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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang xml:lang>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes" />
<title>Phate6660's Icelandic Notes</title>
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<script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv-printshiv.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<header id="title-block-header">
<h1 class="title">Phate6660's Icelandic Notes</h1>
</header>
<p>This is Phate6660’s personal notes for learning Icelandic.<br></p>
<h2 id="typing-special-characters">Typing Special Characters</h2>
<h3 id="linux">Linux</h3>
<p>First you need to set up the compose key on Xorg.<br> I’ll leave you
to do that on your own, it’s out of the scope of this as<br> depending
on what DE/WM you’re using, there are various different ways to enable
it.</p>
<h3 id="windows">Windows</h3>
<p>I came across <a href="https://github.com/SamHocevar/wincompose">wincompose</a> while
making my own AHK script.<br> Once I found it, honestly I fell in love
with it. The rest of this document will assume you’re using it.</p>
<h3 id="sequences">Sequences</h3>
<p><strong>The compose key needs to be pressed before all
shortcuts.</strong><br> However a nice thing is that the key has a
rollover effect.<br> Meaning that it doesn’t need to stay pressed down,
you can press the keys in order one-by-one.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Shortcut</th>
<th>Character</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>’-a</td>
<td>á</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>’-A</td>
<td>Á</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>’-e</td>
<td>é</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>’-E</td>
<td>É</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>’-i</td>
<td>í</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>’-I</td>
<td>Í</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>’-o</td>
<td>ó</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>’-O</td>
<td>Ó</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>’-y</td>
<td>ý</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>’-Y</td>
<td>Ý</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>“-o</td>
<td>ö</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>“-O</td>
<td>Ö</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>a-e</td>
<td>æ</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>A-E</td>
<td>Æ</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>d-h</td>
<td>ð</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>D-H</td>
<td>Ð</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>t-h</td>
<td>þ</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>T-H</td>
<td>Þ</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="pronunciations">Pronunciations</h2>
<p>If unspecified, assume that the pronounciation is the same as the
english letter.</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 68%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Letters</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
<th>Additional Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Á, á</td>
<td>“ow”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ð, ð</td>
<td>“th”</td>
<td>Like in “<strong>th</strong>is”, but aspirated as well.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>E, e</td>
<td>“ay”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>É, é</td>
<td>“ea”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>G, g</td>
<td>————></td>
<td>At the beginning of words it is said as a hard English g.<br>In
between vowels and at the end of a word a very soft throaty g resembling
a toned down German “ch” at the back of the throat.<br>It is not
pronounced between accented vowels.<br>It is said as an Icelandic j
between a vowel and j.<br>After a vowel and before a t or s it is a hard
German “ch”.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>I, i, Y, y</td>
<td>“eh”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Í, í, Ý, ý</td>
<td>“ee”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>J, j</td>
<td>“y”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>O, o</td>
<td>“ah”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ó, ó</td>
<td>“oh”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>R, r</td>
<td>————></td>
<td>Pronounced like in English, but is always rolled.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>S, s</td>
<td>————></td>
<td>Like in English; always an “s”, never said as a “z”.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>U, u</td>
<td>“eu”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ú, ú</td>
<td>“ew”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>X, x</td>
<td>“ch”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Þ, þ</td>
<td>“th”</td>
<td>Like in “<strong>th</strong>ing”.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Æ, æ</td>
<td>“eye”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ö, ö</td>
<td>“uh” or “oh”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Hv</td>
<td>“kf”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ll</td>
<td>“tl”</td>
<td>Push it more out the side of your mouth with your tongue.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Nn</td>
<td>“tn”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Pp, tt, kk</td>
<td>————></td>
<td>Are all aspirated (small puff of air).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Au</td>
<td>“öj”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ei, ey</td>
<td>“ay”</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="words">Words</h2>
<h3 id="adverbs">Adverbs</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>English</th>
<th>Icelandic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Almost</td>
<td>Næstum</td>
<td>“n-eye-steum”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Always</td>
<td>Alltaf</td>
<td>“ah-ll-tah-f”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Maybe</td>
<td>Kannski</td>
<td>“kon-skih”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Never</td>
<td>Aldrei</td>
<td>“ahl-drey”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>No</td>
<td>Nei</td>
<td>“nay”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Now</td>
<td>Núna</td>
<td>“n-ew-nah”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Quickly</td>
<td>Fljótt</td>
<td>“fl-oh-tt”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Rarely</td>
<td>Sjaldan</td>
<td>“sya-ll-dahn”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sometimes</td>
<td>Stundum</td>
<td>“steu-n-deum”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Soon</td>
<td>Bráðum</td>
<td>“brow-th-ew-m”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sorry</td>
<td>Því miður</td>
<td>“th-vee mith-eur”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>The</td>
<td>Hið</td>
<td>“hith”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Today</td>
<td>Í dag</td>
<td>“ee d-ah-ch”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Together</td>
<td>Saman</td>
<td>“sah-m-ah-n”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Tomorrow</td>
<td>Á morgun</td>
<td>“ow m-ah-r-geun”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Tonight</td>
<td>Í kvöld</td>
<td>“ee kv-uh-ld”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Já</td>
<td>“yow”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Yesterday</td>
<td>Í gær</td>
<td>“ee g-eye-r”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="prepositions">Prepositions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>English</th>
<th>Icelandic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>About</td>
<td>Um</td>
<td>“eu-m”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Above</td>
<td>Yfir</td>
<td>“eh-fir”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>And</td>
<td>Og</td>
<td>“ah-ch”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Before</td>
<td>Áður en</td>
<td>“ow-th-eur ay-n”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Between</td>
<td>Á milli</td>
<td>“ow m-eh-leh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>But</td>
<td>En</td>
<td>“ayn”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>For</td>
<td>Fyrir</td>
<td>“feh-rehr”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>From</td>
<td>Frá</td>
<td>“fr-ow”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>In</td>
<td>Í</td>
<td>“eh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>To</td>
<td>Til</td>
<td>“tel”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>With</td>
<td>Með</td>
<td>“m-ay-th</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Without</td>
<td>Án</td>
<td>“ow-n”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="nouns">Nouns</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>English</th>
<th>Icelandic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Bathroom</td>
<td>Klósett</td>
<td>“k-low-set”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Congratulations</td>
<td>Til hamingju</td>
<td>“till hah-min-ch-you”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Fire</td>
<td>Eldur</td>
<td>“ail-deur”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Test</td>
<td>Próf</td>
<td>“prohf”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="verbs">Verbs</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>English</th>
<th>Icelandic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Help</td>
<td>Hjálpa</td>
<td>“hyowl-pa”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Please</td>
<td>Vinsamlegast</td>
<td>“vin-sahm-lay-ch-st”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Stop</td>
<td>Hættu</td>
<td>“hai-tu”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Test</td>
<td>Prófa</td>
<td>“proh-fah”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="random-phrases">Random Phrases</h2>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 27%" />
<col style="width: 46%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>English</th>
<th>Icelandic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Thank You</td>
<td>Takk</td>
<td>“tah-kk”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>You’re Welcome</td>
<td>Þér er velkomið</td>
<td>“thair air vail-kom-ith”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Excuse Me</td>
<td>Fyrirgefðu</td>
<td>“fir-irch-ayyf-thew”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>What is Your Name</td>
<td>Hvað heitir þú?</td>
<td>“kf-ah-th hay-tir thew”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Nice to Meet You</td>
<td>Gaman að kynnast þér</td>
<td>“gah-mon ahth kin-ahst thear”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>How Are You</td>
<td>Vernig hefur þú það?</td>
<td>“vair-nich hay-feur thew th-ah-th”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Good Morning</td>
<td>Góðan dag</td>
<td>“goh-thon dach”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Good Night</td>
<td>Góða nótt</td>
<td>“goh-tha note”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>I am Lost</td>
<td>Ég er týndur</td>
<td>“ey-ch air tindeaur”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>My Name Is</td>
<td>Ég heiti</td>
<td>“ey-ch hay-tea”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Where is</td>
<td>Hvar er</td>
<td>“kf-ah-r air”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Leave me alone</td>
<td>Láttu mig í friði!</td>
<td>“l-ow-teu mi-ch ee fri-thi”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>I don’t know</td>
<td>Ég veit ekki</td>
<td>“ey-ch vay-it ay-k-i”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Please speak more slowly</td>
<td>Gætirðu talað hægar</td>
<td>“g-eye-tirth-eu tah-lah-th hi-g-ahr”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Get well soon</td>
<td>Láttu þér batna</td>
<td>“l-ow-teu th-ea-r baht-na”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>I am speaking Icelandic</td>
<td>Ég er að tala íslensku</td>
<td>“aych air ath tala ees-layn-skeu”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>You’re a good boy</td>
<td>Þú ert góður drengur</td>
<td>“thew airt go-thoo-er dree-nch-ew-r”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>What the hell</td>
<td>Hvað er í gangi eiginlega</td>
<td>“kf-ath air ee ch-ah-chi ay-ch-en-lee-cha”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Icelandic be pretty cool</td>
<td>Íslenska vera nokkuð flott</td>
<td>“ees-layn-skah vay-rah nah-kk-eu-th fl-ah-tt”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Night witches</td>
<td>Næturn æringar</td>
<td>“nigh-teurn aye-rin-gahr”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>I’m a foreigner</td>
<td>Ég er útlendingur</td>
<td>“ea-ch air ewt-layn-dehn-geur”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="random-long-phrases">Random LONG phrases</h2>
<p>This will be done in a bullet list type format as to not make really
wide tables.</p>
<ul>
<li>But for real, I would love to test my Icelandic
<ul>
<li>En í alvöru, ég myndi elska að prófa íslenskuna mína</li>
<li>“ayn ee ahl-vuh-reu ea-ch meh-n-deh ayl-skah ah-th pro-fah
ees-layn-skeu-nah me-nah”</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth
<ul>
<li>Auga fyrir auga, tönn fyrir tönn</li>
<li>“ah-oo-ch-ah feh-rehr ah-oo-ch-ah tuhn feh-rehr tuhn”</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="random-names-of-places-and-stuff-in-iceland">Random Names of
Places and Stuff in Iceland</h2>
<ul>
<li>Eyjafjallajökull
<ul>
<li>An ice cap located on top of a volcano in Iceland.</li>
<li>“ay-ya-fyah-lah-yuh-kool”</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="number-related-stuff">Number-Related Stuff</h2>
<h3 id="actual-numbers">Actual Numbers</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Number</th>
<th>Written Form (Icelandic)</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>0</td>
<td>Núll</td>
<td>“newl”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1</td>
<td>Einn</td>
<td>“ay-tn”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2</td>
<td>Tveir</td>
<td>“t-vair”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>3</td>
<td>Þrír</td>
<td>“threer”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>4</td>
<td>Fjórir</td>
<td>“fyoh-rir”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>5</td>
<td>Fimm</td>
<td>“fimm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>6</td>
<td>Sex</td>
<td>“sex”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>7</td>
<td>Sjö</td>
<td>“syur”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>8</td>
<td>Átta</td>
<td>“ow-tah”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>9</td>
<td>Níu</td>
<td>“neeu”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>10</td>
<td>Tíu</td>
<td>“teeu”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="numbers-in-adjective-form">Numbers In Adjective Form</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>English</th>
<th>Icelandic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>First</td>
<td>Fyrstur</td>
<td>“feh-steur”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Second</td>
<td>Sekúnda</td>
<td>“say-kewn-dah”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Third</td>
<td>Þriðji</td>
<td>“th-rith-yeh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Fourth</td>
<td>Fjórði</td>
<td>“fyour-th-eh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Fifth</td>
<td>Fimmti</td>
<td>“fimm-teh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sixth</td>
<td>Sjötti</td>
<td>“syuh-teh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Seventh</td>
<td>Sjöundi</td>
<td>“syuh-eun-deh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Eightth</td>
<td>Áttunda</td>
<td>“ow-teun-dah”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ninth</td>
<td>Níundi</td>
<td>“nee-eun-deh”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Tenth</td>
<td>Tíundi</td>
<td>“tee-eun-deh”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2>
<h3 id="nouns-1">Nouns</h3>
<p>They are declined in 4 cases:</p>
<ul>
<li>nominative (a noun that is doing something)</li>
<li>accusative (the direct object of a transitive verb)</li>
<li>dative (the receipent of an action)</li>
<li>genitive (a word that modifies another word, sometimes used in an
adverbial sense)</li>
</ul>
<p>There are also gender-specific suffixes for words:</p>
<ul>
<li>for masculine we have <code>-ur</code>, <code>-i</code>,
<code>-ll</code>, or <code>-nn</code></li>
<li>for feminine we have <code>-a</code>, <code>-ing</code>, or
<code>-un</code></li>
<li>gender neutral nouns usually either don’t have suffixes or have a
final accented vowel</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="articles">Articles</h3>
<p>Indefinite articles (such as a/an) do not exist, but there are
definite articles.</p>
<p>They would be…</p>
<p>Singular (without articles):</p>
<ul>
<li>for masculine we have <code>-ur</code>, <code>-i</code>,
<code>-ll</code>, and <code>-nn</code></li>
<li>for feminine we have <code>-a</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Singular (with article):</p>
<ul>
<li>for masculine we have <code>-urinn</code>, <code>-inn</code>,
<code>-llinn</code>, and <code>-nninn</code></li>
<li>for feminine we have <code>-in</code> and <code>-an</code></li>
<li>for gender neutral we have <code>-ið</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Plural (without article):</p>
<ul>
<li>for masculine we have <code>-ar</code></li>
<li>for feminine we have <code>ir</code> and <code>ur</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Plural (with article):</p>
<ul>
<li>for masculine we have <code>-arnir</code></li>
<li>for feminine we have <code>irnar</code> and <code>-urnar</code></li>
<li>for gender neutral we have <code>-in</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="examples">Examples</h4>
<p>Examples showing nouns for each respective gender declined in
nominative:</p>
<ul>
<li>Dreng<strong>ur</strong> (a boy), becomes
dreng<strong>urinn</strong> (the boy)</li>
<li>Stúlk<strong>a</strong> (a girl), becomes stúlk<strong>an</strong>
(the girl)</li>
<li>Barn (a child), becomes barnið (the child)</li>
</ul>
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