diff --git a/bee/subprocess/common.h b/bee/subprocess/common.h
index 0f91fc23..cdee0b1a 100644
--- a/bee/subprocess/common.h
+++ b/bee/subprocess/common.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
 #include <bee/utility/dynarray.h>
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
 
 #include <utility>
 
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle.cpp b/bee/sys/file_handle.cpp
similarity index 91%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle.cpp
rename to bee/sys/file_handle.cpp
index 19d4d186..debfbdae 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle.cpp
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
-
-namespace bee {
-    file_handle::file_handle() noexcept
-        : h((value_type)-1) {}
-    file_handle::operator bool() const noexcept {
-        return valid();
-    }
-    bool file_handle::valid() const noexcept {
-        return *this != file_handle {};
-    }
-    file_handle::value_type file_handle::value() const noexcept {
-        return h;
-    }
-    file_handle::value_type* file_handle::operator&() noexcept {
-        return &h;
-    }
-    bool file_handle::operator==(const file_handle& other) const noexcept {
-        return h == other.h;
-    }
-    bool file_handle::operator!=(const file_handle& other) const noexcept {
-        return h != other.h;
-    }
-}
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
+
+namespace bee {
+    file_handle::file_handle() noexcept
+        : h((value_type)-1) {}
+    file_handle::operator bool() const noexcept {
+        return valid();
+    }
+    bool file_handle::valid() const noexcept {
+        return *this != file_handle {};
+    }
+    file_handle::value_type file_handle::value() const noexcept {
+        return h;
+    }
+    file_handle::value_type* file_handle::operator&() noexcept {
+        return &h;
+    }
+    bool file_handle::operator==(const file_handle& other) const noexcept {
+        return h == other.h;
+    }
+    bool file_handle::operator!=(const file_handle& other) const noexcept {
+        return h != other.h;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle.h b/bee/sys/file_handle.h
similarity index 96%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle.h
rename to bee/sys/file_handle.h
index e0f30e95..cf309ad8 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle.h
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle.h
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <bee/nonstd/filesystem.h>
-
-#include <optional>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace bee {
-    class file_handle {
-    public:
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-        using value_type = void*;
-#else
-        using value_type = int;
-#endif
-        enum class mode {
-            read,
-            write,
-        };
-
-        file_handle() noexcept;
-        explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
-        bool valid() const noexcept;
-        value_type value() const noexcept;
-        value_type* operator&() noexcept;
-        bool operator==(const file_handle& other) const noexcept;
-        bool operator!=(const file_handle& other) const noexcept;
-        FILE* to_file(mode mode) const noexcept;
-        std::optional<fs::path> path() const;
-        void close() noexcept;
-        static inline file_handle from_native(value_type v) noexcept {
-            file_handle handle;
-            handle.h = v;
-            return handle;
-        }
-        static file_handle from_file(FILE* f) noexcept;
-        static file_handle dup(FILE* f) noexcept;
-        static file_handle lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept;
-        static file_handle open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept;
-
-    private:
-        value_type h;
-    };
-}
+#pragma once
+
+#include <bee/nonstd/filesystem.h>
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace bee {
+    class file_handle {
+    public:
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        using value_type = void*;
+#else
+        using value_type = int;
+#endif
+        enum class mode {
+            read,
+            write,
+        };
+
+        file_handle() noexcept;
+        explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+        bool valid() const noexcept;
+        value_type value() const noexcept;
+        value_type* operator&() noexcept;
+        bool operator==(const file_handle& other) const noexcept;
+        bool operator!=(const file_handle& other) const noexcept;
+        FILE* to_file(mode mode) const noexcept;
+        std::optional<fs::path> path() const;
+        void close() noexcept;
+        static inline file_handle from_native(value_type v) noexcept {
+            file_handle handle;
+            handle.h = v;
+            return handle;
+        }
+        static file_handle from_file(FILE* f) noexcept;
+        static file_handle dup(FILE* f) noexcept;
+        static file_handle lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept;
+        static file_handle open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept;
+
+    private:
+        value_type h;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle_bsd.cpp b/bee/sys/file_handle_bsd.cpp
similarity index 96%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle_bsd.cpp
rename to bee/sys/file_handle_bsd.cpp
index 815354cf..7292870b 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle_bsd.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle_bsd.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include <bee/nonstd/format.h>
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
 #include <sys/file.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle_linux.cpp b/bee/sys/file_handle_linux.cpp
similarity index 92%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle_linux.cpp
rename to bee/sys/file_handle_linux.cpp
index 6e863944..96c225ff 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle_linux.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle_linux.cpp
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-#include <bee/nonstd/format.h>
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sys/file.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-namespace bee {
-    file_handle file_handle::lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
-        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
-        if (fd == -1) {
-            return {};
-        }
-        if (::flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB) == -1) {
-            ::close(fd);
-            return {};
-        }
-        return from_native(fd);
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
-        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_PATH | O_NOFOLLOW);
-        return from_native(fd);
-    }
-
-    std::optional<fs::path> file_handle::path() const {
-        if (!valid()) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        std::error_code ec;
-        auto res = fs::read_symlink(std::format("/proc/self/fd/{}", h), ec);
-        if (ec) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        return res;
-    }
-}
+#include <bee/nonstd/format.h>
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace bee {
+    file_handle file_handle::lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
+        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        if (::flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB) == -1) {
+            ::close(fd);
+            return {};
+        }
+        return from_native(fd);
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
+        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_PATH | O_NOFOLLOW);
+        return from_native(fd);
+    }
+
+    std::optional<fs::path> file_handle::path() const {
+        if (!valid()) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        std::error_code ec;
+        auto res = fs::read_symlink(std::format("/proc/self/fd/{}", h), ec);
+        if (ec) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle_osx.cpp b/bee/sys/file_handle_osx.cpp
similarity index 91%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle_osx.cpp
rename to bee/sys/file_handle_osx.cpp
index b3779c97..880e86f0 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle_osx.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle_osx.cpp
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sys/file.h>
-
-namespace bee {
-    file_handle file_handle::lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
-        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_EXLOCK | O_NONBLOCK, 0644);
-        return from_native(fd);
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
-        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_SYMLINK);
-        return from_native(fd);
-    }
-
-    std::optional<fs::path> file_handle::path() const {
-        if (!valid()) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        char path[PATH_MAX];
-        if (::fcntl(h, F_GETPATH, path) < 0) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        return fs::path(path);
-    }
-}
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+
+namespace bee {
+    file_handle file_handle::lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
+        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_EXLOCK | O_NONBLOCK, 0644);
+        return from_native(fd);
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
+        int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_SYMLINK);
+        return from_native(fd);
+    }
+
+    std::optional<fs::path> file_handle::path() const {
+        if (!valid()) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        char path[PATH_MAX];
+        if (::fcntl(h, F_GETPATH, path) < 0) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        return fs::path(path);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle_posix.cpp b/bee/sys/file_handle_posix.cpp
similarity index 91%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle_posix.cpp
rename to bee/sys/file_handle_posix.cpp
index ffb9a262..09f0474c 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle_posix.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle_posix.cpp
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
-#include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <cstdio>
-
-namespace bee {
-    FILE* file_handle::to_file(mode mode) const noexcept {
-        switch (mode) {
-        case mode::read:
-            return fdopen(h, "rb");
-        case mode::write:
-            return fdopen(h, "wb");
-        default:
-            std::unreachable();
-        }
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::from_file(FILE* f) noexcept {
-        return from_native(fileno(f));
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::dup(FILE* f) noexcept {
-        return from_native(::dup(from_file(f).value()));
-    }
-
-    void file_handle::close() noexcept {
-        if (valid()) {
-            ::close(h);
-            h = file_handle {}.h;
-        }
-    }
-}
+#include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <cstdio>
+
+namespace bee {
+    FILE* file_handle::to_file(mode mode) const noexcept {
+        switch (mode) {
+        case mode::read:
+            return fdopen(h, "rb");
+        case mode::write:
+            return fdopen(h, "wb");
+        default:
+            std::unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::from_file(FILE* f) noexcept {
+        return from_native(fileno(f));
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::dup(FILE* f) noexcept {
+        return from_native(::dup(from_file(f).value()));
+    }
+
+    void file_handle::close() noexcept {
+        if (valid()) {
+            ::close(h);
+            h = file_handle {}.h;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bee/utility/file_handle_win.cpp b/bee/sys/file_handle_win.cpp
similarity index 95%
rename from bee/utility/file_handle_win.cpp
rename to bee/sys/file_handle_win.cpp
index d751c117..5c0f889e 100644
--- a/bee/utility/file_handle_win.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/file_handle_win.cpp
@@ -1,88 +1,88 @@
-#include <Windows.h>
-#include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
-#include <bee/utility/dynarray.h>
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <io.h>
-
-namespace bee {
-    static FILE* handletofile(HANDLE h, int flags, const char* mode) noexcept {
-        const int fn = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)h, flags);
-        if (fn == -1) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        return _fdopen(fn, mode);
-    }
-
-    FILE* file_handle::to_file(mode mode) const noexcept {
-        switch (mode) {
-        case mode::read:
-            return handletofile(h, _O_RDONLY | _O_BINARY, "rb");
-        case mode::write:
-            return handletofile(h, _O_WRONLY | _O_BINARY, "wb");
-        default:
-            std::unreachable();
-        }
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::from_file(FILE* f) noexcept {
-        const int n = _fileno(f);
-        if (n < 0) {
-            return {};
-        }
-        return { from_native((HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(n)) };
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::dup(FILE* f) noexcept {
-        const file_handle h = from_file(f);
-        if (!h) {
-            return {};
-        }
-        file_handle newh;
-        if (!::DuplicateHandle(::GetCurrentProcess(), h.value(), ::GetCurrentProcess(), &newh, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
-            return {};
-        }
-        return newh;
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
-        const HANDLE h = CreateFileW(filename.c_str(), GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE, NULL);
-        return from_native(h);
-    }
-
-    file_handle file_handle::open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
-        const HANDLE h = CreateFileW(filename.c_str(), 0, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS | FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, NULL);
-        return from_native(h);
-    }
-
-    void file_handle::close() noexcept {
-        if (valid()) {
-            CloseHandle(h);
-            h = file_handle {}.h;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::optional<fs::path> file_handle::path() const {
-        if (!valid()) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        const DWORD len = GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(h, NULL, 0, VOLUME_NAME_DOS);
-        if (len == 0) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        dynarray<wchar_t> path(static_cast<size_t>(len));
-        const DWORD len2 = GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(h, path.data(), len, VOLUME_NAME_DOS);
-        if (len2 == 0 || len2 >= len) {
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        if (path[0] == L'\\' && path[1] == L'\\' && path[2] == L'?' && path[3] == L'\\') {
-            // Turn the \\?\UNC\ network path prefix into \\.
-            if (path[4] == L'U' && path[5] == L'N' && path[6] == L'C' && path[7] == L'\\') {
-                return fs::path(L"\\\\").concat(path.data() + 8, path.data() + len2);
-            }
-            // Remove the \\?\ prefix.
-            return fs::path { path.data() + 4, path.data() + len2 };
-        }
-        return fs::path { path.data(), path.data() + len2 };
-    }
-}
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
+#include <bee/utility/dynarray.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <io.h>
+
+namespace bee {
+    static FILE* handletofile(HANDLE h, int flags, const char* mode) noexcept {
+        const int fn = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)h, flags);
+        if (fn == -1) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return _fdopen(fn, mode);
+    }
+
+    FILE* file_handle::to_file(mode mode) const noexcept {
+        switch (mode) {
+        case mode::read:
+            return handletofile(h, _O_RDONLY | _O_BINARY, "rb");
+        case mode::write:
+            return handletofile(h, _O_WRONLY | _O_BINARY, "wb");
+        default:
+            std::unreachable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::from_file(FILE* f) noexcept {
+        const int n = _fileno(f);
+        if (n < 0) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        return { from_native((HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(n)) };
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::dup(FILE* f) noexcept {
+        const file_handle h = from_file(f);
+        if (!h) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        file_handle newh;
+        if (!::DuplicateHandle(::GetCurrentProcess(), h.value(), ::GetCurrentProcess(), &newh, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        return newh;
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::lock(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
+        const HANDLE h = CreateFileW(filename.c_str(), GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE, NULL);
+        return from_native(h);
+    }
+
+    file_handle file_handle::open_link(const fs::path& filename) noexcept {
+        const HANDLE h = CreateFileW(filename.c_str(), 0, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS | FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT, NULL);
+        return from_native(h);
+    }
+
+    void file_handle::close() noexcept {
+        if (valid()) {
+            CloseHandle(h);
+            h = file_handle {}.h;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::optional<fs::path> file_handle::path() const {
+        if (!valid()) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        const DWORD len = GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(h, NULL, 0, VOLUME_NAME_DOS);
+        if (len == 0) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        dynarray<wchar_t> path(static_cast<size_t>(len));
+        const DWORD len2 = GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(h, path.data(), len, VOLUME_NAME_DOS);
+        if (len2 == 0 || len2 >= len) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        if (path[0] == L'\\' && path[1] == L'\\' && path[2] == L'?' && path[3] == L'\\') {
+            // Turn the \\?\UNC\ network path prefix into \\.
+            if (path[4] == L'U' && path[5] == L'N' && path[6] == L'C' && path[7] == L'\\') {
+                return fs::path(L"\\\\").concat(path.data() + 8, path.data() + len2);
+            }
+            // Remove the \\?\ prefix.
+            return fs::path { path.data() + 4, path.data() + len2 };
+        }
+        return fs::path { path.data(), path.data() + len2 };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bee/utility/path_helper.cpp b/bee/sys/path_helper.cpp
similarity index 99%
rename from bee/utility/path_helper.cpp
rename to bee/sys/path_helper.cpp
index 894d9e0a..003138e9 100644
--- a/bee/utility/path_helper.cpp
+++ b/bee/sys/path_helper.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <bee/error.h>
+#include <bee/sys/path_helper.h>
 #include <bee/utility/dynarray.h>
-#include <bee/utility/path_helper.h>
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
 
diff --git a/bee/utility/path_helper.h b/bee/sys/path_helper.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bee/utility/path_helper.h
rename to bee/sys/path_helper.h
diff --git a/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp b/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp
index 315b8793..28385bd4 100644
--- a/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 #include <bee/nonstd/filesystem.h>
 #include <bee/nonstd/format.h>
 #include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
-#include <bee/utility/file_handle.h>
-#include <bee/utility/path_helper.h>
+#include <bee/sys/file_handle.h>
+#include <bee/sys/path_helper.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <utility>
diff --git a/bootstrap/main.cpp b/bootstrap/main.cpp
index 8cc25b83..573e95d6 100644
--- a/bootstrap/main.cpp
+++ b/bootstrap/main.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include <bee/lua/module.h>
 #include <bee/nonstd/filesystem.h>
 #include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
-#include <bee/utility/path_helper.h>
+#include <bee/sys/path_helper.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>