Comparator based PWM Generator Project Title: LM393 Comparator-Based Low-Cost PWM Generator Overview: The LM393 Comparator-Based Low-Cost PWM Generator is an open-source electronics project designed for precise Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal generation. This budget-friendly solution features a wide input voltage range (5V to 15V DC), three selectable frequency ranges, and a soft-start mechanism. Additionally, it is equipped with a push-pull amplifier on the output, enabling the driving of loads up to 100mA without compromising cost efficiency. Project Summary: The PWM generator, based on the LM393 dual comparator, offers versatile frequency options (15Hz to 100Hz, 1.5kHz to 10kHz, and 55kHz to 300kHz) and operates from 0 to 100 percent duty cycle. The integration of a push-pull amplifier enhances its capabilities, allowing for the reliable driving of loads with a current requirement of up to 100mA, all while maintaining a low-cost profile. Design and Implementation: The LM393 Comparator-Based Low-Cost PWM Generator is meticulously designed to ensure optimal performance and cost-effectiveness. Hardware: In addition to the LM393 comparator, the circuit features a cost-effective push-pull amplifier at the output stage. This amplifier, composed of specific components chosen for affordability, empowers the PWM generator to drive loads up to 100mA with efficiency. The hardware design, including the amplifier configuration, is documented thoroughly in the project materials. Challenges and Solutions: Overcoming challenges in the integration of the push-pull amplifier while maintaining a low-cost solution required careful consideration of component selection. Through iterative testing and adjustments, the final design achieved a balance between performance, reliability, and affordability. Testing and Validation: Extensive testing was conducted to validate the performance of the PWM generator, with a focus on the push-pull amplifier's ability to drive loads up to 100mA. The results confirmed the generator's reliability and stability across varying conditions, highlighting its suitability as a low-cost solution. Results and Impact: The LM393 Comparator-Based Low-Cost PWM Generator, with its push-pull amplifier, stands out as an affordable and versatile tool for applications demanding precise PWM signals and the ability to drive moderate loads. The project's impact extends to electronic enthusiasts, hobbyists, and professionals seeking a cost-effective solution for motor control, lighting systems, and other applications. Conclusion: This project stands as a testament to successful hardware integration, offering a feature-rich PWM generator with a robust push-pull amplifier, all within a low-cost framework. The knowledge gained from this project contributes to the broader understanding of analog electronics and microcontroller interfacing, emphasizing the potential for innovation on a budget.