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flashcards.txt
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//////////////////////////////
/// ///
/// CompTIA Network+ ///
/// ///
/// Study Guide ///
/// ///
//////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// OSI Model to Describe Network Operations ///
////////////////////////////////////////////////
\OSI Model
OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnect
OSI Layer 1
Physical Layer
Cables, Physically moving bits of information
Wire, Copper, Glass
OSI Layer 2
Data Link Layer
Protocols that allow computers and other devices to communicate locally
Individual hops between clients, switches, routers, cable modems, and internet
Ethernet protocol (PC to Router, Router to Cable Modem, Internet to Server, Internet to Internet)
DOCSIS-3 protocol (Cable Modem to Internet)
OSI Layer 3
Network Layer
Gives the path through the network or internet to a server
Uses the physical and data link layer to send messages long distances across a network
IP - Internet Protocol, IP Addressing, IP Routing
OSI Layer 4
Transport Layer
Sets up a session between PC and Server
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (typically used)
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
OSI Layer 5
Session Layer
Not used, typically considered the Application layer
OSI Layer 6
Presentation Layer
Not used anymore, ASCII to EBCDID (proprietary IBM)
OSI Layer 7
Application Layer
Transfers specific types of data in a specific way
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP (Port 80), HTTPS (Port 443) (Secure Socket Layer [SSL], Transport Layer Security [TLS] which are the same thing)
Transfers Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
///////////////////////////
/// Encapsulation ///
///////////////////////////
\Encapsulation
Application Layer (7)
is broken down into chunks and sent over the Transport Layer (4) using a TCP Header
TCP Header
Source Port
Destination Port
Flags
Sequence #
Acknowledgement #
Payload
Contains Data Packets
Transport Layer (4)
uses Network Layer (3) for IP Routing
Data Packets travel with Network Layer Header
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
TTL
Other
TCP Header
Network Layer Header
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
TTL
Other
TCP Header
Network Layer (3)
uses the Data Link Layer (2) to send packets from one device to the next
Ethernet (Data Link Layer) Header
Source MAC Address
Destination MAC Address
Layer 3 Protocol
Payload
Ethernet (Data Link Layer) Header
Source MAC Address
Destination MAC Address
Layer 3 Protocol
Payload
Data Link Layer (2)
puts Data into a Frame
Ethernet Frame
Destination MAC Address
Source MAC Address
Layer 3 Protocol
Payload including All Previous Steps
Reaches the next layer, and gets transferred to a different Frame throughout the process
Frame is referencing a new header to be read
Frames are sent across the Physical Layer (1) with Cables
Frame -
A chunk of data with a Data Link Layer Header
Destination MAC Address - 6 bytes
Source MAC Address - 6 bytes
Type - 2 Bytes
Data (Payload including All Previous Steps) - (46 - 1500) bytes
Frames are sent across the Physical Layer (1) with Cables
//////////////////////////////////////
/// Protocol Uses and Port Numbers ///
//////////////////////////////////////
\Protocol Uses and Port Numbers
HTTP -
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Sends HTML - Hypertext Markup Language across the internet
Port 80
HTTPs
Port 443
FTP -
File Transfer Protocol
FTP - Port 20/21
FTP Client such as FileZilla
Server_Name in Host:
sFTP - Secure, Port 22 (Same as SSH [Secure Shell] which is used to make FTP secure)
TFTP - Trivial, Port 69, Small Files
SMB - Server Message Block, Port 445, Network Drives
Win - Right Click on Network and select Map Network Drives
" \\Server_Name\Folder_Name "
Will automatically try local credentials, and then ask for network credentials if those fail
Email Protocols
POP3, IMAP, SMTP
POP3 -
Post Office Protocol v. 3
Retrieves Email
Port 110/995 (Unenencrypted/Encrypted)
IMAP -
Internet Message Access Protocol
Retrieves Email
Port 143/993 (Unenencrypted/Encrypted)
SMTP -
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Sends Email from Client to Server
Port 25/465/587/2525 (Unenencrypted/Encrypted)
Authentication
LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Port 389
LDAPs (encrypted)
Port 636
Network Protocols
DHCP, DNS, NTP
DHCP -
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Port 67/68
DNS -
Domain Name Server
Converts website names to IP addresses
Needs to be secured, weak point
Port 53
NTP -
Network Time Protocol
Tells the Client what time it is from the Server
Port 123
UTC - Coordinated Universal Time
Synchronizes users
Certifies authenticity of client, security
Telnet
Access Devices on the Network
Network Administration
Port 23
Secure Shell
Access Device on the Network
Encrypted
Network Administration
Port 22
SNMP -
Simple Network Management Protocol
Can connect to all devices, servers, firewalls to monitor them, making them a client
SNMP is the server
Network Administration
Port 161/162
Syslog
Gets a log from each device and sends them to a centralized syslog server
RDP -
Remote Desktop Protocol
Gets a screenshot of a clients GUI
Port 3389
H.323
Audio Visual Protocol
Port 1720
SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
Audio Visual Protocol
Port 5060/5061
SQL -
Structured Query Language
Database Management
mySQL -
Microsoft Structured Query Language
Port 3306
SQLnet
Port 1521
SQL Server
Port 1433
\TCP / IP
IP
Internet Protocol
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
3-way Handshake
1. SYN - Synchronize
Client to Server
2. SYN-ACK - Synchronize Acknowledgement
Server to Client
3. ACK - Acknowledgement
Client to Server
4-way Disconnect
1. FIN - Finish
Server to Client
2. FIN-ACK - Finish Acknowledgement
Client to Server
3. FIN
Client to Server
4. FIN-ACK
Server to Client
TCP Reset
1. RST - Reset
Server to Client
1. RST
Client to Server
UDP
User Diagram Protocol
No 3 way Handshake
No reliable communication
No sequence numbers no acknowledgement nummbers
Used for efficient data transfer
TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Port 69
NTP -
Network Transfer Protocol
Port 123
Optional Usage
DNS - Domain Name Server
Port 53
SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
Port 5060/5061
H.323 - (Media Session Management)
Port 1719
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
Port 161
Port Numbers
0 - 65,535
0 - 1023 - Well Known
1024 - 49,151 - Registered
49,152 - 65,535 - Ephemeral
CMD
Command Prompt
ipconfig
Shows IP information for current device
ipconfig /release
Releases current IP from use, there is no longer one
ipconfig /all
Shows MAC Address
ipconfig /release
Release IP Address
ipconfig /renew
Goes to DHCP Server and asks for new IP Address
ipconfig /flushdns
Flushes DNS Cache
ping - Package Internet Groper
ping 192.168.10.10
Sends 4 packets to a given IP and tries to receive 4 responses
Make sure to look at the 4 lines Reply... because Packets: is unreliable
netstat -ano
switch a
all devices
switch n
IP address as numerical value
switch o
Shows operation in Windows associated with service
route print
Displays Routing Table
arp -a
All of the entries on ARP Table including addresses that have been pinged
arp -d
Deletes the ARP table
tracert
Finds all routers connecting current workstation to destination IP
nslookup pluralsight.com 10.128.50
Reverse lookup is a configured value on Windows
iperf -s
Start server, start listing
iperf -c 10.0.0.100
Connects to Client at IP
\Terminal (Linux)
ifconfig
similar to ipconfig on Windows
route
shows default gateway
route -n
doesn't check DNS for name of each IP
ping
doesn't stop until Ctrl + C
traceroute 172.01.10.01
Finds all routers connecting current workstation to destination IP
hostname
Returns hostname as string
nslookup 172.01.10.01
Returns the IP Address and Name of a server
dig 172.01.10.01
Gives more information about the header
Binary
128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
0 = none 1 = number present
Summarize Numbers
168 in Binary
168/2 = 84, no remainder = 0
84/2 = 42, no remainder = 0
42/2 = 21 no remainder = 0
21/2 = 10, remainder of 1 = 1
10/2 = 5, no remainder = 0
5/2 = 2, remainder of 1 = 1
2/2 = 1, no remainder = 0
1/2 = 0, remainder of 1 = 1
so 168 is 10101000
Hexadecimal
base 16 system
1 - 9, A - F, 10
//////////////////////////////////////////
\IP Addresses & Subnetting Networks
//////////////////////////////////////////
Network Portion (IP Adress)
Starts in binary with 1's
203.0.113
11001011
00000000
01110001
255.
11111111
255.255.240 (Doesn't have to be split up across octets)
11111111
11111111
1111
Host Portion (IP Adress)
Starts in binary with 0's
.10
00001010
.0.0.10
00000000
00000000
00001010
.240.0
0000
00000000
Convert decimal to binary to get true IP 203.0.113.10
11001011
00000000
01110001
00001010
Classful Addressing
Purely Historical, but on Exam (Before 1995, Limited number of IPs)
Unicast
A
0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
First 8 bits are Network, Next 24 are Host
B
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
First 16 bits are Network, Next 16 are Host
C
192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
First 24 bits are Network, Next 8 are Host
Multicast
D
224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
All bits are Network
Experimental (Not used)
E
240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
Classless Addressing
Uses Subnet Mask to determine which portion of IP is Host
What are 1's is Network Portion, and what are 0's is Host Portion
11111111 1111111 11111111 00000000
Is 255.255.255.0 which is a common Subnet Mask
11111111 0000000 00000000 00000000
Is 255.0.0.0 as a Subnet Mask
CIDR -
Clasless Inter-Domain Routing
203.0.113.10/24
Where /24 is notation for Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Implies the first 24 bits are Network Portion
Private IP Addresses
Routes to a Public IP address momentarily before routing back to a Private IP
Class A
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Documented in RFC (Request for Comments)
Changes and addtions to Protocols
Modify and Test IP Configuration
Devices need the same Network Portion to be able to talk to each other
192.168.11.10
255.255.254.0
and
192.168.10.10
255.255.254.0
Talk to each other
11000000 10101000 00001011 00001010
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000
11000000 10101000 00001010 00001010
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000
IP Network Components
Network IP Address
All binary 0's in Host Portion
All binary 1's in Host Portion
VLSM -
Variable Length Subnet Masking
Nibble
4 bits
Single Hexadecimal value
Bytes
8 bits
2 nibbles
2 hex values
16 bit sections
2 Bytes
4 nibbles
Hextet (4 hex values)
IPv4
32 bits
4 octets (4 bytes)
8 hex values
IPv6
128 bits
32 nibbles
32 hex values
8 Hextets (sets of 4 hex values seperated by :)
/64 Mask often times
64 bit Network Portion
64 bit Host Portion
Leading 0's
2001:0DB8:0002:008D:0000:0000:00A5:52F5
Remove Hextets starting with 0's
2001:DB8:2:8D:0:0:A5:52F5
Eliminate 0's with Double Colon
2001:DB8:2:8D::A5:52F5
Double Colon can only be used once
Often times is at the beginning of Host Portion
IPv6 Unicast Address
Connects devices across the internet
Matches up devices with different Network Portion at a router
Class A, B, C
Every device has 2 IPv6 Addresses
Local
Global
Unicast Address
IPv6 Link Local Address
Local communication
FE80::/10
Global Unicast Address
Loopback Address
::1/128
Multicast Address
One to many communication
Anycast Address
One IPv6 address across many devices
Used for load balancing
IPv6 Address Acquisition
SLAAC
DHCP
SLAAC -
Stateless Address Auto-Configuration
Win - Random 64 bit Interface Identifier
Unix/Linux/Mac - Modified EUI - 64
MAC Address
Grab MAC Address, split into 2, put FF:FE in the middle, Making it 64 bits, by adding 16 bits
Interface indentifier
DHCP -
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (Network Layer 3)
Server that hands out addresses for devices within an organization
Built into your router, set up with a DHCP scope, excluding addresses etc.
When seeking an address, workstation sends a Discover Message to the router
Once received by DHCP Server, Server sends workstation DHCP Offer
Workstation sends a request to confirm that it wants to use this IP
Server acknowledges Workstation request
Discover Message
DHCP Offer
Request
Acknowledgement
DHCP Binding -
Table that lists out used IP and MAC addresses
IP Helper Address
Forwards messages to DHCP server at an IP that is not local to the Subnet
Allows for single DHCP server for all subnets in a network
IPv6 Tunneling
IPv6 and IPv4 aren't compatible
IPv6 can send an IPv4 packet that opens up as an IPv6 on a device
Traverses IPv4 Internet
Changing IP Addresses and Subnet Masks
IPv4
Win - Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Ethernet0 > IPv4 > Properties
IPv6
Win - Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Ethernet0 > IPv6 > Properties
Network Service Protocols
NAT, PAT, DNS, URL, TLD, Domain, Third Level Domain, Fourth Level Domain
NAT -
Network Address Translation
Router changes Source IP from Local IP to Router Public IP
Stores Local IP in a table
PAT - Port Address Translation
Home network, local address translation
DNS
Domain Name Systems
URL -
Uniform Resource Locater
www.tobie.game
TLD -
Top Level Domain
.com .prg .net
Domain -
Second Level Domain
tobie
google
Third Level Domain
Hostname
www.
Fourth Level Domain
www. where Third is another domain
www.drive.gooogle.com
Using DNS
Forward DNS Lookup
Reverse DNS Lookup
DNS Record Types
Forward DNS Lookup
Workstation communicates to DNS server (Google DNS) and resolves IP address of a URL
Google DNS responds with IP from URL
Reverse DNS Lookup
Workstation sends IP to DNS Server
DNS Server replies with URL if record is configured
\DNS Record Types
A -
IPv4 Record
32 Bits
URL to IP Address
AAAA -
IPv6 Record
URL to IP
128 Bits
CNAME -
Canonical Name Record
URL to URL
gogle.com going to google.com
MX -
Mail Exchange Record
Looks up where to send messages to certain domains
NS -
Indentifies Authoritative Name Server
If DNS Server can't direct to IP, it can direct to NS responsible for IP of a site
PTR -
Pointer Record
For reverse lookup
SRV -
Service Record
Specify the IP and Port # of a Domain
TXT -
Text record for miscellaneous use
Reserved for notes and documentation
\DNS
Internal vs. External DNS
Workstation first checks with Internal DNS to resolve an IP from a URL
If it can't be resolved, Internal DNS then checks with External DNS (Google DNS)
If it can't be resolved External DNS checks with Root DNS Server
Root DNS Server looks at Authoritative Name Server and sends data to External DNS
Authoritative Name Servers are often accompanied by Secondary Name Servers
Zone Transfer over DNS Port 53, using TCP
External DNS can then query Authoritative Name Server
External DNS and Local DNS will cache this information
TTL - Time to Live
SOA - Start of Authority
Contains TTL data for long a name should be kept before having to go all the way back up to Root DNS Server
\Network Topologies
Network Topologies
Bus, Ring, Star, Hybrid
Bus
One wire connects all devices
10base5 (thicknet), 10base2 (thinnet) hardware
Older technology
Ring
All devices connected to ring
Coaxial cable, twisted pair cabling, fiber optics
Older technology
Star
Every device is wired to central location
Commonly used
\Network Types
Network Types
Peer to Peer, Client-Server
Peer to Peer Network
Client to Client connection
Client-Server Network
Server to multiple Clients connection
\Network Classifications
Network Classifications
LAN, WLAN, WAN, SAN, CAN, MAN, PAN
LAN -
Local Area Network
Numerous devices connected to a switch
WLAN -
Wireless Local Area Network
Numerous devices connected wirelessly to a switch
WAN -
Wide Area Network
Connects two networks together
SAN -
Storage Area Network
Storing information on hard drives or solid state drives over a network
CAN -
Campus Area Network
MAN -
Metropolitan Area Network
PAN -
Personal Area Network
Devices around you that connect to each other
Smart watch, phone
\WAN Technologies
WAN Technologies
Leased Line
Fiber Optic
Internet
ISDN
Leased Line
Copper (T1)
For long distance, first of its kind
Analog phone signals into digital phone signals
Not as popular, but still used
T1 Link (E1 in Europe)
Bell Labs
24 Channels @ 64K each + framing bit = 1.544mbps
T3 (E3)
Multiple T1's linked together
44.736mbps
Fiber Optic
High speed, high bandwidth
Dark Fiber
Traffic up to 40 gbps
Customers need to add on their own lasers
Full control of bandwidth and equipment
Metro Ethernet
Don't have to connect their own lasers
Reasonable price, control bandwidth with money
Devices all connect to Network Service Provider
MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching
Keeps organization traffic seperated and secure
Exists within the Network Service Provider
Optical WAN
Far enough away from each other that copper is not viable
10+ miles
Internet
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
Fiber Optic
Satellite
Cable
Being used lately for streaming digital content as opposed to TV signals
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
PRI
Primary Rate Interface
SIP trunk alternative
Connecting VoIP system into the POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) network
Demarcation Point
Modern networks use a SmartJack
Middle point between Customer Equipment and Telephone Company Equipment
Interface to plug into internal network, physical connection into network
CSU / DSU
Cable Service Unit, Data Service Unit
Interface between T1 communication and Router communication
SDWAN
Software Defined Wireless Area Network
mGRE
Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation tunnels all devices to each other, not just to a Server
Efficient and designed
\Virtual Networks
Virtual Networks
NFV -
Network Function Virtualization
Data Center
Accomodates a lot of bandwidth
VLAN, Network hardware, Virtual Load Balancer, Hypervisor
VLAN
Secure and fast way to communicate
Network hardware
Virtualize a switch that all devices go through
Virtual Load Balancer
Has a Virtual IP and chooses between the best servers
Hypervisor
Runs within servers inside of physical pieces of hardware
Virtualizes all of the networking equipment
\Data Center Networks
3 Tier Design
Core
Quickly move traffic
Few to no policies
Limit changes
Backbone of the network
Distribution
Distribute Network to Access Layer
Filter traffic
Routing policies
Controls the acccess between office and data center
Access
Provide network access to devices
Control access to network
SDN
Software Defined Networks
Application Layer of SDN
Where administrators and developers create rulesets and policies that get pushed down to control layer
Creating Control Layer utilities
Control Layer of SDN
Changes control rules and moves traffic to the right location efficiently
Adapts to the network after receiving input from the Application Layer
Infrastructure Layer of SDN
Routers, switches, layer 3 switches connected with routing policies, switching policies
Can talk from a client to a server on a network
Management Plane
Mechanism for configuring, controlling, and monitoring all devices on the network
SDN Controller
Traffic goes through a single device to monitor and control
Data Center of SDN
Switch at the top of a rack
Leaf Switch -
Top of Rack Switch
East / West communication, Networking Equipment
Spine Switch
Connects with other servers to make sure all content is provided to client
North / South, in and out of Server
SAN -
Storage Area Network Connections
Switch connects SAN to Server
Layer 2 Protocols - No TCP or IP
Fibre Channel
Fibre optic switch distributes SAN to Servers
FCoE - Fibre Channel over Ethernet
Fibre Channel protocol ran over the internet
iSCSI - Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
Uses TCP/IP to connect to Servers
Servers use this instead of a SSD or HD
\Cloud Services
Cloud Services
Standard Structure Served over Internet
Data Center Services
Server
Processor
Memory
Storage
Disk
OS/Software
Using someone else's network that is more efficient is cheaper than having your own
SaaS - Software as a Service
Popular in consumer markets
Microsoft, Google, Adobe
Used in commercial operation for decades
Hosted DNS
PaaS - Platform as a Service
Hardware / software remote connection
Server Side services
Database management
Colocation, database platform with minimal support
Somebody elses resources
IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service
Server hardware renting
Disk and Storage amount
Automation
DaaS - Desktop as a Service
Virtual Desktop to user
Workstation is mobile
\Cloud Benefits
Cloud Benefits
Multitenancy, Elasticity, Scalability, Security
Multitenancy
Servers are in many data centers
Elasticity
Grow and shrink needs of IT infrastructure
Scalability
As we get more customers we can expand resources rapidly
Security
Security team is responsible instead
\Enterprise Network Infrastructure
Enterprise Network Infrastructure
Wireless access points
Cabling
Routers and switches
Other devices
Physical Layer Medium Options
Copper Cabling, Twisted Pair Cabling
Copper Cabling
Most of cabling in most situations
Some other metals are rarely used
Twisted Pair Cabling
Increases amount of data pushed through wire
Twisting prevents cross talk from electro magnetic interference of signals
Cat 1
Doorbell
May not even be twisted
Cat 3
Telephone / 10mbps Ethernet
Cat 5
100mb Ethernet
Cat 5e
Gigabit Ethernet
Twisted and made in a more precise way
Cat 6
Gigabit Ethernet
Plastic spacer with 4 pairs of twisting wires twisting around it
Cat 6a / Cat 7
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Cat 8
40 Gigabit Ethernet
UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pairs
Seen most often
STP - Shielded Twisted Pairs
Metal shielding to protect from external signals
Pin 1 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Transmit+
White / Orange
Pin 2 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Transmit-
Orange
Pin 3 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Receive+
White / Green
Pin 4 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Nothing, but Necessary
Blue
Pin 5 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Nothing, but Necessary
White / Blue
Pin 6 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Receive-
Green
Pin 7 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Nothing, but Necessary
White / Brown
Pin 8 - RJ-11 / RJ-45 Connectors, EIA/TIA 568-B Specifications
Nothing, but Necessary
Brown
Straight Through Cable
568-B to 568-B
Rx to Rx - Receving to Receiving
Tx to Tx - Transmit to Transmit
Most often used
Crossover Cable
568-B to 568-A
Tx to Rx - Transmit to Receving
Rx to Tx - Receiving to Transmit
Positive to Positive, Negative to Negative
Used to connect like device to like device
Router to router
PC to router
Auto MDI-X -
Auto Medium Dependent Interface Crossover "Auto Crossover"
NIC (Network Interface Cards) automatically determine whether to use Crossover or Straight Through
Copper cables are limited to 100 m
Unless you put in a repeater which is messy
Coaxial Cabling
Cable TV / Cable Internet, Twinaxial Cable
Cable TV / Cable Internet
RG-6
F-type Connector
Twinaxial Cable
SFP
NIC (Network Interface Cards) built into cable
Connect switches, routers, SAN
66 Block
Connects phone wires to circuits
Each row of 6 wire clamps is its own circuit
110 Block
Phone, not data networking, bigger 66 Block
11 rows of 10 wire clamps
Punchdown Tool
Spring loaded tool to cut wire and push it into a Patch Panel
3 Types
Krone
110
Bix
Patch Panel
Runs cables from a central location
Fiber Optics
Photons carry data
Thin piece of glass
Single-mode Fiber Optics
LX Laser Type
Laser light goes straight through glass