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Disk Usage Management with du

The du command abbreviates Disk Usage and is used to estimate and display disk usage of files and directories within the file system.

Syntax

du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F

Options

  • -a, --all: Count all files, including directories.
  • --apparent-size: Print apparent sizes instead of disk usage. Apparent sizes are generally smaller, but they may be larger due to holes in sparse files, internal fragmentation, and indirect blocks.
  • -B, --block-size=SIZE: Scale sizes before printing by SIZE. For example, -BM prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes.
  • -b, --bytes: Equivalent to --apparent-size --block-size=1.
  • -c, --total: Show grand total.
  • -D, --dereference-args: Dereference only the arguments listed on the command line.
  • --files0-from=F: Estimate disk usage of files specified in file F, where each name is terminated by a null character. If F is -, reads names from standard input.
  • -H: Equivalent to --dereference-args (-D).
  • -h, --human-readable: Print sizes in human-readable format, rounding values and using abbreviations. For example, 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.
  • --si: Similar to -h, but uses powers of 1000 instead of 1024.
  • -k: Similar to --block-size=1K.
  • -l, --count-links: Count sizes multiple times (if there are hard links).
  • -m: Similar to --block-size=1M.
  • -L, --dereference: Dereference all symbolic links.
  • -P, --no-dereference: Do not follow any symbolic links (default behavior).
  • -0, --null: Use a null byte to terminate each output line instead of a newline.
  • -S, --separate-dirs: Do not include size of subdirectories.
  • -s, --summarize: Display only a total for each argument.
  • -x, --one-file-system: Skip directories on different filesystems.
  • -X, --exclude-from=FILE: Exclude files matching patterns in FILE.
  • --exclude=PATTERN: Exclude files matching PATTERN.
  • -d, --max-depth=N: Print total only if directory (or file with --all) is at most N levels below the command line arguments, --max-depth=0 is equivalent to --summarize.
  • --time: Show last modification time of any file or its subdirectories in the directory.
  • --time=WORD: Show time according to WORD: atime, access, use, ctime, or status.
  • --time-style=STYLE: Show time using STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, or + format (interpretation of FORMAT is like date).
  • --help: Display help information and exit.
  • --version: Output version information and exit.

Examples

Display the disk space occupied by the current directory and its subdirectories.

du -h

Show disk usage of a specific directory, recursively showing usage by default.

du -h /home

Recursively show space occupied by every file and subdirectory in a directory, finally summarizing total usage.

du -ah /home

Show space usage of immediate subdirectories in the current directory.

du -h -d 1

Display disk usage of the current directory.

du -h -d 0

Show disk space usage of the file system (disk free).

df -h

Display disk usage of all files and subdirectories in the current directory, sorted by size.

du -a -h -d 1 | sort -h -r

Show disk usage of all files and subdirectories in the current directory, excluding certain folders, and sort by size.

du -a -h -d 1 --exclude=.git --exclude=node_modules | sort -h -r
find . -maxdepth 1 \( -path ./.git -o -path ./node_modules \) -prune -o -exec du -sh {} + | sort -h -r # Mac

Check the size of a specific file.

du -h tsconfig.json

Filter and view the volume of a file using grep, useful when dealing with symbolic links.

ls -l -h tsconfig.json
du -a -h -d 1 | grep tsconfig.json
find . -maxdepth 1 -print0 | xargs -0 du -sh | grep tsconfig.json # Mac

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References