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Search query for SDG13 - Climate Action, Bergen action-approach.

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Contents

  1. Full query in copy-pasteable format
  2. General notes
  3. Documentation and string sections for each target
  4. Contributions
  5. Footnotes

1. Full query

Results of the full search in its current state can be viewed on Web of Science by clicking here (no filters; publication date = last 5 years): https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/summary/2655b664-541f-4037-a891-80942ba9aed5-b77a0883/relevance/1

2. General notes

This document contains search strings for finding publications related to the actions in the SDG 13 targets and indicators ("action approach"; focus on precision, smaller result set). We also have a version which finds publications related to the topics in the SDG 13 targets and indicators ("topic approach"; focus on recall, larger result set), provided in the same repository as this file. For more explanation, see the Readme in this repository.

Targets and Indicators were found from the UN Statistics Division (Statistics Division, 2021). This list includes "the global indicator framework as contained in A/RES/71/313, the refinements agreed by the Statistical Commission at its 49th session in March 2018 (E/CN.3/2018/2, Annex II) and 50th session in March 2019 (E/CN.3/2019/2, Annex II), changes from the 2020 Comprehensive Review (E/CN.3/2020/2, Annex II) and refinements (E/CN.3/2020/2, Annex III) from the 51st session in March 2020, and refinements from the 52nd session in March 2021 (E/CN.3/2021/2, Annex)". (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/)

Our classification of countries as least developed countries (LDCs), small island developing states (SIDS) and landlocked developing states (LDS) is taken from the Statistical Annex of United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects (tables F, H and I) (United Nations, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). Additional terms for these countries, generic terms for country groups, and terms for low and middle income countries (LMICs) were gathered from the LMIC 2020 filter from the Norwegian Satellite of Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC), developed by the Norwegian Institute of Public Heath (https://epoc.cochrane.org/lmic-filters).

During editing of this string (2021), we have consulted another set of queries for reference: Aurora Universities network (2020).

3. Targets

Target 13.1

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population

13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

13.1.3 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies

This target is interpreted to cover research about improving resilience, adapation and migitation of impacts for climate-related hazards and natural disasters. Research about the implementation of disaster/risk strategies, plans and programmes, and climate-related hazards/natural disasters (including risk assessment) is also considered relevant, related to indicator 13.1.3.

This query consists of 1 phrase. The basic structure is action + resilience/mitigation/plans + disasters

Under actions, we considered including the Paris agreement as article 7 is relevant to this target. However, most results were not relevant (e.g. results about what would happen to rainfall under the Paris Agreement goal of 1.5...).

The terms for disasters contain both general terms and specific disaster types. We have used the hazards listed in Murray et al., (2021) to make a list of disasters based on their classification of hazards into hydrological/meteorological, geohazards, environmental, chemical, biological, technological, and societal. We have included the hydrological and geohazards under "natural" disasters.

TS=
(
  (
    (
      ("improv*" OR "increas*" OR "better" OR "enhanc*" OR "build" OR "strengthen*" OR "raise"
      OR "develop" OR "developing" OR "implement"
      OR "build* capacity" OR "capacity building" OR "capacity development"
      )
      NEAR/5 ("coping" OR "cope" OR "adapt*" OR "resilien*" OR "mitigat*" OR "risk reduction" OR "preparedness" OR "preparing" OR "preparation")
    )
    OR  
      (
        ("mitigat*" OR "prevent*" OR "reduc*" OR "decreas*" OR "minimis*" OR "minimiz*" OR "manag*")
        NEAR/5 ("impact$" OR "vulnerab*")
      )
    OR
    (
      ("establish*" OR "propos*" OR "implement*" OR "adopt*" OR "introduc*" OR "roadmap" OR "towards" OR "way to" OR "preparing" OR "prepare" OR "improv*")
      NEAR/5
          (
            ("disaster$" OR "risk$")
            NEAR/3
                ("plan" OR "plans" OR "planning" OR "assess*" OR "strateg*" OR "program$" OR "programme$" OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "governance"
                OR "reduc*" OR "manag*" OR "medical response$" OR "relief"
                )
          )
    )
    OR "sendai framework"
    OR "cancun adapation framework"
    OR "readiness and preparatory support programme" OR "readiness programme"
  )  
  NEAR/15
      (
        ("extreme$" NEAR/3 ("climat*" OR "weather" OR "precipitation" OR "rain" OR "snow" OR "temperature$" OR "storm$" OR "wind$"))
        OR (("natural" OR "climat*") NEAR/5 ("hazard$" OR "catastrophe$" OR "disaster$"))
        OR "rogue wave$" OR "tsunami$" OR "tropical cyclone$" OR "typhoon$" OR "hurricane$" OR "tornado*"
        OR "drought$" OR "flood*"
        OR "avalanche$" OR "landslide$" OR "land-slide$" OR "rockslide$" OR "rock-slide$" OR "rockfall$" OR "surface collapse$" OR "mudflow$" OR "mud-flow$"
        OR "cold spells" OR "cold wave$" OR "dzud$" OR "blizzard$" OR "heatwave$" OR "heat-wave$"
        OR "earthquake$" OR "volcanic activity" OR "volcanic emission$" OR "volcanic eruption$" OR "ash fall" OR "tephra fall"
        OR "wildfire*" OR "wild-fire*" OR "forest fire*" OR "forestfire*"
        OR ("sea level" NEAR/3 ("chang*" OR "rising" OR "rise$"))
      )
)

Target 13.2

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

13.2.1 Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

13.2.2 Total greenhouse gas emissions per year

This target is interpreted to cover research about

  • integration of climate change into national policy, strategies and planning (phrase 1)
  • national policies, strategies and planning relating to climate action, mitigation and adaptation (including reduction of greenhouse gases) (phrase 2)
  • national policies, strategies and planning for reducing the indicators/impacts of climate change (phrase 3)
  • national policies, strategies and planning relating to international climate frameworks (phrase 4)

Strictly speaking, the interpretation could be limited to "research which is about integration of climate change into national policies". However, here we are taking a slightly more relaxed interpretation of the action approach. As research about national policies is already likely to be quite action orientated, we felt like it was too strong of a restriction to only consider works talking about integration as relevant.

We consider nationally determined contributions (Paris agreement) and adaptation communications to be a form of "national policies, strategies and planning". sectoral plans are also included - although sectoral is not the same as national, it may be used to refer to a plan on a national level for a sector. Similarly, multi level can be used in the literature to describe how policy/plans interact between levels, often including the national level.

Carbon capture/storage technology can contribute to climate mitigation (i.e. reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG)) but in order to be consistent with our interpretation method, any papers concerning it must relate the work to climate mitigation or reductions of GHG to be included. The same would apply to reforestation or other mitigation measures. Thus these are not included as individual search terms but assumed to be included in the given phrases.

This query consists of 4 phrases.

Phrase 1

This phrase covers the integration of climate measures and climate change into policy. The general structure is climate action + action + national plans.

TS=
(
  (
    ("climate change$" OR "climate measures" OR "climate action" OR "climate adaptation" OR "climate mitigation" OR "climate resilience")
    NEAR/5 ("integrat*" OR "includ*" OR "inclus*" OR "mainstream*")
  )
  NEAR/15
      (
        ("national*" OR "state" OR "federal" OR "domestic" OR "sectoral" OR "multi level" OR "multilevel")
        NEAR/5
            ("program$" OR "programme$" OR "strateg*" OR "framework$" OR "initiative$" OR "plan" OR "planning" OR "plans"
            OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "law$" OR "legislat*" OR "governance" OR "mandate$"
            OR "nationally determined contribution$" OR "adaptation communication$" OR "monitoring and evaluation" OR "adaptation committee"
            )
      )
)

Phrase 2

This phrase covers national policies, strategies and planning related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The general structure is climate change/GHGs + action + national plans + climate.

Here, we consider the action to be climate action, e.g. reducation of greenhouse gases; stopping ocean warming. We include reduction of greenhouse gases as a mitigation action as national policies, strategies and planning related to reduction of GHGs are one of the main climate mitigation routes according to the 2014 IPCC Synthesis Report (IPCC 2014) UNEP definition. We use six main greenhouse gases (covered by the Kyoto Protocol) as search terms (IPCC 2014). The final AND phrase containing general climate terms is necessary as these gases, when used alone with reduc*, find some chemical results (e.g. a reaction for methane reduction).

TS=
(
  (
    ("climate change$" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$" OR "changing climate"
    OR "climate action" OR "climate adaptation" OR "climate mitigation" OR "climate resilience"
    OR ("warming" NEAR/3 ("climat*" OR "atmospher*" OR "ocean"))
    OR "GHG" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "greenhouse gases"
    OR "carbon footprint" OR "CO2 footprint" OR "carbon emission$" OR "CO2 emission$"
    OR "methane" OR "CH4" OR "nitrous oxide" OR "NOX" OR "N2O" OR "carbon dioxide" OR "CO2" OR "hydrofluorocarbons" OR "HFCs" OR "perfluorocarbons" OR "PFCs" OR "sulphur hexafluoride" OR "sulfur hexafluoride" OR "SF6"
    )
    NEAR/5
          ("action$" OR "sustainab*"
          OR "adapt*" OR "cope" OR "coping" OR "resilien*" OR "mitigat*" OR "vulnerab*"
          OR "reduc*" OR "minimi*" OR "limit" OR "limiting" OR "decreas*" OR "lower" OR "mitigat*"
          OR "alleviat*" OR "tackl*" OR "combat*" OR "prevent*" OR "stop*" OR "avoid*"
          )
  )
  AND
    (
      ("national*" OR "state" OR "federal" OR "domestic" OR "sectoral" OR "multi level" OR "multilevel")
      NEAR/5
          ("program$" OR "programme$" OR "strateg*" OR "framework$" OR "initiative$" OR "plan" OR "planning" OR "plans"
          OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "law$" OR "legislat*" OR "governance" OR "mandate$"
          OR "nationally determined contribution$" OR "adaptation communication$" OR "monitoring and evaluation" OR "adaptation committee"
          )
    )
  AND
    ("climate" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$"
    OR ("warming" NEAR/3 ("atmospher*" OR "ocean"))
    OR "GHG" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "greenhouse gases" OR "carbon footprint" OR "CO2 footprint" OR "carbon emission$" OR "CO2 emission$"
    OR "sea level rise"
    )
)

Phrase 3

This phrase covers national policies, strategies and planning related to climate change indicators and their impacts. The general structure is climate change indicators + action/reduce impacts + national plans.

Indicators of climate change are changes that can be observed and measured (selected terms taken from World Meteorological Organization (2021): global mean surface temperature, global ocean heat content, state of ocean acidification, glacier mass balance, Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice extent, global CO2 fraction and global mean sea level).

TS=
(
  (
    (
      (
        ("global temperature" OR "surface temperature" OR "sea-level" OR "sea level")
        NEAR/3 ("increas*" OR "rise" OR "rising")
      )
    OR
      (
        ("sea ice*" OR "sea-ice" OR "glacial" OR "glacier$" OR "permafrost")
        NEAR/5 ("melt*" OR "retreat*" OR "reduc*" OR "decreas*" OR "degrada*")
      )
    OR "ocean acidification" OR "ocean heat content"
    )
    NEAR/15
        ("action$" OR "sustainab*" OR "adapt*" OR "cope" OR "coping" OR "resilien*" OR "mitigat*"
        OR
            (
              ("reduc*" OR "minimi*" OR "decreas*" OR "limit" OR "alleviat*")
              NEAR/2 ("impact$" OR "effect$" OR "consequence$" OR "influence$" OR "vulnerab*")        
            )
        )
  )
  AND
      (
        ("national*" OR "state" OR "federal" OR "domestic" OR "sectoral" OR "multi level" OR "multilevel")
        NEAR/5
            ("program$" OR "programme$" OR "strateg*" OR "framework$" OR "initiative$" OR "plan" OR "planning" OR "plans"
            OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "law$" OR "legislat*" OR "governance" OR "mandate$"
            OR "nationally determined contribution$" OR "adaptation communication$" OR "monitoring and evaluation" OR "adaptation committee"
            )
      )
)

Phrase 4

This phrase covers national policies, strategies and planning related to specific climate frameworks. The general structure is frameworks + national plans. It does not contain any action terms - we felt that the frameworks themselves are very action orientated and works discussing these and national policy are likely to be relevant. Some of the frameworks for action (e.g. COP) pick up some results to do with energy transitions, but generally as related to climate. We do not include nationally determined contributions etc. when combining with frameworks for action as these terms are from these frameworks - as such, the results can be very general.

TS=
(
  ("Kyoto protocol" OR "Paris Agreement"
  OR "COP 21" OR "COP21" OR "COP 22" OR "COP22" OR "COP 23" OR "COP23" OR "COP 24" OR "COP24" OR "COP 25" OR "COP25" OR "COP 26" OR "COP26" OR "COP 27" OR "COP27"
  OR "UNFCCC" OR "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
  OR "Cancun adaptation framework"
  )
  AND
    (
      ("national*" OR "state" OR "federal" OR "domestic" OR "sectoral" OR "multi level" OR "multilevel")
      NEAR/5
          ("program$" OR "programme$" OR "strateg*" OR "framework$" OR "initiative$" OR "plan" OR "planning" OR "plans"
          OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "law$" OR "legislat*" OR "governance" OR "mandate$"
          )
    )
)

Target 13.3

13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning

13.3.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment

This target is considered to cover research about improving climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction or early warning. We also consider research about funding/initiatives and vulnerability to climate change to be relevant, as it can be seen as knowledge required to inform adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.

In addition to general terms for climate change mitigation, adaption, impact reduction, and early warning, we also include terms for the reduction of greenhouse gases, including via sequestration/storage. This is based on a definition of climate change mitigation which covers greenhouse gas prevention/reduction.

«Climate Change Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases. Mitigation can mean using new technologies and renewable energies, making older equipment more energy efficient, or changing management practices or consumer behaviour» (UNEP n.d.).

This query consists of 1 phrase. The structure of the phrase is: action + climate mitigation/adaptation/warning.

In addition to generic terms for greenhouse gases, we use six main greenhouse gases (covered by the Kyoto Protocol; IPCC 2014), some of which are combined with climate change as these gases, when used alone with reduc*, find some chemical results (e.g. a reaction for methane reduction). In the action terms, increase is not truncated as there are many works that begin with generic phrases such as "there is an increasing awareness of [research issue]". We include investing and funding mechanisms as an "action" in the sense that these can drive action (e.g. cooperation fund for education). We have also included specialist funds such as the Green climate fund. A double NOT phrase is added at the end to remove unrelated works using "climate" in a metaphorical way (e.g. "motivational climate"), unrelated to climate change.

Documentation of the history of development for this string: In the first revision (v1.0.0), this target was originally considered to cover research about improving capacity for climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning. We tried to limit to research about capacity by combining capacity terms (e.g. education, infrastructure$, capacity, tools etc.) with climate mitigation/adapt/warning terms. However, feedback and testing showed that this was a bit too restrictive. We lost a lot of relevant works about, for example, soil management to reduce emissions and capture carbon; adaptation of crop varieties to climate change; CO2 storage technologies. Therefore we have now dropped the terms around capacity, on the assumption that research itself generates capacity in the form of knowledge, tools, technologies and infrastructures. Capacity is covered more specifically in 13.b.

TS=
(
    ("improv*" OR "increase" OR "better" OR "enhanc*" OR "build" OR "building" OR "strengthen*" OR "raise" OR "raising"
    OR "develop" OR "developing" OR "create" OR "creation" OR "implement*" OR "integrat*" OR "adopt*"
    OR "invest" OR "investing" OR "fund$" OR "funding"
    OR "development assistance" OR "development aid" OR "development fund*" OR "foreign aid" OR "international aid" OR "cooperation fund*"
    OR "financial assistance" OR "financial support" OR "economic assistance" OR "economic support"
    OR "climate aid" OR "climate financ*" OR "climate fund*"
    OR "green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "LDCF" OR "Special Climate Change Fund" OR "SCCF" OR "adaptation fund"
    OR "strategy" OR "initiative$"
    )  
    NEAR/15  
        (      
          (
            ("climate" 
            OR "climate change" OR "climate warming" OR "warming climate" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$" 
            OR "climate emergency" OR "climate smart" OR "climate crisis"
            OR "sea level rise" OR "rising sea level$"
            )
            NEAR/5  
                ("action$" OR "mitigat*" OR "resilien*" OR "climate adapt*" OR "adaptive capacity" OR "capacity to adapt"
                OR "early warning" OR "warning system$" OR "preparedness" OR "risk$" OR "vulnerab*"
                OR "awareness" OR "climate education" OR "climate sensitive education" OR "climate change education" OR "climate literacy"
                OR "solutions" OR "problems"
                OR
                  (
                    ("reduc*" OR "minimi*" OR "decreas*" OR "limit" OR "alleviat*")
                    NEAR/2 ("impact$" OR "effect$" OR "consequence$")        
                  )
                )
          )
        OR
          (
            ("climate change" OR "climate warming" OR "warming climate" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$" 
            OR "climate emergency" OR "climate smart" OR "climate crisis"
            OR "sea level rise" OR "rising sea level$"
            )
            NEAR/5 ("sustainab*" OR "adapt*" OR "cope" OR "coping")
          )
        OR
          (
            ("reduc*" OR "minimi*" OR "limit" OR "limiting" OR "decreas*" OR "lower" OR "mitigat*"
            OR "alleviat*" OR "tackl*" OR "combat*" OR "prevent*" OR "stop*" OR "avoid*"
            OR "captur*" OR "storage$" OR "store$" OR "storing" OR "sequestrat*"
            )
            NEAR/5 ("GHG" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "greenhouse gases" OR "carbon footprint" OR "CO2 footprint" OR "carbon emission$" OR "CO2 emission$")
          )
        OR 
          (
            (
              ("reduc*" OR "minimi*" OR "limit" OR "limiting" OR "decreas*" OR "lower" OR "mitigat*"
              OR "alleviat*" OR "tackl*" OR "combat*" OR "prevent*" OR "stop*" OR "avoid*"
              OR "captur*" OR "storage$" OR "store$" OR "storing" OR "sequestrat*"
              )
              NEAR/3
                  ("methane" OR "CH4" 
                  OR "nitrous oxide" OR "NOX" OR "N2O" 
                  OR "carbon dioxide" OR "CO2" OR "carbon"
                  OR "hydrofluorocarbons" OR "HFCs" OR "perfluorocarbons" OR "PFCs" 
                  OR "sulphur hexafluoride" OR "sulfur hexafluoride" OR "SF6"
                  )
            )
          NEAR/15 ("climate change" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$" OR "sea level rise" OR "rising sea level$" OR "climate emergency" OR "climate smart" OR "climate crisis")
          )  
    )
)
NOT 
TS=
  (
    ("motivational climate" OR "organi$ational climate" OR "safety climate" OR "learning climate" OR "education climate" OR "emotional climate" OR "family climate") 
    NOT("climate change" OR "climate crisis" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$" OR "sea level rise" OR "rising sea level$")
  )

Target 13.a

13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible

13.a.1 Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025

This target is interpreted to cover research about climate funding or investment/financing of climate mitigation (e.g. the green climate fund); or research about climate change and green investment/financing (e.g. investment in green innovation for low-carbon technology). These topics are considered relevant if they are:

  • connected to low- and middle-income countries, annex II parties or international flows OR
  • connected to allocation, transparency, capitalisation or contributions

This query consists of 3 phrases. Note that here we do not include a specific action, as the target is a little difficult to boil down to a concrete action - it could be increase mobilisation of funds; ensure implementation of commitments; address the needs of developing countries; ensure transparency; increase capitalization, but we have chosen to take a topic-like approach for this target.

We tested out including some aid agencies (e.g. DFID, USAid, GIZ, NORAD) but there were no results.

Phrase 1

This phrase finds research on specific climate funds for LMICs.

TS=("green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "Special Climate Change Fund")

Phrase 2

This phrase finds research about transparency, accountability, negotiations or donations in relation to financing/ODA/investments related to climate change. The general structure is transparency etc. + finance/ODA/investments + climate change.

TS = 
(
  (
    ("transparency" OR "accountability" OR "governance" OR "allocation$" OR "misallocation" OR "corruption"
    OR "operationali*" OR "capitali*" OR "mobilis*" OR "mobiliz*"
    OR "contribut*" OR "commitment$" OR "negotiation$"
    OR ("financial mechanism" NEAR/15 ("UNFCCC" OR "convention"))
    OR "donor$" OR "donation$" OR "donate"
    )
    NEAR/15
        ("climate financ*" OR "climate aid" OR "climate loan$" OR "climate fund*" OR "climate bond$" OR "climate investment$"
        OR "green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "LDCF" OR "Special Climate Change Fund" OR "SCCF" OR "adaptation fund$" OR "adaptation financ*"
        OR 
          (
            ("mitigat*" OR "green" OR "climate")
            NEAR/15
              ("financ*" OR "fund" OR "funds" OR "funding" OR "investment$" OR "invest" OR "investor$" OR "investing"
              OR (("economic" OR "financial*" OR "monetary") NEAR/3 ("support*" OR "assist*" OR "resources"))
              OR "ODA" OR "cooperation fund$" OR "development spending"
              OR (("international" OR "development" OR "foreign") NEAR/3 ("aid" OR "assistance" OR "finance" OR "grant$" OR "investment$"))
              )
          )
       )
  )  
  AND
      ("climate change" OR "global warming" OR "climate action" OR "climate mitigation" OR "climate adaptation"
      OR "climate financ*" OR "climate aid" OR "climate loan$" OR "climate fund*" OR "climate bond$"
      OR "green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "LDCF" OR "Special Climate Change Fund" OR "SCCF" OR "adaptation fund$" OR "adaptation financ*" OR "low carbon"
      )
)

Phrase 3

This phrase finds research about financing of, and investments in, climate action, mitigation etc. in specific (groups of) countries. The general structure is countries + financing/funds/aid/investment + climate change.

TS = 
(
    ("annex II party" OR "annex II parties" OR "developed countr*" OR "developed nation$" OR "OECD"
    OR "least developed countr*" OR "least developed nation$"
    OR "developing countr*" OR "developing nation$" OR "developing states" OR "developing world"
    OR "less developed countr*" OR "less developed nation$"
    OR "under developed countr*" OR "under developed nation$" OR "underdeveloped countr*" OR "underdeveloped nation$"
    OR "underserved countr*" OR "underserved nation$"
    OR "deprived countr*" OR "deprived nation$"
    OR "middle income countr*" OR "middle income nation$"
    OR "low income countr*" OR "low income nation$" OR "lower income countr*" OR "lower income nation$"
    OR "poor countr*" OR "poor nation$" OR "poorer countr*" OR "poorer nation$"
    OR "lmic" OR "lmics" OR "third world" OR "global south" OR "lami countr*" OR "transitional countr*" OR "emerging economies" OR "emerging nation$"
    OR "Angola*" OR "Benin" OR "beninese" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burkina fasso" OR "burkinese" OR "burkinabe" OR "Burundi*" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Congo" OR "congolese" OR "Djibouti*" OR "Eritrea*" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Gambia*" OR "Guinea" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "guinean" OR "Lesotho" OR "lesothan*" OR "Liberia*" OR "Madagasca*" OR "Malawi*" OR "Mali" OR "malian" OR "Mauritania*" OR "Mozambique" OR "mozambican$" OR "Niger" OR "Rwanda*" OR "Sao Tome and Principe" OR "Senegal*" OR "Sierra Leone*" OR "Somalia*" OR "South Sudan" OR "Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Togo" OR "togolese" OR "tongan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Tanzania*" OR "Zambia*" OR "Cambodia*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Lao People’s democratic republic" OR "Laos" OR "Myanmar" OR "myanma" OR "Solomon islands" OR "Timor Leste" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan$" OR "Bangladesh*" OR "Bhutan*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Yemen*" OR "Haiti*"
    OR "Antigua and Barbuda" OR "Antigua & Barbuda" OR "antiguan$" OR "Bahamas" OR "Bahrain" OR "Barbados" OR "Belize" OR "Cabo Verde" OR "Cape Verde" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Cuba" OR "cuban$" OR "Dominica*" OR "Dominican Republic" OR "Micronesia*" OR "Fiji" OR "fijian$" OR "Grenada*" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "Guyana*" OR "Haiti*" OR "Jamaica*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Maldives" OR "maldivian$" OR "Marshall Islands" OR "Mauritius" OR "mauritian$" OR "Nauru*" OR "Palau*" OR "Papua New Guinea*" OR "Saint Kitts and Nevis" OR "st kitts and nevis" OR "Saint Lucia*" OR "St Lucia*" OR "Vincent and the Grenadines" OR "Vincent & the Grenadines" OR "Samoa*" OR "Sao Tome" OR "Seychelles" OR "seychellois*" OR "Singapore*" OR "Solomon Islands" OR "Surinam*" OR "Timor-Leste" OR "timorese" OR "Tonga*" OR "Trinidad and Tobago" OR "Trinidad & Tobago" OR "trinidadian$" OR "tobagonian$" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Anguilla*" OR "Aruba*" OR "Bermuda*" OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Northern Mariana$" OR "Cook Islands" OR "Curacao" OR "French Polynesia*" OR "Guadeloupe*" OR "Guam" OR "Martinique" OR "Montserrat" OR "New Caledonia*" OR "Niue" OR "Puerto Rico" OR "puerto rican" OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Turks and Caicos" OR "Turks & Caicos" OR "Virgin Islands"
    OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan*" OR "Armenia*" OR "Azerbaijan*" OR "Bhutan" OR "bhutanese" OR "Bolivia*" OR "Botswana*" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burundi" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Eswatini" OR "eswantian" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Kazakhstan*" OR "kazakh" OR "Kyrgyzstan" OR "Kyrgyz*" OR "kirghizia" OR "kirgizstan" OR "Lao People’s Democratic Republic" OR "Laos" OR "Lesotho" OR "Malawi" OR "malawian" OR "Mali" OR "Mongolia*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Niger" OR "North Macedonia" OR "Republic of Macedonia" OR "Paraguay" OR "Moldova*" OR "Rwanda$" OR "South Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Swaziland" OR "Tajikistan" OR "tadjikistan" OR "tajikistani$" OR "Turkmenistan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Uzbekistan" OR "uzbekistani$" OR "Zambia" OR "zambian$" OR "Zimbabwe*"
    OR "albania*" OR "algeria*" OR "angola*" OR "argentina*" OR "azerbaijan*" OR "bahrain*" OR "belarus*" OR "byelarus*" OR "belorussia" OR "belize*" OR "honduras" OR "honduran" OR "dahomey" OR "bosnia*" OR "herzegovina*" OR "botswana*" OR "bechuanaland" OR "brazil*" OR "brasil*" OR "bulgaria*" OR "upper volta" OR "kampuchea" OR "khmer republic" OR "cameroon*" OR "cameroun" OR "ubangi shari" OR "chile*" OR "china" OR "chinese" OR "colombia*" OR "costa rica*" OR "cote d’ivoire" OR "cote divoire" OR "cote d ivoire" OR "ivory coast" OR "croatia*" OR "cyprus" OR "cypriot" OR "czech" OR "ecuador*" OR "egypt*" OR "united arab republic" OR "el salvador*" OR "estonia*" OR "eswatini" OR "swaziland" OR "swazi" OR "gabon" OR "gabonese" OR "gabonaise" OR "gambia*" OR "ghana*" OR "gibralta*" OR "greece" OR "greek" OR "honduras" OR "honduran$" OR "hungary" OR "hungarian$" OR "india" OR "indian$" OR "indonesia*" OR "iran" OR "iranian$" OR "iraq" OR "iraqi$" OR "isle of man" OR "jordan" OR "jordanian$" OR "kenya*" OR "korea*" OR "kosovo" OR "kosovan$" OR "latvia*" OR "lebanon" OR "lebanese" OR "libya*" OR "lithuania*" OR "macau" OR "macao" OR "macanese" OR "malagasy" OR "malaysia*" OR "malay federation" OR "malaya federation" OR "malta" OR "maltese" OR "mauritania" OR "mauritanian$" OR "mexico" OR "mexican$" OR "montenegr*" OR "morocco" OR "moroccan$" OR "namibia*" OR "netherlands antilles" OR "nicaragua*" OR "nigeria*" OR "oman" OR "omani$" OR "muscat" OR "pakistan*" OR "panama*" OR "papua new guinea*" OR "peru" OR "peruvian$" OR "philippine$" OR "philipine$" OR "phillipine$" OR "phillippine$" OR "filipino$" OR "filipina$" OR "poland" OR "polish" OR "portugal" OR "portugese" OR "romania*" OR "russia" OR "russian$" OR "polynesia*" OR "saudi arabia*" OR "serbia*" OR "slovakia*" OR "slovak republic" OR "slovenia*" OR "melanesia*" OR "south africa*" OR "sri lanka*" OR "dutch guiana" OR "netherlands guiana" OR "syria" OR "syrian$" OR "thailand" OR "thai" OR "tunisia*" OR "ukraine" OR "ukrainian$" OR "uruguay*" OR "venezuela*" OR "vietnam*" OR "west bank" OR "gaza" OR "palestine" OR "palestinian$" OR "yugoslavia*" OR "turkish" OR "turkey" OR "georgia*"
    )
  AND
    ("climate financ*" OR "climate aid" OR "climate loan$" OR "climate fund*" OR "climate bond$" OR "climate investment$"
    OR "green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "LDCF" OR "Special Climate Change Fund" OR "SCCF" OR "adaptation fund$" OR "adaptation financ*"
    OR 
      (
        ("mitigat*" OR "green" OR "climate")
        NEAR/15
          ("financing" OR "fund" OR "funds" OR "funding" OR "investment$" OR "invest" OR "investor$" OR "investing"
          OR (("economic" OR "financial*" or "monetary") NEAR/3 ("support*" or "assist*" OR "resources"))
          OR "ODA" OR "cooperation fund$" OR "development spending"
          OR (("international" OR "development" OR "foreign") NEAR/3 ("aid" OR "assistance" OR "finance" OR "grant$" OR "investment$"))
          )
      )
    )
  AND
    ("climate change" OR "global warming" OR "climate action" OR "climate mitigation" OR "climate adaptation"
    OR "climate financ*" OR "climate aid" OR "climate loan$" OR "climate fund*" OR "climate bond$"
    OR "green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "LDCF" OR "Special Climate Change Fund" OR "SCCF" OR "adaptation fund$" OR "adaptation financ*" OR "low carbon"
    )
)

Target 13.b

13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

13.b.1 Number of least developed countries and small island developing States with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

This target is considered to cover research about least developed countries and small island developing states, about

  • planning for climate change
  • managing climate change
  • raising capacity for climate adaptation, mitigation, impact reduction, and early warning

Interpretation of what should be considered as contributing to raising "capacity" is challenging - according to the UNDG definition, it concerns anything that would increase the ability of people and institutions to successfully manage the situation. We have interpreted this to include improvements in areas such as technology, infrastructure, research, skills, and knowledge, in addition to institutional structures, practices and resources. Allocation, awareness or understanding of responsibilities can also be important in capacity. Awareness is included explicitly in some definitions. We consider research talking about funds specifically aimed at improving climate change adaptation/responses (e.g. the Least developed countries fund) to be relevant.

  • Definition of "capacity": "[...] the ability of people, organizations and society as a whole to manage their affairs successfully" (United Nations Development Group 2017).
  • Definition of "capacity development": "the process whereby people, organizations and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt, and maintain capacity over time, in order to achieve development results" (United Nations Development Group 2017).
  • "Awareness raising and knowledge building about the expected impacts of a changing climate and the need to adapt are normally starting point of capacity building efforts". (On capacity building for adaptation; Climate-ADAPT 2019).

This target consists of 1 phrase. The basic structure is (climate planning/management funding // action + capacity + climate management) + LDCs/SIDS.

Terms such as climat* NEAR/5 plan should cover e.g. climate local action plan, climate education strategy for youth etc. We do not need to include terms for women, youth, marginalised communities because research about these groups should be included in the results anyway.

TS=
(
  (
    ("climat*" NEAR/5 ("strateg*" OR "policy" OR "policies" OR "plan" OR "planning" OR "plans" OR "management"¨OR "adaptation communication$"))
    OR "nationally determined contribution$"
    OR "green climate fund" OR "Least Developed Countries Fund" OR "LDCF" OR "Special Climate Change Fund" OR "SCCF" OR "adaptation fund" OR "adaptation financ*"
    OR
      (
        (
          ("improv*" OR "increase" OR "better" OR "enhanc*" OR "build*" OR "strengthen*" OR "raise" OR "raising"
          OR "develop" OR "developing" OR "create" OR "creation" OR "implement*" OR "integrat*" OR "adopt*"
          OR "investing" OR "invest" OR "financing" OR "funding"
          OR (("economic" OR "financial*" or "monetary") NEAR/3 ("support*" or "assist*" OR "resources"))
          OR "ODA" OR "cooperation fund$" OR "development spending"
          OR (("international" OR "development" OR "foreign") NEAR/3 ("aid" OR "assistance" OR "fund$" OR "finance" OR "grant$" OR "investment$"))
          OR "climate financ*" OR "climate aid" OR "climate fund*"
          )
          NEAR/5            
              ("capacity" OR "capabilit*"
              OR "educat*" OR "curriculum" OR "curricula" OR "teacher training" OR "climate literacy"
              OR "research" OR "knowledge" OR "skills" OR "tools" OR "competenc*" OR "expertise" OR "training"
              OR "awareness" OR "responsibilit*"
              OR "infrastructure$" OR "technolog*" OR "early warning system$"
              OR "communication" OR "collaboration" OR "cooperation" OR "co operation" OR "social network$" OR "information network$"
              OR "economic resources" OR "financial resources" OR "human resource$"
              OR (("institutional" OR "administrative" OR "policy" OR "governance") NEAR/5 ("structure$" OR "values" OR "practices" OR "arrangement$" OR "resources"))
              )
        )  
        AND
            (
              ("climat*" OR "global warming" OR "climatic change$" OR "sea level rise")
              NEAR/5
                  ("action$" OR "sustainab*" OR "mitigat*" OR "adapt*" OR "cope" OR "coping" OR "resilien*"
                  OR "early warning" OR "warning system$" OR "preparedness" OR "risk$" OR "vulnerab*"
                  OR "awareness" OR "climate education" OR "climate sensitive education" OR "climate change education" OR "climate literacy"
                  OR "solutions" OR "problems" OR "manag*"
                  )
            )
      )  
  )   
  AND
  ("least developed countr*" OR "least developed nation$" OR "small island developing state$"
  OR "Angola*" OR "Benin" OR "beninese" OR "Burkina Faso" OR "Burkina fasso" OR "burkinese" OR "burkinabe" OR "Burundi*" OR "Central African Republic" OR "Chad" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Congo" OR "congolese" OR "Djibouti*" OR "Eritrea*" OR "Ethiopia*" OR "Gambia*" OR "Guinea" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "guinean" OR "Lesotho" OR "lesothan*" OR "Liberia*" OR "Madagasca*" OR "Malawi*" OR "Mali" OR "malian" OR "Mauritania*" OR "Mozambique" OR "mozambican$" OR "Niger" OR "Rwanda*" OR "Sao Tome and Principe" OR "Senegal*" OR "Sierra Leone*" OR "Somalia*" OR "South Sudan" OR "Sudan" OR "sudanese" OR "Togo" OR "togolese" OR "tongan" OR "Uganda*" OR "Tanzania*" OR "Zambia*" OR "Cambodia*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Lao People’s democratic republic" OR "Laos" OR "Myanmar" OR "myanma" OR "Solomon islands" OR "Timor Leste" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Afghanistan" OR "afghan$" OR "Bangladesh*" OR "Bhutan*" OR "Nepal*" OR "Yemen*" OR "Haiti*"
  OR "Antigua and Barbuda" OR "Antigua & Barbuda" OR "antiguan$" OR "Bahamas" OR "Bahrain" OR "Barbados" OR "Belize" OR "Cabo Verde" OR "Cape Verde" OR "Comoros" OR "comoro islands" OR "iles comores" OR "Cuba" OR "cuban$" OR "Dominica*" OR "Dominican Republic" OR "Micronesia*" OR "Fiji" OR "fijian$" OR "Grenada*" OR "Guinea-Bissau" OR "Guyana*" OR "Haiti*" OR "Jamaica*" OR "Kiribati*" OR "Maldives" OR "maldivian$" OR "Marshall Islands" OR "Mauritius" OR "mauritian$" OR "Nauru*" OR "Palau*" OR "Papua New Guinea*" OR "Saint Kitts and Nevis" OR "st kitts and nevis" OR "Saint Lucia*" OR "St Lucia*" OR "Vincent and the Grenadines" OR "Vincent & the Grenadines" OR "Samoa*" OR "Sao Tome" OR "Seychelles" OR "seychellois*" OR "Singapore*" OR "Solomon Islands" OR "Surinam*" OR "Timor-Leste" OR "timorese" OR "Tonga*" OR "Trinidad and Tobago" OR "Trinidad & Tobago" OR "trinidadian$" OR "tobagonian$" OR "Tuvalu*" OR "Vanuatu*" OR "Anguilla*" OR "Aruba*" OR "Bermuda*" OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Northern Mariana$" OR "Cook Islands" OR "Curacao" OR "French Polynesia*" OR "Guadeloupe*" OR "Guam" OR "Martinique" OR "Montserrat" OR "New Caledonia*" OR "Niue" OR "Puerto Rico" OR "puerto rican" OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Turks and Caicos" OR "Turks & Caicos" OR "Virgin Islands"
  )
)

4. Contributions

  • v2019.12: Marta Lorenz, Caroline S. Armitage, Susanne Mikki

  • v1.0.0: Marta Lorenz (Oct 2021-Apr 2022), Caroline S. Armitage (Apr-Sep 2022)

  • Internal review: Eli Heldaas Seland, Caroline S. Armitage (March 2022)

  • Testing v1.2.2: Project group; see documentation https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8386611

  • v2.0.0: Eli Heldaas Seland (Aug-Oct 2023), minor review Caroline S. Armitage.

Specialist input: Camilla A. Borrevik (PhD in Pacific climate leadership; May 2022), Rafael Rosales (PhD candidate in urban climate governance; Jun 2022), Marta Lorenz (PhD in climate geoscience).

5. Footnotes

Aurora Universities Network. (2020). Search Queries for “Mapping Research Output to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” v5.0. [Dataset]. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3817445. ↩

Climate-ADAPT. (2019, last updated 2021). Capacity building on climate change adaptation. European Environment Agency & European Commission. (https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/capacity-building-on-climate-change-adaptation/) [accessed 6 May 2022].↩

IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. ↩

Murray, V. et al. (2021) Hazard Information Profiles: Supplement to UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition & Classification Review: Technical Report: Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction; Paris, France, International Science Council. https://council.science/publications/hazard-information-profiles/. ↩

Statistics Division. (2021). Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/71/313, E/CN.3/2018/2, E/CN.3/2019/2, E/CN.3/2020/2, E/CN.3/2021/2. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202021%20refinement_Eng.pdf [accessed 8 August 2021] ↩

United Nations. (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). World Economic Situation and Prospects; Statistical Annex. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/document_gem/global-economic-monitoring-unit/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-wesp-report/. ↩

United Nations Development Group (2017) Capacity Development, UNDAF companion guidance. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/capacity-development-undaf-companion-guidance [accessed 19.12.2019] ↩

United Nations Environment Program (n.d.) Topics, Climate Action, Mitigation, UNEP Resources. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action/what-we-do/mitigation [accessed 12.09.2023] ↩

World Meteorological Organization (2021) State of the Global Climate 2020. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10618 [accessed 19.02.2022] ↩