diff --git a/binding/binding.h b/binding/binding.h
index 19a5467a..c1179c82 100644
--- a/binding/binding.h
+++ b/binding/binding.h
@@ -175,17 +175,6 @@ namespace bee::lua {
         return 0;
     }
 
-    template <typename T>
-    T& newudata(lua_State* L) {
-        static_assert(!udata_has_name<T>::value);
-        static_assert(std::is_trivial<T>::value);
-        int nupvalue = 0;
-        if constexpr (udata_has_nupvalue<T>::value) {
-            nupvalue = udata<T>::nupvalue;
-        }
-        return *static_cast<T*>(lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(T), nupvalue));
-    }
-
     namespace cxx {
         struct status {
             int n;
@@ -213,29 +202,18 @@ namespace bee::lua {
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    void getmetatable(lua_State* L, void (*init_metatable)(lua_State*)) {
+    void getmetatable(lua_State* L) {
         if (luaL_newmetatable(L, udata<T>::name)) {
             if constexpr (!std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value) {
                 lua_pushcfunction(L, destroyudata<T>);
                 lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");
             }
-            init_metatable(L);
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename T>
-    void getmetatable(lua_State* L, const char* name, void (*init_metatable)(lua_State*)) {
-        if (luaL_newmetatable(L, name)) {
-            if constexpr (!std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value) {
-                lua_pushcfunction(L, destroyudata<T>);
-                lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");
-            }
-            init_metatable(L);
+            udata<T>::metatable(L);
         }
     }
 
     template <typename T, typename... Args>
-    T& newudata(lua_State* L, void (*init_metatable)(lua_State*), Args&&... args) {
+    T& newudata(lua_State* L, Args&&... args) {
         static_assert(udata_has_name<T>::value);
         int nupvalue = 0;
         if constexpr (udata_has_nupvalue<T>::value) {
@@ -243,20 +221,7 @@ namespace bee::lua {
         }
         T* o = static_cast<T*>(lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(T), nupvalue));
         new (o) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        getmetatable<T>(L, init_metatable);
-        lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
-        return *o;
-    }
-
-    template <typename T, typename... Args>
-    T& newudata(lua_State* L, const char* name, void (*init_metatable)(lua_State*), Args&&... args) {
-        int nupvalue = 0;
-        if constexpr (udata_has_nupvalue<T>::value) {
-            nupvalue = udata<T>::nupvalue;
-        }
-        T* o = static_cast<T*>(lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(T), nupvalue));
-        new (o) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        getmetatable<T>(L, name, init_metatable);
+        getmetatable<T>(L);
         lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
         return *o;
     }
diff --git a/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp b/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp
index 950c1349..89e1cf6f 100644
--- a/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_filesystem.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #include <bee/utility/path_helper.h>
 #include <binding/binding.h>
 #include <binding/file.h>
-#include <binding/udata.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <utility>
@@ -15,26 +14,6 @@
 #    define BEE_DISABLE_FULLPATH
 #endif
 
-namespace bee::lua {
-    template <>
-    struct udata<fs::file_status> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::file_status";
-    };
-    template <>
-    struct udata<fs::directory_entry> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::directory_entry";
-    };
-    template <>
-    struct udata<fs::recursive_directory_iterator> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::pairs_r";
-    };
-    template <>
-    struct udata<fs::directory_iterator> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::pairs";
-    };
-
-}
-
 #if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
 #    include <emscripten.h>
 namespace bee::lua_filesystem {
@@ -395,13 +374,13 @@ namespace bee::lua_filesystem {
             luaL_setfuncs(L, mt, 0);
         }
         static void push(lua_State* L) {
-            lua::newudata<fs::path>(L, metatable);
+            lua::newudata<fs::path>(L);
         }
         static void push(lua_State* L, const fs::path& path) {
-            lua::newudata<fs::path>(L, metatable, path);
+            lua::newudata<fs::path>(L, path);
         }
         static void push(lua_State* L, fs::path&& path) {
-            lua::newudata<fs::path>(L, metatable, std::forward<fs::path>(path));
+            lua::newudata<fs::path>(L, std::forward<fs::path>(path));
         }
     }
 
@@ -493,7 +472,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_filesystem {
             luaL_setfuncs(L, mt, 0);
         }
         static void push(lua_State* L, fs::file_status&& status) {
-            lua::newudata<fs::file_status>(L, metatable, std::forward<fs::file_status>(status));
+            lua::newudata<fs::file_status>(L, std::forward<fs::file_status>(status));
         }
     }
 
@@ -614,7 +593,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_filesystem {
             luaL_setfuncs(L, mt, 0);
         }
         static void push(lua_State* L, const fs::directory_entry& entry) {
-            lua::newudata<fs::directory_entry>(L, metatable, entry);
+            lua::newudata<fs::directory_entry>(L, entry);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1011,7 +990,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_filesystem {
         }
         static lua::cxx::status constructor(lua_State* L, const fs::path& path) {
             std::error_code ec;
-            lua::newudata<T>(L, metatable, path, ec);
+            lua::newudata<T>(L, path, ec);
             if (ec) {
                 return pusherror(L, "directory_iterator::directory_iterator", ec, path);
             }
@@ -1174,3 +1153,31 @@ namespace bee::lua_filesystem {
 }
 
 DEFINE_LUAOPEN(filesystem)
+
+namespace bee::lua {
+    template <>
+    struct udata<fs::path> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::path";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_filesystem::path::metatable;
+    };
+    template <>
+    struct udata<fs::file_status> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::file_status";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_filesystem::file_status::metatable;
+    };
+    template <>
+    struct udata<fs::directory_entry> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::directory_entry";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_filesystem::directory_entry::metatable;
+    };
+    template <>
+    struct udata<fs::recursive_directory_iterator> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::pairs_r";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_filesystem::pairs_directory<fs::recursive_directory_iterator>::metatable;
+    };
+    template <>
+    struct udata<fs::directory_iterator> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::pairs";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_filesystem::pairs_directory<fs::directory_iterator>::metatable;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/binding/lua_filewatch.cpp b/binding/lua_filewatch.cpp
index 5a3cda79..c57ac23a 100644
--- a/binding/lua_filewatch.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_filewatch.cpp
@@ -4,14 +4,6 @@
 #include <bee/nonstd/unreachable.h>
 #include <binding/binding.h>
 
-namespace bee::lua {
-    template <>
-    struct udata<filewatch::watch> {
-        static inline int nupvalue = 1;
-        static inline auto name    = "bee::filewatch";
-    };
-}
-
 namespace bee::lua_filewatch {
     static filewatch::watch& to(lua_State* L, int idx) {
         return lua::checkudata<filewatch::watch>(L, idx);
@@ -129,7 +121,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_filewatch {
     }
 
     static int create(lua_State* L) {
-        lua::newudata<filewatch::watch>(L, metatable);
+        lua::newudata<filewatch::watch>(L);
         lua_newthread(L);
         lua_setiuservalue(L, -2, 1);
         return 1;
@@ -150,3 +142,12 @@ namespace bee::lua_filewatch {
 }
 
 DEFINE_LUAOPEN(filewatch)
+
+namespace bee::lua {
+    template <>
+    struct udata<filewatch::watch> {
+        static inline int nupvalue   = 1;
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::filewatch";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_filewatch::metatable;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/binding/lua_select.cpp b/binding/lua_select.cpp
index 73cb62fd..3cd22477 100644
--- a/binding/lua_select.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_select.cpp
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_select {
         luaL_setfuncs(L, mt, 0);
     }
     static int create(lua_State* L) {
-        lua::newudata<select_ctx>(L, metatable);
+        lua::newudata<select_ctx>(L);
         lua_newtable(L);
         lua_setiuservalue(L, -2, 1);
         lua_newtable(L);
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ namespace bee::lua {
     template <>
     struct udata<lua_select::select_ctx> {
         static inline int nupvalue = 4;
-        static inline auto name    = "bee::select";
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::select";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_select::metatable;
     };
 }
diff --git a/binding/lua_socket.cpp b/binding/lua_socket.cpp
index 48d58a75..01e60e8d 100644
--- a/binding/lua_socket.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_socket.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
 #include <binding/binding.h>
 
 namespace bee::lua_socket {
+    struct fd_no_ownership {
+        net::fd_t v;
+        fd_no_ownership(net::fd_t v)
+            : v(v)
+        {}
+    };
     static int push_neterror(lua_State* L, std::string_view msg) {
         auto error = make_neterror(msg);
         lua_pushnil(L);
@@ -354,10 +360,10 @@ namespace bee::lua_socket {
         luaL_setfuncs(L, mt, 0);
     }
     static void pushfd(lua_State* L, net::fd_t fd) {
-        lua::newudata<net::fd_t>(L, "bee::net::fd", metatable, fd);
+        lua::newudata<net::fd_t>(L, fd);
     }
     static void pushfd_no_ownership(lua_State* L, net::fd_t fd) {
-        lua::newudata<net::fd_t>(L, "bee::net::fd (no ownership)", metatable_no_ownership, fd);
+        lua::newudata<fd_no_ownership>(L, fd);
     }
     static int pair(lua_State* L) {
         net::fd_t sv[2];
@@ -417,3 +423,18 @@ namespace bee::lua_socket {
 }
 
 DEFINE_LUAOPEN(socket)
+
+namespace bee::lua {
+    template <>
+    struct udata<net::fd_t> {
+        static inline int nupvalue   = 1;
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::net::fd";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_socket::metatable;
+    };
+    template <>
+    struct udata<lua_socket::fd_no_ownership> {
+        static inline int nupvalue   = 1;
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::net::fd (no ownership)";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_socket::metatable_no_ownership;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/binding/lua_subprocess.cpp b/binding/lua_subprocess.cpp
index 9ab7fe62..ce95298b 100644
--- a/binding/lua_subprocess.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_subprocess.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <bee/utility/assume.h>
 #include <binding/binding.h>
 #include <binding/file.h>
-#include <binding/udata.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 
@@ -19,14 +18,6 @@
 #    include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
-namespace bee::lua {
-    template <>
-    struct udata<subprocess::process> {
-        static inline int nupvalue = 1;
-        static inline auto name    = "bee::subprocess";
-    };
-}
-
 namespace bee::lua_subprocess {
     namespace process {
         static auto& to(lua_State* L, int idx) {
@@ -189,7 +180,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_subprocess {
         }
 
         static int constructor(lua_State* L, subprocess::spawn& spawn) {
-            lua::newudata<subprocess::process>(L, metatable, spawn);
+            lua::newudata<subprocess::process>(L, spawn);
             return 1;
         }
     }
@@ -615,3 +606,12 @@ return table.concat(t)
 }
 
 DEFINE_LUAOPEN(subprocess)
+
+namespace bee::lua {
+    template <>
+    struct udata<subprocess::process> {
+        static inline int nupvalue             = 1;
+        static inline auto name                = "bee::subprocess";
+        static inline auto metatable           = bee::lua_subprocess::process::metatable;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/binding/lua_thread.cpp b/binding/lua_thread.cpp
index b29ebea8..851fa398 100644
--- a/binding/lua_thread.cpp
+++ b/binding/lua_thread.cpp
@@ -80,17 +80,6 @@ namespace bee::lua_thread {
     };
 }
 
-namespace bee::lua {
-    template <>
-    struct udata<lua_thread::boxchannel> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::channel";
-    };
-    template <>
-    struct udata<lua_thread::rpc> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::rpc";
-    };
-}
-
 namespace bee::lua_thread {
     class channelmgr {
     public:
@@ -181,7 +170,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_thread {
         return 0;
     }
 
-    static void metatable(lua_State* L) {
+    static void channel_metatable(lua_State* L) {
         luaL_Reg lib[] = {
             { "push", lchannel_push },
             { "pop", lchannel_pop },
@@ -199,7 +188,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_thread {
         if (!c) {
             return luaL_error(L, "Can't query channel '%s'", name.data());
         }
-        lua::newudata<boxchannel>(L, metatable, c);
+        lua::newudata<boxchannel>(L, c);
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -318,7 +307,7 @@ namespace bee::lua_thread {
     static void rpc_metatable(lua_State* L) {}
 
     static int lrpc_create(lua_State* L) {
-        auto& r = lua::newudata<rpc>(L, rpc_metatable);
+        auto& r = lua::newudata<rpc>(L);
         lua_pushlightuserdata(L, &r);
         lua_rotate(L, 1, 1);
         return 2;
@@ -373,3 +362,16 @@ namespace bee::lua_thread {
 }
 
 DEFINE_LUAOPEN(thread)
+
+namespace bee::lua {
+    template <>
+    struct udata<lua_thread::boxchannel> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::channel";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_thread::channel_metatable;
+    };
+    template <>
+    struct udata<lua_thread::rpc> {
+        static inline auto name      = "bee::rpc";
+        static inline auto metatable = bee::lua_thread::rpc_metatable;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/binding/udata.h b/binding/udata.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9267fb1d..00000000
--- a/binding/udata.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <bee/nonstd/filesystem.h>
-#include <binding/binding.h>
-
-namespace bee::lua {
-    template <>
-    struct udata<fs::path> {
-        static inline auto name = "bee::path";
-    };
-}