ElephantPoaching.nlogo

;; Illegal elephant poaching model for simulating elephant poaching
;; Rangers arrest poachers with and without drones
;; Elephant move in herd and randomly
;; Number of elephants, poachers, rangers, drones and their radious vision are adujstable
;========================================================================================


;;global variables
globals [
  poacher-seen-drone    ;;poachers seen by drone
  number                ;;number of poacher seen by drone
]

;;set up types of agents
breed [elephants elephant]     ;;defining elephants breeds
breed [poachers poacher]       ;;defining poachers breeds
breed [rangers ranger]         ;;defining rangers breeds
breed [drones drone]           ;;defining drones breeds

;;properties for each agents
elephants-own [herdmates nearest-neighbor speed]
poachers-own [elephant-near e-nearest]
rangers-own [poacher-seen p-nearest]


;;observer methods/global methods
to setup
  clear-all       ;;clear previous runand setup initial agents
  setup-elephants ;;call setup-elephant function
  setup-patches   ;;call setup-patches function
  setup-poachers  ;;call setup-poachers function
  setup-rangers   ;;call setup-rangers function
  setup-drones    ;;cal setup-drones function
  reset-ticks
end

to setup-patches ;;
  ask patches [set pcolor 48] ;;no grass for now
end

to setup-elephants
  create-elephants elephant-number ;;create assigned number of elephant
  set-default-shape elephants "pentagon"
  ask elephants [ set color grey]
  ask elephants [ setxy random-xcor random-ycor] ;;put elephants at random starting places
  ask elephants [set speed .01]
end


to setup-poachers
  create-poachers poachers-number ;;create assigned number of poachers
  set-default-shape poachers "person"
  ask poachers [set color red]
  ask poachers [setxy random-xcor random-ycor];; put poachers at random starting places
end

to setup-rangers
  create-rangers rangers-number ;;create assigned number of rangers
  set-default-shape rangers "person"
  ask rangers [set color blue]
  ask rangers [setxy random-xcor random-ycor] ;; put rangers at random starting places
end

to setup-drones
  create-drones drones-number ;;create assigned number of drones
  set-default-shape drones "airplane"
  ask drones [set color green]
  ask drones [setxy random-xcor random-ycor] ;;put drones at random starting places
end


to go   ;run the simulation
  if ticks >= 720 [stop]
  move  ;;call move function
  tick
end

;;Refrence:Uri Wilensky 1998
;;===============================================================

to herd
  set speed .01
  right random 50 forward .5
  set herdmates other elephants in-radius 5                      ;;add all herdmate of elephant radius to agent subset
   if any? herdmates                                             ;;test if elephant has got herdmate
    [set nearest-neighbor min-one-of herdmates [distance myself] ;;assign the nearest
       ifelse distance nearest-neighbor > 3                      ;;test the min distance to join or dijoin herd
        [separate]                                               ;;call seperate function
        [align                                                   ;;call align function
         cohere ]]                                               ;;call cohere function
end

to separate                                                      ;;turn away to disjoin herd
  turn-away ([heading] of nearest-neighbor) 45                   ;;set the angle as 45 degrees
end


to align                                                         ;;call turn-toward to join herd
  turn-towards average-herdmate-heading 40                       ;;set the align angle as 45 degree
end

to-report average-herdmate-heading
  let x-component sum [dx] of herdmates                          ;;We can't just average the heading variables here.
  let y-component sum [dy] of herdmates                          ;;For example, the average of 1 and 359 should be 0,
   ifelse x-component = 0 and y-component = 0                    ;;not 180.  So we have to use trigonometry.
    [ report heading ]
    [ report atan x-component y-component ]
end

to cohere                                                        ;;call to turn-towrds cohere with the herd
  turn-towards average-heading-towards-herdmates 10              ;;set the cohere angle as 10 degree
end

to-report average-heading-towards-herdmates
  let x-component mean [sin (towards myself + 180)] of herdmates ;;"towards myself" gives us heading from other elephants to me
  let y-component mean [cos (towards myself + 180)] of herdmates ;;but we want the heading from me to the other elephants,
  ifelse x-component = 0 and y-component = 0                     ;;so we add 180
    [ report heading ]
    [ report atan x-component y-component ]
end

to turn-towards [new-heading max-turn]
  turn-at-most (subtract-headings new-heading heading) max-turn
end

to turn-away [new-heading max-turn]
  turn-at-most (subtract-headings heading new-heading) max-turn
end

to turn-at-most [turn max-turn]                                   ;;turn right by "turn" degrees (or left if "turn" is negative),
  ifelse abs turn > max-turn                                      ;; but never turn more than "max-turn" degrees
    [ ifelse turn > 0
        [ rt max-turn ]
        [ lt max-turn ] ]
    [ rt turn ]
end

;;============================================================


to move
  ifelse elephant-move-herd                    ;;test if elephants move in herd or randomly
   [ask elephants [herd]]                      ;;elephant move in herd
   [ask elephants [right random 360 forward 1]];;elephant move randmly
  ask poachers [right random 360 forward 1     ;;poachers move randomly
                 catch-elephants]              ;;call catch elephant
  ask drones [right random 360 forward 1       ;;drone move randomly
               set-position]                   ;;call set-position function
  ask rangers [
      ifelse ranger-with-drones              ;;rangers use dorones
      [catch-poachers-drone]                 ;;call catch-poacher-drone to move and catch
      [right random 360 forward 1            ;;drones move randomly
       catch-poachers] ]                     ;;call catch-poacher function

end

to catch-elephants                                          ;;poacher catch elephants
  set elephant-near elephants in-radius poacher-vision      ;;add all elephants of poacher vision to agent subset
  set e-nearest min-one-of elephant-near [distance myself]  ;;assign the neares elephant of the subset
     if e-nearest != nobody                                 ;;test if poacher get one
      [move-to e-nearest;;elephant-near                     ;;move toward prey(elephant)
        ask e-nearest [ die ] ]                             ;; kill it
end

to catch-poachers                                           ;;ranger catch poachers
  set poacher-seen poachers in-radius ranger-vision         ;;add all poacher of ranger vision to agent subset
  set p-nearest min-one-of poacher-seen[distance myself]    ;;assign the neares poacher of the subset
  if p-nearest != nobody                                    ;;test if ranger get one
  [ move-to p-nearest                                       ;;move toward prey(poacher)
    ask p-nearest [die]]                                    ;;kill it
end

to set-position                                             ;;drones set the position of poachers
   set poacher-seen-drone poachers in-radius drones-vision  ;;add all poacher of drone vision to agent subset
end


to catch-poachers-drone                                        ;;ranger catch poacher using drones(poacher position)
  set number count (poacher-seen-drone)                        ;;set number of poachers seen by drone
  if number >= 1                                               ;;test if drones get atleast one,for first round
  [set p-nearest min-one-of poacher-seen-drone[distance myself];;assign the nearest poacher for each rangers
     if p-nearest != nobody                                    ;;test if ranger get one
     [move-to p-nearest                                        ;;move toward prey(poacher)
     ask p-nearest [die]]]                                     ;;kill it
end
@#$#@#$#@
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"" ""
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@#$#@#$#@
## WHAT IS IT?
This model simulates poaching of African elephants and the enforcement or prevention of poaching using park rangers and unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones.

## HOW IT WORKS

Elephants move randomly throughout the space. Poachers move randomly until they see an elephant within their vision radius and then move toward it. When a poacher interacts with an elephant (touches it), it kills it. Rangers behave similarly to poachers, except their target agent breed is poachers. When drones are turned on, drones fly randomly around the space and seek out poachers. When a poacher is detected within their vision radius, the ranger receives a message to move to the coordinate where the poacher was located and kill the poacher. Elephants also have the ability to herd - if herding is turned on, elephants begin to move together in groups.

## HOW TO USE IT

Adjust parameters including the number of elephants, rangers, poachers, and drones as well as vision of the poachers, rangers, and drones. Turn herding and drones on and off to explore different results. Click SETUP and GO (once or forever). The model will run for 720 ticks before stopping. The plot displays the number of elephants. Monitors display the number of elephants and poachers remaining throughout the model run. 

## THINGS TO NOTICE

Poachers have an inherent advantage in this model; most combination of parameters cause the elephant population to decline initially. This is an artefact of the random setup programmed in the model. All agents are placed on random positions at setup. 

## THINGS TO TRY

Try turning herding on and off to see how the elephants move together. Try turning the drones off and increasing the number of drones to see how quickly the elephant population goes from being poached to being protected.

## EXTENDING THE MODEL

Biological variables, such as reproduction and eating, could be included in a longer-term model. The speed of different agents could be included as an adjustable parameter to introduce additional heterogeneity. Elephants could be modified to flee poachers as they approach by spotting them within a certain vision radius.
Elephant memory and the avoidance of poachers could be built as a machine learning model. Also, agents and poachers could be programmed to “flip” to the other type of agent with some probability. Rangers could be dishonest and become poachers. Poachers could also change their preferences to become rangers.  In addition, as the ivory trade continues, ivory becomes more scarce and prices are expected to increase. This scarcity contributes further to the value of ivory products and the supply and demand phenomenon may drive more poachers to seek out ivory. This feedback could be included in future iterations of the model by including a reproduction rate for poachers, the rate which is linked to the price of ivory. Furthermore, the model could be applied to different species, such as rhinos and tigers, which exhibit different behaviors. Finally, the model could be connected to a real place and time by including GIS layers in the ABM.


## NETLOGO FEATURES

The in-radius command was particularly useful for this model and helps direct the behaviors of poachers and rangers.

## RELATED MODELS

The flocking model was adapted for to simulate the elephant herding behavior (Wilensky 1998). 

## CREDITS AND REFERENCES

Wilensky, Uri. “NetLogo Flocking model.” Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. 1998. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Flocking 
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@#$#@#$#@
NetLogo 6.1.0
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  <experiment name="Graph 1: no drones, no herd, same vision, different numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
      <value value="5"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="drones-number">
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    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="poachers-number">
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      <value value="20"/>
      <value value="30"/>
      <value value="40"/>
      <value value="50"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="drones-vision">
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    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-with-drones">
      <value value="false"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-number">
      <value value="100"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
      <value value="false"/>
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    <enumeratedValueSet variable="rangers-number">
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      <value value="20"/>
      <value value="30"/>
      <value value="40"/>
      <value value="50"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="poacher-vision">
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    </enumeratedValueSet>
  </experiment>
  <experiment name="Graph 2: no drones, no herd, different vision, same numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
      <value value="2"/>
      <value value="4"/>
      <value value="6"/>
      <value value="8"/>
      <value value="10"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="drones-number">
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    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="poachers-number">
      <value value="20"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="drones-vision">
      <value value="10"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-with-drones">
      <value value="false"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-number">
      <value value="100"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
      <value value="false"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="rangers-number">
      <value value="20"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="poacher-vision">
      <value value="2"/>
      <value value="4"/>
      <value value="6"/>
      <value value="8"/>
      <value value="10"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
  </experiment>
  <experiment name="Graph 3: yes drones, no herd, same vision, different numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
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  <experiment name="Graph 4: yes drones, no herd, different vision, same numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
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      <value value="6"/>
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      <value value="10"/>
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  <experiment name="Graph 5: no drones, yes  herd, same vision, different numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
      <value value="5"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="drones-number">
      <value value="1"/>
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      <value value="30"/>
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      <value value="50"/>
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  <experiment name="Graph 6: no drones, yes herd, different vision, same numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
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      <value value="6"/>
      <value value="8"/>
      <value value="10"/>
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  </experiment>
  <experiment name="Graph 7: yes drones, yes herd, same vision, different numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
      <value value="5"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
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    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-number">
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      <value value="true"/>
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      <value value="30"/>
      <value value="40"/>
      <value value="50"/>
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    <enumeratedValueSet variable="poacher-vision">
      <value value="5"/>
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  </experiment>
  <experiment name="Graph 8: yes drones, yes herd, different vision, same numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
      <value value="2"/>
      <value value="4"/>
      <value value="6"/>
      <value value="8"/>
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  <experiment name="Graph 9: testing drone vision, yes herd" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
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  <experiment name="Graph 10: testing drone vision, no herd" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
      <value value="false"/>
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    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
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    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
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      <value value="7"/>
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      <value value="9"/>
      <value value="10"/>
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  <experiment name="Graph 12: testing number of drones, no herd" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
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  <experiment name="Graph 13: yes drones, no herd, same vision, different numbers DRONE VISION" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
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      <value value="50"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
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    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-with-drones">
      <value value="true"/>
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    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-number">
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    <enumeratedValueSet variable="elephant-move-herd">
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      <value value="50"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="poacher-vision">
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  <experiment name="Graph 14: yes drones, no herd, different vision, same numbers" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <metric>count elephants</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="ranger-vision">
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      <value value="8"/>
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  </experiment>
</experiments>
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