notes.txt

c++ compilers

turbo  16 bit compiler
gcc/g++ 32 bit compiler with 64 bit support
llvm clang
microsoft visual c
intel


c++ standard versions:-

c++98  imp
c++03
c++11  imp
c++14
c++17  imp
c++20
c++23


Data type:-
1.space occupy
2.range
3.operations to be performed

Statement:-

1.Expression statement
2.Compound statement / block statement
3.selection statement(if..else,switch)
4.iterative statement(while,for,do..while)
5.jump statement(break,continue,goto)
6.label statement(return,case ,default)

passing in function

1.call by value   ----> xerox bnta h actual argument ka formal argument ka   //c
2.call by pointer   //c
3.call by reference  //c++ only

poly = many
phorms= forms


two approaches(functions)-

top down
bottom up


Memory sections:-

1.code section
2.global section (static)
3.stack (automatic control)
4.heap (dynamic memory allocation) programmers have to control (garbage collection)


A-Z
a-z
ascii value of A=65
ascii value of B=66


references restrictions:-

1.must be initialized when declared with variable
2.cannot be NULL
3.cannot refer addresses
**4.cannot create array of reference
**5.cannot create a pointer to a reference
**6.cannot reference bit field



Storage class

describes features of var and fn or an object.
features:-

scope/visibility
Lifetime

syntax:-

sc_specifier datatype var;


storage class specifiers:-

1.auto
2.register  (kb)  preference
3.static
4.extern

**5.mutable(only c++)


declaration - tell type to compiler
definition - allocate memory


linkage

1.external - global vars functions
2.internal - static
3.none