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+# 2024-12-09 Implementation Plan: Proxy Frontend API Requests Through Nuxt
+
+**Author**: @obulat
+
+## Reviewers
+
+- [ ] @dhruvkb
+- [ ] @krysal
+
+## Project Links
+
+- [Project Thread](https://github.com/WordPress/openverse/issues/3473)
+- [Project Milestone](https://github.com/WordPress/openverse/milestone/35)
+
+This project does not have a project proposal because the scope and rationale of
+the project are clear, as defined in the project thread.
+
+## Overview
+
+Currently, client requests[^1] from the frontend to the API are sent without
+authentication. As a result, strict API rate limiting on unauthenticated
+requests would inadvertently throttle legitimate traffic from openverse.org
+users. By proxying all client requests[^1] through the Nuxt server, we can
+authenticate them and thus distinguish them from the anonymous traffic in the
+API.
+
+This implementation plan outlines how we will route all frontend traffic to the
+API through Nuxt server routes — effectively “authenticating” these requests at
+the API level — and configure Cloudflare rate-limiting to protect these routes
+from excessive automated traffic that is against Openverse Terms of Service.
+
+While this plan does not include lowering unauthenticated rate limits in the
+API, it establishes the groundwork for it. This approach will ensure better
+stability and fairness of the API service, while also preserving the normal user
+experience on the frontend.
+
+## Expected Outcomes
+
+1. **Distinguishable Frontend Requests in the API**: Frontend requests are
+   authenticated at the API level and no longer constrained by unauthenticated
+   rate limits.
+
+2. **Protected Nuxt Server Routes and Fair Access**: Nuxt server routes are
+   protected from automated abuse and suspicious traffic by Cloudflare
+   rate-limiting, ensuring that legitimate users (including those in shared IP
+   environments, such as schools and libraries) maintain reliable access without
+   undue friction.
+
+## Request Flow
+
+From the Nuxt client perspective, the request flow will not change much: instead
+of going directly to the API, requests will go to the Nuxt server routes
+(`/api/**`). The main difference is that, when rate-limited, the client will
+receive a Cloudflare challenge response that will be handled by
+[Nuxt Turnstile Module](https://github.com/nuxt-modules/turnstile).
+
+The Nuxt server routes will authenticate the requests by adding the API token,
+and sign requests with HMAC to allow Cloudflare to apply rate-limiting on a
+per-user basis, even when multiple users share the same IP (e.g., in NAT
+environments).
+
+```{mermaid}
+sequenceDiagram
+    participant O as Client
+    participant C as Cloudflare
+    participant NS as Nuxt Server
+    participant A as API
+    O ->> C: HMAC-signed request
+    Note right of C: "Check the the rate limits based on cookie&IP"
+    alt successful
+        C ->> NS: request
+        NS ->> A: authenticated request
+        A ->> NS: response
+        NS ->> O: response
+    else rate-limited
+        C ->> O: turnstile widget
+        O ->> C: Cloudflare challenge cookie
+        C ->> NS: request
+        NS ->> A: authenticated request
+        A ->> NS: response
+        NS ->> O: response
+    end
+```
+
+## Cloudflare Rate Limiting
+
+Originally, I thought of using Cloudflare managed challenges to protect the Nuxt
+server routes from abuse. However, this would have required issuing a challenge
+to every new user, which would have been a poor user experience. Instead, we
+will use Cloudflare rate limiting to protect the Nuxt server routes from abuse.
+The rate limiting will be based on the IP and cookie combination, and will
+trigger a managed challenge only when the request volume from a user exceeds the
+defined threshold. This way, legitimate users will not be inconvenienced by
+challenges, while automated traffic will be rate-limited and challenged.
+
+- **Supported Browsers for Challenges**:
+  [Cloudflare Documentation](https://developers.cloudflare.com/waf/reference/cloudflare-challenges/#supported-browsers)
+  notes that managed challenges support modern browsers, but does not show the
+  minimum supported versions. Users with older browsers may struggle,
+  potentially creating accessibility issues.
+
+- **Referer Header Changes After Challenge**: After passing a managed challenge,
+  the referer header may change:
+  [Referer Header after Challenge](https://developers.cloudflare.com/waf/reference/cloudflare-challenges/#referer-header)
+  We must ensure this does not disrupt our request logic.
+
+- **Multi-language Support**: Challenges support multiple languages [^2],
+  although the number of supported languages is lower than the number of
+  languages supported by Openverse.
+
+### Impact on the Nuxt Server
+
+- **Load on Nuxt CPU/memory** Proxying the requests by the Nuxt server will
+  increase the server load. We need to ensure that the server can handle that
+  load by monitoring and adjusting the values if necessary. The server proxy
+  routes should be written in such a way that they are not consuming CPU
+  resources heavily.
+
+## Prior Art
+
+- HMAC signing:
+  [Sign k6 requests with HMAC to enable WAF bypass](https://github.com/WordPress/openverse/pull/4908)
+
+## Step-by-step plan
+
+We’ll implement this plan in the following order. I’ve noted which steps depend
+on others, and included references to the detailed instructions below:
+
+1. [Move API Token to Nuxt server middleware](#move-api-token-to-nuxt-server-middleware)
+2. [Set up Nuxt Server proxy routes](#set-up-nuxt-server-proxy-routes)
+3. [Add the frontend feature flag](#add-the-frontend-feature-flag)
+4. [Set up Cloudflare rate limiting for staging](#set-up-cloudflare-rate-limiting-for-staging)
+5. [Use server routes instead of the `api-client` in the frontend when the feature flag is on](#use-server-routes-in-the-frontend-when-the-feature-flag-is-on)
+6. [Set up the Nuxt turnstile module](#set-up-the-nuxt-turnstile-module)
+7. [Set up Cloudflare rate limiting for production](#set-up-cloudflare-rate-limiting-for-production)
+8. [Switch on the flag in production](#switch-the-feature-flag-on-in-production)
+9. [Monitor the Cloudflare dashboard and Sentry logs for challenge occurrences](#monitor-the-cloudflare-dashboard-and-sentry-logs-for-challenge-occurrences)
+
+## Step Details
+
+### Move API Token to Nuxt server middleware
+
+Extract the functionality that generates the API token from
+[`frontend/src/plugins/01.api-token.server.ts`](https://github.com/WordPress/openverse/blob/a9441f7e38fcf0d56f9732122c9d3106a87eabe5/frontend/src/plugins/01.api-token.server.ts)
+to `frontend/server/utils/api-token.ts`.
+
+Create the
+[Nuxt server middleware](https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/directory-structure/server#server-middleware)
+that requests the API token for every request, and adds the token to the event
+context. In the new Nuxt server routes, we will be able to use it as
+`event.context.apiToken`.
+
+To use the token in the current frontend code, update the
+[`use-api-client` composable](https://github.com/WordPress/openverse/blob/a9441f7e38fcf0d56f9732122c9d3106a87eabe5/frontend/src/composables/use-api-client.ts#L7)
+to use the token from the event context:
+
+```ts
+/** Old code */
+// const { $openverseApiToken: accessToken } = useNuxtApp()
+/** New code */
+const { apiToken } = useRequestEvent().context
+```
+
+### Set up Nuxt Server proxy routes
+
+- Create the Nuxt server routes under `/api/`:
+
+  - `/api/search/[type]` - for search requests
+  - `/api/[type]/[id]` - for single result requests
+  - `/api/[type]/related/[id]` - for related media requests
+
+- Create a helper function that accepts the H3 `event` object, and extracts the
+  request details to forward to the API:
+  - media type
+  - the API media type slug (i.e., the special case of "images" for "image")
+  - media id, if applicable
+  - search query
+  - headers that should be passed on to the API
+- From the
+  [k6 implementation](https://github.com/WordPress/openverse/pull/4908), copy
+  the helper function that signs the request with HMAC.
+
+The server route handler should:
+
+- generate the relevant API request URL (i.e., converting `/api/image/?q=cat` to
+  `<apiUrl>/v1/images/?q=cat`)
+- add the headers (headers from the original client request that can be proxied,
+  authentication, HMAC)
+- send the request using `ofetch` (or `ofetch.raw` to extract the response
+  headers for `SEARCH_RESPONSE_TIME` Plausible event)
+- handle errors and return the appropriate response to the client
+
+### Add the frontend feature flag
+
+Add `proxy_requests` feature flag to `frontend/feat/feature-flags.json`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "proxy_requests": {
+    "description": "Proxy frontend requests through Nuxt server",
+    "status": {
+      "staging": "switchable",
+      "production": "disabled"
+    },
+    "defaultState": "off",
+    "storage": "cookie"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Set up Cloudflare rate limiting for staging
+
+Add the initial rate limiting to the Nuxt server routes (`/api/**`) in the
+infrastructure repository (_maintainers only_).
+
+Cloudflare rules consist of two parts: the expression to match the request and
+the action to take when the request matches the expression [^3].
+
+#### Expression
+
+The rate limiting expression should be opposite to the one we use in k6 tests:
+we want to limit the requests that are not authenticated with HMAC.
+
+```
+http.host eq "staging.openverse.org"
+and starts_with(http.request.uri.path, "/api/")
+and not is_timed_hmac_valid_v0(...)
+```
+
+#### Action
+
+The action should be `managed_challenge`, which will issue a challenge to the
+user when the rate limit is exceeded.
+
+#### Testing the rate limits
+
+When testing this feature, we can adjust the staging limits using the UI. I
+envisage that we will need to adjust the limits many times because testing the
+Cloudflare rate limiting locally is not possible.
+
+### Use server routes in the frontend when the feature flag is on
+
+Create two fetch functions in the stores: one that uses the current direct API
+requests with `api-service`, and the other that sends the request to the Nuxt
+server route. The fetch function to use should be selected based on the feature
+flag status.
+
+The change will need to be added to the `related`, `single-media` and `media`
+stores. Here's sample implementation in the media store,
+`frontend/stores/media/index.ts`:
+
+```ts
+if (featureFlagStore.isOn("proxy_requests")) {
+  const result = getProxiedResponse(mediaType, queryParams)
+} else {
+  const client = useApiClient()
+  const result = await getApiClientResponse(client, mediaType, queryParams)
+  if (result.error) {
+    // handle the error
+    return null
+  }
+  // handle the response
+}
+
+const getProxiedResponse = async (
+  mediaType: string,
+  queryParams: Record<string, string>
+) => {
+  try {
+    const { eventPayload, data } = await $fetch(
+      `/api/search/${mediaType}/?${queryParams}`
+    )
+    return { eventPayload, data }
+  } catch (error) {
+    // return the $fetch error
+  }
+}
+
+const getApiClientResponse = async (
+  client: ApiClient,
+  mediaType: string,
+  queryParams: Record<string, string>
+) => {
+  try {
+    const { eventPayload, data } = await client.search(mediaType, queryParams)
+    return { eventPayload, data }
+  } catch (error) {
+    // return the error
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Set up the Nuxt turnstile module
+
+When the Cloudflare rate limiting triggers a managed challenge, the client will
+receive an HTML Cloudflare challenge response. To handle this response, we can
+use the [Nuxt turnstile module](https://nuxt.com/modules/turnstile).
+
+This is the part of the plan I'm most unsure about. I couldn't understand the
+details of how this module works, so we would probably need to do a lot of
+testing to make sure it works as expected. Unfortunately, we cannot test
+Cloudflare challenge responses locally because the proxy is only set up in
+staging/production. We will have to use staging for this, and to make the
+testing easier, we can set the staging rate limits to be very low.
+
+We should capture any problems with the turnstile module in Sentry to make sure
+that no users are affected negatively by the rate-limiting. Sentry will also
+give us an idea on how the older browsers are handling the challenges.
+
+### Set up Cloudflare rate limiting for production
+
+The rate limiting rule should be similar to that of the staging environment.
+
+The rates should be generous enough to accommodate normal user behavior. Later,
+they can be made stricter to deter automated abuse.
+
+[More information on how request counts are calculated](https://developers.cloudflare.com/waf/rate-limiting-rules/request-rate/)
+
+### Switch the feature flag on in production
+
+Set the `proxy_requests` feature flag to `enabled` in the production
+environment. This will start routing all frontend requests through the Nuxt
+server.
+
+### Monitor the Cloudflare dashboard and Sentry logs for challenge occurrences
+
+The following data need to be monitored:
+
+- Cloudflare dashboard (Security > WAF > Rate limiting rules) shows the number
+  of issued challenges, and the
+  [Challenge solve rate (CSR)](https://developers.cloudflare.com/bots/concepts/challenge-solve-rate/)
+  for the rule. The CSR should be very high since we expect that most of the
+  frontend usage is not automated.
+- Nuxt CPU and memory usage. In case the server is under heavy load, we might
+  need to adjust the rate limits and/or frontend task values.
+
+## Rejected Alternatives
+
+- **Always Issuing a Challenge Without Thresholds**: Issuing a managed challenge
+  to every new user, regardless of load or conditions, would inconvenience users
+  behind NATs and degrade the initial user experience. While simpler to
+  implement (we would not need to calculate the exact rate limit), it fails our
+  design goal of minimizing friction for normal users.
+
+- **Proxying thumbnail requests** The thumbnail requests from the frontend will
+  remain anonymous on the API level. Since controlling search and related
+  requests naturally throttles excessive thumbnail retrieval, we consider it
+  unnecessary to further load the Nuxt server.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+- **Feature Flags**:
+
+  - `proxy_requests`
+
+- **Infrastructure**: Cloudflare WAF rules, monitoring (Sentry, Cloudflare
+  dashboard).
+
+- **Tools & Packages**:
+  - `ofetch` This would be a great occasion to move away from `axios`. `ofetch`
+    is used internally by Nuxt, so it's a good choice for the server proxying.
+    The store requests can be made with Nuxt helper wrapper over `ofetch`,
+    `$fetch`.
+  - `h3` for server route handling
+  - [Nuxt turnstile module](https://nuxt.com/modules/turnstile) - the module for
+    handling challenges returned by the Cloudflare rate limiting from the Nuxt
+    server requests
+
+## Accessibility and Privacy
+
+- **Accessibility**:
+
+  - Cloudflare challenges are generally accessible, but older browsers may fail.
+  - Multilingual support helps non-English speakers.
+
+- **Privacy**:
+  - No personal data is stored, cookies are short-lived and anonymous.
+
+## Rollback Strategy
+
+- Set the `proxy_requests` feature flag to `off`. This will automatically
+  deactivate the rate limiting rules, since the requests won't be going through
+  the Nuxt server anymore.
+
+[^1]:
+    `Client requests` - Requests made by the frontend client to the API after
+    the first page load. These requests are sent whenever a user submits a
+    search, selects a filter or a search result. These requests are currently
+    send directly to Openverse API without any authentication, because using the
+    API credentials in the client code would expose them to the public.
+
+[^2]:
+    [Cloudflare multi-language support](https://developers.cloudflare.com/waf/reference/cloudflare-challenges/#multi-language-support)
+
+[^3]:
+    [Cloudflare rate limiting rules](https://developers.cloudflare.com/waf/rate-limiting-rules/)
diff --git a/documentation/projects/proposals/proxy_frontend_api_requests/index.md b/documentation/projects/proposals/proxy_frontend_api_requests/index.md
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+# Proxy frontend API requests through Nuxt
+
+```{toctree}
+:titlesonly:
+:glob:
+
+*
+```