sant\'e},
  author = {{Ordre des M{\a'e}decins}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Ordomedic},
  howpublished = {https://ordomedic.be/fr/avis/maladies/transsexualite/gender-en-gezondheidszorg},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\NUZ7IS9Z\\gender-en-gezondheidszorg.html},
}

@Article{pampati2021,
  ids = {zotero-3070},
  title = {``{{We Deserve Care}} and We {{Deserve Competent Care}}'': {{Qualitative Perspectives}} on {{Health Care}} from {{Transgender Youth}} in the {{Southeast United States}}},
  shorttitle = {``{{We Deserve Care}} and We {{Deserve Competent Care}}''},
  author = {Sanjana Pampati and Jack Andrzejewski and Riley J. Steiner and Catherine N. Rasberry and Susan H. Adkins and Catherine A. Lesesne and Lorin Boyce and Rose Grace Grose and Michelle M. Johns},
  year = {2021},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Journal of Pediatric Nursing},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {54--59},
  issn = {0882-5963},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pedn.2020.09.021},
  abstract = {Purpose Transgender populations experience health inequities that underscore the importance of ensuring access to high quality care. We thematically summarize the health care experiences of transgender youth living in the southeast United States to identify potential barriers and facilitators to health care. Design and methods Transgender youth recruited from community settings in an urban area of the southeast United States participated in individual interviews (n~=~33) and focus groups (n~=~9) about protective factors. We conducted a thematic analysis of data from 42 participants who described their experiences seeking and receiving health care. Results Participants reported a wide range of gender identities. The individual interview sample was majority Black (54.5\%) and the mean age was 21.7~years and focus group participants were all white and the mean age was 16.8~years. Participants described numerous barriers to health care, including limited availability of gender affirming care, logistical challenges, such as gatekeeping and cost, concerns about confidentiality in relation to sexual behavior and gender identity, and inadequate cultural competency among providers regarding gender-affirming care. Facilitators included intake procedures collecting chosen pronouns and names and consistent use of them by providers, and open communication, including active listening. Conclusions Findings underscore the need for a multi-component approach to ensure both transgender- and youth-friendly care. Practice implications Providers and office staff may benefit from transgender cultural competency trainings. In addition, clinic protocols relating to confidentiality and chosen name and pronoun use may help facilitate access to and receipt of quality care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Healthcare access,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women,Transgender youth,Violence},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\HQE968VC\\Pampati et al_2021_“We Deserve Care and we Deserve Competent Care”.pdf},
}

@Article{peitzmeier2020,
  title = {Intimate {{Partner Violence}} in {{Transgender Populations}}: {{Systematic Review}} and {{Meta-analysis}} of {{Prevalence}} and {{Correlates}}},
  shorttitle = {Intimate {{Partner Violence}} in {{Transgender Populations}}},
  author = {Sarah M. Peitzmeier and Mannat Malik and Shanna K. Kattari and Elliot Marrow and Rob Stephenson and Madina Ag{\a'e}nor and Sari L. Reisner},
  year = {2020},
  month = {sep},
  journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {110},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e1-e14},
  issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048},
  doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774},
  abstract = {Background: Transgender individuals experience unique vulnerabilities to intimate partner violence (IPV) and may experience a disproportionate IPV burden compared with cisgender (nontransgender) individuals.             Objectives: To systematically review the quantitative literature on prevalence and correlates of IPV in transgender populations.             Search Methods: Authors searched research databases (PubMed, CINAHL), gray literature (Google), journal tables of contents, and conference abstracts, and consulted experts in the field. Authors were contacted with data requests in cases in which transgender participants were enrolled in a study, but no disaggregated statistics were provided for this population.             Selection Criteria: We included all quantitative literature published before July 2019 on prevalence and correlates of IPV victimization, perpetration, or service utilization in transgender populations. There were no restrictions by sample size, year, or location.             Data Collection and Analysis: Two independent reviewers conducted screening. One reviewer conducted extraction by using a structured database, and a second reviewer checked for mistakes or omissions. We used random-effects meta-analyses to calculate relative risks (RRs) comparing the prevalence of IPV in transgender individuals and cisgender individuals in studies in which both transgender and cisgender individuals were enrolled. We also used meta-analysis to compare IPV prevalence in assigned-female-sex-at-birth and assigned-male-sex-at-birth transgender individuals and to compare physical IPV prevalence between nonbinary and binary transgender individuals in studies that enrolled both groups.                            Main Results: We identified 85 articles from 74 unique data sets (n               total               \,=\,49\,966 transgender participants). Across studies reporting it, the median lifetime prevalence of physical IPV was 37.5\%, lifetime sexual IPV was 25.0\%, past-year physical IPV was 16.7\%, and past-year sexual IPV was 10.8\% among transgender individuals. Compared with cisgender individuals, transgender individuals were 1.7 times more likely to experience any IPV (RR\,=\,1.66; 95\% confidence interval [CI]\,=\,1.36, 2.03), 2.2 times more likely to experience physical IPV (RR\,=\,2.19; 95\% CI\,=\,1.66, 2.88), and 2.5 times more likely to experience sexual IPV (RR\,=\,2.46; 95\% CI\,=\,1.64, 3.69). Disparities persisted when comparing to cisgender women specifically. There was no significant difference in any IPV, physical IPV, or sexual IPV prevalence between assigned-female-sex-at-birth and assigned-male-sex-at-birth individuals, nor in physical IPV prevalence between binary- and nonbinary-identified transgender individuals. IPV victimization was associated with sexual risk, substance use, and mental health burden in transgender populations.                          Authors' Conclusions: Transgender individuals experience a dramatically higher prevalence of IPV victimization compared with cisgender individuals, regardless of sex assigned at birth. IPV prevalence estimates are comparably high for assigned-male-sex-at-birth and assigned-female-sex-at-birth transgender individuals, and for binary and nonbinary transgender individuals, though more research is needed.             Public Health Implications: Evidence-based interventions are urgently needed to prevent and address IPV in this high-risk population with unique needs. Lack of legal protections against discrimination in employment, housing, and social services likely foster vulnerability to IPV. Transgender individuals should be explicitly included in US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations promoting IPV screening in primary care settings. Interventions at the policy level as well as the interpersonal and individual level are urgently needed to address epidemic levels of IPV in this marginalized, high-risk population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IPV,Meta-analysis,Nonbinary,Systematic review,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women,Violence},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\4VK8XRZ4\\Peitzmeier et al. - 2020 - Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populatio.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\U2DI28FA\\Peitzmeier et al. - 2020 - Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populatio.pdf},
}

@Article{pellicane2022,
  title = {Associations between Minority Stress, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Transgender and Gender Diverse ({{TGD}}) Individuals: {{Systematic}} Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Associations between Minority Stress, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Transgender and Gender Diverse ({{TGD}}) Individuals},
  author = {Michael J. Pellicane and Jeffrey A. Ciesla},
  year = {2022},
  month = {feb},
  journal = {Clinical Psychology Review},
  volume = {91},
  pages = {102113},
  issn = {02727358},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102113},
  abstract = {Minority stress theory posits that transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals exhibit greater rates of depression and suicidality due to internal (proximal) and external (distal) stressors related to their TGD identity. Yet, the magnitude of the relationship between minority stress processes and mental health outcomes has not been quantitatively summarized. The current research meta-analyzed the relationship between minority stress constructs and depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt. Results from 85 cross-sectional quantitative studies indicate that distal stress, expectations of rejection, internalized transphobia, and concealment are significantly associated with increased depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt. Greater effect sizes were observed for expectations of rejection and internalized transphobia when compared to distal stress and concealment. Future research on the relationship between minority stress, depression, and suicide would benefit from longitudinal designs and more diverse and representative samples of TGD individuals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Depression,Mental health,Meta-analysis,Minority stress,Suicide,Systematic review,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\BEQXIRMH\\Pellicane et Ciesla - 2022 - Associations between minority stress, depression, .pdf},
}

@Article{Pitasi2019,
  title = {Chlamydia, {{Gonorrhea}}, and {{Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Transgender Women}} and {{Transgender Men Attending Clinics}} That {{Provide Sexually Transmitted Disease Services}} in {{Six US Cities}}},
  author = {Marc A. Pitasi and Roxanne P. Kerani and Robert Kohn and Ryan D. Murphy and Preeti Pathela and Christina M. Schumacher and Irina Tabidze and Eloisa Llata},
  year = {2019},
  month = {feb},
  journal = {Sexually Transmitted Diseases},
  volume = {46},
  number = {2},
  pages = {112--117},
  issn = {0148-5717},
  doi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000917},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND Transgender women and transgender men are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may be vulnerable to other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but the lack of surveillance data inclusive of gender identity hinders prevention and intervention strategies. METHODS We analyzed data from 506 transgender women (1045 total visits) and 120 transgender men (209 total visits) who attended 26 publicly funded clinics that provide STD services in 6 US cities during a 3.5-year observation period. We used clinical and laboratory data to examine the proportion of transgender women and transgender men who tested positive for urogenital and extragenital chlamydial or gonococcal infections and who self-reported or tested positive for HIV infection during the observation period. RESULTS Of the transgender women tested, 13.1\% tested positive for chlamydia and 12.6\% tested positive for gonorrhea at 1 or more anatomic sites, and 14.2\% were HIV-infected. Of transgender men tested, 7.7\% and 10.5\% tested positive for chlamydia and gonorrhea at 1 or more anatomic sites, and 8.3\% were HIV-infected. Most transgender women (86.0\% and 80.9\%, respectively) and more than a quarter of transgender men (28.6\% and 28.6\%, respectively) with an extragenital chlamydial or gonococcal infection had a negative urogenital test at the same visit. CONCLUSIONS Publicly funded clinics providing STD services are likely an important source of STD care for transgender persons. More data are needed to understand the most effective screening approaches for urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in transgender populations.},
  pmid = {30278030},
  keywords = {Chlamydia,Gonorrhea,HIV,STD,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\NTELRAWP\\Pitasi et al. - 2019 - Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Transgender Women and Transgender Men Atte.pdf},
}

@InCollection{pluye2019,
  title = {{L'int\'egration en m\'ethodes mixtes. Cadre conceptuel pour l'int\'egration des phases, r\'esultats et donn\'ees qualitatifs et quantitatifs}},
  booktitle = {{\'Evaluation des interventions de sant\'e mondiale : M\'ethodes avanc\'ees}},
  author = {Pierre Pluye},
  editor = {Val{\a'e}ry Ridde and Christian Dagenais},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {187--212},
  publisher = {{\'Editions science et bien commun et IRD \'Editions}},
  address = {{Qu\'ebec et Marseille}},
  abstract = {Une couverture universelle des soins de sant\'e en 2030 pour tous les \^etres humains, du Nord au Sud? R\'ealiser cet objectif de d\'eveloppement durable aussi ambitieux que n\'ecessaire exigera une exceptionnelle volont\'e politique, mais aussi de solides donn\'ees probantes sur les moyens d'y arriver, notamment sur les interventions de sant\'e mondiale les plus efficaces. Savoir les \'evaluer est donc un enjeu majeur. On ne peut plus se contenter de mesurer leur efficacit\'e : il nous faut comprendre pourquoi elles l'ont \'et\'e (ou pas), comment et dans quelles conditions. Cet ouvrage collectif r\'eunissant 27 auteurs et 12 autrices de diff\'erents pays et de disciplines vari\'ees a pour but de pr\'esenter de mani\`ere claire et accessible, en fran\c{c}ais, un floril\`ege d'approches et de m\'ethodes avanc\'ees en \'evaluation d'interventions : quantitatives, qualitatives, mixtes, permettant d'\'etudier l'\'evaluabilit\'e, la p\'erennit\'e, les processus, la fid\'elit\'e, l'efficience, l'\'equit\'e et l'efficacit\'e d'interventions complexes. Chaque m\'ethode est pr\'esent\'ee dans un chapitre \`a travers un cas r\'eel pour faciliter la transmission de ces savoirs pr\'ecieux.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Mixed Methods},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\TEVADETY\\integration.html},
}

@Article{randolph2018,
  title = {Gender-{{Affirming Hormone Therapy}} for {{Transgender Females}}:},
  shorttitle = {Gender-{{Affirming Hormone Therapy}} for {{Transgender Females}}},
  author = {John F. Randolph},
  year = {2018},
  month = {dec},
  journal = {Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology},
  volume = {61},
  number = {4},
  pages = {705--721},
  issn = {0009-9201},
  doi = {10.1097/GRF.0000000000000396},
  abstract = {The provision of hormone therapy, both estrogens and antiandrogens, to adult transgender females is well within the scope of practice of the obstetrician gynecologist. The goal is to induce feminizing changes and suppress previously developed masculinization. Estrogens in sufficient doses will usually achieve both goals with augmentation by antiandrogens. The primary short-term risk of estrogens is thrombosis, but long-term risk in transgender females is unclear. Optimal care requires pretreatment education and assessment, individualized dosing, ongoing routine monitoring, and standard breast and prostate cancer screening.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {THAG,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\6ACNVWUV\\Randolph - 2018 - Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender F.pdf},
}

@Article{sackett1996,
  title = {Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn't.},
  shorttitle = {Evidence Based Medicine},
  author = {D. L. Sackett and W. M. Rosenberg and J. A. Gray and R. B. Haynes and W. S. Richardson},
  year = {1996},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {BMJ : British Medical Journal},
  volume = {312},
  number = {7023},
  pages = {71--72},
  issn = {0959-8138},
  pmcid = {PMC2349778},
  pmid = {8555924},
}

@Article{scheres2021,
  title = {Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormone Use on Coagulation Profiles in Transmen and Transwomen},
  author = {Luuk J.J. Scheres and Nienke L.D. Selier and Nienke M. Nota and Jeske J.K. {van Diemen} and Suzanne C. Cannegieter and Martin {den Heijer}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1029--1037},
  issn = {1538-7836},
  doi = {10.1111/jth.15256},
  abstract = {Background The transgender population that uses gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is rapidly growing. The (side) effects of GAHT are largely unknown. We examined the effect of GAHT on coagulation parameters associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. Methods Factor (F)II, FIX, FXI, protein (p)C and free pS, fibrinogen, hematocrit, sex hormone-binding globulin, and normalized activated protein C ratio were measured in 98 transwomen (male sex at birth, female gender identity) and 100 transmen (female sex at birth, male gender identity) before and after 12 months of GAHT (oral or transdermal estradiol and anti-androgens in transwomen, transdermal or intramuscular testosterone in transmen). Mean paired differences in coagulation measurements were estimated with 95\% confidence intervals (95\% CI). Differences for route of administration and age were assessed with linear regression. Results After GAHT, transwomen had more procoagulant profiles with a mean increase in FIX: 9.6 IU/dL (95\% CI 3.1\textendash 16.0) and FXI: 13.5 IU/dL (95\% CI 9.5\textendash 17.5), and a decrease in pC: -7.7 IU/dL (95\% CI -10.1 to -5.2). Changes in measures of coagulation were influenced by route of administration (oral vs. transdermal) and age. A higher sex-hormone binding globulin level after 12 months was associated with a lower activated protein C resistance. In transmen, changes were not procoagulant overall and were influenced by age. Differences for route of administration (transdermal vs. intramuscular) were small. Conclusions GAHT in transmen was not associated with apparent procoagulant changes, which provides some reassurance regarding VTE risk. In transwomen, GAHT resulted in procoagulant changes, which likely contributes to the observed increased VTE risk.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {A lire,Effets indésirables,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women,Transgender youth},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jth.15256},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\FGEWJR5T\\Scheres et al_2021_Effect of gender-affirming hormone use on coagulation profiles in transmen and.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\LD7L63MX\\jth.html},
}

@Misc{servicepublicfederaldejustice2007,
  title = {{Loi du 10/05/2007 relative a la transsexualite}},
  author = {{Service Public F{\a'e}d{\a'e}ral de Justice}},
  year = {2007},
  month = {may},
  publisher = {{Moniteur Belge}},
  abstract = {10 MAI 2007. - Loi relative \`a la transsexualit\'e ALBERT II, Roi des Belges, A tous, pr\'esents et \`a venir, Salut. Les Chambres ont adopt\'e et Nous sanctionnons ce qui suit : CHAPITRE Ier. - Disposition g\'en\'erale Article 1er. La pr\'esente loi r\`egle une mati\`ere vis\'ee \`a l'article 78 de la Constitution. CHAPITRE II. - Modifications du Code civil Art. 2. Dans le livre Ier, titre II, chapitre II, du Code civil, il est ins\'er\'e un article 62bis, libell\'e comme suit : \guillemotleft{} Art. 62bis.\textsection{} 1er. Tout Belge ou tout \'etranger inscrit aux registres de la population qui a la conviction intime, constante et irr\'eversible d'appar(...)},
  howpublished = {https://etaamb.openjustice.be/fr/loi-du-10-mai-2007\_n2007009570.html},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\464RMNQN\\loi-du-10-mai-2007_n2007009570.html},
}

@Article{sorelle2019,
  title = {Impact of {{Hormone Therapy}} on {{Laboratory Values}} in {{Transgender Patients}}},
  author = {Jeffrey A SoRelle and Rhoda Jiao and Emily Gao and Jonas Veazey and Ithiel Frame and Andrew M Quinn and Philip Day and Patti Pagels and Nora Gimpel and Khushbu Patel},
  year = {2019},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Clinical Chemistry},
  volume = {65},
  number = {1},
  pages = {170--179},
  issn = {0009-9147, 1530-8561},
  doi = {10.1373/clinchem.2018.292730},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: For transgender individuals taking hormone therapy (HT), data on laboratory values are limited, and the effects on laboratory values cannot be easily predicted. We evaluated the impact on common laboratory analytes in transgender individuals before and after initiation of HT. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of transgender patients identified at transgender-specific clinics at an urban county hospital and community clinic. Laboratory data were collected on hormone concentrations, hematologic parameters, electrolytes, lipids, and liver and renal markers before and after initiation of HT. RESULTS: We identified 183 transgender women (TW) and 119 transgender men (TM) for whom laboratory data were available. In all, 87 TW and 62 TM had baseline laboratory data, and data were also available for 133 TW and 89 TM on HT for Ͼ6 months. The most significant changes were seen in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and creatinine levels after Ͼ6 months of HT, which increased in TM and decreased in TW after HT (P Ͻ 0.005; d index Ͼ 0.6). Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels increased in TM; however, the effect size was small (d index Ͻ 0.5). Calcium, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase levels significantly decreased in TW (P Ͻ 0.001; d Ͼ 0.6). Additionally, TM were found to have increased triglycerides and decreased HDL levels (P Ͻ 0.005; d Ͼ 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Changes occur in several common laboratory parameters for patients on HT. Some laboratory values changed to match the gender identity, whereas others remained unchanged or were intermediate from the baseline values. These findings will help guide interpretation of laboratory test results in transgender patients taking HT.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\IGU45MAC\\SoRelle et al. - 2019 - Impact of Hormone Therapy on Laboratory Values in .pdf},
}

@Article{taub2020,
  title = {The Effect of Testosterone on Ovulatory Function in Transmasculine Individuals},
  author = {Rebecca L. Taub and Simon Adriane Ellis and Genevieve Neal-Perry and Amalia S. Magaret and Sarah W. Prager and Elizabeth A. Micks},
  year = {2020},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology},
  volume = {223},
  number = {2},
  pages = {229.e1-229.e8},
  issn = {00029378},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.059},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Contraception,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\CR4UPGLF\\Taub et al. - 2020 - The effect of testosterone on ovulatory function i.pdf},
}

@TechReport{terricabras2018,
  title = {{Rapport sur la situation des droits fondamentaux dans l'Union europ\'eenne en 2017}},
  author = {Josep-Maria Terricabras},
  year = {2018},
  number = {2018/2103(INI)},
  pages = {26},
  institution = {{Parlement Europ\'een}},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\3H4X4FEM\\Terricabras - 2018 - Rapport sur la situation des droits fondamentaux d.pdf},
}

@Article{testa2015,
  title = {Development of the {{Gender Minority Stress}} and {{Resilience Measure}}.},
  author = {Rylan J. Testa and Janice Habarth and Jayme Peta and Kimberly Balsam and Walter Bockting},
  year = {2015},
  month = {mar},
  journal = {Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--77},
  issn = {2329-0390, 2329-0382},
  doi = {10.1037/sgd0000081},
  abstract = {Researchers currently lack a reliable and valid means of assessing minority stress and resilience factors in transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) people. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the validity of a tool to better assess these constructs in TGNC populations. The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience (GMSR) measure was developed grounded on Meyer's minority stress model, and adjusted to reflect the experiences of TGNC populations based on TGNC literature and archival data from TGNC focus groups. The final GMSR includes scales assessing 9 constructs: gender-related discrimination, gender-related rejection, gender-related victimization, nonaffirmation of gender identity, internalized transphobia, negative expectations for future events, nondisclosure, community connectedness, and pride. In the current study, 844 participants completed the GMSR measure as well as measures related to mental health, general life stress, and social support. Results indicated good model fit, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity for the 9 hypothesized scales. Discriminant validity for the scales were also partially supported. Overall, the current study offers preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the GMSR Measure for use with TGNC populations. The GMSR Measure has several uses for both research and clinical purposes, including increasing understanding of the experiences and correlates of gender minority stress and resilience factors and assessing whether specific therapies or interventions are helpful in reducing risk and supporting resilience in TGNC populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Minority stress,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\C353TT9N\\Testa et al. - 2015 - Development of the Gender Minority Stress and Resi.pdf},
}

@Article{teti2021,
  title = {A {{Qualitative Scoping Review}} of {{Transgender}} and {{Gender Non-conforming People}}'s {{Physical Healthcare Experiences}} and {{Needs}}},
  author = {Michelle Teti and Steffany Kerr and L. A. Bauerband and Erica Koegler and Rebecca Graves},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {2296-2565},
  abstract = {Trans and gender non-conforming (TGNC) people experience poor health care and health outcomes. We conducted a qualitative scoping review of studies addressing TGNC people's experiences receiving physical health care to inform research and practice solutions. A systematic search resulted in 35 qualitative studies for analysis. Studies included 1,607 TGNC participants, ages 16\textendash 64 years. Analytic methods included mostly interviews and focus groups; the most common analysis strategy was theme analysis. Key themes in findings were patient challenges, needs, and strengths. Challenges dominated findings and could be summarized by lack of provider knowledge and sensitivity and financial and insurance barriers, which hurt TGNC people's health. Future qualitative research should explore the experiences of diverse and specific groups of TGNC people (youth, non-binary, racial/ethnic minority), include community-based methods, and theory development. Practice-wise, training for providers and skills and support for TGNC people to advocate to improve their health, are required.},
  keywords = {Healthcare access,Healthcare systems,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\FPABXKU3\\Teti et al_2021_A Qualitative Scoping Review of Transgender and Gender Non-conforming People's.pdf},
}

@Article{TSjoen2019,
  title = {Endocrinology of {{Transgender Medicine}}},
  author = {Guy T'Sjoen and Jon Arcelus and Louis Gooren and Daniel T Klink and Vin Tangpricha},
  year = {2019},
  month = {feb},
  journal = {Endocrine Reviews},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {97--117},
  issn = {0163-769X},
  doi = {10.1210/er.2018-00011},
  abstract = {Gender-affirming treatment of transgender people requires a multidisciplinary approach in which endocrinologists play a crucial role. The aim of this paper is to review recent data on hormonal treatment of this population and its effect on physical, psychological, and mental health. The Endocrine Society guidelines for transgender women include estrogens in combination with androgen-lowering medications. Feminizing treatment with estrogens and antiandrogens has desired physical changes, such as enhanced breast growth, reduction of facial and body hair growth, and fat redistribution in a female pattern. Possible side effects should be discussed with patients, particularly those at risk for venous thromboembolism. The Endocrine Society guidelines for transgender men include testosterone therapy for virilization with deepening of the voice, cessation of menses, and increases of muscle mass and facial and body hair. Owing to the lack of evidence, treatment of gender nonbinary people should be individualized. Young people may receive pubertal suspension, consisting of GnRH analogs, later followed by sex steroids. Options for fertility preservation should be discussed before any hormonal intervention. Morbidity and cardiovascular risk with cross-sex hormones is unchanged among transgender men and unclear among transgender women. Sex steroid-related malignancies can occur but are rare. Mental health problems such as depression and anxiety have been found to reduce considerably following hormonal treatment. Future studies should aim to explore the long-term outcome of hormonal treatment in transgender people and provide evidence as to the effect of gender-affirming treatment in the nonbinary population.},
  pmid = {30307546},
  keywords = {Effets désirables,Effets indésirables,Modalité,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\KXVZWWEW\\T’Sjoen et al. - 2019 - Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine.pdf},
}

@Book{VanLisdonk2014,
  title = {Living with Intersex/{{DSD}} : {{An}} Exploratory Study of the Social Situation of Persons with Intersex/{{DSD}}},
  author = {Jantine {Van Lisdonk}},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Netherlands Institute for Social Research},
  publisher = {{Netherlands Insitute for Social Research}},
  address = {{La Haye}},
  isbn = {978 90 377 0717 5},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\4SQCP8UE\\Van Lisdonk - 2014 - Living with intersexDSD An exploratory study of the social situation of persons with intersexDSD.pdf},
}

@Article{Velho2017,
  title = {Effects of Testosterone Therapy on {{BMI}}, Blood Pressure, and Laboratory Profile of Transgender Men: A Systematic Review},
  author = {I. Velho and T. M. Fighera and P. K. Ziegelmann and P. M. Spritzer},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Andrology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {5},
  pages = {881--888},
  issn = {20472927},
  doi = {10.1111/andr.12382},
  abstract = {Testosterone is the main hormonal agent used for cross-sex hormone therapy in female-to-male transgender persons. Our aim was to systematically review the literature concerning the effects of testosterone on body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, hematocrit, hemoglobin, lipid profile, and liver enzymes in transgender men. PUBMED and EMBASE were searched for studies published until March 2017. Studies were included if they reported interventions with any dose of testosterone and comparison of variables before and during treatment. Of 455 potentially eligible articles, 13 were reviewed. Study duration ranged from 6 to 60 months, sample size ranged from 12 to 97 patients, and the most common treatment was parenteral testosterone undecanoate 1000 mg/12 weeks. Slight but significant increases in BMI were reported (from 1.3 to 11.4\%). Three out of seven studies assessing the impact of different testosterone formulations on blood pressure detected modest increases or clinically irrelevant changes in this variable. In another study, however, two patients developed hypertension, which was resolved after cessation of testosterone therapy. Decreases in HDL-cholesterol and increases in LDL-cholesterol were consistently observed. Eight studies observed a relationship between testosterone and increased hemoglobin (range: 4.9\textendash 12.5\%) and hematocrit (range: 4.4\textendash 17.6\%), but discontinuation of androgen therapy was not necessary. In one study, two patients developed erythrocytosis (hematocrit {$>$}52\%) after 9 and 12 months of treatment. One study analyzing testosterone formulations observed smaller increases in hemoglobin and hematocrit with testosterone gel. Six studies assessing liver function showed slight or no changes. Overall, the quality of evidence was low, given the lack of randomized clinical/controlled trials and the small sample sizes. In conclusion, exogenous testosterone administration to transgender men was associated with modest increases in BMI, hemoglobin/hematocrit, and LDL-cholesterol, and with decreases in HDL-cholesterol. Long-term studies are needed to assess the long-term risks of testosterone therapy, particularly as they relate to cardiometabolic risks such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome.},
  pmid = {28709177},
  keywords = {Effets indésirables,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\LAZ7LML6\\Velho et al. - 2017 - Effects of testosterone therapy on BMI, blood pres.pdf},
}

@Article{wang2021,
  ids = {zotero-3770},
  title = {Psychopathological Symptom Network Structure in Transgender and Gender Queer Youth Reporting Parental Psychological Abuse: A Network Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Psychopathological Symptom Network Structure in Transgender and Gender Queer Youth Reporting Parental Psychological Abuse},
  author = {Yuanyuan Wang and Zhihao Ma and Amanda Wilson and Zhishan Hu and Xin Ying and Meng Han and Zaixu Cui and Runsen Chen},
  year = {2021},
  month = {sep},
  journal = {BMC Medicine},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {215},
  issn = {1741-7015},
  doi = {10.1186/s12916-021-02091-5},
  abstract = {This is the first study to investigate the effect of parental psychological abuse on potential psychopathological symptoms in gender minority youth subgroups, including transgender women, transgender men, and gender queer individuals.},
  keywords = {Childhood neglect/abuse,Network analysis,Nonbinary,Researcher App,Transgender men,Transgender people,Transgender women,Transgender youth,Violence},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\YARRIU9C\\Wang et al. - 2021 - Psychopathological symptom network structure in tr.pdf;C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\DYMHRQ2B\\s12916-021-02091-5.html},
}

@Article{wirtz2020,
  ids = {wirtz},
  title = {Gender-{{Based Violence Against Transgender People}} in the {{United States}}: {{A Call}} for {{Research}} and {{Programming}}},
  shorttitle = {Gender-{{Based Violence Against Transgender People}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Andrea L. Wirtz and Tonia C. Poteat and Mannat Malik and Nancy Glass},
  year = {2020},
  month = {apr},
  journal = {Trauma, Violence, \& Abuse},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {227--241},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  address = {{United States}},
  issn = {1524-8380},
  doi = {10.1177/1524838018757749},
  abstract = {Gender-based violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person's will and that results from power inequalities based on gender roles. Most global estimates of GBV implicitly refer only to the experiences of cisgender, heterosexually identified women, which often comes at the exclusion of transgender and gender nonconforming (trans) populations. Those who perpetrate violence against trans populations often target gender nonconformity, gender expression or identity, and perceived sexual orientation and thus these forms of violence should be considered within broader discussions of GBV. Nascent epidemiologic research suggests a high burden of GBV among trans populations, with an estimated prevalence that ranges from 7\% to 89\% among trans populations and subpopulations. Further, 165 trans persons have been reported murdered in the United States between 2008 and 2016. GBV is associated with multiple poor health outcomes and has been broadly posited as a component of syndemics, a term used to describe an interaction of diseases with underlying social forces, concomitant with limited prevention and response programs. The interaction of social stigma, inadequate laws, and punitive policies as well as a lack of effective GBV programs limits access to and use of GBV prevention and response programs among trans populations. This commentary summarizes the current body of research on GBV among trans populations and highlights areas for future research, intervention, and policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Transgender people,Violence},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\8LWZVMW3\\Wirtz et al. - 2020 - Gender-Based Violence Against Transgender People i.pdf},
}

@Article{witcomb2018,
  title = {Levels of Depression in Transgender People and Its Predictors: {{Results}} of a Large Matched Control Study with Transgender People Accessing Clinical Services},
  shorttitle = {Levels of Depression in Transgender People and Its Predictors},
  author = {Gemma L. Witcomb and Walter Pierre Bouman and Laurence Claes and Nicola Brewin and John R. Crawford and Jon Arcelus},
  year = {2018},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},
  volume = {235},
  pages = {308--315},
  issn = {01650327},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.051},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Depression,Mental health,Transgender men,Transgender women},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\CSKSL87C\\Witcomb et al. - 2018 - Levels of depression in transgender people and its.pdf},
}

@Article{yaish2021,
  ids = {zotero-3767},
  title = {Functional Ovarian Reserve in Transgender Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy: Evidence for Preserved Anti-{{M\"ullerian}} Hormone and Antral Follicle Count under Prolonged Treatment},
  shorttitle = {Functional Ovarian Reserve in Transgender Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy},
  author = {I Yaish and K Tordjman and H Amir and G Malinger and Y Salemnick and G Shefer and M Serebro and F Azem and N Golani and Y Sofer and N Stern and Y Greenman},
  year = {2021},
  month = {oct},
  journal = {Human Reproduction},
  volume = {36},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2753--2760},
  issn = {0268-1161},
  doi = {10.1093/humrep/deab169},
  abstract = {Is the functional ovarian reserve in transgender men affected by testosterone therapy?Serum anti-M\"ullerian Hormone (AMH) levels slightly decrease during testosterone treatment but remain within the normal range, suggesting preserved follicular ovarian reserve.Few small studies have investigated the impact of gender-affirming treatment on reproduction in transgender men. Conflicting results were reached concerning ovarian morphology and AMH levels in this context.The study consisted of two arms. The first arm was a prospective pilot study, which enrolled 56 transgender men (median age 22.5 [interquartile range (IQR)\textemdash 19\textendash 27.7] years), 27 of whom had polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), prior to the initiation of gender-affirming testosterone therapy. A structured assessment was conducted prior to, and at 3 and 12\,months after treatment initiation. The second arm was a cross-sectional study that comprised 47 transgender men (median age 24 [IQR\textemdash 20\textendash 31] years) who received testosterone for a median duration of 35 [IQR 13\textendash 62] months. The main outcome measures were serum AMH and antral follicle count (AFC) as indices of ovarian follicular reserve.The study was conducted at a tertiary center for transgender health. Gender-affirming therapy was administered according to standard practice. AFC was determined by pelvic (abdominal or transvaginal) ultrasound and blood collection for measurements of AMH, testosterone, estradiol, LH and FSH was performed at the designated time-points.Prospective arm for the entire group we observed a decrease of 0.71\,ng/ml in AMH levels between baseline and 12\,months (P\,=\,0.01). When expressed in age-specific percentiles, AMH went from the 47.37th to the 40.25th percentile at 12\,months (P\,\&lt;\,0.001). In a sub-group analysis, a decline of 9.52 points in age-specific percentile was seen in subjects with PCOS (P\,\&lt;\,0.001), while no changes were detected in the non-PCOS group. Testosterone treatment did not affect AFC over time in the entire cohort. In the sub-group analysis, a mean decrease of 5.0 follicles was detected between baseline and the 12\,months assessment (P\,=\,0.047) only in subjects with PCOS. In the cross-sectional study, AMH inversely correlated with age but not with treatment duration. Notably AMH did not deviate from the 50th age-specific percentile. Finally, four men fathered biological children after being under testosterone treatment for up to 12\,years.The limited sample size of the pilot study should be kept in mind. An additional limitation is the lack of a control group in the prospective study, as each participant served as his own control. Also, roughly 40\% of the ultrasound examinations were performed transabdominally, potentially affecting the accuracy of the AFC measurements.As study participants were quite young, our reassuring data may not apply to older transgender men, either because of an age-related decline in ovarian reserve or to possible long-term effects of testosterone therapy. Furthermore, the chances for fertility preservation may be more limited in subjects with PCOS.This is an additional contribution to the emerging evidence that prolonged testosterone treatment may not be a major obstacle to later fertility potential in transgender men desirous of having children. Larger confirmatory studies, and particularly more with reproductive outcome data, are needed for evidence-based fertility counseling prior to treatment initiation in these subjects.This study received no funding. The authors have no competing interests to declare.N/A.},
  keywords = {A lire,Fertility,Monitoring,THAG,Transgender men,Transgender people},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\maxen\\Zotero\\storage\\F2PHBFYC\\6355169.html},
}