workshop/tutorial-1/tutorial-1-create-spatial-object.html

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<title>Geo-spatial tutorial: create a simple feature</title>

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<div class="topics">

<div id="section-welcome" class="section level2">
<h2>Welcome</h2>
<p>This is part 1 of a series of introductory tutorials to work with geo-spatial data in R. I prepared these tutorials as a intuitive “hands on” introduction, but I provide links for those interested in more background and theory.</p>
<p>In this tutorial, you will learn how to create a spatial object with package <code>sf</code> (simple features).</p>
<div id="section-setup" class="section level3">
<h3>Setup</h3>
<p>I’ve preloaded the packages for this tutorial with</p>
<pre class="r"><code>library(sf)
library(leaflet)
library(mapview)
library(leafpop)</code></pre>
<p>For this tutorial we will <strong>create our own spatial objects from scratch</strong>, so we don’t need to load any additional data.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-creating-a-spatial-object-in-r" class="section level2">
<h2>Creating a spatial object in R</h2>
<p>For the first part of this tutorial we will create our own spatial objects.</p>
<div id="section-create-points-using-package-sf" class="section level3">
<h3>Create points using package <code>sf</code></h3>
<p>There are many alternative ways to define and work with geo-spatial data in R, but the <em>simple features</em> approach in package <code>sf</code> has many advantages and has become the <em>new</em> standard.</p>
<p>Simple features are a standardized way to encode spatial vector data. This package binds to several external libraries like <code>GDAL</code>, <code>GEOS</code> and <code>PROJ</code> for many spatial operations.</p>
<p>If you want to understand simple features in R, you should visit the <a href="https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/">documentation of the <code>sf</code> package</a>.</p>
<p>Functions from package <code>sf</code> have the prefix <code>st_</code>. Many of these functions are described by the <em>simple features</em> standard, so, if you are familiar with spatial databases such as PostGIS and other GIS software, you might recognise many of these.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-the-geometry" class="section level3">
<h3>The geometry</h3>
<p>A simple feature needs to have a <em>geometry</em>, this can be a point, multi-point, linestring, multi-linestring, polygon, multi-polygon, it can also be linked to a collection of several geometries.</p>
<p>In R you can use this function to define a point geometry:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>my_geom &lt;- st_point(c(23.978333, 38.118056))</code></pre>
<p>For geospatial data we need to define a coordinate reference system (<em>crs</em>) to interpret these coordinates correctly. They are usually defined by several parameters in a standard format (with heavy use of geospatial jargon), but there are handy shortcuts for the most common examples. Here we will focus on plain latitude and longitude coordinates, known as the <em>latlong</em> projection based on the <em>WGS84</em> datum, this is also referred to as <em>EPSG:4326</em> (Check details at <a href="https://epsg.io/4326" class="uri">https://epsg.io/4326</a>)</p>
<pre class="r"><code>my_crs &lt;- st_crs(&quot;+proj=latlong +datum=WGS84&quot;)</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="section-the-data" class="section level3">
<h3>The data</h3>
<p>Typically you will want to attach one or more attributes or variables to your geometry, for example we can start with a name, some properties, a year, and maybe a url link in a data frame (or a tibble):</p>
<pre class="r"><code>data &lt;- data.frame(name=c(&#39;Marathon&#39;),
                   famous_for=c(&#39;Battle of Marathon&#39;),
                   url=c(&#39;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon&#39;),
                   year=c(-490))</code></pre>
<p>But you are not limited by this, you can have a data frame with many columns, each column can represent a variable, a measurement, you can have factors, texts, colors, etc.</p>
<p>Each row in the data frame represents an observation or element, so they need to match the number of spatial features. In this case it is easy with just one point and one row in the data frame, but keep this in mind when creating your own objects!</p>
</div>
<div id="section-bringing-geometry-and-data-together" class="section level3">
<h3>Bringing geometry and data together</h3>
<p>So we are now ready to make our <em>simple feature</em> object,</p>
<p>One way to put this together and create a simple feature with function <code>st_sf</code> is this:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>hellas1 &lt;- st_sf(data,
                crs=my_crs,
                geometry=st_sfc(my_geom))</code></pre>
<p>Notice that I am using <code>st_sfc</code> to combine the geometry and <em>crs</em> into a <em>simple feature geometry list column</em>.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-exercise-1" class="section level3">
<h3>Exercise 1</h3>
<p>Let’s create our own simple feature object for this tutorial.</p>
<p>We want to define a point for the city of Sparta with the supplied coordinates and <em>crs</em> (EPSG code is 4326), fill the blanks with the names of the functions and hit run:</p>
<div class="tutorial-exercise" data-label="sfex1" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code>#my_data &lt;- ____(name=&#39;This is Sparta!&#39;)
#my_crs &lt;- ____(&quot;EPSG:4326&quot;)
#my_geom &lt;- ____(c(22.431028, 37.075074))
#sparta &lt;- st_sf(my_data,
#               crs=my_crs,
#              geometry=____)

#print(sparta)</code></pre>
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</div>
<div class="tutorial-exercise-support" data-label="sfex1-solution" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code>my_data &lt;- data.frame(name=&#39;This is Sparta!&#39;)
my_crs &lt;- st_crs(&quot;EPSG:4326&quot;)
my_geom &lt;- st_point(c(22.431028, 37.075074))
sparta &lt;- st_sf(my_data,
               crs=my_crs,
              geometry=st_sfc(my_geom))</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="section-sfex1-hint">
<p><strong>Hint:</strong> You need to define the data and the simple feature collection to create your object. Use functions <code>st_point</code>, <code>st_crs</code> and <code>st_sfc</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-more-than-one-point-in-a-single-object" class="section level3">
<h3>More than one point in a single object</h3>
<p>If we want to combine several points into one <em>simple feature</em> object, and assuming all share the same <em>crs</em>:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>pt2 &lt;- st_point(c( 23.2, 39.05))
pt3 &lt;- st_point(c(20.716667, 38.366667))

data &lt;- data.frame(name=c(&#39;Arthemision&#39;,&#39;Ithaca&#39;),
                   famous_for=c(&#39;Battle of Arthemision&#39;, &quot;Homer&#39;s Odyssey&quot;),
                   url=c(&#39;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium&#39;, &#39;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca&#39;),
                   year=c(-480,-800))

hellas2 &lt;- st_sf(data,
                crs=my_crs,
                geometry=st_sfc(pt2,pt3))</code></pre>
<p>Each point will have their own attributes or variables.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-section" class="section level3">
<h3></h3>
<p>What about combining existing object to create a new one?</p>
<p>You can use the good old <code>rbind</code> function to combine two simple feature objects, provided they share the same columns, run the code to verify the result:</p>
<div class="tutorial-exercise" data-label="sfex2" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code>not_sparta &lt;- rbind(hellas1, hellas2)
not_sparta</code></pre>
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</div>
<p>The output will tell you many interesting attributes of your newly created object, and we can confirm that we now have three features.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-section-1" class="section level3">
<h3></h3>
<p>But if one of the objects has different columns, this will not work:</p>
<div class="tutorial-exercise" data-label="sfex3" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code>with_sparta &lt;- rbind(hellas1, sparta)
with_sparta</code></pre>
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</div>
<div class="tutorial-exercise-support" data-label="sfex3-solution" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code># you can make it work if you add the missing variables:
sparta$famous_for &lt;- NA
sparta$url &lt;- NA
sparta$year &lt;- NA
# try again:
with_sparta &lt;- rbind(hellas1, sparta)
with_sparta</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-good-job" class="section level3">
<h3>Good job!</h3>
<p>We just created our first spatial object, how cool is that?</p>
<p>So we learned to:</p>
<ul>
<li>use package <code>sf</code></li>
<li>define a geometry with <code>st_points</code></li>
<li>assign a coordinate reference system with <code>st_crs</code></li>
<li>create a spatial object with <code>st_sf</code> by combining a data frame with a simple feature column with <code>st_sfc</code></li>
<li>combine <code>sf</code> objects with <code>rbind</code></li>
</ul>
<p>But what can we do with these sets of points? Let’s do some more spatial stuff like calculating distance and mapping in the next section!</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-spatial-functions-and-visualisation" class="section level2">
<h2>Spatial functions and visualisation</h2>
<p>Functions from package <code>sf</code> have the prefix <code>st_</code>. Many of these functions are described by the <em>simple features</em> standard, so, if you are familiar with spatial databases such as PostGIS and other GIS software, you might recognise many of these.</p>
<div id="section-section-2" class="section level3">
<h3></h3>
<p>If you want to know which functions are available for your newly created object, you can use the <code>methods</code> function:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>class(hellas1)</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] &quot;sf&quot;         &quot;data.frame&quot;</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>methods(class = &quot;sf&quot;)</code></pre>
<pre><code>##  [1] [                     [[&lt;-                  $&lt;-                  
##  [4] aggregate             as.data.frame         cbind                
##  [7] coerce                dbDataType            dbWriteTable         
## [10] filter                identify              initialize           
## [13] mapView               merge                 plot                 
## [16] print                 rbind                 show                 
## [19] slotsFromS3           st_agr                st_agr&lt;-             
## [22] st_area               st_as_s2              st_as_sf             
## [25] st_as_sfc             st_bbox               st_boundary          
## [28] st_buffer             st_cast               st_centroid          
## [31] st_collection_extract st_convex_hull        st_coordinates       
## [34] st_crop               st_crs                st_crs&lt;-             
## [37] st_difference         st_drop_geometry      st_filter            
## [40] st_geometry           st_geometry&lt;-         st_inscribed_circle  
## [43] st_interpolate_aw     st_intersection       st_intersects        
## [46] st_is_valid           st_is                 st_join              
## [49] st_line_merge         st_m_range            st_make_valid        
## [52] st_nearest_points     st_node               st_normalize         
## [55] st_point_on_surface   st_polygonize         st_precision         
## [58] st_reverse            st_sample             st_segmentize        
## [61] st_set_precision      st_shift_longitude    st_simplify          
## [64] st_snap               st_sym_difference     st_transform         
## [67] st_triangulate        st_union              st_voronoi           
## [70] st_wrap_dateline      st_write              st_z_range           
## [73] st_zm                 transform            
## see &#39;?methods&#39; for accessing help and source code</code></pre>
<p>For now we will focus on two functions that will help us find the nearest feature to one point of interest.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-calculating-distance-between-features" class="section level3">
<h3>Calculating distance between features</h3>
<p>The function <code>st_distance</code> will find the distance between spatial features in an object or between two sets of spatial features. In the excercise box you can un-comment one line at a time and compare the different results:</p>
<div class="tutorial-exercise" data-label="distex1" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code>#st_distance(not_sparta) # internal distance
#st_distance(sparta,not_sparta) # distance between points in each object
#st_distance(not_sparta,sparta) # same as above</code></pre>
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</div>
<p>In this small example is easy to find which feature is nearest (smaller distance) to a feature of interest. But in more complex examples with hundreds or thousands of features it is handy to have a shortcut.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-section-3" class="section level3">
<h3></h3>
<p>Finding the nearest feature is one of the most common queries related to spatial data, so much so that it has its own function: <code>st_nearest_feature</code>. Let’s find out which location is nearest to Sparta:</p>
<div class="tutorial-exercise" data-label="distex2" data-completion="1" data-diagnostics="1" data-startover="1" data-lines="0">
<pre class="text"><code> not_sparta[st_nearest_feature(sparta,not_sparta),]</code></pre>
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</div>
</div>
<div id="section-visualising-and-exploring-the-data" class="section level3">
<h3>Visualising and exploring the data</h3>
<p>Exploring spatial data is mostly about context, and very often we need to have a quick view of our features. The best way to do this is to plot together several spatial objects and to add a base map that we can zoom and navigate.</p>
<p>We can do this directly in R thanks to the <code>mapview</code> package. This packages uses functions of the <em>Leaflet</em> open-source JavaScript library for interactive maps.</p>
<p>An interactive map of the points is as easy as:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>mapview(not_sparta, col.regions = &quot;blanchedalmond&quot;)</code></pre>
<div id="htmlwidget-9450b8e16c83e57d0520" style="width:624px;height:384px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-9450b8e16c83e57d0520">{"x":{"options":{"minZoom":1,"maxZoom":52,"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}},"preferCanvas":false,"bounceAtZoomLimits":false,"maxBounds":[[[-90,-370]],[[90,370]]]},"calls":[{"method":"addProviderTiles","args":["CartoDB.DarkMatter","CartoDB.DarkMatter","CartoDB.DarkMatter",{"errorTileUrl":"","noWrap":false,"detectRetina":false,"pane":"tilePane"}]},{"method":"addProviderTiles","args":["CartoDB.Positron","CartoDB.Positron","CartoDB.Positron",{"errorTileUrl":"","noWrap":false,"detectRetina":false,"pane":"tilePane"}]},{"method":"addProviderTiles","args":["OpenStreetMap","OpenStreetMap","OpenStreetMap",{"errorTileUrl":"","noWrap":false,"detectRetina":false,"pane":"tilePane"}]},{"method":"addProviderTiles","args":["Esri.WorldImagery","Esri.WorldImagery","Esri.WorldImagery",{"errorTileUrl":"","noWrap":false,"detectRetina":false,"pane":"tilePane"}]},{"method":"addProviderTiles","args":["OpenTopoMap","OpenTopoMap","OpenTopoMap",{"errorTileUrl":"","noWrap":false,"detectRetina":false,"pane":"tilePane"}]},{"method":"createMapPane","args":["point",440]},{"method":"addCircleMarkers","args":[[38.118056,39.05,38.366667],[23.978333,23.2,20.716667],6,null,"not_sparta",{"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}},"pane":"point","stroke":true,"color":"#333333","weight":1,"opacity":0.9,"fill":true,"fillColor":"#FFEBCD","fillOpacity":0.6},null,null,["<div class='scrollableContainer'><table class=mapview-popup id='popup'><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><th><b>Feature ID&emsp;<\/b><\/th><td>1&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><th>name&emsp;<\/th><td>Marathon&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><th>famous_for&emsp;<\/th><td>Battle of Marathon&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><th>url&emsp;<\/th><td>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><th>year&emsp;<\/th><td>-490&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><th>geometry&emsp;<\/th><td>sfc_POINT&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>","<div class='scrollableContainer'><table class=mapview-popup id='popup'><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><th><b>Feature ID&emsp;<\/b><\/th><td>2&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><th>name&emsp;<\/th><td>Arthemision&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><th>famous_for&emsp;<\/th><td>Battle of Arthemision&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><th>url&emsp;<\/th><td>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><th>year&emsp;<\/th><td>-480&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><th>geometry&emsp;<\/th><td>sfc_POINT&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>","<div class='scrollableContainer'><table class=mapview-popup id='popup'><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><th><b>Feature ID&emsp;<\/b><\/th><td>3&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><th>name&emsp;<\/th><td>Ithaca&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><th>famous_for&emsp;<\/th><td>Homer's Odyssey&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><th>url&emsp;<\/th><td>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><th>year&emsp;<\/th><td>-800&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><th>geometry&emsp;<\/th><td>sfc_POINT&emsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>"],{"maxWidth":800,"minWidth":50,"autoPan":true,"keepInView":false,"closeButton":true,"closeOnClick":true,"className":""},["1","2","3"],{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]},{"method":"addScaleBar","args":[{"maxWidth":100,"metric":true,"imperial":true,"updateWhenIdle":true,"position":"bottomleft"}]},{"method":"addHomeButton","args":[20.716667,38.118056,23.978333,39.05,true,"not_sparta","Zoom to not_sparta","<strong> not_sparta <\/strong>","bottomright"]},{"method":"addLayersControl","args":[["CartoDB.DarkMatter","CartoDB.Positron","OpenStreetMap","Esri.WorldImagery","OpenTopoMap"],"not_sparta",{"collapsed":true,"autoZIndex":true,"position":"topleft"}]},{"method":"addLegend","args":[{"colors":["#FFEBCD"],"labels":["not_sparta"],"na_color":null,"na_label":"NA","opacity":1,"position":"topright","type":"factor","title":"","extra":null,"layerId":null,"className":"info legend","group":"not_sparta"}]}],"limits":{"lat":[38.118056,39.05],"lng":[20.716667,23.978333]},"fitBounds":[38.118056,20.716667,39.05,23.978333,[]]},"evals":[],"jsHooks":{"render":[{"code":"function(el, x, data) {\n  return (\n      function(el, x, data) {\n      // get the leaflet map\n      var map = this; //HTMLWidgets.find('#' + el.id);\n      // we need a new div element because we have to handle\n      // the mouseover output separately\n      // debugger;\n      function addElement () {\n      // generate new div Element\n      var newDiv = $(document.createElement('div'));\n      // append at end of leaflet htmlwidget container\n      $(el).append(newDiv);\n      //provide ID and style\n      newDiv.addClass('lnlt');\n      newDiv.css({\n      'position': 'relative',\n      'bottomleft':  '0px',\n      'background-color': 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7)',\n      'box-shadow': '0 0 2px #bbb',\n      'background-clip': 'padding-box',\n      'margin': '0',\n      'padding-left': '5px',\n      'color': '#333',\n      'font': '9px/1.5 \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif',\n      'z-index': '700',\n      });\n      return newDiv;\n      }\n\n\n      // check for already existing lnlt class to not duplicate\n      var lnlt = $(el).find('.lnlt');\n\n      if(!lnlt.length) {\n      lnlt = addElement();\n\n      // grab the special div we generated in the beginning\n      // and put the mousmove output there\n\n      map.on('mousemove', function (e) {\n      if (e.originalEvent.ctrlKey) {\n      if (document.querySelector('.lnlt') === null) lnlt = addElement();\n      lnlt.text(\n                           ' lon: ' + (e.latlng.lng).toFixed(5) +\n                           ' | lat: ' + (e.latlng.lat).toFixed(5) +\n                           ' | zoom: ' + map.getZoom() +\n                           ' | x: ' + L.CRS.EPSG3857.project(e.latlng).x.toFixed(0) +\n                           ' | y: ' + L.CRS.EPSG3857.project(e.latlng).y.toFixed(0) +\n                           ' | epsg: 3857 ' +\n                           ' | proj4: +proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +no_defs ');\n      } else {\n      if (document.querySelector('.lnlt') === null) lnlt = addElement();\n      lnlt.text(\n                      ' lon: ' + (e.latlng.lng).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | lat: ' + (e.latlng.lat).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | zoom: ' + map.getZoom() + ' ');\n      }\n      });\n\n      // remove the lnlt div when mouse leaves map\n      map.on('mouseout', function (e) {\n      var strip = document.querySelector('.lnlt');\n      if( strip !==null) strip.remove();\n      });\n\n      };\n\n      //$(el).keypress(67, function(e) {\n      map.on('preclick', function(e) {\n      if (e.originalEvent.ctrlKey) {\n      if (document.querySelector('.lnlt') === null) lnlt = addElement();\n      lnlt.text(\n                      ' lon: ' + (e.latlng.lng).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | lat: ' + (e.latlng.lat).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | zoom: ' + map.getZoom() + ' ');\n      var txt = document.querySelector('.lnlt').textContent;\n      console.log(txt);\n      //txt.innerText.focus();\n      //txt.select();\n      setClipboardText('\"' + txt + '\"');\n      }\n      });\n\n      }\n      ).call(this.getMap(), el, x, data);\n}","data":null},{"code":"function(el, x, data) {\n  return (function(el,x,data){\n           var map = this;\n\n           map.on('keypress', function(e) {\n               console.log(e.originalEvent.code);\n               var key = e.originalEvent.code;\n               if (key === 'KeyE') {\n                   var bb = this.getBounds();\n                   var txt = JSON.stringify(bb);\n                   console.log(txt);\n\n                   setClipboardText('\\'' + txt + '\\'');\n               }\n           })\n        }).call(this.getMap(), el, x, data);\n}","data":null}]}}</script>
<p>Navigation of a mapview element is quite intuitive</p>
<ul>
<li>Controls allow you to zoom and pan,</li>
<li>Use the layer icon to:
<ul>
<li>switch layers on and off</li>
<li>change the background layers</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Click on an element to:
<ul>
<li>read its table of attributes (default)</li>
<li>open a custom popup (see next example)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>There are shortcuts to zoom to each layer or for a full zoom</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="section-section-4" class="section level3">
<h3></h3>
<p>We can add layers to the map using the <code>+</code> operator:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>  sparta.popup=&#39;https://64.media.tumblr.com/c963fce8a6e638323f5e60df33c127f3/tumblr_mq3bykOEmD1s9xi1so1_500.gif&#39;

  mapview(not_sparta, col.regions = &quot;blanchedalmond&quot;) +
  mapview(sparta, popup = popupImage(img=sparta.popup, src =&quot;remote&quot;))</code></pre>
<div id="htmlwidget-01140d30f9999b95ac3e" style="width:624px;height:384px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }   div.scrollableContainer {   max-height: 2000px;   max-width: 2000px; \twidth: 300px; \theight: 100%px;   overflow-y: hidden;   overflow-x: hidden;   margin: 0px;   padding: 0 0 0 0;   background: transparent; }   div::-webkit-scrollbar {   width: 5px;   height: 5px; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-button {   width: 0px;   height: 0px; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {   background: #666666;   border: 0px none #ffffff;   border-radius: 0px; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {   background: #333333; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:active {   background: #333333; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-track {   background: #e1e1e1;   border: 0px none #ffffff;   border-radius: 50px; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-track:hover {   background: #e1e1e1; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-track:active {   background: #e1e1e1; } div::-webkit-scrollbar-corner {   background: transparent; }  .leaflet-popup { \tposition: absolute; \ttext-align: center; }  .leaflet-popup-content { \tmargin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; 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\ttop: 0; \tright: -20px; \tpadding: 3px 0px 0 0; \ttext-align: center; \twidth: 18px; \theight: 14px; \tfont: 16px/14px Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; \tcolor: #c3c3c3; \ttext-decoration: none; \tfont-weight: bold; \tbackground: transparent; \t}  .leaflet-container a.leaflet-popup-close-button:hover { \tcolor: #999; \t}  .leaflet-popup-scrolled { \tborder-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; \tborder-top: 1px solid #ddd; \t}   <\/style> <\/head> <body>  <div class=\"scrollableContainer\"> <table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\">  <image src='https://64.media.tumblr.com/c963fce8a6e638323f5e60df33c127f3/tumblr_mq3bykOEmD1s9xi1so1_500.gif' width=300 height=100%>  <\/table> <\/div> <\/body> <\/html>"],{"maxWidth":800,"minWidth":50,"autoPan":true,"keepInView":false,"closeButton":true,"closeOnClick":true,"className":""},"This is Sparta!",{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]},{"method":"addHomeButton","args":[22.431028,37.075074,22.431028,37.075074,true,"sparta","Zoom to sparta","<strong> sparta <\/strong>","bottomright"]},{"method":"addLayersControl","args":[["CartoDB.DarkMatter","CartoDB.Positron","OpenStreetMap","Esri.WorldImagery","OpenTopoMap"],["not_sparta","sparta"],{"collapsed":true,"autoZIndex":true,"position":"topleft"}]},{"method":"addLegend","args":[{"colors":["#6666FF"],"labels":["This is Sparta!"],"na_color":null,"na_label":"NA","opacity":1,"position":"topright","type":"factor","title":"","extra":null,"layerId":null,"className":"info legend","group":"sparta"}]},{"method":"addHomeButton","args":[20.716667,37.075074,23.978333,39.05,true,null,"Zoom to full extent","<strong>Zoom full<\/strong>","bottomleft"]}],"limits":{"lat":[38.118056,39.05],"lng":[20.716667,23.978333]},"fitBounds":[37.075074,20.716667,39.05,23.978333,[]]},"evals":[],"jsHooks":{"render":[{"code":"function(el, x, data) {\n  return (\n      function(el, x, data) {\n      // get the leaflet map\n      var map = this; 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<p><code>mapview</code> provides functionality to view spatial objects interactively. The intention is to provide interactivity for easy and quick visualization during spatial data analysis.</p>
<p>If you want more fine-tuned, presentation quality map production you can explore the <a href="https://rstudio.github.io/leaflet/"><code>leaflet</code></a> or the <code>tmap</code> packages.</p>
</div>
<div id="section-thats-it-for-this-tutorial" class="section level3">
<h3>That’s it for this tutorial!</h3>
<p>Well, that was easy! wasn’t it?</p>
<p>We learned to:</p>
<ul>
<li>calculate distance between points with <code>st_distance</code> and <code>st_nearest_feature</code></li>
<li>map two sets of points using <code>mapview</code></li>
</ul>
<p>I hope this has been useful and you feel more confident to start working with geo-spatial data in R.</p>
Check the next tutorials in our <a href="https://github.com/UNSW-codeRs/geospatial-data-in-R">geospatial-data repository</a> 
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<h2 class="title toc-ignore" style="display:none;">Geo-spatial tutorial: create a simple feature</h2>
<h4 class="author"><em>JR Ferrer-Paris</em></h4>
<h4 class="date"><em>March 2021 (updated: 2022-04-04)</em></h4>
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