Data Analysis with Python.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import seaborn as sns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415                 No              No   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                Yes              No   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2              110             10.30   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9               88              5.26   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3              122             12.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "2                162.6                104                7.32   \n",
       "3                196.9                 89                8.86   \n",
       "4                186.9                121                8.41   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3               3.70   \n",
       "2                12.2                 5               3.29   \n",
       "3                 6.6                 7               1.78   \n",
       "4                10.1                 3               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1  False  \n",
       "1                       1  False  \n",
       "2                       0  False  \n",
       "3                       2  False  \n",
       "4                       3  False  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Dataset with churn rate of telecom operator clients\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv(r'C:\\Users\\38099\\Downloads\\telecom_churn.csv')\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['State', 'Account length', 'Area code', 'International plan',\n",
       "       'Voice mail plan', 'Number vmail messages', 'Total day minutes',\n",
       "       'Total day calls', 'Total day charge', 'Total eve minutes',\n",
       "       'Total eve calls', 'Total eve charge', 'Total night minutes',\n",
       "       'Total night calls', 'Total night charge', 'Total intl minutes',\n",
       "       'Total intl calls', 'Total intl charge', 'Customer service calls',\n",
       "       'Churn'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get all column in the dataset\n",
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 3333 entries, 0 to 3332\n",
      "Data columns (total 20 columns):\n",
      "State                     3333 non-null object\n",
      "Account length            3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Area code                 3333 non-null int64\n",
      "International plan        3333 non-null object\n",
      "Voice mail plan           3333 non-null object\n",
      "Number vmail messages     3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Total day minutes         3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total day calls           3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Total day charge          3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total eve minutes         3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total eve calls           3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Total eve charge          3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total night minutes       3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total night calls         3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Total night charge        3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total intl minutes        3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Total intl calls          3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Total intl charge         3333 non-null float64\n",
      "Customer service calls    3333 non-null int64\n",
      "Churn                     3333 non-null bool\n",
      "dtypes: bool(1), float64(8), int64(8), object(3)\n",
      "memory usage: 459.0+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get some general information about our CSV file\n",
    "df.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>101.064806</td>\n",
       "      <td>437.182418</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.099010</td>\n",
       "      <td>179.775098</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.435644</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.562307</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.980348</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.114311</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.083540</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.872037</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.107711</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.039325</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.237294</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.479448</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.764581</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.562856</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>39.822106</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.371290</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.688365</td>\n",
       "      <td>54.467389</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.069084</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.259435</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.713844</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.922625</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.310668</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.573847</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.568609</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.275873</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.791840</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.461214</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.753773</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.315491</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>408.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.200000</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.040000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>74.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>408.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>143.700000</td>\n",
       "      <td>87.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>24.430000</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.600000</td>\n",
       "      <td>87.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.160000</td>\n",
       "      <td>167.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>87.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.520000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>101.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>415.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>179.400000</td>\n",
       "      <td>101.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>201.400000</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.120000</td>\n",
       "      <td>201.200000</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.050000</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.780000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>127.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>510.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>216.400000</td>\n",
       "      <td>114.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.790000</td>\n",
       "      <td>235.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>114.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>235.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>113.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.590000</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.100000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.270000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>243.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>510.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>350.800000</td>\n",
       "      <td>165.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.640000</td>\n",
       "      <td>363.700000</td>\n",
       "      <td>170.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.910000</td>\n",
       "      <td>395.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>175.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.770000</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.400000</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       Account length    Area code  Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  \\\n",
       "count     3333.000000  3333.000000            3333.000000        3333.000000   \n",
       "mean       101.064806   437.182418               8.099010         179.775098   \n",
       "std         39.822106    42.371290              13.688365          54.467389   \n",
       "min          1.000000   408.000000               0.000000           0.000000   \n",
       "25%         74.000000   408.000000               0.000000         143.700000   \n",
       "50%        101.000000   415.000000               0.000000         179.400000   \n",
       "75%        127.000000   510.000000              20.000000         216.400000   \n",
       "max        243.000000   510.000000              51.000000         350.800000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total day calls  Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  \\\n",
       "count      3333.000000       3333.000000        3333.000000      3333.000000   \n",
       "mean        100.435644         30.562307         200.980348       100.114311   \n",
       "std          20.069084          9.259435          50.713844        19.922625   \n",
       "min           0.000000          0.000000           0.000000         0.000000   \n",
       "25%          87.000000         24.430000         166.600000        87.000000   \n",
       "50%         101.000000         30.500000         201.400000       100.000000   \n",
       "75%         114.000000         36.790000         235.300000       114.000000   \n",
       "max         165.000000         59.640000         363.700000       170.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total eve charge  Total night minutes  Total night calls  \\\n",
       "count       3333.000000          3333.000000        3333.000000   \n",
       "mean          17.083540           200.872037         100.107711   \n",
       "std            4.310668            50.573847          19.568609   \n",
       "min            0.000000            23.200000          33.000000   \n",
       "25%           14.160000           167.000000          87.000000   \n",
       "50%           17.120000           201.200000         100.000000   \n",
       "75%           20.000000           235.300000         113.000000   \n",
       "max           30.910000           395.000000         175.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total night charge  Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  \\\n",
       "count         3333.000000         3333.000000       3333.000000   \n",
       "mean             9.039325           10.237294          4.479448   \n",
       "std              2.275873            2.791840          2.461214   \n",
       "min              1.040000            0.000000          0.000000   \n",
       "25%              7.520000            8.500000          3.000000   \n",
       "50%              9.050000           10.300000          4.000000   \n",
       "75%             10.590000           12.100000          6.000000   \n",
       "max             17.770000           20.000000         20.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total intl charge  Customer service calls  \n",
       "count        3333.000000             3333.000000  \n",
       "mean            2.764581                1.562856  \n",
       "std             0.753773                1.315491  \n",
       "min             0.000000                0.000000  \n",
       "25%             2.300000                1.000000  \n",
       "50%             2.780000                1.000000  \n",
       "75%             3.270000                2.000000  \n",
       "max             5.400000                9.000000  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get some statistical information \n",
    "df.describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>unique</th>\n",
       "      <td>51</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>top</th>\n",
       "      <td>WV</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>freq</th>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>3010</td>\n",
       "      <td>2411</td>\n",
       "      <td>2850</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       State International plan Voice mail plan  Churn\n",
       "count   3333               3333            3333   3333\n",
       "unique    51                  2               2      2\n",
       "top       WV                 No              No  False\n",
       "freq     106               3010            2411   2850"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Here we can see statistical information of non-numerical features\n",
    "df.describe(include=['object', 'bool'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False    2850\n",
       "True      483\n",
       "Name: Churn, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get count of values in 'Churn' column\n",
    "df['Churn'].value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Sorting"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>365</th>\n",
       "      <td>CO</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>350.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>216.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>253.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>985</th>\n",
       "      <td>NY</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>346.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.96</td>\n",
       "      <td>249.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.21</td>\n",
       "      <td>275.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.39</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2594</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>345.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>81</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>203.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>217.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.79</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>156</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>337.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>120</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.36</td>\n",
       "      <td>227.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>116</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.93</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>605</th>\n",
       "      <td>MO</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>335.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>212.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.06</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>132</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.93</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "365     CO             154        415                 No              No   \n",
       "985     NY              64        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "2594    OH             115        510                Yes              No   \n",
       "156     OH              83        415                 No              No   \n",
       "605     MO             112        415                 No              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "365                       0              350.8               75   \n",
       "985                       0              346.8               55   \n",
       "2594                      0              345.3               81   \n",
       "156                       0              337.4              120   \n",
       "605                       0              335.5               77   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "365              59.64              216.5               94             18.40   \n",
       "985              58.96              249.5               79             21.21   \n",
       "2594             58.70              203.4              106             17.29   \n",
       "156              57.36              227.4              116             19.33   \n",
       "605              57.04              212.5              109             18.06   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "365                 253.9                100               11.43   \n",
       "985                 275.4                102               12.39   \n",
       "2594                217.5                107                9.79   \n",
       "156                 153.9                114                6.93   \n",
       "605                 265.0                132               11.93   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "365                 10.1                 9               2.73   \n",
       "985                 13.3                 9               3.59   \n",
       "2594                11.8                 8               3.19   \n",
       "156                 15.8                 7               4.27   \n",
       "605                 12.7                 8               3.43   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "365                        1   True  \n",
       "985                        1   True  \n",
       "2594                       1   True  \n",
       "156                        0   True  \n",
       "605                        2   True  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We can sorn dataframe in the same way we sorting Excel file\n",
    "# Let's sort dataframe by column 'Total day minutes' with descending order\n",
    "df.sort_values(by='Total day minutes', ascending = False).head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>95</th>\n",
       "      <td>AK</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>278.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.89</td>\n",
       "      <td>163.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.65</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2265</th>\n",
       "      <td>AK</td>\n",
       "      <td>126</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>31</td>\n",
       "      <td>278.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>253.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>65</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.52</td>\n",
       "      <td>223.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.35</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2367</th>\n",
       "      <td>AK</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>262.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>198.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>96</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.91</td>\n",
       "      <td>165.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2902</th>\n",
       "      <td>AK</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>252.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.91</td>\n",
       "      <td>187.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.96</td>\n",
       "      <td>259.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3241</th>\n",
       "      <td>AK</td>\n",
       "      <td>177</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>248.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>118</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.28</td>\n",
       "      <td>172.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.65</td>\n",
       "      <td>191.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>87</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.05</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "95      AK             104        408                 No              No   \n",
       "2265    AK             126        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "2367    AK              74        415                 No              No   \n",
       "2902    AK              61        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "3241    AK             177        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "95                        0              278.4              106   \n",
       "2265                     31              278.0               88   \n",
       "2367                      0              262.3              114   \n",
       "2902                     15              252.4              106   \n",
       "3241                      0              248.7              118   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "95               47.33               81.0              113              6.89   \n",
       "2265             47.26              253.2               65             21.52   \n",
       "2367             44.59              198.9               96             16.91   \n",
       "2902             42.91              187.8               69             15.96   \n",
       "3241             42.28              172.3               73             14.65   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "95                  163.2                137                7.34   \n",
       "2265                223.2                114               10.04   \n",
       "2367                165.9                 90                7.47   \n",
       "2902                259.6                137               11.68   \n",
       "3241                191.9                 87                8.64   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "95                   9.8                 5               2.65   \n",
       "2265                 8.7                 4               2.35   \n",
       "2367                 6.6                 5               1.78   \n",
       "2902                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "3241                11.3                 2               3.05   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "95                         1  False  \n",
       "2265                       0  False  \n",
       "2367                       3  False  \n",
       "2902                       2  False  \n",
       "3241                       1   True  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We also can sort dataframes by multiple columns\n",
    "df.sort_values(by=['State', 'Total day charge'],ascending=[True, False]).head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Indexing and retrieving data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.14491449144914492"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Here we can see proportion of churned users in our dataframe = 14.5%\n",
    "df['Churn'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Account length            102.664596\n",
       "Area code                 437.817805\n",
       "Number vmail messages       5.115942\n",
       "Total day minutes         206.914079\n",
       "Total day calls           101.335404\n",
       "Total day charge           35.175921\n",
       "Total eve minutes         212.410145\n",
       "Total eve calls           100.561077\n",
       "Total eve charge           18.054969\n",
       "Total night minutes       205.231677\n",
       "Total night calls         100.399586\n",
       "Total night charge          9.235528\n",
       "Total intl minutes         10.700000\n",
       "Total intl calls            4.163561\n",
       "Total intl charge           2.889545\n",
       "Customer service calls      2.229814\n",
       "Churn                       1.000000\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Here we take only churned users (df['Churn']==1) and extracting average values by every column\n",
    "df[df['Churn']==1].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "206.91407867494823"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# But if we want to see average value of one column we have to add its name\n",
    "df[df['Churn']==1]['Total day minutes'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "18.9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Writing some logical statements \n",
    "# So we are searching for loyal users calls duration that don't have international plan\n",
    "df[df['Churn']==0 & (df['International plan']=='No')]['Total intl minutes'].max()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>AL</td>\n",
       "      <td>118</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code\n",
       "0    KS             128        415\n",
       "1    OH             107        415\n",
       "2    NJ             137        415\n",
       "3    OH              84        408\n",
       "4    OK              75        415\n",
       "5    AL             118        510"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Here you can see different ways to index dataframes. \n",
    "# loc()  method use indexing by name\n",
    "df.loc[0:5, 'State':'Area code']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code\n",
       "0    KS             128        415\n",
       "1    OH             107        415\n",
       "2    NJ             137        415\n",
       "3    OH              84        408\n",
       "4    OK              75        415"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# iloc() method use indexing by number\n",
    "df.iloc[0:5, 0:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Applying functions to Cells, Columns and Rows"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "State                        WY\n",
       "Account length              243\n",
       "Area code                   510\n",
       "International plan          Yes\n",
       "Voice mail plan             Yes\n",
       "Number vmail messages        51\n",
       "Total day minutes         350.8\n",
       "Total day calls             165\n",
       "Total day charge          59.64\n",
       "Total eve minutes         363.7\n",
       "Total eve calls             170\n",
       "Total eve charge          30.91\n",
       "Total night minutes         395\n",
       "Total night calls           175\n",
       "Total night charge        17.77\n",
       "Total intl minutes           20\n",
       "Total intl calls             20\n",
       "Total intl charge           5.4\n",
       "Customer service calls        9\n",
       "Churn                      True\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To apply function to each dataframe's column use apply() function\n",
    "df.apply(np.max)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>RI</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>187.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>127</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.91</td>\n",
       "      <td>163.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>148</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.89</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.82</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.46</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>149</th>\n",
       "      <td>RI</td>\n",
       "      <td>145</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>43</td>\n",
       "      <td>257.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>97</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.81</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>95</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>286.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>86</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>153</th>\n",
       "      <td>RI</td>\n",
       "      <td>56</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>226.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.42</td>\n",
       "      <td>248.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>118</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.12</td>\n",
       "      <td>140.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>142</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>209</th>\n",
       "      <td>RI</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>217.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>246.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.97</td>\n",
       "      <td>226.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.17</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>246</th>\n",
       "      <td>RI</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>37</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.20</td>\n",
       "      <td>102.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.69</td>\n",
       "      <td>261.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "11     RI              74        415                 No              No   \n",
       "149    RI             145        408                 No             Yes   \n",
       "153    RI              56        415                 No              No   \n",
       "209    RI              99        510                 No              No   \n",
       "246    RI             107        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "11                       0              187.7              127   \n",
       "149                     43              257.7               97   \n",
       "153                      0              226.0              112   \n",
       "209                      0              217.2              112   \n",
       "246                     37               60.0              102   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "11              31.91              163.4              148             13.89   \n",
       "149             43.81              162.1               95             13.78   \n",
       "153             38.42              248.5              118             21.12   \n",
       "209             36.92              246.7               89             20.97   \n",
       "246             10.20              102.2               80              8.69   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "11                 196.0                 94                8.82   \n",
       "149                286.9                 86               12.91   \n",
       "153                140.5                142                6.32   \n",
       "209                226.1                 89               10.17   \n",
       "246                261.8                106               11.78   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "11                  9.1                 5               2.46   \n",
       "149                11.1                 4               3.00   \n",
       "153                 6.9                11               1.86   \n",
       "209                15.8                 7               4.27   \n",
       "246                11.1                 3               3.00   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "11                        0  False  \n",
       "149                       2  False  \n",
       "153                       1  False  \n",
       "209                       3  False  \n",
       "246                       0  False  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# If you want to see each state starting by 'R' use lambda function\n",
    "df[df['State'].apply(lambda state: state[0] == 'R')].head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan  Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             True   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             True   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415                 No            False   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                Yes            False   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                Yes            False   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2              110             10.30   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9               88              5.26   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3              122             12.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "2                162.6                104                7.32   \n",
       "3                196.9                 89                8.86   \n",
       "4                186.9                121                8.41   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3               3.70   \n",
       "2                12.2                 5               3.29   \n",
       "3                 6.6                 7               1.78   \n",
       "4                10.1                 3               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1  False  \n",
       "1                       1  False  \n",
       "2                       0  False  \n",
       "3                       2  False  \n",
       "4                       3  False  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# If you want to replace some values in the dataframe with new one use replase method\n",
    "d = {'No' : False, 'Yes' : True}\n",
    "df = df.replace({'Voice mail plan': d})\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Grouping"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Standart way of grouping in pandas\n",
    "# df.groupby(by=grouping_columns)[columns_to_show].function()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"6\" halign=\"left\">Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"6\" halign=\"left\">Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"6\" halign=\"left\">Total night calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <td>2850.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.283158</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.801157</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>163.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2850.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.038596</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.958414</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>170.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2850.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.058246</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.506246</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>175.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "      <td>483.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>101.335404</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.582307</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>103.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>165.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>483.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.561077</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.724711</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>101.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>168.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>483.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.399586</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.950659</td>\n",
       "      <td>49.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>158.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      Total day calls                                            \\\n",
       "                count        mean        std  min    50%    max   \n",
       "Churn                                                             \n",
       "False          2850.0  100.283158  19.801157  0.0  100.0  163.0   \n",
       "True            483.0  101.335404  21.582307  0.0  103.0  165.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total eve calls                                             \\\n",
       "                count        mean        std   min    50%    max   \n",
       "Churn                                                              \n",
       "False          2850.0  100.038596  19.958414   0.0  100.0  170.0   \n",
       "True            483.0  100.561077  19.724711  48.0  101.0  168.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total night calls                                             \n",
       "                  count        mean        std   min    50%    max  \n",
       "Churn                                                               \n",
       "False            2850.0  100.058246  19.506246  33.0  100.0  175.0  \n",
       "True              483.0  100.399586  19.950659  49.0  100.0  158.0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Here we use grouping dataframe by 'Churm' column , getting only 3 column, and for this 3 column applying describe() method\n",
    "To_show = ['Total day calls','Total eve calls','Total night calls']\n",
    "df.groupby(['Churn'])[To_show].describe(percentiles=[])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"4\" halign=\"left\">Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"4\" halign=\"left\">Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"4\" halign=\"left\">Total night calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>amin</th>\n",
       "      <th>amax</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>amin</th>\n",
       "      <th>amax</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>amin</th>\n",
       "      <th>amax</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.283158</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.801157</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>163</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.038596</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.958414</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>170</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.058246</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.506246</td>\n",
       "      <td>33</td>\n",
       "      <td>175</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "      <td>101.335404</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.582307</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>165</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.561077</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.724711</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>168</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.399586</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.950659</td>\n",
       "      <td>49</td>\n",
       "      <td>158</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      Total day calls                      Total eve calls                  \\\n",
       "                 mean        std amin amax            mean        std amin   \n",
       "Churn                                                                        \n",
       "False      100.283158  19.801157    0  163      100.038596  19.958414    0   \n",
       "True       101.335404  21.582307    0  165      100.561077  19.724711   48   \n",
       "\n",
       "           Total night calls                       \n",
       "      amax              mean        std amin amax  \n",
       "Churn                                              \n",
       "False  170        100.058246  19.506246   33  175  \n",
       "True   168        100.399586  19.950659   49  158  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.groupby(['Churn'])[To_show].agg([np.mean,np.std,np.min,np.max])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Summary tables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# You should use contingency table using the crosstab method to see some observations in context of two variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Yes</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <td>2664</td>\n",
       "      <td>186</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "      <td>346</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "International plan    No  Yes\n",
       "Churn                        \n",
       "False               2664  186\n",
       "True                 346  137"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'], df['International plan'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.602460</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.252625</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.120912</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.024002</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Voice mail plan     False     True \n",
       "Churn                              \n",
       "False            0.602460  0.252625\n",
       "True             0.120912  0.024002"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'], df['Voice mail plan'], normalize = True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Examples of pivot tables, that we also have in Excel"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>408</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.496420</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.788783</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.039379</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>415</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.576435</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.503927</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.398187</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>510</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.097619</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.671429</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.601190</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "           Total day calls  Total eve calls  Total night calls\n",
       "Area code                                                     \n",
       "408             100.496420        99.788783          99.039379\n",
       "415             100.576435       100.503927         100.398187\n",
       "510             100.097619        99.671429         100.601190"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.pivot_table(['Total day calls', 'Total eve calls', 'Total night calls'],\n",
    "               ['Area code'], aggfunc='mean')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# DataFrame transformations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total_calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total_charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total charge</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>303</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.56</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.56</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>332</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.24</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.24</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>333</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.29</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>255</td>\n",
       "      <td>66.80</td>\n",
       "      <td>66.80</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>359</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.09</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.09</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 23 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan  Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             True   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             True   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415                 No            False   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                Yes            False   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                Yes            False   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  ...  Total night calls  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4  ...                 91   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5  ...                103   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2  ...                104   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9  ...                 89   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3  ...                121   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night charge  Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  \\\n",
       "0               11.01                10.0                 3   \n",
       "1               11.45                13.7                 3   \n",
       "2                7.32                12.2                 5   \n",
       "3                8.86                 6.6                 7   \n",
       "4                8.41                10.1                 3   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl charge  Customer service calls  Churn  Total_calls  \\\n",
       "0               2.70                       1  False          303   \n",
       "1               3.70                       1  False          332   \n",
       "2               3.29                       0  False          333   \n",
       "3               1.78                       2  False          255   \n",
       "4               2.73                       3  False          359   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total_charge  Total charge  \n",
       "0         75.56         75.56  \n",
       "1         59.24         59.24  \n",
       "2         62.29         62.29  \n",
       "3         66.80         66.80  \n",
       "4         52.09         52.09  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 23 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# One way to add new column to existing dataframe\n",
    "df['Total charge'] = df['Total day charge'] + df['Total eve charge'] + \\\n",
    "                     df['Total night charge'] + df['Total intl charge']\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total_calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total_charge</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>303</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.56</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>332</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.24</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>333</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.29</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>255</td>\n",
       "      <td>66.80</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>359</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.09</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 22 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan  Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             True   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             True   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415                 No            False   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                Yes            False   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                Yes            False   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  ...  Total night minutes  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4  ...                244.7   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5  ...                254.4   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2  ...                162.6   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9  ...                196.9   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3  ...                186.9   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night calls  Total night charge  Total intl minutes  \\\n",
       "0                 91               11.01                10.0   \n",
       "1                103               11.45                13.7   \n",
       "2                104                7.32                12.2   \n",
       "3                 89                8.86                 6.6   \n",
       "4                121                8.41                10.1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl calls  Total intl charge  Customer service calls  Churn  \\\n",
       "0                 3               2.70                       1  False   \n",
       "1                 3               3.70                       1  False   \n",
       "2                 5               3.29                       0  False   \n",
       "3                 7               1.78                       2  False   \n",
       "4                 3               2.73                       3  False   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total_calls  Total_charge  \n",
       "0          303         75.56  \n",
       "1          332         59.24  \n",
       "2          333         62.29  \n",
       "3          255         66.80  \n",
       "4          359         52.09  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 22 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Deleting column\n",
    "df.drop(['Total charge'],axis =1,inplace=True)\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.7.4"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
}