all_countries.json

[
    {
        "togo": [
            "<p>Togo, officially called the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by",
            "Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The country extends south to the Gulf of Guinea",
            ", where its capital and largest city Lomé is located. Togo covers 57,000 square kilometres (22,008 square miles)",
            ", making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million, as well as one",
            "  of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than 115 km (71 miles) between Ghana and its eastern neighbor",
            "Benin, which is also quite narrow, except for its northern parts.</p>",

            "<p>From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the",
            "18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves, earning Togo and the ",
            "surrounding region the name 'The Slave Coast'. In 1884, Germany declared a region including present-day Togo as a ",
            "protectorate called Togoland.</p>",
         
            "<p>After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960. In 1967, ",
            "Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état after which he became president of an anti-communist, ",
            "single-party state. Eventually, in 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections, which were marred by irregularities, ",
            "and he won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in modern",
            "African history, having been president for 38 years. In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president.",
            "He continues to hold the office as of 2022.</p>",

            "<p>Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, whose economy depends highly on agriculture, with a climate that ",
            "provides good growing seasons. While the official language is French, many other languages are spoken, particularly ",
            "those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group consists of those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant ",
            "Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic ",
            "Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, and Economic Community of West African States.",
            "Togo has an area equal to 56,785 km2 (21,925 square miles) and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the Bight",
            "of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. Togo ",
            " lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E.</p>",

           "<p>The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, ",
           "the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast to the center of the country, which is characterized by ",
           "hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a savanna and woodland plateau which reaches a coastal plain with extensive ",
           "lagoons and marshes.</p>",
           "<p>The highest mountain of the country is the Mont Agou at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest river is the Mono ",
           "River with a length of 400 km (250 miles). It runs from north to south.",
           "Togo is a very nice country one would like to pay a visit.</p>"
        ],
        "gambia": [
            "<p>The Gambia officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland ",
            "Africa and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both ",
            "sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties", 
            "into the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres (4,127 square miles) with a population of about 1,857,181 as of the ",
            "April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area. The largest cities are", 
            " Serekunda and Brikama.</p>",
            
            "<p>The Portuguese in 1455 entered the Gambian region, the first Europeans to do so, but never established important trade",
            "there. In 1765, The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire by establishment of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate.",
            "In 1965, the Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara, who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power",
            "in a bloodless 1994 coup. Adama Barrow became the Gambia's third president in January 2017, after defeating Jammeh in the", 
            "December 2016 elections. Jammeh initially accepted the results, then refused to accept them, which triggered a constitutional",
            "crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States, resulting in his exile.</p>",
            
            "<p>The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and especially, tourism. In 2015, 48.6% of the population lived in poverty.",
            "In rural areas, poverty is even more widespread, at almost 70%.",
            "They welcome you to pay a visit to one of their towns!</p>"
        ],
        "senegal": [
            "<p>Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa. Senegal is bordered ",
            "by Mauritania in the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau to the ",
            "southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along ",
            "the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest ",
            "of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and ",
            "political capital is Dakar.</p>",
            
            "<p>It is a unitary presidential republic and is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World,",
            "or Afro-Eurasia. It owes its name to the Senegal River, which borders it to the east and north. Senegal ",
            "a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 square miles) and has a population of around 16 million.",
            "The state was formed as part of the independence of French West Africa from French colonial rule. Because",
            "of this history, the official language is French. Like other post-colonial African states, the country ",
            "includes a wide mix of ethnic and linguistic communities, with the largest being the Wolof, Fula, and ",
            "Serer people, and the Wolof and French languages acting as lingua francas. Senegal is classified as a ",
            "heavily indebted poor country, with a relatively low Human Development Index. Most of the population is ",
            "on the coast and works in agriculture or other food industries. Other major industries include mining, ",
            "tourism and services. The climate is typically Sahelian, though there is a rainy season.</p>",
            
            "<p>Senegal is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Economic Community of West African ",
            "States (ECOWAS), and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States.</p>"
        ],
        "burkina": [
            "<p>Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 square miles),",
            " bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, ",
            " and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. It has a population of 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper",
            " Volta (1958-1984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabè , ",
            "and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou.</p>",
            
            "<p>The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. ",
            "They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the ",
            "French as part of French West Africa; in 1958, Upper Volta became a self-governing colony within the French Community. ",
            "In 1960, it gained full independence with Maurice Yaméogo as President. In its early years, the country was subject to ",
            "instability, droughts, famines and corruption. Various coups have also taken place in the country, in 1966, 1980, 1982, ",
            "1983, 1987, an attempt in 1989, 2015, and 2022. Thomas Sankara ruled the country from 1982 until he was killed in the 1987 ",
            "coup led by Blaise Compaoré who became president and ruled the country until his removal on 31 October 2014. Sankara ",
            "launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme which included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, ",
            "railway and road construction, and the outlawing of female genital mutilation, forced marriages, and polygamy.</p>",
            
            "<p>Burkina Faso has been severely affected by the rise of Islamist terror in the Sahel since the mid-2010s. ",
            "Several militias, partly allied with Islamic State (IS) or al-Qaeda, operate across the borders to Mali and Niger. ",
            "More than one million of the country's 21 million inhabitants are internally displaced persons. On 24 January 2022, ",
            "the military and its 'Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration' (MPSR) declared itself to be in power. Previously",
            " the military had executed a coup against President Roch Marc Kaboré. On 31 January, the military junta restored the ",
            " constitution and appointed Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba as interim president.</p>",
            
            "<p>Burkina Faso is a least developed country with a GDP of $16.226 billion. 63% of its population practices Islam and ",
            "22% practice Christianity. Due to French colonialism, the country's official language of government and business is French. ",
            "There are 59 native languages spoken in Burkina, with the most common language, Mooré, spoken by roughly 50% of Burkinabè.",
            " The country is governed as a semi-presidential republic with executive, legislative and judicial powers. Burkina Faso is ",
            "a member of the United Nations, La Francophonie and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. It is currently suspended from ",
            "ECOWAS and the African Union.</p>"
        ],
        "guinea": [
            "<p>Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. Guinea borders the Atlantic",
            " Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Cote ",
            "d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south. Formerly known as French Guinea",
            ", the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry after its capital Conakry, to distinguish ",
            "it from other territories in the eponymous region such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a ",
            "population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 square miles).</p>",
            
            "<p>Guinea achieved independence from France in 1958.[15] It has a long history of military coups d'état.",
            " In 2010, after decades of authoritarian rule, Guinea held its first democratic election. Although Guinea",
            " continued to hold multi-party elections, the country continued to face ethnic conflicts, widespread corruption,",
            " and abuses by military and police.[20][21] Human rights in Guinea remain a controversial issue. In 2011, the",
            " United States government claimed that torture by security forces and abuse of women and children (including",
            " female genital mutilation) were ongoing human rights issues. In 2021, a military faction overthrew ",
            " president Alpha Condé and suspended the constitution.</p>",
            
            "<p>Guinea is a predominantly Islamic country, with Muslims representing 85 per cent of the population. Guinea's",
            " people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. The country is divided into four geographic regions: Maritime Guinea ",
            "on the low-lying Atlantic coast, the Fouta Djallon or Middle Guinea highlands, the Upper Guinea savanna region ",
            "in the northeast, and the Guinée forestière region of tropical forests. French, the official language of Guinea, ",
            "is the main language of communication in schools, in government administration, and the media, but more than ",
            "twenty-four indigenous languages are also spoken. The largest are by far Susu, Pular, and Maninka, which dominate ",
            "respectively in Maritime Guinea, Fouta Djallon, and Upper Guinea, while Guinée forestière is ethnolinguistically diverse.</p>",
            
            "<p>Guinea's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and mineral production. It is the world's second largest ",
            "producer of bauxite, and has rich deposits of diamonds and gold.</p>"
        ],
        "mauritania": [
            "<p>Mauritania is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa. It is ",
            "bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, ",
            "Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. Mauritania is the eleventh largest country in ",
            "Africa, and 90 percent of its territory is situated in the Sahara. Most of its population of 4.4 million lives ",
            "in the temperate south of the country, with roughly one third concentrated in the capital and largest city, ",
            "Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.</p>",

            "<p>The country's name derives from the ancient Berber kingdom of Mauretania, located in present-day Morocco ",
            "and Algeria. Berbers occupied what is now Mauritania beginning in the third century AD. Arabs conquered the ",
            "area in the eighth century, bringing Islam, Arab culture, and the Arabic language. In the early 20th century, ",
            "Mauritania was colonized by France as part of French West Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, but has ",
            "since experienced recurrent coups and periods of military dictatorship. The most recent coup, in 2008, was ",
            "led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, who won subsequent presidential elections in 2009 and 2014. He was ",
            "succeeded by Mohamed Ould Ghazouani following the 2019 elections, which were considered Mauritania's first ",
            "peaceful transition of power since independence.</p>",

            "<p>Mauritania is culturally and politically part of the Arab world: it is a member of the Arab League and Arabic ",
            "is the sole official language. Reflecting its colonial heritage, French is widely spoken and serves as a lingua ",
            "franca. The official religion is Islam, and almost all inhabitants are Sunni Muslims. Despite its prevailing ",
            "Arab identity, Mauritanian society is multiethnic: the Bidhan, or so-called 'white moors', make up 30 percent ",
            "of the population, while the Haratin, or so-called 'black moors', comprise 40 percent. Both groups reflect a ",
            "fusion of Arab-Berber ethnicity, language, and culture. The remaining 30 percent of the population is made up ",
            "of various sub-Saharan ethnic groups.</p>",

            "<p>Despite an abundance of natural resources, including iron ore and petroleum, Mauritania remains poor; its economy ",
            "is based primarily on agriculture, livestock, and fishing. Mauritania is known for its poor human rights record, ",
            "most notably the continued practice of slavery, a result of a historical caste system between the Bidhan and Haratin. ",
            "It was the last country in the world to abolish slavery, in 1981, and criminalized it only in 2007.</p>"
        ],
        "ghana": [
            "<p>Ghana, officially called the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It spans the Gulf of Guinea and the ",
            "Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo",
            "in the east. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 square miles), spanning diverse biomes that range from coastal ",
            "savannas to tropical rain forests. With over <b>31 million</b> people, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West ",
            "Africa, after Nigeria. The capital and largest city is Accra; other major cities are Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.</p>",

            "<p>Ghana was the first sub-saharan state to gain independence. This happened on 6th March, 1957.",
            "The first permanent state in present-day Ghana was the Bono state of the 11th century. Numerous kingdoms and ",
            "empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful were the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north and the ",
            "Ashanti Empire in the south. Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire, followed by numerous other ",
            "European powers, contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast ",
            "by the late 19th century. Following over a century of colonization, Ghana's current borders took shape, encompassing ",
            "four separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories and British Togoland. These ",
            "were unified as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations on 6 March 1957, becoming the first colony ",
            "in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty. Ghana subsequently became influential in decolonisation ",
            "efforts and the Pan-African movement.</p>",

            "<p>Ghana is a multinational state, home to a variety of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups; while the Akan are the ",
            "largest ethnic group, they constitute only a plurality. The vast majority of Ghanaians are Christians (71.3%), with ",
            "close to a fifth being Muslim and a tenth practicing traditional faiths or reporting no religion. Ghana is a unitary ",
            "constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of government. Since 1993, it has ",
            "maintained one of the freest and most stable governments on the continent, and performs relatively well in metrics ",
            "of healthcare, economic growth, and human development. Ghana consequently enjoys significant influence in West Africa",
            ", and is highly integrated in international affairs, being a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union",
            ", the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Group of 24 (G24) and the Commonwealth of Nations.",
            "Interested in visiting Ghana? They are waiting for your visit. Check out for some of their vast tourist places.</p>"
        ],
        "mali": [
            "<p>Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country ",
            "in Africa, with an area of over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 square miles). The population of Mali is ",
            "19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital and largest ",
            "city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep ",
            "into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority ",
            "of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on ",
            "agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third ",
            "largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.</p>",

            "<p>Present-day Mali was once part of three extremely powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled ",
            "trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), ",
            "and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa, covering ",
            "an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of the continent. Mali ",
            "was also one of the wealthiest countries on earth, and its emperor at its zenith, Mansa Musa, is believed ",
            "to be possibly the wealthiest individual in history. Besides being an economic powerhouse, medieval Mali ",
            "was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of learning with its ",
            "university, one of the oldest in the world still active. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire ",
            "in 1468, followed by a Moroccan army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. The Moroccan colonists established ",
            "a new ruling class, the Arma, who after 1612 became virtually independent of Morocco. In the late 19th century, ",
            "during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French ",
            "Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as ",
            "the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese ",
            "Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in ",
            "1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.</p>",

            "<p>In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a ",
            "territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated ",
            "by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. ",
            "In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Opération Serval in January 2013. A month later, ",
            "Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with ",
            "a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013.</p>"
        ],
        "sierra": [
            "<p>Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. ",
            "It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Sierra ",
            "Leone has a tropical climate with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests, a total area of ",
            "71,740 km2 (27,699 square miles) and a population of 7,092,113 as of the 2015 census. The capital and largest ",
            "city is Freetown. The country is divided into five administrative regions which are subdivided into sixteen ",
            "districts. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliament and a directly elected ",
            "president serving a five-year term with a maximum of two terms. The current president is Julius Maada Bio. ",
            "Sierra Leone is a secular nation with the constitution providing for the separation of state and religion and ",
            "freedom of conscience (which includes freedom of thoughts and religion). Muslims make up about three-quarters ",
            "of the population, though with an influential Christian minority. Religious tolerance in the West African ",
            "nation is very high and is generally considered a norm and part of Sierra Leone's cultural identity.</p>",

            "<p>Although inhabited for millennia, Sierra Leone, as the country and its borders are known today, was founded ",
            "by the British Crown in two phases: first, the coastal Sierra Leone Colony in 1808 (for returning Africans ",
            "after the abolition of slavery); second, the inland Protectorate in 1896 (as the Crown needed to establish ",
            "more dominion inland following the outcome of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885). Hence, the country formally ",
            "became known as the 'Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate' or simply British Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone gained ",
            "independence from the United Kingdom on 27 April 1961, and became a Commonwealth realm on the same day; the ",
            "country's name changed to the Dominion of Sierra Leone. Sir Milton Margai became Sierra Leone's first prime minister.</p>",

            "<p>During the few decades following independence, Sierra Leone witnessed an increase in political activities, ",
            "transformations, turmoil, humanitarian and socio-economic crises. The country had its first general elections as ",
            "an independent nation on 27 May 1961. Margai's Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) won a plurality of parliamentary ",
            "seats and he was re-elected Prime Minister. A new constitution was adopted in 1971, paving the way for Sierra ",
            "Leone becoming a republic, and Siaka Stevens, leader of the All People's Congress (APC), becoming the first ",
            "executive president of the Republic of Sierra Leone.</p>"
        ],
        "benin": [
            "<p>Benin, officially the Republic of Benin and formerly known as Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is ",
            "bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the ",
            "north-east. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, ",
            "part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of ",
            "Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. ",
            "Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres (44,310 sq mi) and its population in 2018 was estimated ",
            "to be approximately 11.49 million. Benin is a tropical nation, highly dependent on agriculture, and ",
            "is a large exporter of palm oil and cotton. Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming.</p>",

            "<p>The official language of Benin is French, with several indigenous languages such as Fon, Bariba, Yoruba and ",
            "Dendi also being commonly spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism, followed closely ",
            "by Islam, Vodun (commonly referred to as Voodoo outside the country) and Protestantism. Benin is a member of ",
            "the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Organisation of ",
            "Islamic Cooperation, the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie, the Community of ",
            "Sahel–Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.</p>",

            "<p>From the 17th to the 19th century, the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey, along ",
            "with the city-state of Porto-Novo, and a large area with many different nations to the north. This region was ",
            "referred to as the Slave Coast from as early as the 17th century due to the large number of people who were ",
            "kidnapped and trafficked to the New World during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. After slavery was abolished, ",
            "France took over the country and renamed it French Dahomey. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from ",
            "France. The sovereign state has had a tumultuous history since then, with many different democratic governments, ",
            "military coups, and military governments. A self-described Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic ",
            "of Benin existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the current multi-party Republic of Benin.</p>"
        ],
        "niger": [
            "<p>Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the ",
            "Niger River. Niger is a unitary state bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to",
            "the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. ",
            "Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 square miles), making it the second-largest ",
            "landlocked country in West Africa, after Chad. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The ",
            "country's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south ",
            "and west of the country. The capital and largest city is Niamey, located in Niger's southwest corner.</p>",

            "<p>Niger is a least developed country, which consistently ranks near the bottom in the United Nations' Human ",
            "Development Index (HDI); it was ranked 187th of 188 countries for 2015 and 189th out of 189 countries in ",
            "the 2018 and 2019 reports. Many of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic ",
            "drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export ",
            "agriculture in the more fertile south, and export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger faces ",
            "serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, inefficient agriculture, ",
            "high fertility rates without birth control and resulting overpopulation, the poor educational level and ",
            "poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor healthcare, and environmental degradation.</p>",

            "<p>Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups ",
            "and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state. Historically, what is now Niger ",
            "has been on the fringes of several large states. Since independence, Nigeriens have lived under five ",
            "constitutions and three periods of military rule. After the military coup in 2010, Niger became a democratic, ",
            "-party state. A majority of the population lives in rural areas and has little access to advanced education.</p>"
        ],
        "guinea-bissau": [
            "<p>Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 ",
            "square kilometres (13,948 square miles) with an estimated population of 1,726,000. It borders Senegal ",
            "to the north and Guinea to the south-east.</p>",

            "<p>Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of ",
            "this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the ",
            "Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea. ",
            "Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was ",
            "added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau ",
            "has a history of political instability since independence, and only one elected president (José ",
            "Mário Vaz) has successfully served a full five-year term. The current president is Umaro Sissoco ",
            "Embaló, who was elected on 29 December 2019.</p>",

            "<p>Only about 2% of the population speaks Portuguese, the official language, as a first language, ",
            "and 33% speak it as a second language. However, Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole, ",
            "is the national language and also considered the language of unity. According to a 2012 study, 54% ",
            "of the population speak Creole as a first language and about 40% speak it as a second language.",
            "The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. There are diverse religions in Guinea-Bissau. ",
            "Christianity and Islam are the main religions practised in the country. The country's per-capita ",
            "gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world.</p>",

            "<p>Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African ",
            "States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Organisation ",
            "internationale de la Francophonie, and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, and was a member ",
            "of the now-defunct Latin Union.</p>"
        ],
        "nigeria": [
            "<p>Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is the most ",
            "populous country in Africa. It is geographically situated between the Sahel to the north and the ",
            "Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres ",
            "(356,669 square miles), with a population of over <b>211 million</b>. Nigeria borders Niger in the ",
            "north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Nigeria is a federal ",
            "republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. The ",
            "largest city in Nigeria is Lagos, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world and the second-largest in Africa.</p>",

            "<p>Nigeria has been home to several indigenous pre-colonial states and kingdoms since the second ",
            "millennium BC, with the Nok civilization in the 15th century BC marking the first internal unification ",
            "in the country. The modern state originated with British colonialization in the 19th century, taking ",
            "its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria ",
            "Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Lugard. The British set up administrative and legal structures while practising ",
            "indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms in the Nigeria region. Nigeria became a formally independent ",
            "federation on October 1, 1960. It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970, followed by a succession of ",
            "democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until achieving a stable ",
            "democracy in the 1999 presidential election; the 2015 election was the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election.</p>",

            "<p>Nigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct languages, ",
            "all identifying with a wide variety of cultures. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa in the north, ",
            "Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together comprising over 60% of the total population. The official ",
            "language is English, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level. Nigeria's constitution ",
            "ensures freedom of religion and it is home to some of the world's largest Muslim and Christian populations, ",
            "simultaneously. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims, who live mostly in the north, and ",
            "Christians, who live mostly in the south; indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba",
            "ethnicities, are in the minority.</p>",

            "<p>Nigeria is a regional power in Africa, a middle power in international affairs, and is an emerging ",
            "global power. Nigeria's economy is the largest in Africa, the 25th-largest in the world by nominal GDP, ",
            "and 25th-largest by PPP. Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa owing to its large population ",
            "and economy and is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank. Nigeria ",
            "is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many international organizations, including the ",
            "United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, NAM, the Economic Community of West African States, and ",
            "OPEC. It is also a member of the informal MINT group of countries and is one of the Next Eleven economies.",
            "Visit Nigeria, and you will meet people from your origin. Take a break in the country and visit places ",
            "like Abuja, Lagos, etc. and see it for yourself</p>"
        ],
        "liberia": [
            "<p>Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by ",
            "Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ",
            "to its south and southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 111,369 square ",
            "kilometers (43,000 square miles). English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages ",
            "are spoken, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The country's capital and largest  is Monrovia.</p>",

            "<p>Liberia began in the early 19th century as a project of the American Colonization Society (ACS), which ",
            "believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States. ",
            "Between 1822 and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, more than 15,000 freed and free-born black ",
            "people who faced social and legal oppression in the U.S., along with 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to Liberia. ",
            "Gradually developing an 'Americo-Liberian' identity, the settlers carried their culture and tradition with them; ",
            "Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after those of the U.S., while its capital was named after ACS ",
            "supporter and U.S. President James Monroe. Liberia declared independence on July 26, 1847, which the U.S. did ",
            "not recognize until February 5, 1862. On January 3, 1848, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy, free-born African ",
            "American from the U.S. state of Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected Liberia's first president after ",
            "the people proclaimed independence.</p>",

            "<p>Liberia was the first African republic to proclaim its independence and is Africa's first and oldest modern ",
            "republic. It was among the few countries to maintain its sovereignty during the Scramble for Africa. During ",
            "World War II, Liberia supported the United States war effort against Germany, and in turn received considerable ",
            "American investment in infrastructure, which aided the country's wealth and development. President William ",
            "Tubman encouraged economic and political changes that heightened the country's prosperity and international ",
            "profile; Liberia was a founding member of the League of Nations, United Nations, and the Organisation of African Unity.</p>",

            "<p>The Americo-Liberian settlers did not relate well to the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those ",
            "living in the more isolated interior. Colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland ",
            "chiefdoms. Americo-Liberians promoted religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the ",
            "native populace. Americo-Liberians formed into a small elite that held disproportionate political power; ",
            "indigenous Africans were excluded from birthright citizenship in their own land until 1904.</p>"
        ],
        "ivory": [
            "<p>Ivory Coast, also known as <em>Côte d'Ivoire</em>, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country ",
            "on the southern coast of West Africa. Its political capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of ",
            "the country; while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders ",
            "Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, ",
            "Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Its official language is ",
            "French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, ",
            "and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The ",
            "country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam ",
            "and indigenous faiths.</p>",

            "<p>Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, ",
            "the Kong Empire and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated ",
            "as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, ",
            "led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional ",
            "standards, Ivory Coast established close political economic ties with its West African neighbours ",
            "while maintaining close relations with the West, especially France. Its stability was diminished ",
            "by a coup d'état in 1999, then two civil wars—first between 2002 and 2007 and again during ",
            "2010–2011. It adopted a new constitution in 2000.</p>",

            "<p>Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. Through the production ",
            "of coffee and cocoa, it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, then ",
            "experienced an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil. ",
            "It was not until around 2014 that its gross domestic product again reached the level of its peak in ",
            "the 1970s. In 2020, Ivory Coast was the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans and had high levels ",
            "of income for its region. In the 21st century, the Ivorian economy has been largely market-based; ",
            "it still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production predominating.</p>"
        ],
        "WEST AFRICA": "COMPLETED. SOUTHERN AFRICA BELOW..............................................",
        
        
        "namibia": [
            "<p>Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border ",
            "is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana ",
            "to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, ",
            "less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates ",
            "the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following ",
            "the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a ",
            "member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), ",
            "the African Union (AU) and the Commonwealth of Nations.</p>",

            "<p>The driest country in sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic ",
            "times by the San, Damara and Nama people. Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples ",
            "arrived as part of the Bantu expansion. Since then, the Bantu groups, the largest being the ",
            "Ovambo, have dominated the population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have ",
            "constituted a majority.</p>",

            "<p>In 1878, the Cape of Good Hope, then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the ",
            "offshore Penguin Islands; these became an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its ",
            "creation in 1910. In 1884, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory, forming ",
            "a colony known as German South West Africa. It developed farming and infrastructure. Between ",
            "1904 and 1908, it perpetrated a genocide against the Herero and Nama people. German rule ended ",
            "in 1915 with a defeat by South African forces. In 1920, after the end of World War I, the League ",
            "of Nations mandated administration of the colony to South Africa. As Mandatory power, South ",
            "Africa imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules. From 1948, with the National ",
            "Party elected to power, this included South Africa applying apartheid to what was then known as ",
            "South West Africa.</p>",

            "<p>In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation by native African ",
            "political activists seeking independence resulted in the UN assuming direct responsibility over ",
            "the territory in 1966, but South Africa maintained de facto rule. In 1973, the UN recognised the ",
            "South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian ",
            "people; the party is dominated by the Ovambo, who are a large plurality in the territory. ",
            "Following continued guerrilla warfare, South Africa installed an interim administration in ",
            "Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990. However, ",
            "Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994.</p>",

            "<p>Namibia has a population of 2.55 million people and is a stable multi-party parliamentary ",
            "democracy. Agriculture, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, ",
            "uranium, gold, silver and base metals – form the basis of its economy, while the manufacturing ",
            "sector is comparatively small. The large, arid Namib Desert from which the country derived its ",
            "name has resulted in Namibia being overall one of the least densely populated countries in the world.</p>"
        ],
        "eswatini": [
            "<p>Eswatini, officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and formerly named in English as Swaziland, a ",
            "landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South ",
            "Africa to its north, west, south, and southeast. At no more than 200 kilometres (120 miles) north ",
            "to south and 130 kilometres (81 miles) east to west, Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in ",
            "Africa; despite this, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous ",
            "highveld to a hot and dry lowveld.</p>",

            "<p>The population is composed primarily of ethnic Swazis. The prevalent language is Swazi. The ",
            "Swazis established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III. ",
            "The country and the Swazi take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose ",
            "rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881 ",
            "in the midst of the Scramble for Africa. After the Second Boer War, the kingdom, under the name ",
            "of Swaziland, was a British protectorate from 1903 until it regained its independence on 6 ",
            "September 1968. In April 2018, the official name was changed from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom",
            "of Eswatini, mirroring the name commonly used in Swazi.</p>",

            "<p> government is an absolute monarchy, the last of its kind in Africa, and has been ruled by ",
            "King Mswati III since 1986. Elections are held every five years to determine the House of Assembly ",
            "and the Senate majority. The current constitution was adopted in 2005. Umhlanga, the reed dance ",
            "held in August/September, and incwala, the kingship dance held in December/January, are the nation's ",
            "most important events.</p>",

            "<p>Eswatini is a developing country and is classified as a lower-middle income economy. As a member ",
            "of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ",
            "(COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa; to ensure economic stability, Eswatini's ",
            "currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Eswatini's major overseas trading partners ",
            "are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by ",
            "its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Eswatini is a member of the Southern African Development ",
            "Community (SADC), the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.</p>"
        ],
        "zimbabwe": [
            "<p>Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, ",
            "between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the ",
            "south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare. ",
            "The second largest city is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 15 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official ",
            "languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. It was once known as the 'Jewel of Africa' ",
            "for its great prosperity.</p>",

            "<p>Zimbabwe has one of the richest histories of any nation in southern Africa, and first became a ",
            "major trade route in the 11th century. During its late iron age, the Gokomere, the Bantu people ",
            "who would become the ethnic Shona, built the vast city-state of Great Zimbabwe. Built on a wealth ",
            "of natural resources, Great Zimbabwe flourished financially and culturally from the 14th to 15th ",
            "centuries, becoming a mercantile powerhouse that controlled the gold, ivory and copper trades with ",
            "the Swahili coast and various Arab and Indian states. From there, the powerful Kingdom of Zimbabwe ",
            "was established, followed by the Rozvi, Mutapa and Mthwakazi empires. The Shona and Ndebele peoples, ",
            "among others, had shaped Zimbabwe into a prosperous and strategically important region when Europeans ",
            "began to colonise the area in the 1800s.</p>",

            "<p>The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during 1890 ",
            "when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after a fierce resistance by Matabele ",
            "people known as the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern ",
            "Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In 1965, the conservative white minority government ",
            "unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a ",
            "15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that ",
            "established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe ",
            "then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of ",
            "international law by its then-government under Robert Mugabe, and from which it withdrew in December 2003.",
            "Zimbabwe is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), ",
            "the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).</p>"
        ],
        "lesotho": [
            "<p>Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved country surrounded entirely ",
            "by South Africa. It is a mountainous country situated in the Maloti Mountains, and contains ",
            "the highest mountains in Southern Africa. Lesotho has an area of just over 30,000 km2 (11,",
            "600 square miles) and has a population of about 2 million. Its capital and largest city is ",
            "Maseru. The official languages are Sesotho and English.</p>",

            "<p>Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutoland, but it declared independence ",
            "from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966. It is now a fully sovereign state and is a member ",
            "of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African ",
            "Development Community (SADC). The name Lesotho roughly translates to 'land of the Sotho'. By ",
            "2021, Lesotho has a 22.8% HIV prevalence rate among people between 15 and 49 years of age, ",
            "one of the highest worldwide.</p>",

            "<p>Because of its elevation, Lesotho remains cooler throughout the year than other regions ",
            "at the same latitude. Most of the rain falls as summer thunderstorms. Maseru and surrounding ",
            "lowlands often reach 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. Winters can be cold with the lowlands getting ",
            "down to −7 °C (19 °F) and the highlands to −18 °C (0 °F) at times. Snow is common in the ",
            "highlands between May and September; the higher peaks can experience snowfalls year-round. ",
            "Rainfall in Lesotho is highly variable regarding both when and where precipitation occurs. ",
            "Despite Lesotho's small size, annual precipitation can vary from 500mm annual in one area ",
            "to 1200mm in another because of elevation. The summer season that stretches from October ",
            "to April sees the most rainfall, and from December to February, the majority of the country ",
            "receives over 100mm of rain a month. The least monthly rainfall in Lesotho occurs in June ",
            "when most regions receive less than 15mm a month.</p>"
        ],
        "south africa": [
            "<p>South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country ",
            "in Africa. With over 60 million people, the country is the world's 23rd-most populous ",
            "nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445 square miles). South ",
            "Africa has three capital cities, with the executive, judicial and legislative branches ",
            "of government based in Pretoria, Bloemfontein and Cape Town respectively. The largest ",
            "city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of indigenous Black African (including ",
            "Khoisan - though sometimes considered Coloured) ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic ",
            "groups speaking different African languages. The remaining population consists of Africa's ",
            "largest communities of European (White South Africans), Asian (Indian South Africans and ",
            "Chinese South Africans), and Multiracial (Coloured South Africans) ancestry.</p>",

            "<p>South Africa is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of coastline that ",
            "stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring ",
            "countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique ",
            "and Eswatini and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. It is the southernmost ",
            "country on the mainland of the Old World, and the most populous country located entirely ",
            "south of the equator. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with a diversity of unique ",
            "biomes and plant and animal life.</p>",

            "<p>South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, ",
            "and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of ",
            "11 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world. According to the 2011 ",
            "census, the two most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%) and Xhosa (16.0%). The ",
            "two next ones are of European origin: Afrikaans (13.5%) developed from Dutch and serves ",
            "as the first language of most Coloured and White South Africans; English (9.6%) reflects ",
            "the legacy of British colonialism, and is commonly used in public and commercial life. ",
            "The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular ",
            "elections have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of black ",
            "South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994.</p>",

            "<p>During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the ",
            "dominant white minority, which played a large role in the country's recent history ",
            "and politics. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous ",
            "racial segregation. After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National ",
            "Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, ",
            "the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and ",
            "linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, ",
            "which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often ",
            "referred to as the 'rainbow nation' to describe the country's multicultural diversity, ",
            "especially in the wake of apartheid.</p>"
        ],
        "botswana": [
            "<p>Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. ",
            "Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the ",
            "Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia ",
            "to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the north-east. It is connected to Zambia across ",
            "the short Zambezi River border by the Kazungula Bridge.</p>",

            "<p>A country of slightly over 2.3 million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely ",
            "populated countries in the world. About 11.6 percent of the population lives in the ",
            "capital and largest city, Gaborone. Formerly one of the world's poorest countries—with a ",
            "GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the late 1960s—it has since transformed itself ",
            "into an upper-middle-income country, with one of the world's fastest-growing economies.</p>",

            "<p>Homo sapiens first inhabited the country over 200,000 years ago. The Tswana ethnic group ",
            "were descended mainly from Bantu-speaking tribes who migrated southward of Africa to ",
            "modern Botswana around 600 AD, living in tribal enclaves as farmers and herders. In 1885, ",
            "the British colonised the area and declared a protectorate under the name of Bechuanaland. ",
            "As decolonisation occurred, Bechuanaland became an independent Commonwealth republic under ",
            "its current name on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has been a representative republic, ",
            "with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived ",
            "corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998.</p>",

            "<p>The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and tourism. Botswana has a GDP (purchasing power ",
            "parity) per capita of about $18,113 as of 2021, one of the highest in Africa. Its relatively ",
            "high gross national income per capita (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the ",
            "country a relatively high standard of living and the highest Human Development Index of continental",
            "Sub-Saharan Africa.</p>",

            "<p>Botswana is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Customs Union, the Southern ",
            "African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.</p>"
        ],

        "SOUTHERN AFRICA": "Completed. North Africa Below...........................................",

        "morocco": [
            "<p>Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the northwesternmost country in the Maghreb ",
            "region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic ",
            "Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east, and the disputed territory ",
            "of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla ",
            "and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. ",
            "It spans an area of 446,300 km2 (172,300 sq mi) or 710,850 km2 (274,460 square miles), with a population ",
            "of roughly 37 million. Its official and predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages ",
            "are Arabic and Berber; the Moroccan dialect of Arabic and French are also widely spoken. Moroccan ",
            "identity and culture is a vibrant mix of Berber, Arab, and European cultures. Its capital is Rabat, ",
            "while its largest city is Casablanca.</p>",

            "<p>Inhabited since the Paleolithic Era over 90,000 years ago, the first Moroccan state was established ",
            "by Idris I in 788. It was subsequently ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its ",
            "zenith as a regional power in the 11th and 12th centuries, under the Almoravid and Almohad ",
            "dynasties, when it controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb. In the 15th and 16th ",
            "centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with Portugal seizing some ",
            "territory and the Ottoman Empire encroaching from the east. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties ",
            "otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape ",
            "Ottoman dominion. The Alaouite dynasty, which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631,",
            "over the next two centuries expanded diplomatic and commercial relations with the Western world. ",
            "Morocco's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean drew renewed European interest; ",
            "in 1912, France and Spain divided the country into respective protectorates, reserving an international ",
            "zone in Tangier. Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956 Morocco regained ",
            "its independence and reunified.</p>",

            "<p>Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. It has the fifth-largest economy in Africa ",
            "and wields significant influence in both Africa and the Arab world; it is considered a middle power in ",
            "global affairs and holds membership in the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African ",
            "Union. Morocco is a unitary semi-constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The executive branch ",
            "is led by the King of Morocco and the prime minister, while legislative power is vested in the two chambers ",
            "of parliament: the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. Judicial power rests with the ",
            "Court, which may review the validity of laws, elections, and referenda. The king holds vast executive and ",
            "legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs; he can issue decrees ",
            "called dahirs, which have the force of law, and can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the ",
            "prime minister and the president of the constitutional court.</p>",

            "<p>Morocco claims ownership of the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, which it has designated ",
            "its Southern Provinces. In 1975, after Spain agreed to decolonise the territory and cede its control to",
            "Morocco and Mauritania, a guerrilla war broke out between those powers and some of the local inhabitants. ",
            "In 1979, Mauritania relinquished its claim to the area, but the war continued to rage. In 1991, a ceasefire ",
            "agreement was reached, but the issue of sovereignty remained unresolved. Today, Morocco occupies two-thirds ",
            "of the territory, and efforts to resolve the dispute have thus far failed to break the political deadlock.</p>"
        ],
        "libya": [
            "<p>Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is ",
            "bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad ",
            "to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest. Libya ",
            "is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica. With an area of ",
            "almost 700,000 square miles (1.8 million km2), it is the fourth-largest country in Africa and ",
            "Arab world, and the 16th-largest in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves ",
            "in the world. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya and contains ",
            "over three million of Libya's seven million people.</p>",

            "<p>Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian ",
            "and Capsian cultures. In ancient times the Phoenicians established city-states and trading posts ",
            "in western Libya while more recently the Ottoman Empire controlled the northern coastline of ",
            "Libya. Parts of Libya were variously ruled by Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians and Macedonians ",
            "before the entire region becoming a part of the Roman Empire. Libya was an early center of ",
            "Christianity. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area of Libya was mostly occupied ",
            "by the Vandals until the 7th century when invasions brought Islam to the region. In the 16th ",
            "century, the Spanish Empire and the Knights of St John occupied Tripoli until Ottoman rule began ",
            "in 1551. Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule ",
            "continued until the Italo-Turkish War which resulted in the Italian occupation of Libya and ",
            "the establishment of two colonies, Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934), ",
            "later unified in the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1947.</p>",

            "<p>During the Second World War, Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign. The ",
            "Italian population then went into decline. Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951. A ",
            "bloodless military coup in 1969, initiated by a coalition led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, ",
            "overthrew King Idris I and created a republic. Gaddafi was often described by critics as a ",
            "dictator, and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders, ruling for 42 years. ",
            "He ruled until being overthrown and killed in the 2011 Libyan Civil War, with authority ",
            "transferred to the General National Congress. By 2014 two rival authorities claimed to ",
            "govern Libya, destabilizing the country and leading to a second civil war, with parts of Libya ",
            "split between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based governments as well as various tribal and Islamist ",
            "militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire on 23 October 2020 and a ",
            "unity government took authority.</p>",

            "<p>Libya is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the ",
            "Arab League, the OIC and OPEC. The country's official religion is Islam, with 96.6% of the ",
            "Libyan population being Sunni Muslims.</p>"
        ],
        "egypt": [
            "<p>Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the ",
            "northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai ",
            "Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip (Palestine) ",
            "and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the ",
            "west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast, whose maximum width is 24 km (15 miles), separates ",
            "Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the country's capital and largest city.</p>",

            "<p>Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile ",
            "Delta back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt ",
            "saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion ",
            "and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, ",
            "as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy ",
            "and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest. Egypt's long and rich cultural ",
            "heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which reflects its unique transcontinental ",
            "location being simultaneously Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and North African. Egypt was an early ",
            "and important centre of Christianity, but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains ",
            "a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a significant Christian minority.</p>",

            "<p>Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained independence from the British Empire as a monarchy",
            ". Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt declared itself a republic, and in 1958 it merged with Syria ",
            "to form the United Arab Republic, which dissolved in 1961. Throughout the second half of the 20th ",
            "century, Egypt endured social and religious strife and political instability, fighting several ",
            "armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently ",
            "until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, officially withdrawing from the Gaza Strip ",
            "and recognising Israel. The country continues to face challenges, from political unrest, including ",
            "the recent 2011 revolution and its aftermath, to terrorism and economic underdevelopment. Egypt's ",
            "current government, a semi-presidential republic led by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, has been described by ",
            "a number of watchdogs as authoritarian or heading an authoritarian regime, responsible for perpetuating ",
            "the country's problematic human rights record.</p>",

            "<p>Islam is the official religion of Egypt and Arabic is its official language. With over 100 million ",
            "inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world, ",
            "the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fourteenth-most populous in ",
            "the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about ",
            "40,000 square kilometres (15,000 square miles), where the only arable land is found. The large regions ",
            "of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half ",
            "of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of ",
            "greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.</p>",

            "<p>Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world",
            ", and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country, ranking 116th on the Human Development ",
            "Index. It has a diversified economy, which is the second-largest in Africa, the 33rd-largest economy ",
            "by nominal GDP, and the 20th-largest globally by PPP. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations",
            ", the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the African Union, Organisation of Islamic ",
            "Cooperation and the World Youth Forum.</p>"
        ],
        "algeria": [
            "<p>Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region ",
            "of North Africa. The country is the largest country by total area in Africa and in the Arab world",
            ", and is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to ",
            "the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by ",
            "the Mediterranean Sea. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile ",
            "north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square ",
            "kilometres (919,595 square miles), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest ",
            "nation in Africa. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa",
            ", and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in ",
            "the far north on the Mediterranean coast.</p>",

            "<p>Pre-1962 Algeria has seen many empires and dynasties, including ancient Numidians, Phoenicians, Cartha",
            "ginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, ",
            "Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French coloni",
            "al empire. The vast majority of Algeria's population is Arab-Berber, practicing Islam, and using the ",
            "official languages of Arabic and Berber. However, French serves as an administrative and educational ",
            "language in some contexts. The main spoken language is Algerian Arabic.</p>",

            "<p>Algeria is a semi-presidential republic, with local constituencies consisting of 58 provinces and 1,541 ",
            "communes. Algeria is a regional power in North Africa, and a middle power in global affairs. It has the ",
            "highest Human Development Index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on ",
            "the continent, based largely on energy exports. Algeria has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves ",
            "and the ninth-largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company ",
            "in Africa, supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe. Algeria's military is one of the largest in ",
            "Africa, and has the largest defence budget on the continent. It is a member of the African Union, the Arab ",
            "League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.</p>"
        ],
        "tunisia": [
            "<p>Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a part ",
            "of the Maghreb region of North Africa, and is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, ",
            "Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east; covering 163,610 km2 (6",
            "3,170 square miles), with a population of 11 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas ",
            "Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert, with much of its remaining territory ",
            "arable land. Its 1,300 km (810 miles) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western ",
            "and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, ",
            "Cape Angela; and its capital and largest city is Tunis, located on its northeastern coast, which ",
            "lends the country its name.</p>",

            "<p>From early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous Berbers. Phoenicians began to ",
            "arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which Carthage emerged as ",
            "the most powerful by the 7th century BC. A major mercantile empire and a military rival of ",
            "the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC, who occupied Tunisia for ",
            "most of the next 800 years, introducing Christianity and leaving architectural legacies like ",
            "the amphitheatre of El Jem. After several attempts starting in 647, Muslims conquered all of ",
            "Tunisia by 697, bringing Islam and Arab culture to the local inhabitants. The Ottoman Empire ",
            "established control in 1574 and held sway for over 300 years, until the French conquered Tuni",
            "sia in 1881. Tunisia gained independence under the leadership of Habib Bourguiba, who declared ",
            "the Tunisian Republic in 1957. Today, Tunisia is the smallest nation in North Africa, and its cul",
            "ture and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities.</p>",

            "<p>In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution, triggered by the lack of freedom and democracy under the 24-",
            "year rule of president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader ",
            "Arab Spring across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary elections were held shortly after",
            "; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,[20] and for president on 23 Novem",
            "ber 2014. Tunisia remains a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic; ",
            "and is the only North African country classified as 'Free' by Freedom House. From 2014 to ",
            "2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the Arab World, according to the Econom",
            "ist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index, and was rated a hybrid regime in the 2021 Index. It ",
            "is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the Human Development Index, with one ",
            "of the highest per capita incomes in the continent.</p>",

            "<p>Tunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the United ",
            ", La Francophonie, the Arab League, the OIC, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, ",
            "the International Criminal Court, and the Group of 77, among others. It maintains close ",
            "economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly with France, ",
            "and Italy, which geographically lie very close to it. Tunisia also has an association ",
            "agreement with the European Union, and has also attained the status of a major non-NATO ",
            "ally of the United States.</p>"
        ],
        "sudan": [
            "<p>Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan and simply known as North Sudan, is a country in ",
            "Northeast Africa. It borders the countries of Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea",
            ", Ethiopia, Libya, South Sudan, and the Red Sea. It has a population of 44.91 million people ",
            "as of 2021 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africa'",
            "s third-largest country by area, and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the ",
            "largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011",
            ", since which both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital is Khartoum and its most ",
            "populated city is Omdurman (part of metro Khartoum).</p>",

            "<p>During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, slave trade played a big role and was demanded from the ",
            "Sudanese Kashif than the regular remittance of tribute. In 1811, these Mamluks established a ",
            "state at Dunqulah as a base for their slave trading. Under Turco-Egyptian rule of Sudan begi",
            "nning in the 1820s, slave trading practice was entrenched along a north-south axis, with sla",
            "ve raids taking place in southern part of the country and slaves were transported to Egypt ",
            "and the Ottoman empire.</p>",

            "<p>Ottoman Turks controlled some of its territory for a short period of time. After Sudan became ",
            "independent, the Jaafar Nimeiry regime began Islamist rule. This exacerbated the rift between ",
            "the Islamic north, the seat of the government, and the Animists and Christians in the south.</p>",

            "<p>Sudan's history goes back to the Pharaonic period, witnessing the Kingdom of Kerma (c. 2500–",
            "1500 BC), the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom (c. 1500 BC–1070 BC) and the ri",
            "se of the Kingdom of Kush (c. 785 BC-350 AD), which would in turn control Egypt itself for ",
            "nearly a century. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of ",
            "Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, with the latter two lasting until around 1500. Between the ",
            "14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads. From the 16th–19th cent",
            "uries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled ",
            "the west and the Ottomans the east. From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conq",
            "uered by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty. It was under Egyptian rule that Sudan acqui",
            "red its modern borders, and began the process of political, agricultural, and economic deve",
            "lopment. In 1881, nationalist sentiment in Egypt led to the Orabi Revolt, 'weakening' the ",
            "power of the Egyptian monarchy, and eventually leading to the occupation of Egypt by the ",
            "United Kingdom. At the same time, religious-nationalist fervour in Sudan erupted in the ",
            "Mahdist Revolt led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, resulting in the establi",
            "shment of the rebel Caliphate of Omdurman. The Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by ",
            "a joint Egyptian-British military force, restoring the authority of the Egyptian monarch. ",
            "However, Egyptian sovereignty in Sudan would henceforth be somewhat nominal, as the true ",
            "power in both Egypt and Sudan was now the United Kingdom. In 1899, under British pressure, ",
            "Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a condominium. In ",
            "effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession. The 20th century saw the growth of bo",
            "th Egyptian and Sudanese nationalism focusing on ending the United Kingdom's occupation. ",
            "The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 toppled the monarchy, and demanded the withdrawal of Bri",
            "tish forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, one of the two co-leaders of ",
            "the revolution, and Egypt's first President, who was half-Sudanese and raised in Sudan, made ",
            "securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. The following year, ",
            "under Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the United Kingdom agreed to Egypt's demand for both ",
            "governments to terminate their shared sovereignty over Sudan, and to grant Sudan independence",
            ". On 1 January 1956, Sudan was duly declared an independent state.</p>"
        ],

        "NORTHERN AFRICA": "Completed... CENTRAL AFRICA Begins.........................................",

        "gabon": [
            "<p>Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa",
            ". Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Camero",
            "on to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea ",
            "to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres (100,000 square miles) and ",
            "its population is estimated at 2.1 million people. There are three distinct regions: the ",
            "coastal plains, the mountains (the Cristal Mountains and the Chaillu Massif in the centre)",
            ", and the savanna in the east. Gabon's capital and largest city is Libreville. The official ",
            "language is <em>French</em>.</p>",

            "<p>Originally settled by Pygmy peoples, they were largely replaced and absorbed by Bantu tribes ",
            "as they migrated. By the 18th century, a Myeni-speaking kingdom known as the Kingdom of Orungu ",
            "formed in Gabon. It was able to become a powerful trading center mainly due to its ability ",
            "to purchase and sell slaves. The kingdom fell with the demise of the slave trade in the 187",
            "0s. Since its independence from France in 1960, the sovereign state of Gabon has had three ",
            "presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced a multi-party system and a new democratic ",
            "constitution that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed many govern",
            "mental institutions.</p>",

            "<p>Abundant petroleum and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the most ",
            "prosperous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the fifth highest HDI in the region (af",
            "ter Mauritius, Seychelles, Botswana and South Africa) and the fifth highest GDP per cap",
            "ita (PPP) in all of Africa (after Seychelles, Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea and Botswana)",
            ". Its GDP grew by more than 6% per year from 2010 to 2012. However, because of inequality ",
            "in income distribution, a significant proportion of the population remains poor.</p>",

            "<p>Gabon is rich in folklore and mythology. 'Raconteurs' keep traditions alive such as the mv",
            "ett among the Fangs and the ingwala among the Nzebis. Gabon is also known for its masks, ",
            "such as the n'goltang (Fang) and the reliquary figures of the Kota.</p>"
        ],
        "dr": [
            "<p>The Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, ",
            "the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly Zaire, is a country in Central Africa. It is, by ",
            "area, the second largest country in Africa (after Algeria), and the 11th-largest in ",
            "the world. With a population of around 92 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo ",
            "is the most populous officially Francophone country in the world. It is a member of the ",
            "United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, and COMESA. Since 2015, the Eastern ",
            "DR Congo has been the site of an ongoing military conflict in Kivu. The capital and lar",
            "gest city is Kinshasa, which is also the world's most populous Francophone city.</p>",

            "<p>Centered on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central Afr",
            "ican foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 ",
            "years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River ",
            "from the 14th to 19th centuries. In the northeast, center and east, the kingdoms of Azande, ",
            "Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century.</p>",

            "<p>In the 1870s, just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa, European exploration of ",
            "the Congo Basin was carried out, first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship ",
            "of Leopold II of Belgium. Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the ",
            "Berlin Conference in 1885 and declared the land his private property, naming it the Congo ",
            "Free State. During the Free State, his colonial military unit, the Force Publique, forced ",
            "the local population to produce rubber. In 1908, Leopold, despite his initial ",
            "reluctance, ceded to Belgium the so-called Free State, which thus became known as the Belgian Congo.</p>",



            "<p>The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in natural resources but ",
            "has suffered from political instability, a lack of infrastructure, and centuries of both ",
            "commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation with little widespread development. ",
            "Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities, Lubumbashi and Mbuji-Mayi, ",
            "are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accep",
            "ting over 50% of its exports in 2019.</p>"
        ],
        "south sudan": [
            "<p> South Sudan, officially known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in east",
            "/central Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia, Sudan, Central African Republic, ",
            "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya. Its population was estimated as 12",
            ",778,250 in 2019. Juba is the capital and largest city. The nation is sometimes infor",
            "mally referred to as the Nilotic Republic (as the supposed place of origin of the Nilotic peoples).</p>",

            "<p>It gained independence from Sudan in 2011, making it the most recent sovereign state ",
            "or country with widespread recognition as of 2022. It includes the vast swamp region ",
            "of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal meaning ",
            "'Mountain River'. Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was ",
            "governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956. Follo",
            "wing the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in ",
            "1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out in 1983 and ending ",
            "in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Later that year, southern autonomy was ",
            "restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan ",
            "became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following 98.83% support for independence ",
            "in a January 2011 referendum. ",
            "February 2020, when competing combat leaders Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar struck ",
            "a unity deal and formed a coalition government, paving the way for refugees to return home.</p>",

            "<p>The South Sudanese population is composed mostly of Nilotic peoples, and it is demogra",
            "phically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half under 18 years old. ",
            "The majority of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or various Indigenous faiths. The ",
            "country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the East African Community ",
            "the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and is a party to the Geneva Conventions. ",
            "As of 2019, South Sudan ranks third-lowest in the latest UN World Happiness Report, third ",
            "lowest on the Global Peace Index, and has the fourth-highest score on the American Fund ",
            "for Peace's Fragile States Index.</p>"
        ],
        "republic": [
            "<p>The Republic of the Congo, simply known as <em>The Congo</em>, is a country located ",
            "in the western coast of Central Africa. <em>Please don't confuse with its neighbour: DR Congo</em>. ",
            "The country is bordered to the west by Gabon, ",
            "to its northwest by Cameroon and its northeast by the Central African Republic, to th",
            "e southeast by the DR Congo, to its south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda and to it",
            "s southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. French is the official language of the Republic of the Congo.</p>",

            "<p>The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade l",
            "inks leading into the Congo River basin. Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Eq",
            "uatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained in",
            "dependence from France in 1960. It was a Marxist-Leninist state from 1969 to 1992, under the ",
            "name People's Republic of the Congo. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since ",
            "1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the C",
            "ongo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has no",
            "w ruled for over four decades.</p>",

            "<p>The Republic of the Congo is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, La Francophonie,",
            " the Economic Community of Central African States, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It has ",
            "become the fourth-largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea, providing the country with ",
            "a degree of prosperity despite political and economic instability in some areas and unequal d",
            "istribution of oil revenue nationwide. Congo's economy is heavily dependent on the oil sec",
            "tor, and economic growth has slowed considerably since the post-2015 drop in oil prices. Wit",
            "h a population of 5.2 million, 88.5% of the country practices Christianity.</p>"
        ],
        "central": [
            "<p>The Central African Republic, popularly called 'CAR' is a landlocked country in Central Africa.",
            " It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the ",
            "southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.",

            "<p>The Central African Republic covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,0",
            "00 square miles). As of 2018, it had an estimated population of around 4.7 million. As of 2",
            "022, the Central African Republic is the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012. Most of ",
            "the Central African Republic consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas, but the country also inc",
            "ludes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two",
            "-thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin (which flows into the Congo), whil",
            "e the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari, which flows into Lake Chad.</p>",

            "<p>What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia; however, the ",
            "country's current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony ",
            "starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Cen",
            "tral African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an abortive at",
            "tempt at a monarchy.</p>",

            "<p>By the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-",
            "Félix Patassé became president, but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup,</p>",

            "<p>Its significant mineral deposits and other resources are uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, ",
            "diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower, as well as significant quantities of arable land.</p>",

            "<p>The Central African Republic is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the ",
            "Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la ",
            "Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement</p>."
        ],
        "são": [
            "<p>São Tomé and Príncipe (Called <em>Saint Thomas and Prince</em> in English), officially called ",
            "the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea,",
            " off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around ",
            "the two main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, about 150 km (93.21 miles) apart and about 250 ",
            "and 225 km (155 and 140 miles) off the north-western coast of Gabon. With a population of 201",
            ",800 (2018 official estimate), São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second",
            "-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles.</p>",

            "<p>The islands were uninhabited until their discovery by Portuguese explorers in the 15th century.",
            " Gradually colonized and settled throughout the 16th century, they collectively served as a vital ",
            "commercial and trade centre for the Atlantic slave trade. The rich volcanic soil and proximity ",
            "to the equator made São Tomé and Príncipe ideal for sugar cultivation, followed later by cash ",
            "crops such as coffee and cocoa; the lucrative plantation economy was heavily dependent upon ",
            "African slaves. Cycles of social unrest and economic instability throughout the 19th and 20th ",
            "centuries culminated in peaceful independence in 1975. São Tomé and Príncipe has since remained ",
            "one of Africa's most stable and democratic countries.</p>",

            "<p>The people of São Tomé and Príncipe are predominantly of African and mestiço descent, with ",
            "most practicing Roman Catholicism. The legacy of Portuguese rule is also visible in the country'",
            "s culture, customs, and music, which fuse European and African influences. São Tomé and Príncip",
            "e is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.</p>"
        ],
        "chad": [
            "<p>Chad, officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of ",
            "North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, ",
            "the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the ",
            "southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, ",
            "of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city N'Djamena.</p>",

            "<p>Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the ",
            "centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which ",
            "the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages ",
            "are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam ",
            "(51.8%) and Christianity (44.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad.</p>",

            "<p>Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great ",
            "numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and ",
            "fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes ",
            "that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it ",
            "as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership ",
            "of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the ",
            "eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put ",
            "an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until Hissène ",
            "Habré defeated his rivals. The Chadian-Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion w",
            "hich stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (Operation Épervier). Hissène Habré was ",
            "overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. With French support, a modernization of ",
            "the Chad National Army was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan spilt ",
            "over the border and destabilised the nation. The nation and people struggled ",
            "to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees who live in and ",
            "around camps in eastern Chad. This remarks them as a very hostile people.</p>"
        ],
        "equatorial": [
            "<p>Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west ",
            "coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 square miles). ",
            "Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location ",
            "near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2021, the country had a population of 1,468,777.</p>",

            "<p>Equatorial Guinea consists of two parts, an insular and a mainland region. The insular ",
            "region consists of the islands of Bioko (formerly Fernando Po) in the Gulf of Guinea and ",
            "Annobón, a small volcanic island which is the only part of the country south of the ",
            "equator. Bioko Island is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea and is the site of the ",
            "country's capital, Malabo. The Portuguese-speaking island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is ",
            "located between Bioko and Annobón. The mainland region, Río Muni, is bordered by Cameroon on ",
            "the north and Gabon on the south and east. It is the location of Bata, Equatorial Guinea's ",
            "largest city, and Ciudad de la Paz, the country's planned future capital. Rio Muni also includes ",
            "several small offshore islands, such as Corisco, Elobey Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is ",
            "a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP.</p>",

            "<p>After becoming independent from Spain in 1968, Equatorial Guinea was ruled by President for ",
            "life Francisco Macías Nguema until he was overthrown in a coup in 1979 by his nephew Teodoro Obiang ",
            "Nguema Mbasogo who has served as the country's president since. Both presidents have been widely ",
            "characterized as dictators by foreign observers. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has ",
            "become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It has subsequently become the <em>richest ",
            "country per capita in Africa</em>, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power ",
            "parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely ",
            "unevenly, with few people benefiting from the oil riches.</p>",

            "<p>Equatorial Guinea gained its independence from Spain on 12 October 1968, but maintains Spanish as its ",
            "official language French and recently (as of 1968) English , Portuguese, being the only African ",
            "country (aside from the largely unrecognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) where Spanish is an ",
            "official language. It is also the most widely spoken language (considerably more than the other two ",
            "official languages); according to the Instituto Cervantes, 87.7% of ",
            "the population has a good command of Spanish.</p>"
        ],
        "cameroon": [
            "<p>Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered ",
            "by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; ",
            "and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the ",
            "Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is sometimes identified ",
            "as West African and other times as Central African, due to its strategic position at the crossroads",
            "between West and Central Africa. Its nearly 25 million people speak 250 native languages.</p>",

            "<p>Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka ",
            "hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the ",
            "15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. ",
            "Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic ",
            "groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a ",
            "German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, it was divided between France and ",
            "the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates. The Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) ",
            "political party advocated independence, but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to ",
            "the national liberation insurgency fought between French and UPC militant forces until early ",
            "1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic ",
            "of Cameroun, under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with ",
            "it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The ",
            "country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984. ",
            "Paul Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; ",
            "he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 on. Cameroon is governed as a unitary presidential republic.</p>",

            "<p>The official languages of Cameroon are French and English, the official languages of former French ",
            "Cameroons and British Cameroons. Its religious population is predominantly Christian, with a ",
            "significant minority practicing Islam, and others following traditional faiths. It has experienced ",
            "tensions from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater ",
            "decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the Southern Cameroons ",
            "National Council). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an Ambazonian state in the English-speaking ",
            "territories escalated into open warfare.</p>"
        ],
        "angola": [
            "<p>Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. It ",
            "is the second-largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area and ",
            "population (behind Brazil), and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered ",
            "by Namibia to the south, the DR Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean ",
            "to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic ",
            "of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populated city is Luanda.</p>",

            "<p>Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age. Its formation as a nation-state originates ",
            "from Portuguese colonisation, which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts ",
            "founded in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers gradually began to establish ",
            "themselves in the interior. The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present ",
            "borders until the early 20th century, owing to resistance by native groups such as the Cuamato, ",
            "the Kwanyama and the Mbunda.</p>",

            "<p>After a protracted anti-colonial struggle, Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a Marxist–Leninist ",
            "one-party Republic. The country descended into a devastating civil war the same year, between the ",
            "ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba, ",
            "the insurgent anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), supported ",
            "by the United States and South Africa, and the militant organisation National Liberation Front ",
            "of Angola (FNLA), backed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country has been governed ",
            "by MPLA ever since its independence in 1975. Following the end of the war in 2002, Angola emerged ",
            "as a relatively stable unitary, presidential constitutional republic.</p>",

            "<p>Angola has vast <em>mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy is among the fastest-growing ",
            "in the world</em>, especially since the end of the civil war; however, economic growth is highly ",
            "uneven, with most of the nation's wealth concentrated in a disproportionately small sector of ",
            "the population and highly concentrated in China and in the United States. The standard of living ",
            "remains low for most Angolans; life expectancy is among the lowest in the world, while infant ",
            "mortality is among the highest.[8] Since 2017, the government of João Lourenço has made fighting ",
            "corruption its flagship, so much so that many individuals of the previous government are either ",
            "jailed or awaiting trial.</p>",

            "<p>Angola is a member of the United Nations, OPEC, African Union, the Community of Portuguese ",
            "Language Countries, and the Southern African Development Community. As of 2021, the Angolan ",
            "population is estimated at 32.87 million. Angola is multicultural and multiethnic. Angolan ",
            "culture reflects centuries of Portuguese rule, namely the predominance of the Portuguese ",
            "language and of the Catholic Church, intermingled with a variety of indigenous customs and traditions.</p>"
        ],
        
        "CENTRAL AFRICA": "Completed.. EASTERN AFRICA Begins.................................",

        "somalia": [
            "<p>Somalia, officially called the Federal Republic of Somalia,",
            "is a country in the Horn of Africa. The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the west,",
            " to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and",
            "Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland.",
            "Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. Hot conditions prevail",
            "year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Somalia has",
            "an estimated population of around 15 million, of which over 2 million live in",
            "the capital and largest city Mogadishu, and has been described as Africa's most culturally",
            "homogeneous country. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis, who have historically",
            "inhabited the country's north. Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the south. The official",
            "languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic. Most people in the country are Muslims, the majority of them Sunni.</p>",

            "<p>In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center. It is among the most probable ",
            "locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt. During the Middle Ages, several powerful ",
            "Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, the Adal ",
            "Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi.</p>",

            "<p>The Supreme Revolutionary Council seized power in 1969 and established the Somali ",
            "Democratic Republic, brutally attempting to squash the Somaliland War of Independence ",
            "in the north of the country. The SRC subsequently collapsed 22 years later, in 1991, ",
            "with the onset of the Somali Civil War and Somaliland soon declared independence. ",
            "Somaliland still controls the northwestern portion of Somalia representing just over ",
            "27% of its territory. Since this period most regions returned to customary and religious ",
            "law. In the early 2000s, a number of interim federal administrations were created. The ",
            "Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation ",
            "of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished the Somali Armed ",
            "Forces. In 2006, with a US backed Ethiopian intervention, the TFG assumed control of most ",
            "of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). ",
            "The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups, such as Al-Shabaab, which ",
            "battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control of the region.</p>",

            "<p>By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory they had seized, and a search ",
            "for more permanent democratic institutions began. Despite this, insurgents still control ",
            "much of central and southern Somalia, and wield influence in government-controlled areas, ",
            "with the town of Jilib acting as the insurgents' de-facto capital. A new provisional ",
            "constitution was passed in August 2012, reforming Somalia as a federation. The same ",
            "month, the Federal Government of Somalia was formed and a period of reconstruction began ",
            "in Mogadishu. Somalia has maintained an informal economy mainly based on livestock, ",
            "remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications. It is a member of the ",
            "United Nations, the Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation ",
            "of Islamic Cooperation.</p>"
        ],
        "djibouti": [
            "<p>Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. ",
            "It is bordered by Somalia in the south, Ethiopia in the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and ",
            "the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the east. Across the Gulf of Aden is Yemen. The country ",
            "has a total area of 23,200 km2 (8,958 square miles).</p>",

            "<p>In antiquity, the territory together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland was part of the ",
            "Land of Punt. Nearby Zeila, now in Somaliland, was the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat ",
            "Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established ",
            "following treaties signed by the ruling Dir Somali sultans with the French and its railroad ",
            "to Dire Dawa (and later Addis Ababa) allowed it to quickly supersede Zeila as the port for ",
            "southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden. It was subsequently renamed to the French Territory of ",
            "the Afars and the Issas in 1967. A decade later, the Djiboutian people voted for ",
            "independence. This officially marked the establishment of the Republic of Djibouti, named ",
            "after its capital city. The new state joined the United Nations the same year, on 20 ",
            "September 1977. In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to armed ",
            "conflict, which ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000 between the ruling party and the opposition.</p>",

            "<p>Djibouti is a multi-ethnic nation with a population of over 921,804 inhabitants (the ",
            "smallest in mainland Africa). French and Arabic are the country's two official languages, ",
            "Afar and Somali are national languages. About 94% of residents adhere to Islam, which is ",
            "the official religion and has been predominant in the region for more than a thousand years. ",
            "The Somalis and Afar make up the two largest ethnic groups, with the former comprising the ",
            "majority of the population. Both speak the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.</p>",

            "<p>Djibouti is strategically located near some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, controlling ",
            "access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It serves as a key refuelling and transshipment center, ",
            "and is the principal maritime port for imports from and exports to neighboring Ethiopia. A ",
            "burgeoning commercial hub, the nation is the site of various foreign military bases. The ",
            "Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) regional body also ",
            "has its headquarters in Djibouti City.</p>"
        ],
        "eritrea": [
            "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of ",
            "Eastern Africa, with its capital (and largest city) at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ",
            "in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and ",
            "eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has ",
            "a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 square miles), and includes the Dahlak ",
            "Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.</p>",

            "Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country with nine recognised ethnic groups. Nine different ",
            "languages are spoken by the nine recognised ethnic groups, the most widely spoken ",
            "language being Tigrinya, the others being Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen ",
            "and Arabic. Tigrinya, Arabic, and English serve as the three working languages. Most ",
            "residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either of the Ethiopian Semitic ",
            "languages or Cushitic branches. Among these communities, the Tigrinyas make up about 55% ",
            "of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants. In ",
            "addition, there are several Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic groups. Most people in ",
            "the territory adhere to Christianity or Islam, with a small minority adhering to traditional faiths.</p>",

            "The Kingdom of Aksum, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was ",
            "established during the first or second century AD. It adopted Christianity around the ",
            "middle of the fourth century. In medieval times much of Eritrea fell under the Medri ",
            "Bahri kingdom, with a smaller region being part of Hamasien. The creation of modern-day ",
            "Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms (for example, ",
            "Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian ",
            "Eritrea. After the defeat of the Italian colonial army in 1942, Eritrea was administered ",
            "by the British Military Administration until 1952. Following the UN General Assembly decision ",
            "in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign ",
            "affairs and defense, it would enter into a federal status with Ethiopia for ten years. ",
            "However, in 1962, the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and formally ",
            "annexed Eritrea. The Eritrean secessionist movement organised the Eritrean Liberation Front ",
            "in 1961 and fought the Eritrean War of Independence until Eritrea gained de facto independence ",
            "in 1991. Eritrea gained de jure independence in 1993 after an independence referendum.</p>",

            "Eritrea is a unitary one-party presidential republic in which national legislative and ",
            "presidential elections have never been held. Isaias Afwerki has served as president since ",
            "its official independence in 1993. According to Human Rights Watch, the Eritrean government's ",
            "human rights record is among the worst in the world. The Eritrean government has dismissed ",
            "these allegations as politically motivated. Freedom of the press in Eritrea is extremely ",
            "limited; the Press Freedom Index consistently ranks it as one of the least free countries. ",
            "As of 2021 Reporters Without Borders considers the country to have the overall worst press ",
            "freedom in the world, even lower than North Korea, as all media publications and access ",
            "are heavily controlled by the government.</p>",

            "Eritrea is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, and the Intergovernmental ",
            "Authority on Development, and is an observer state in the Arab League alongside Brazil and Venezuela.</p>"
        ],
        "zambia": [
            "<p>Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country at the crossroads of ",
            "Central, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in ",
            "South-Central Africa. Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the ",
            "north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, ",
            "Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. ",
            "The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. ",
            "The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt ",
            "Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.</p>",

            "<p>Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion ",
            "of the thirteenth century. Following European explorers in the eighteenth century, ",
            "the British colonised the region into the British protectorates of Barotseland-North-Western ",
            "Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. These ",
            "were merged in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. For most of the colonial period, Zambia ",
            "was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British ",
            "South Africa Company.</p>",

            "<p>On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister ",
            "Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National ",
            "Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991. Kaunda played a ",
            "key role in regional diplomacy, cooperating closely with the United States in search ",
            "of solutions to conflicts in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. From ",
            "1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with UNIP as the sole legal political party ",
            "under the motto 'One Zambia, One Nation' coined by Kaunda. Kaunda was succeeded by ",
            "Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, ",
            "beginning a period of socio-economic development and government decentralisation. ",
            "Zambia has since become a multi-party state and has experienced several peaceful transitions of power.</p>",

            "<p>Zambia contains abundant natural resources, including minerals, wildlife, forestry, ",
            "freshwater and arable land. In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia one of the world's ",
            "fastest economically reformed countries. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern ",
            "Africa (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka.</p>"
        ],
        "madagascar": [
            "<p>Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country in the Indian ",
            "Ocean, approximately 400 kilometres (250 miles) off the coast of East Africa across ",
            "the Mozambique Channel. At 592,800 square kilometres (228,900 square miles) Madagascar ",
            "is the world's second-largest island country, after Indonesia. The nation consists of ",
            "the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world) and numerous smaller ",
            "peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, ",
            "Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing ",
            "native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar ",
            "is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is endemic.</p>",

            "<p>Human settlement of Madagascar occurred during or before the mid first millennium AD ",
            "by Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from present-day Indonesia. ",
            "These were joined around the 9th century AD by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique ",
            "Channel from East Africa. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, ",
            "each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic ",
            "group is often divided into 18 or more subgroups, of which the largest are the Merina ",
            "of the central highlands.</p>",

            "<p>Madagascar belongs to the group of least developed countries, according to the United ",
            "Nations. Malagasy and French are both official languages of the state. The majority ",
            "of the population adheres to Christianity, traditional beliefs, or an amalgamation of ",
            "the two. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, ",
            "health, and private enterprise, are key elements of Madagascar's development strategy. ",
            "Under Ravalomanana, these investments produced substantial economic growth, but the ",
            "benefits were not evenly spread throughout the population, producing tensions over the ",
            "increasing cost of living and declining living standards among the poor and some segments ",
            "of the middle class. As of 2017, the economy has been weakened by the 2009–2013 political ",
            "crisis, and quality of life remains low for the majority of the Malagasy population.</p>"
        ],
        "mauritius": [
            "<p>Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean ",
            "about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles) off the southeast coast of the African continent,",
            "east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as ",
            "Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon. The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, along with ",
            "nearby Réunion (a French overseas department), are part of the Mascarene Islands. The ",
            "capital and largest city, Port Louis, is located in Mauritius, where most of the population ",
            "is concentrated. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 square miles) and has an ",
            "exclusive economic zone covering 2.3 million square kilometres.</p>",

            "<p>Arab sailors were the first to discover the uninhabited island, around 975, and they ",
            "called it Dina Arobi. The earliest confirmed discovery was in 1507 by Portuguese sailors, ",
            "who otherwise took little interest in the islands. The Dutch took possession in 1598, ",
            "establishing a succession of short-lived settlements over a period of about 120 years, ",
            "before abandoning their efforts in 1710. France took control in 1715, renaming it Isle ",
            "de France. In 1810, the United Kingdom seized the island, and four years later, in ",
            "the Treaty of Paris (1814), France ceded Mauritius and its dependencies to the United ",
            "Kingdom. The British colony of Mauritius included Rodrigues, Agaléga, St. Brandon, ",
            "Tromelin, the Chagos Archipelago, and, until 1906, the Seychelles. Mauritius and ",
            "France dispute sovereignty over Tromelin as the Treaty of Paris failed to mention ",
            "it specifically. Mauritius remained a primarily plantation-based colony of the ",
            "United Kingdom until independence in 1968.</p>",

            "<p>Owing to its geographic location and centuries of colonialism, the people of Mauritius ",
            "are highly diverse in ethnicity, culture, language and faith. It is the only country ",
            "in Africa where Hinduism is the most practised religion. The island's government is ",
            "closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and Mauritius is highly ranked ",
            "for economic and political freedom along with being the only African country with full ",
            "democracy. Mauritius is also the continent's only country with <em>very high</em> Human ",
            "Development Index. According to the World Bank, the country is classified as a high-income ",
            "economy. Mauritius is also ranked as the most competitive, and one of the most developed ",
            "economies in the African region. The country is a welfare state. The government provides ",
            "<em>free universal healthcare, free education up through the tertiary level and free public ",
            "transportation for students, senior citizens, and the disabled.</em> In 2019, Mauritius was ",
            "ranked the most peaceful African country by the Global Peace Index.</p>",

            "<p>Along with the other Mascarene Islands, Mauritius is known for its varied flora and fauna. ",
            "Many species are endemic to the island. The island was the only known home of the dodo, ",
            "which, along with several other avian species, was made extinct by human activities ",
            "relatively soon after the island's settlement.</p>",

            "<p>Are you interested in the country's efforts? Visit them to see more for yourself</p>"
        ],
        "uganda": [
            "<p>Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country ",
            "is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic ",
            "Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern ",
            "part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and ",
            "Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin ",
            "and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. It has a population of over 42 ",
            "million, of which 8.5 million live in the capital and largest city of Kampala.</p>",

            "<p>Uganda is named after the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of ",
            "the country, including the capital Kampala.</p>",

            "<p>Beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK, which established ",
            "administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October ",
            "1962. The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts, including an eight-year-long ",
            "military dictatorship led by Idi Amin.</p>",

            "<p>The official languages are English and Swahili, although the Constitution states that <em>any ",
            "other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions ",
            "or for legislative, administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law.</em> ",
            "Luganda, a central region-based language, is widely spoken across the Central and South Eastern ",
            "regions of the country, and several other languages are also spoken, including Lango, Acholi, ",
            "Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo, Rutooro, Samia, Jopadhola, and Lusoga.</p>"
        ],
        "burundi": [
            "<p>Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley ",
            "where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. It is bordered by Rwanda to the ",
            "north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; ",
            "Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura, ",
            "the latter of which is the country's largest city.</p>",

            "<p>The Twa, Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years. For more than 200 ",
            "of those years, Burundi was an independent kingdom, until the beginning of the 20th century, ",
            "when Germany ruled the region. After the First World War and Germany's defeat, the League of ",
            "Nations mandated the territory to Belgium. After the Second World War, this transformed into ",
            "a United Nations Trust Territory. Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a ",
            "European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi. Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common ",
            "rule until the time of European invasion of Africa.</p>",

            "<p>One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi's land is used mostly for subsistence ",
            "agriculture and grazing. As of 2005, the country was almost completely deforested, with less than 6% ",
            "of its land covered by trees and over half of that being commercial plantations. Burundi is ",
            "densely populated, and many young people emigrate in search of opportunities elsewhere. ",
            "Burundi is a member of the African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, United Nations ",
            "and the Non-Aligned Movement. Burundi has the lowest GDP per capita As of 2022.</p>"
        ],
        "comoros": [
            "<p>The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country in the Indian ",
            "Ocean, at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa. It ",
            "shares maritime borders with Madagascar and Mayotte to the southeast, Tanzania to the northwest, ",
            "Mozambique to the west, and the Seychelles to the northeast. Its capital and largest city is ",
            "Moroni. The religion of the majority of the population, and the official state religion, is ",
            "Sunni Islam. As a member of the Arab League, it is the only country in the Arab world which ",
            "is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is also a member state of the African Union, the ",
            "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and ",
            "the Indian Ocean Commission. The country has three official languages: Comorian, French and Arabic.</p>",

            "<p>At 1,861 km2 (719 square miles), excluding the contested island of Mayotte, the Comoros is ",
            "the fourth-smallest African nation by area. Its population, excluding Mayotte, is estimated ",
            "at 850,886 residents as of 2019. As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations, ",
            "the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history.</p>",

            "<p>The sovereign state consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands, all in the ",
            "volcanic Comoro Islands. The major islands are commonly known by their French names: ",
            "northwesternmost Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali), and Anjouan (Ndzwani). The country ",
            "also claims a fourth major island, southeasternmost Mayotte (Maore), although Mayotte voted ",
            "against independence from France in 1974. Since that referendum Mayotte has never been administered ",
            "by an independent Comoros government, and continues to be administered by France as an overseas ",
            "department. France has vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions that would affirm ",
            "Comorian sovereignty over the island. In addition, Mayotte became an overseas department and a ",
            "region of France in 2011 following a referendum which was passed overwhelmingly.</p>"
        ],
        "réunion": [
            "<p>Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. ",
            "It is located approximately 550 km (340 miles) east of the island of Madagascar and 175 km ",
            "(109 miles) southwest of the island of Mauritius. As of January 2022, it had a population of 868,846.</p>",

            "<p>Like the other four overseas departments, Réunion also holds the status of a region of France, ",
            "and is an integral part of the French Republic. Réunion is an outermost region of the European ",
            "Union and is part of the eurozone. Réunion and the fellow French overseas department of Mayotte ",
            "are the only eurozone regions located in the Southern Hemisphere.</p>",


            "<p>Lo Mavéli or Lö Mahavéli, the unofficial flag of Réunion from 2003 used officially by various local ",
            "authorities, like Saint-Denis and Saint-Philippe.</p>",

            "<p>As in the rest of France, the official language of Réunion is French. In addition, a majority of ",
            "the region's population speaks Réunion Creole.</p>"
        ],
        "ethiopia": [
            "<p>Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in ",
            "the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea and Djibouti to the north, Somalia to the east ",
            "and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia ",
            "has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 square miles). It is home to 117 million ",
            "inhabitants and is the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa ",
            "after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west ",
            "of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.</p>",

            "<p>Anatomically modern humans emerged from modern-day Ethiopia and set out to the Near East and ",
            "elsewhere in the Middle Paleolithic period. Linguistics suggest that Afro-Asiatic speaking ",
            "people reportedly settled in the Nile Valley during Neolithic age, then dispersing thereafter. ",
            "In the 1st century, the Kingdom of Aksum emerged as a great power in what is now northern ",
            "Ethiopia, Eritrea, and eastern Sudan. During this time, a strong assimilating culture for ",
            "an Ethiopian national identity flourished, Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity was conceived as ",
            "the state religion and Islam was introduced in the early 7th century Aksum suffered from ",
            "recurring external sieges in the Early Middle Ages and collapsed in the early 10th century ",
            "when a female pagan ruler Gudit conducted a raid. The remnant of Aksum fled southward and ",
            "formed the Zagwe dynasty, ruling for over three centuries.</p>",

            "<p>Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country ",
            "in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea and Djibouti to the north, Somalia ",
            "to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the ",
            "northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 square miles). ",
            "It is home to 117 million inhabitants and is the 12th-most populous country in the world and ",
            "the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis ",
            "Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into ",
            "the African and Somali tectonic plates.</p>",

            "<p>Anatomically modern humans emerged from modern-day Ethiopia and set out to the Near East ",
            "and elsewhere in the Middle Paleolithic period. Linguistics suggest that Afro-Asiatic ",
            "speaking people reportedly settled in the Nile Valley during Neolithic age, then dispersing ",
            "thereafter. In the 1st century, the Kingdom of Aksum emerged as a great power in what is ",
            "now northern Ethiopia, Eritrea, and eastern Sudan. During this time, a strong assimilating ",
            "culture for an Ethiopian national identity flourished, Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity was ",
            "conceived as the state religion and Islam was introduced in the early 7th century. Aksum ",
            "suffered from recurring external sieges in the Early Middle Ages and collapsed in the early ",
            "10th century when a female pagan ruler Gudit conducted a raid. The remnant of Aksum fled ",
            "southward and formed the Zagwe dynasty, ruling for over three centuries.</p>"
        ],
        "malawi": [
            "<p>Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa ",
            "that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to ",
            "the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans ",
            "over 118,484 km2 (45,747 square miles) and has an estimated population of 19,431,566 ",
            "(as of January 2021). Malawi's capital (and largest city) is Lilongwe. Its second-largest ",
            "is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. ",
            "The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name for the Chewa people who inhabit the area. ",
            "The country is nicknamed 'The Warm Heart of Africa' because of the friendliness of its people.</p>",

            "<p>The Malawian economy is heavily based on agriculture, and it has a largely rural and rapidly growing ",
            "population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet its development ",
            "needs, although the amount needed (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The ",
            "Malawian government faces challenges in its efforts to build and expand the economy, improve ",
            "education, healthcare, and environmental protection, and become financially independent ",
            "despite widespread unemployment. Since 2005, Malawi has developed several programs that ",
            "focus on addressing these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving: Key ",
            "indicators of progress in the economy, education, and healthcare were seen in 2007 and 2008.</p>",

            "<p>Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western. It maintains positive diplomatic relations with ",
            "most countries, and participates in several international organisations, including the ",
            "United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Southern African Development Community ",
            "(SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the African Union (AU).</p>",

            "<p>The country has a diverse population that includes native peoples, Asians, and Europeans. ",
            "Several languages are spoken, and there is an array of religious beliefs. Although in the ",
            "past there was a periodic regional conflict fueled in part by ethnic divisions, by 2008 ",
            "this internal conflict had considerably diminished, and the idea of identifying with ",
            "one's Malawian nationality had reemerged.</p>"
        ],
        "mozambique": [
            "<p>Mozambique is a country located in Southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to ",
            "the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the ",
            "west, and Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state ",
            "is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the ",
            "east. The capital and largest city of Mozambique is Maputo (known as Lourenço Marques ",
            "from 1876 to 1976).</p>",

            "<p><em>Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources</em>. The country's ",
            "economy is based largely on agriculture, but industry is growing, mainly food and beverages, ",
            "chemical manufacturing and aluminium and petroleum production. The tourism sector is also ",
            "expanding. South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct ",
            "investment, while Belgium, Brazil, Portugal and Spain are also among the country's most ",
            "important economic partners. Since 2001, Mozambique's annual average GDP growth has been ",
            "among the world's highest.</p>",

            "<p>The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese, which is spoken mostly as a second ",
            "language by about half the population. Common native languages include Tsonga, Makhuwa, ",
            "Sena, and Swahili. The country's population of around 29 million is composed of overwhelmingly ",
            "Bantu people. The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity, with significant ",
            "minorities following Islam and African traditional religions. Mozambique is a member of ",
            "the United Nations, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of ",
            "the Islamic Cooperation, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Non-Aligned ",
            "Movement, the Southern African Development Community, and is an observer at La Francophonie.</p>"
        ],
        "mayotte": [
            "<p>Mayotte is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France ",
            "officially named the Department of Mayotte. It is located in the northern part of the ",
            "Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeastern Africa, between ",
            "Northwestern Madagascar and Northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte consists of a main island, ",
            "Grande-Terre (or Maore), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), as well as several ",
            "islets around these two. Mayotte is the most prosperous territory in the Mozambique Channel, ",
            "making it a major destination for illegal immigration.</p>",

            "<p>Mayotte's land area is 374 square kilometres (144 square miles) and, with its 299,348 people ",
            "according to January 2022 official estimates, is very densely populated at 800 inhabitants ",
            "per km2 (2,073 per square miles). The biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou on Grande-Terre. ",
            "The Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi International Airport is located on the neighbouring island of ",
            "Petite-Terre. The territory is also known as Maore, the native name of its main island.</p>",

            "<p>Mayotte is one of the overseas departments of France as well as one of the 18 regions of ",
            "France, with the same status as the departments of Metropolitan France. It is an outermost ",
            "region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, part of the eurozone.</p>",

            "<p>French is the official language and is spoken as a second language by an increasing part ",
            "of the population, with 63% of the population 14 years and older reporting in the 2007 ",
            "census that they could speak it. The native languages of Mayotte are Shimaore, which is ",
            "the most spoken, and the lesser spoken Kibushi, a Malagasy language, of which there are ",
            "two varieties, Kibushi Kisakalava, most closely related to the Sakalava ",
            "dialect of Malagasy, and Kibushi Kiantalaotsi, most closely related to the dialect ",
            "spoken by the Kiantalaotras of Madagascar.</p>"
        ],
        "seychelles": [
            "<p>Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean at ",
            "the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres ",
            "(800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include ",
            "the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to ",
            "the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the ",
            "British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populous sovereign African country, ",
            "with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462.</p>",

            "<p>Today, Seychelles boasts <em>the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation</em>. It has the ",
            "second-highest Human Development Index of any African country after Mauritius. It is one of only ",
            "two African countries classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank (the other being Mauritius).</p>",

            "<p>Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, and African influences, ",
            "with more recent infusions of Chinese and Indian elements. The country is a member of the United ",
            "Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations.</p>"
        ],
        "kenya": [
            "<p>Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Eastern Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres ",
            "(224,081 square miles), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. With a population of more ",
            "than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. Kenya's ",
            "capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently second largest city, and first ",
            "capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland ",
            "port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya ",
            "is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered ",
            "by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, ",
            "Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Its geography, climate and population ",
            "vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops (Batian, Nelion and Point Lenana on Mount ",
            "Kenya) with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates ",
            "in western and rift valley counties and dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts ",
            "(Chalbi Desert and Nyiri Desert).</p>",

            "<p>Kenya's earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers, like the present-day Hadza people. According to ",
            "archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material, Cushitic speakers first settled ",
            "in Kenya's lowlands between 3,200 and 1,300 BC, a phase known as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral ",
            "Neolithic. Nilotic-speaking pastoralists (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) began migrating ",
            "from present-day South Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC. Bantu people settled at the coast and the ",
            "interior between 250 BC and 500 AD. European contact began in 1500 AD with the Portuguese Empire, ",
            "and effective colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of ",
            "the interior.</p>",

            "<p>Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and ",
            "the subsequent Kenya Colony, which began in 1920. Numerous disputes between the UK and the ",
            "colony led to the Mau Mau revolution, which began in 1952, and the declaration of independence ",
            "in 1963. After independence, Kenya remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The ",
            "current constitution was adopted in 2010 to replace the 1963 independence constitution.</p>",

            "<p>Interested in visiting Kenya's beautiful Nairobi? They will welcome you.</p>"
        ],
        "rwanda": [
            "<p>Rwanda is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley, where the African Great Lakes ",
            "region and East Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is ",
            "bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is ",
            "highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet 'land of a thousand hills', with its geography ",
            "dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout ",
            "the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry ",
            "seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 ",
            "(10,169 square miles) of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African ",
            "country; among countries larger than 10,000 km2, it is the fifth most densely populated ",
            "country in the world. One million people live in the capital and largest city Kigali.</p>",

            "<p>The population is young and predominantly rural; Rwanda has one of the youngest ",
            "populations in the world, with the average age being 19 years. Rwandans are drawn ",
            "from just one cultural and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. However, within this ",
            "group there are three subgroups: the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. The Twa are a forest-dwelling ",
            "pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda's earliest inhabitants. ",
            "Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi; some ",
            "believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people, while ",
            "others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately, and from different ",
            "locations. Christianity is the largest religion in the country; the principal language ",
            "is Kinyarwanda, spoken by most Rwandans, with English and French serving as additional ",
            "official languages. The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government.</p>",

            "<p>The president is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), who has served ",
            "continuously since 2000. Today, Rwanda has low levels of corruption compared with ",
            "neighbouring countries, although human rights organisations report suppression of ",
            "opposition groups, intimidation and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country ",
            "has been governed by a strict administrative hierarchy since precolonial times; there ",
            "are five provinces delineated by borders drawn in 2006. Rwanda is one of only three ",
            "countries in the world with a female majority in the national parliament, the two other ",
            "countries being Bolivia and Cuba.</p>",

            "<p>Rwanda's developing economy suffered heavily in the wake of the 1994 genocide, but has ",
            "since strengthened. The economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture. Coffee and ",
            "tea are the major cash crops for export. Tourism is a fast-growing sector and is now ",
            "the country's leading foreign exchange earner. Rwanda is one of only two countries in ",
            "which mountain gorillas can be visited safely, and visitors pay high prices for gorilla ",
            "tracking permits. Music and dance are an integral part of Rwandan culture, particularly ",
            "drums and the highly choreographed intore dance. Traditional arts and crafts are produced ",
            "throughout the country, including imigongo, a unique cow dung art.</p>"
        ],
        "tanzania": [
            "<p>Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda ",
            "to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; ",
            "Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the ",
            "Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest ",
            "mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.</p>",

            "<p>Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania, such as 6-million-year-old ",
            "Pliocene hominid fossils. The United Nations estimated Tanzania's population at 56.31 million, ",
            "which is slightly smaller than South Africa and makes it the second-most populous country ",
            "located entirely south of the Equator. The population is composed of about 120 different ",
            "groups. The sovereign state of Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic and since ",
            "1996 its official capital city has been Dodoma where the president's office, the National ",
            "Assembly, and all government ministries are located. Dar es Salaam, the former capital, ",
            "retains most government offices and is the country's largest city, principal port, and leading ",
            "commercial centre. Tanzania is a de facto one-party state with the democratic socialist ",
            "Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power.</p>",

            "<p>Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the north-east, where Mount Kilimanjaro ",
            "is located. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west ",
            "lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, ",
            "known for its unique species of fish. To the south lies Lake Malawi. The eastern shore is ",
            "hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area ",
            "is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area. The Kalambo Falls, located on the Kalambo River ",
            "at the Zambian border, is the second-highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa.</p>",

            "<p>Christianity is the largest religion in Tanzania, but there are also substantial Muslim and ",
            "Animist minorities. Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most ",
            "linguistically diverse country in East Africa. The country does not have a de jure official ",
            "language, although the national language is Swahili. Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, ",
            "in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in ",
            "foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary ",
            "and higher education. Approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, ",
            "and up to 90% speak it as a second language.</p>"
        ]
    }
]