bibliography.bib

@article{stephens-borg:2012da,
  abstract = {We usually display a laid-back approach to medical jargon throughout our theatre work. The word 'perioperative' is built from the Greek word 'peri' (around) and the Latin 'operari' (to work). Latin and Greek became the prefixed language of choice for Leonardo da Vinci, and his research was pivotal in determining the way in which surgical procedures are documented. Ancient manuscripts aided the unfolding of the secrets of anatomy, and Leonardo revealed that art was the key in expressive detailed explanation.},
  issn = {1750-4589},
  rights = {{Copyright Association for Perioperative Practice Aug 2012}},
  title = {{da Vinci's codex and the anatomy of healthcare}},
  url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1034895921/},
  volume = {{22}},
  number = {8},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of perioperative practice}},
  shortjournal = {{J Perioper Pract}},
  author = {Stephens-Borg, Keith},
  date = {2012-08},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {257--261},
  note = {PMID: 23248927},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Famous Persons,History, Medieval,Humans,Medical Sciences--Nurses And Nursing,Medical Sciences--Surgery,Medicine in Art,State Medicine,Terminology as Topic,War},
  file = {Stephens-Borg - 2012 - da Vinci's codex and the anatomy of healthcare.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/745DSADT/Stephens-Borg - 2012 - da Vinci's codex and the anatomy of healthcare.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{ribes:2010latin,
  isbn = {978-3-642-02964-6, 978-3-642-02965-3},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek Terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02965-3_9},
  booktitle = {{Surgical English}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Ribes, Ramón and Aranda, Pedro J. and Giba, John},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2010},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {151--174},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Ribes et al. - 2009 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JSKQ9TF7/Ribes et al. - 2009 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{ribes:2006latin,
  isbn = {9783540254287},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek Terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30584-X_6},
  booktitle = {{Medical English}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Ribes, Ramón and Ros, Pablo R.},
  date = {2006},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {115--131},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {English language,Medical English,Terminology,medicine},
  file = {2006 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/UVC7QBWZ/2006 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{ribes:2007latin,
  isbn = {9783540496175},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek Terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49618-2_5},
  booktitle = {{Primary care english}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Ribes, Ramón and Garcia Gimeno, Isabel and Jones, Roger},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {129--141},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Ribes - 2007 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/X6B8UDWG/Ribes - 2007 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{ribes:2008latin,
  isbn = {978-3-540-73141-2, 978-3-540-73142-9},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek Terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73142-9_9},
  booktitle = {{Cardiovascular English}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Ribes, Ramón and Mejía, Sergio},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {147--175},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Ribes - 2008 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/W2BW2IS9/Ribes - 2008 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{ribes:2007latina,
  isbn = {978-3-540-29328-6},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek Terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29329-3_9},
  booktitle = {{Radiological English}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Ribes, Ramón and Ros, Pablo R.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {147--175},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Ribes and Ros - 2007 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/XTN9M7EB/Ribes and Ros - 2007 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{ribes:2009latin,
  isbn = {978-3-540-77126-5, 978-3-540-77127-2},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek Terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77127-2_15},
  booktitle = {{English for Biomedical Scientists}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Ribes, Ramón and Iannarelli, Palma and Duarte, Rafael F.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {240--265},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Ribes et al. - 2009 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/76TNWMTK/Ribes et al. - 2009 - Latin and Greek Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{giba:2011preparing,
  isbn = {9783642158889 3642158889},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  shorttitle = {{Preparing and delivering scientific presentations}},
  title = {{Preparing and delivering scientific presentations: a complete guide for international scientists}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Giba, John and Ribes, Ramón},
  date = {2011},
  year = {2011},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Giba and Ribes - 2011 - Preparing and delivering scientific presentations.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/T28S4TNW/Giba and Ribes - 2011 - Preparing and delivering scientific presentations.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{marganne:2014crossroads,
  isbn = {9789004242784},
  location = {{Leiden}},
  title = {{At the Crossroads of Greek and Roman Medicine: The Contribution of Latin Papyri}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_008},
  number = {42},
  booktitle = {{'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine}},
  series = {{Studies in ancient medicine}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  author = {Marganne, Marie-Hélène and de Haro Sanchez, Magali},
  editor = {Maire, Brigitte},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {92--116},
  keywords = {Culture,Greek World,History, Ancient,Roman World,history of medicine},
  file = {Marganne and de Haro Sanchez - 2014 - At the Crossroads of Greek and Roman Medicine The.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/UJ7888C8/Marganne and de Haro Sanchez - 2014 - At the Crossroads of Greek and Roman Medicine The.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{barber:2009english,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9780521854047},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  pagetotal = {306},
  shorttitle = {{The English language}},
  title = {{The English language: a historical introduction}},
  series = {{Cambridge approaches to linguistics}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  author = {Barber, Charles Laurence},
  editora = {Beal, Joan C. and Shaw, Philip A.},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {English language,Historical linguistics,History}
}

@book{danner:2013thesaurus,
  isbn = {9780810891548},
  location = {{Lanham, MD}},
  pagetotal = {630},
  title = {{A thesaurus of medical word roots}},
  publisher = {{Scarecrow Press}},
  author = {Danner, Horace G.},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {English,Terminology,Vocabulary, Controlled,medicine}
}

@collection{maire:2014greek,
  isbn = {9789004242784},
  location = {{Leiden}},
  shorttitle = {{'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts}},
  title = {{'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863},
  number = {42},
  series = {{Studies in ancient medicine}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  editor = {Maire, Brigitte},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Culture,Greek World,History, Ancient,Roman World,history of medicine}
}

@book{humphrey:1998greek,
  isbn = {0415061369},
  location = {{London}},
  pagetotal = {623},
  shorttitle = {{Greek and Roman technology}},
  title = {{Greek and Roman technology: a sourcebook. Annotated translations of Greek and Latin texts and documents}},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  author = {Humphrey, John William and Oleson, John Peter and Sherwood, Andrew N.},
  date = {1998},
  year = {1998},
  keywords = {Greece,History Sources,Rome,Technology}
}

@book{rouleau:2011traduction,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9782920342019},
  location = {{Montréal}},
  pagetotal = {330},
  shorttitle = {{La traduction médicale}},
  title = {{La traduction médicale: Une approche méthodique}},
  publisher = {{Linguatech}},
  author = {Rouleau, Maurice},
  date = {2011},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {English language,French language,Medical English,Medical French,Terminology,Translating,medicine}
}

@online{petersen:2001guide,
  title = {{A Guide to Botanical Nomenclature}},
  url = {http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/tennessee/nom-index.htm},
  author = {Petersen, Ronald H.},
  urldate = {2014-05-06},
  date = {2001},
  year = {2001},
  file = {index:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/97J753QR/nom-index.html:text/html}
}

@inreference{burns:2003chemical,
  isbn = {1576078868},
  location = {{Santa Barbara, CA}},
  shorttitle = {{Science in the Enlightenment}},
  title = {{Chemical nomenclature}},
  url = {http://ebooks.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9781576078877\&id=SCENLTE.66},
  booktitle = {{Science in the Enlightenment: an encyclopedia}},
  series = {{ABC-CLIO's history of science series}},
  publisher = {{ABC-CLIO}},
  editor = {Burns, William E.},
  date = {2003},
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {History,Science}
}

@article{buchanan:2013austerity,
  abstract = {As necessary austerity measures make major inroads into western health services, this paper investigates the philology of austerity and finds that there are two subtly similar yet importantly different derivations from the Latin and the Greek. The Latin austerus is an abstract term meaning dry, harsh, sour; whereas the Greek austeros has a more embodied and literal meaning of making the tongue dry. What seems an initially subtle difference between the metaphorical and the metonymic plays out as involving seriously different outcomes between harsh economic measures and the literal effects on the people suffering under measures that actually make the tongue dry. The paper argues that between the trope and the literal that which Wittgenstein described as ‘a language game’ ensues wherein the metaphorical through a sleight of grammar is passed off as being real while, the literal effects on real people is downplayed as metaphorical ‘collateral damage’. The paper further argues that within this grammar that forces itself upon us, the game of capital is played out through what the author terms an austerity bargain that is levelled by the financial elites: healthy capitalism equals a healthy society. The paper then examines the six elements of the social determinants of health and what actually contributes to a healthy society. Rather than being under an individual threat of exclusion from what Marx termed a superabundance, the paper considers the irreducible differences between the game of capital's individualism, and, the social determinants of health's social inclusion, legitimization and that which Habermas termed public authentication. The paper concludes that not only do necessary austerity measures need to be critiqued but that they radically undermine what determines a healthy society. It follows also that the social determinants of health, radically undermine the bargain inherent for the privileged few within the game of capital.},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1466-769X.2012.00549.x},
  issn = {1466-769X},
  rights = {{© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd}},
  shorttitle = {{The austerity bargain and the social self}},
  title = {{The austerity bargain and the social self: conceptual clarity surrounding health cutbacks}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-769X.2012.00549.x/abstract},
  volume = {{14}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Nursing Philosophy}},
  author = {Buchanan, David A.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {2013-01},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {38--44},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {austerity,capital,health cutbacks,social determinants of health,superabundance},
  file = {Buchanan - 2013 - The austerity bargain and the social self concept.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/2HKCGW2N/Buchanan - 2013 - The austerity bargain and the social self concept.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@online{:browse,
  title = {{Browse subject: Medicine -- Terminology | The Online Books Page}},
  url = {http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc\&key=Medicine\%20--\%20Terminology\&c=x},
  urldate = {2014-05-09},
  file = {Browse subject\: Medicine -- Terminology | The Online Books Page:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/V6P6GU86/browse.html:text/html}
}

@article{warwick:1978future,
  doi = {10.1002/ar.1091900102},
  issn = {0003-276X, 1097-0185},
  shorttitle = {{The future of Nomina Anatomica?}},
  title = {{The future of Nomina Anatomica: a personal view}},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ar.1091900102},
  volume = {{190}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The Anatomical Record}},
  author = {Warwick, Roger},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {1978-01},
  year = {1978},
  pages = {1--3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Warwick - 1978 - The future of Nomina Anatomicaa personal view.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/6NRVZDDB/Warwick - 1978 - The future of Nomina Anatomicaa personal view.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{foex:2008back,
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.a2761},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
  shorttitle = {{Back to the future}},
  title = {{Back to the future: emergency departments and ancient Greek warfare}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a2761},
  volume = {{337}},
  issue = {dec15 1},
  journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
  author = {Foex, B.A.},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2008-12-15},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {a2761--a2761},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Back to the future\: emergency departments and ancient Greek warfare | The BMJ:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/U8H5ZN2K/bmj.html:text/html}
}

@inbook{dean-jones:2013child,
  isbn = {9780199781546},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  title = {{The Child Patient of the Hippocratics: Early Pediatrics?}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199781546.013.005},
  booktitle = {{The Oxford handbook of childhood and education in the classical world}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  author = {Dean-Jones, Lesley A.},
  editor = {Grubbs, Judith Evans and Parkin, Tim G.},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {108--124},
  keywords = {Children,Education,Education, Ancient,Education, Greek,Greece,History,Rome,Social conditions,To 146 B.C,To 1500},
  file = {Child Patient of the Hippocratics - Oxford Handbooks:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/MNDFI5D2/oxfordhb-9780199781546-e-005.html:text/html}
}

@collection{clayton:2008oxford,
  isbn = {9780199543656  0199543658},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  title = {{The Oxford handbook of religion and science}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199543656.001.0001},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  editor = {Clayton, Philip},
  editora = {Simpson, Zachary and {International Society for Science and Religion}},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{grant:1979condemnation,
  doi = {10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301526},
  title = {{The condemnation of 1277, God's absolute power, and physical thought in the late Middle Ages}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301526},
  volume = {{10}},
  journaltitle = {{Viator}},
  author = {Grant, Edward},
  urldate = {2014-09-16},
  date = {1979},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {211--244},
  file = {MetaPress Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/88G4XFRD/Grant - 1979 - The Condemnation of 1277, God's Absolute Power, an.pdf:application/pdf;MetaPress Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/8VFH2XXN/N4625575G1473308.html:text/html}
}

@article{lindberg:1986war,
  doi = {10.2307/3166822},
  shorttitle = {{Beyond War and Peace}},
  title = {{Beyond war and peace: a reappraisal of the encounter between Christianity and science}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3166822},
  volume = {{55}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Church History}},
  author = {Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L.},
  date = {1986-09},
  year = {1986},
  pages = {338--354},
  file = {Cambridge Journals Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/8JGSG22I/displayAbstract.html:text/html;Cambridge Journals PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/D4H8T87H/Lindberg and Numbers - 1986 - Beyond War and Peace A Reappraisal of the Encount.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@collection{simpson:1989oxford,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9780198611868},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  title = {{The Oxford English dictionary}},
  url = {http://www.oed.com/},
  volumes = {20},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  editor = {Simpson, J.A. and Weiner, E.S.C.},
  date = {1989},
  year = {1989},
  keywords = {English language}
}

@collection{venes:2013tabers,
  abstract = {Taber's 22 bring meanings to life! Taber's 22 is the all-in-one, go-to source in the classroom, clinical, and beyond. Under the editorial direction of Donald Venes, MD, MSJ, a team of expert consulting editors and consultants, representing nearly every health care profession, ensures that the content reflects the most current healthcare information. A wealth of resources puts the language of nursing, medicine and the healthcare professions at your fingertips.},
  edition = {{22}},
  isbn = {9780803629776  080362977X  9780803629783  0803629788  9780803629790  0803629796},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  title = {{Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary}},
  url = {http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=1079336},
  publisher = {{Davis}},
  editor = {Venes, Donald},
  editora = {Taber, Clarence Wilbur},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  langid = {english}
}

@collection{croteau:1991lexique,
  isbn = {255114695X 9782551146956},
  location = {{Québec}},
  shorttitle = {{Lexique des fruits}},
  title = {{Lexique des fruits: Lexique français-anglais-latin}},
  publisher = {{Office de la langue française}},
  editor = {Croteau, Clément},
  editora = {Bouchard, Claude-J},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {1991},
  year = {1991},
  langid = {french}
}

@collection{stevenson:2010oxford,
  edition = {{3}},
  isbn = {9780199571123},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {2069},
  title = {{Oxford dictionary of English}},
  url = {http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  editor = {Stevenson, Angus},
  date = {2010},
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {English language}
}

@collection{latham:19752013dictionary,
  isbn = {0197265456},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  shorttitle = {{DMLBS}},
  title = {{Dictionary of medieval Latin from British sources}},
  publisher = {{Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press}},
  editor = {Latham, R.E. and Howlett, D.R. and Ashdowne, R.K.},
  date = {{1975\_2013}},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,English,Latin language, Medieval and modern}
}

@book{fonahn:1922arabic,
  location = {{Kristiania (Oslo)}},
  pagetotal = {174},
  title = {{Arabic and Latin anatomical terminology, chiefly from the Middle Ages}},
  url = {https://archive.org/details/arabiclatinanato00fonauoft},
  publisher = {{Dybwad}},
  author = {Fonahn, Adolf Mauritz},
  date = {1922},
  year = {1922},
  keywords = {Arabic,Dictionaries,Human anatomy,Latin,Latin language}
}

@book{borror:1960dictionary,
  isbn = {0874840538 9780874840537},
  location = {{Mountain View, CA}},
  shorttitle = {{Dictionary of word roots and combining forms}},
  title = {{Dictionary of word roots and combining forms: compiled from the Greek, Latin, and other languages, with special reference to biological terms and scientific names}},
  publisher = {{Mayfield}},
  author = {Borror, Donald J.},
  date = {1960},
  year = {1960},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Borror - 1960 - Dictionary of word roots and combining forms comp.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/DJD59G87/Borror - 1960 - Dictionary of word roots and combining forms comp.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@collection{konstantinidis:2005elseviers,
  isbn = {9780444514400},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of medicine and biology}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of medicine and biology: in English, Greek, German, Italian, and Latin}},
  volumes = {2},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Konstantinidis, Giannis},
  date = {2005},
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {Biology,Dictionaries, Polyglot,English,German,Greek, Modern (1453- ),Italian,Latin,Polyglot,medicine},
  file = {Konstantinidis - 2005 - Elsevier's dictionary of medicine and biology in .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/INQHFJE5/Konstantinidis - 2005 - Elsevier's dictionary of medicine and biology in .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{jorgensen:1958nomina,
  location = {{Copenhagen}},
  pagetotal = {283},
  title = {{Nomina Avium europaearum}},
  publisher = {{Munksgaard}},
  author = {Jørgensen, Harriet I.},
  date = {1958},
  year = {1958},
  keywords = {Birds,nomenclature}
}

@book{woods:1944naturalists,
  location = {{Pasadena}},
  shorttitle = {{The naturalist's lexicon}},
  title = {{The naturalist's lexicon: a list of classical Greek and Latin words used, or suitable for use, in biological nomenclature, with abridged English-classical supplement}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001490380},
  publisher = {{Abbey Garden Press}},
  author = {Woods, Robert S.},
  date = {1944},
  year = {1944},
  keywords = {Biology,Terminology}
}

@book{jaeger:1931dictionary,
  edition = {{2}},
  location = {{London}},
  pagetotal = {157},
  title = {{A dictionary of Greek and Latin combining forms used in zoological names}},
  publisher = {{Baillière}},
  author = {Jaeger, Edmund C.},
  date = {1931},
  year = {1931},
  keywords = {Greek language,Latin language,Word formation,Zoology,nomenclature}
}

@collection{grandtner:2005elseviers,
  isbn = {0444517847},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of trees}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of trees: with names in Latin, English, French, Spanish and other languages}},
  volumes = {2},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Grandtner, Miroslav M. and Grandtner, M.M. and Chevrette, Julien},
  date = {2005},
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Polyglot,Trees}
}

@collection{tosheva:2000elseviers,
  isbn = {0444500057},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {777},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of agriculture: in English, German, French, Russian and Latin}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Tosheva, T. and Djarova, M. and Deliĭska, B.},
  date = {2000},
  year = {2000},
  keywords = {Agriculture,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Polyglot}
}

@collection{wrobel:2007elseviers,
  isbn = {9780444518774},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {857},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of mammals}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Wrobel, M.},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Mammals,Polyglot}
}

@collection{wrobel:2004elseviers,
  isbn = {0444514996},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {758},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of reptiles}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of reptiles: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Wrobel, M.},
  date = {2004},
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Polyglot,Reptiles}
}

@collection{wrobel:2004elseviersa,
  isbn = {0444513744},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {396},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of amphibians in Latin, English, German, French, and Italian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Wrobel, M.},
  date = {2004},
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Amphibians,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Polyglot}
}

@collection{zykov:2002elseviers,
  isbn = {0444504206},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {506},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of nature and hunting in English, French, Russian, German, and Latin}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Zykov, K.D.},
  date = {2002},
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Hunting,Natural history,Nature conservation,Polyglot}
}

@collection{okali:2000elseviers,
  isbn = {0444505350},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {449},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of invertebrates (excluding insects)}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of invertebrates (excluding insects): in Latin, English, French, German, and Spanish}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Okáli, Ilja and Dulová, Miroslava and Mokráň, Pavel},
  date = {2000},
  year = {2000},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Invertebrates,Polyglot}
}

@collection{ferlin:1989elseviers,
  isbn = {0444705058},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {426},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of the world's game and wildlife}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of the world's game and wildlife: in English, Latin, French, German, Dutch, and Spanish with equivalents in Afrikaans and Kiswahili, with thirteen original drawings by the author}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Ferlin, Guy},
  date = {1989},
  year = {1989},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Game and game-birds,Hunting,Polyglot,Wildlife management}
}

@collection{williams:1987elseviers,
  isbn = {0444989692},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {479},
  shorttitle = {{Dictionary of weeds of eastern Europe}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of eastern Europe: their common names and importance in Latin, Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, English, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat, and Slovak}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Williams, Gareth and Hunyadi, Károly},
  date = {1987},
  year = {1987},
  keywords = {Dictionaries Polyglot,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Europe, Eastern,Nomenclature (Popular) Dictionaries Polyglot,Weeds}
}

@collection{williams:1982elseviers,
  isbn = {0444419780},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {320},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of western Europe}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of western Europe: their common names and importance in Latin, Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Williams, Gareth},
  date = {1982},
  year = {1982},
  keywords = {Dictionaries Polyglot,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Europe,Nomenclature (Popular) Dictionaries Polyglot,Weeds}
}

@collection{white:2003elseviers,
  isbn = {0444512721},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {600},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of plant names of North America, including Mexico}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of plant names of North America, including Mexico: in Latin, Spanish (Mexican and European) and English (American)}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {White, Richard C.},
  date = {2003},
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,North America,Plant names, Popular,Plants,Polyglot}
}

@collection{schroeter:1999dictionary,
  isbn = {387429398X},
  location = {{Königstein}},
  pagetotal = {1033},
  shorttitle = {{Dictionary of plant names}},
  title = {{Dictionary of plant names: over 100,000 names of about 10,000 species and varieties of flowering plants and fern-like plants in Latin, Russian, English and Chinese (hieroglyphic and Latin transliteration)}},
  publisher = {{Koeltz}},
  editor = {Schroeter, A.I. and Panasi︠u︡k, V.A. and Bykov, V.A.},
  date = {1999},
  year = {1999},
  keywords = {Botany,Chinese,Dictionaries Latin, Medieval and modern,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Plants,Russian,nomenclature}
}

@collection{morton:1977elseviers,
  isbn = {0444415599},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {207},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of food science and technology}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of food science and technology: in four languages, English, French, Spanish, German, with an index of Latin names}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Morton, I.D. and Morton, Chloe},
  date = {1977},
  year = {1977},
  keywords = {Dictionaries Polyglot,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Food,Food industry and trade}
}

@collection{macura:1979elseviers,
  isbn = {0444417877},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of botany}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of botany: in English, French, German, Latin, and Russian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Macura, Paul},
  date = {1979},
  year = {1979},
  keywords = {Botany,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Plant names, Popular,Plants,Polyglot}
}

@book{schneeweiss:1982dictionary,
  isbn = {0444420495},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {520},
  title = {{Dictionary of cereal processing and cereal chemistry in English, German, French, Latin, and Russian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  author = {Schneeweiss, R.},
  date = {1982},
  year = {1982},
  keywords = {Dictionaries Polyglot,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Grain}
}

@collection{chaballe:1984elseviers,
  isbn = {0444423761},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {321},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's sugar dictionary in six languages}},
  title = {{Elsevier's sugar dictionary in six languages: English/American, French, Spanish, Dutch, German, and Latin}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Chaballe, L.Y.},
  date = {1984},
  year = {1984},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Manufacture and refining Dictionaries Polyglot,Sugar}
}

@collection{clason:1989elseviers,
  isbn = {0444429778},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {1016},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of wild and cultivated plants in Latin, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, and German}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Clason, W.E.},
  date = {1989},
  year = {1989},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Europe,Latin language, Medieval and modern,Plant names, Popular,Plants,Plants, Cultivated,Polyglot}
}

@collection{eylenbosch:1995elseviers,
  isbn = {0444880666},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {487},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of pests and diseases in useful plants}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of pests and diseases in useful plants: in English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, and Latin}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Eylenbosch, Ernest},
  date = {1995},
  year = {1995},
  keywords = {Dictionaries Polyglot,Dictionaries, Polyglot,Plant diseases,Plant parasites}
}

@collection{wrobel:1996elseviers,
  isbn = {0444821821},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {925},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of plant names}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of plant names: in Latin, English, French, German, and Italian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Wrobel, M. and Creber, G.},
  date = {1996},
  year = {1996},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Plant names, Popular,Plants,Polyglot}
}

@collection{wrobel:1998elseviers,
  isbn = {0444827749},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {400},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of fungi and fungal plant diseases}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of fungi and fungal plant diseases: in Latin, English, German, French, and Italian}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Wrobel, M. and Creber, G.},
  date = {1998},
  year = {1998},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Polyglot,Fungal diseases of plants,Fungi,Nomenclature (Popular) Dictionaries Polyglot,Nomenclature Dictionaries Polyglot,nomenclature}
}

@collection{glare:2012oxford,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9780199580316},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  title = {{Oxford Latin dictionary}},
  volumes = {2},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  editor = {Glare, P.G.W.},
  date = {2012},
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {English,Latin language}
}

@collection{lewis:1879latin,
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {2019},
  title = {{A Latin dictionary: Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary}},
  url = {http://logeion.uchicago.edu/},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  editor = {Lewis, Charlton T. and Short, Charles},
  date = {1879},
  year = {1879},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,English,English language,Latin,Latin language}
}

@collection{liddell:1996greekenglish,
  edition = {{9th ed. with revised supplement}},
  isbn = {0198642261},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {2042},
  title = {{A Greek-English lexicon}},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  editor = {Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert and Stuart Jones, Henry and Glare, P.G.W.},
  editora = {McKenzie, Roderick},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {1996},
  year = {1996},
  keywords = {English,Greek language}
}

@book{niermeyer:2002mediae,
  edition = {{Rev. ed.}},
  isbn = {9004112790},
  location = {{Leiden}},
  title = {{Mediae Latinitatis lexicon minus: Medieval Latin Dictionary/Lexique latin médiéval/Mittellateinishces Wörterbuch}},
  volumes = {2},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  author = {Niermeyer, J.F. and van de Kieft, C.},
  editor = {Burgers, J.W.J.},
  date = {2002},
  year = {2002},
  langid = {latin},
  keywords = {Dictionaries English,Dictionaries French,Dictionaries German,Latin language, Medieval and modern}
}

@collection{onions:1966oxford,
  isbn = {0198611129},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {1025},
  title = {{The Oxford dictionary of English etymology}},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  editor = {Onions, C.T.},
  date = {1966},
  year = {1966},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,English language,Etymology}
}

@collection{brooks:2007classical,
  isbn = {055010349X},
  location = {{Edinburgh}},
  pagetotal = {213},
  title = {{Classical roots for medics}},
  publisher = {{Chambers}},
  editor = {Brooks, Katie},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Terminology,medicine}
}

@book{skinner:1949origin,
  location = {{Baltimore}},
  pagetotal = {viii, 379 p.},
  title = {{The origin of medical terms}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001556871},
  publisher = {{Williams \& Wilkins}},
  author = {Skinner, Henry Alan},
  urldate = {2014-05-09},
  date = {1949},
  year = {1949},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,English language,Etymology,Terminology,Terminology.,medicine}
}

@book{osol:1972blakistons,
  edition = {{3}},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {1828},
  title = {{Blakiston's Gould medical dictionary; a modern comprehensive dictionary of the terms used in all branches of medicine and allied sciences}},
  publisher = {{McGraw-Hill}},
  author = {Osol, Arthur},
  date = {1972},
  year = {1972},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,medicine}
}

@collection{gould:1901cyclopedia,
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  title = {{A cyclopedia of practical medicine and surgery: a concise reference book, alphabetically arranged of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, materia medica, therapeutics, and the various specialties, with particular reference to diagnosis and treatment}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001575292},
  publisher = {{Blakiston}},
  editor = {Gould, George M. and Pyle, Walter L.},
  date = {1901},
  year = {1901},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,Surgery,medicine}
}

@book{haubrich:2003medical,
  abstract = {This second edition of Medical Meanings is fully updated and revised to include over thirty percent more of the definitions, histories, and amusing. More than a dictionary, it explores the history of medical terms, tracing some back to classical roots and describing the recent coinage of others. All previous 3000 entries have been considered afresh, and many have been revised or sharpened, and nearly 300 new words and phrases have been added.},
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {1930513496 9781930513495},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {282},
  shorttitle = {{Medical meanings}},
  title = {{Medical meanings: A glossary of word origins}},
  publisher = {{American College of Physicians}},
  author = {Haubrich, William S.},
  date = {2003},
  year = {2003},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Medical / Dictionaries \& Terminology,Medical / General}
}

@collection{glare:1982oxford,
  isbn = {0198642245},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {2126},
  title = {{Oxford Latin dictionary}},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  editor = {Glare, P.G.W.},
  date = {1982},
  year = {1982},
  keywords = {English,Latin language}
}

@collection{liddell:1940greekenglish,
  edition = {{9}},
  isbn = {0198642261},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {2042},
  title = {{A Greek-English lexicon}},
  url = {http://logeion.uchicago.edu/},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  editor = {Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert and Stuart Jones, Henry},
  editora = {McKenzie, Roderick},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {1940},
  year = {1940},
  keywords = {English,Greek language}
}

@book{skinner:1970origin,
  edition = {{2nd ed., corrected}},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {438},
  title = {{The origin of medical terms}},
  publisher = {{Hafner}},
  author = {Skinner, Henry Alan},
  date = {1970},
  year = {1970},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,English language,Etymology,Terminology,medicine}
}

@collection{stegman:2006stedmans,
  edition = {{28}},
  isbn = {0781733901},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  title = {{Stedman's medical dictionary}},
  url = {http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=14615},
  publisher = {{Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}},
  editor = {Stegman, Julie K. and Branger, Eric and Piper, Tiffany and Filardo, Thomas W. and Dirckx, John H. and Lukens, Raymond and Hensyl, William R.},
  date = {2006},
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {English,medicine}
}

@collection{senning:2007elseviers,
  isbn = {0444522395},
  location = {{Amsterdam}},
  pagetotal = {433},
  shorttitle = {{Elsevier's dictionary of chemoetymology}},
  title = {{Elsevier's dictionary of chemoetymology: The whies and whences of chemical nomenclature and terminology}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  editor = {Senning, Alexander},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Chemistry,English language,Etymology}
}

@book{dorland:2012dorlands,
  abstract = {Illustrates and defines terms used in different branches of medicine and health science.},
  edition = {{32}},
  isbn = {9781416062578  1416062572  9781416062561  1416062564  9780808924180  0808924184},
  location = {{Philadelphia, PA}},
  title = {{Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary.}},
  publisher = {{Saunders/Elsevier}},
  author = {Dorland, W.A. Newman},
  date = {2012},
  year = {2012},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{jaeger:1959sourcebook,
  edition = {{3}},
  isbn = {0398009163},
  location = {{Springfield, IL}},
  pagetotal = {323},
  title = {{A source-book of biological names and terms}},
  publisher = {{Thomas}},
  author = {Jaeger, Edmund C.},
  date = {1959},
  year = {1959},
  keywords = {Biology,Terminology}
}

@book{marcovecchio:1993dizionario,
  isbn = {8885171141},
  location = {{Firenze}},
  pagetotal = {938},
  title = {{Dizionario etimologico storico dei termini medici}},
  publisher = {{Festina Lente}},
  author = {Marcovecchio, Enrico},
  date = {1993},
  year = {1993},
  langid = {italian},
  keywords = {Dictionaries Italian,Etymology,Italian language,medicine}
}

@book{wain:1958story,
  location = {{Springfield, IL}},
  pagetotal = {viii, 342 p.},
  title = {{The story behind the word: some interesting origins of medical terms}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001556876},
  publisher = {{Thomas}},
  author = {Wain, Henry},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {1958},
  year = {1958},
  keywords = {Dictionaries.,Terminology.,medicine}
}

@book{nybakken:1959greek,
  abstract = {A very serviceable book with a scope similar to Ayers. This book presents full Latin and Greek words rather than word roots, and is not afraid to use the Greek alphabet. It presents Latin before Greek, which seems to be a disadvantage, since this has prompted some students to think that Greek words originate in Latin. It has been used as a textbook at the University of Toronto as recently as 2014, but only with extensive adaptation.},
  isbn = {0813807204 9780813807201},
  location = {{Ames}},
  title = {{Greek and Latin in scientific terminology}},
  publisher = {{Iowa State College Press}},
  author = {Nybakken, Oscar Edward},
  date = {1959},
  year = {1959},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{willis:2008medical,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9780781792837},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {825},
  shorttitle = {{Medical terminology}},
  title = {{Medical terminology: A programmed learning approach to the language of health care}},
  publisher = {{Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}},
  author = {Willis, Marjorie Canfield},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {medicine}
}

@book{ayers:1972bioscientific,
  abstract = {Presents Greek and Latin (in that order), mostly using word roots. Some of the material is obsolete, and there are also some errors. Nonetheless, the book remains one of the better overviews for Latin and Greek words across life sciences. Used as a textbook at the University of Toronto for many years.},
  isbn = {0816503052},
  location = {{Tucson}},
  pagetotal = {325},
  shorttitle = {{Bioscientific terminology}},
  title = {{Bioscientific terminology: Words from Latin and Greek stems}},
  publisher = {{University of Arizona Press}},
  author = {Ayers, Donald M.},
  date = {1972},
  year = {1972},
  keywords = {Biology,Terminology}
}

@book{patterson:1982medical,
  isbn = {0878751386},
  location = {{Troy, NY}},
  pagetotal = {275},
  title = {{Medical terminology from Greek and Latin}},
  publisher = {{Whitston}},
  author = {Patterson, Sandra R. and Thompson, Lawrence S.},
  date = {1982},
  year = {1982},
  keywords = {Greek language,Latin language,Medical Greek,Medical Latin,Terminology,medicine}
}

@book{dunmore:2008studies,
  abstract = {One of the most thorough textbooks available for teaching Greek and Latin roots to students without making any specialization. Includes some rather odd errors in its treatment of Greek. Used as a textbook at the University of Western Ontario.},
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9781585100125 1585100129},
  location = {{Newburyport, MA}},
  title = {{Studies in etymology}},
  publisher = {{Focus}},
  author = {Dunmore, Charles W. and Fleischer, Rita M.},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{green:2014greek,
  abstract = {A non-specialized book similar in scope to \emph{Studies in Etymology}, but pitched at a slightly lower level, with less descriptive text and more exercises.},
  edition = {{5}},
  isbn = {9781442233270},
  location = {{Lanham, MD}},
  title = {{The Greek \& Latin roots of English}},
  publisher = {{Rowman \& Littlefield}},
  author = {Green, Tamara M.},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {English language,Foreign elements Greek,Foreign elements Latin,Greek language,Influence on English,Latin language,Roots}
}

@book{agard:1955medical,
  edition = {{3}},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {96},
  title = {{Medical Greek and Latin at a glance}},
  publisher = {{Hoeber}},
  author = {Agard, Walter R. and Howe, Herbert M.},
  date = {1955},
  year = {1955},
  keywords = {Greek language,Latin language,Terminology,Terms and phrases,Word formation,medicine}
}

@book{tindall:1997medical,
  isbn = {9026514980},
  location = {{Lisse, Netherlands}},
  pagetotal = {224},
  shorttitle = {{Medical terms}},
  title = {{Medical terms: their roots and origins}},
  publisher = {{Swets \& Zeitlinger}},
  author = {Tindall, A.R.},
  date = {1997},
  year = {1997},
  keywords = {English language,Etymology,medicine,nomenclature}
}

@book{roberts:1971medical,
  edition = {{5}},
  location = {{London}},
  pagetotal = {102},
  shorttitle = {{Medical terms}},
  title = {{Medical terms: their origin and construction}},
  publisher = {{Heinemann}},
  author = {Roberts, Ffrangcon},
  date = {1971},
  year = {1971},
  keywords = {Terminology,medicine}
}

@book{lewis:1948medical,
  location = {{Francestown, NH}},
  pagetotal = {135},
  title = {{Medical Latin}},
  publisher = {{Jones}},
  author = {Lewis, Carolyn I.},
  date = {1948},
  year = {1948},
  keywords = {Grammar,Latin language,Terminology,medicine}
}

@book{st.clair:1904compend,
  edition = {{2}},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {131},
  shorttitle = {{A compend of medical Latin}},
  title = {{A compend of medical Latin: designed expressly for elementary training of medical students}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010847383},
  publisher = {{Blakiston's}},
  author = {St. Clair, William Thomas},
  date = {1904},
  year = {1904},
  keywords = {Grammar,Latin language}
}

@book{walker-esbaugh:2004dunmore,
  abstract = {Focuses on the terminology of the anatomy. As the title suggests, the bulk of the book consists of exercises; it seems quite good at what it does. Integrates some interesting details from classical mythology and medicine (seemingly drawing some inspiration from the Masciantonio collection or a common source).},
  edition = {{3}},
  isbn = {0803600321},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {301},
  shorttitle = {{Dunmore and Fleischer's medical terminology}},
  title = {{Dunmore and Fleischer's medical terminology: Exercises in etymology}},
  publisher = {{Davis}},
  author = {Walker-Esbaugh, Cheryl and McCarthy, Laine H. and Sparks, Rhonda A.},
  editora = {Dunmore, Charles William and Fleischer, Rita M.},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {2004},
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Greek language,Latin language,Medical Greek,Medical Latin,Terminology,medicine}
}

@book{ayers:1986english,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {0816509786},
  location = {{Tucson}},
  pagetotal = {290},
  title = {{English words from Latin and Greek elements}},
  publisher = {{University of Arizona Press}},
  author = {Ayers, Donald M.},
  editor = {Worthen, Thomas D.},
  editora = {Cherry, R. L.},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {1986},
  year = {1986},
  keywords = {English language,Foreign elements Greek,Foreign elements Latin,Greek language,Influence on English,Latin language,Roots,Vocabulary,Word formation},
  file = {Ayers - 1986 - English words from Latin and Greek elements.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/I9V7AJS2/Ayers - 1986 - English words from Latin and Greek elements.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{savory:1971latin,
  abstract = {Excellent summary of the most pertinent concepts of Greek and Latin necessary to understanding their usage in biology.},
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {0900541474},
  location = {{Watford, Herts.}},
  pagetotal = {34},
  title = {{Latin and Greek for biologists}},
  publisher = {{Merrow}},
  author = {Savory, Theodore Horace},
  date = {1971},
  year = {1971},
  keywords = {Biology,English language,Etymology,Foreign elements,Greek,Latin,Philology,Terminology,nomenclature}
}

@book{mcculloch:1962medical,
  location = {{Springfield, IL}},
  pagetotal = {154},
  title = {{A medical Greek and Latin workbook}},
  publisher = {{Thomas}},
  author = {McCulloch, James A.},
  date = {1962},
  year = {1962},
  keywords = {Glossaries, vocabularies, etc,Greek language,Latin language,Terminology,medicine}
}

@collection{gilroy:2009atlas,
  abstract = {Includes full-colour illustrations of the body with all parts labelled using the \emph{Terminologia Anatomica}.},
  isbn = {9781604060997},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {656},
  shorttitle = {{Atlas of anatomy}},
  title = {{Atlas of anatomy: Latin nomenclature}},
  publisher = {{Thieme Medical}},
  editor = {Gilroy, Anne M. and MacPherson, Brian R. and Ross, Lawrence M. and Schünke, Michael and Schulte, Erik and Schumacher, Udo},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Anatomy,English,Human anatomy,nomenclature}
}

@book{lumley:2007plant,
  edition = {{3}},
  isbn = {9781845933746 1845933745 9780643094406 0643094407},
  location = {{Melbourne}},
  shorttitle = {{Plant names}},
  title = {{Plant names: a guide to biological nomenclature}},
  publisher = {{Royal Botanic Gardens}},
  author = {Lumley, Peter and Spencer, Roger and Cross, Robert},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{stearn:1992botanical,
  edition = {{4}},
  isbn = {0715300522},
  location = {{Newton Abbot}},
  pagetotal = {546},
  shorttitle = {{Botanical Latin}},
  title = {{Botanical Latin: history, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary}},
  publisher = {{David \& Charles}},
  author = {Stearn, William T.},
  date = {1992},
  year = {1992},
  keywords = {Botany,Latin language,Terminology}
}

@book{brown:1956composition,
  edition = {{2}},
  location = {{Washington, DC}},
  pagetotal = {882},
  shorttitle = {{Composition of scientific words}},
  title = {{Composition of scientific words: a manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001183219},
  publisher = {{Privately printed}},
  author = {Brown, Roland W.},
  date = {1956},
  year = {1956},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,English language,Etymology,Science,Terminology,Word formation}
}

@book{sturmer:1908rudiments,
  abstract = {Includes index; 14},
  location = {{La Fayette, IN}},
  pagetotal = {108},
  shorttitle = {{Rudiments of Latin}},
  title = {{Rudiments of Latin: with special reference to the nomenclature of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, the national formulary, and the text-books in materia medica and botany; including also prescription writing and notes on the nomenclature of the German Pharmacopoeia}},
  url = {http://archive.org/details/rudimentsoflatin00sturuoft},
  publisher = {{Sturmer}},
  author = {Sturmer, Julius William},
  editora = {{Gerstein - University of Toronto}},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {1908},
  year = {1908},
  keywords = {Pharmacy}
}

@book{thurlow:1998chemical,
  abstract = {Chemical nomenclature can be a complicated subject. As a result, most works on the subject are rather dry textbooks and primarily consist of sets of instructions on how to name chemicals. This practical book proves that chemical nomenclature can be interesting, not just a 'necessary evil'. Written in a lively and engaging style by experts in their particular fields, this new book provides a general discussion on why good, clear nomenclature is needed. It introduces the reader to the various forms of nomenclature without reading like a textbook. Both 'systematic' and 'trivial' nomenclature systems are used widely (and interchangeably) in chemistry and this new book covers both areas. For example, systematic nomenclature in both the CAS and IUPAC styles is introduced. These systems have many similarities but important differences which the chemist should be aware of. Specialized naming systems are needed for polymers and natural products and these areas are covered in separate chapters. The naming of elements is a very topical subject at the moment and so this is included to ensure a comprehensive coverage. Covering a wide range of topics in the area of nomenclature and acting as an introduction to a varied field, this book will be of interest to industrial chemists as well as students at senior undergraduate and postgraduate level.},
  isbn = {9789401149587  9401149585},
  location = {{Dordrecht}},
  title = {{Chemical Nomenclature}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4958-7},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Thurlow, K.J.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {1998},
  year = {1998},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{layman:2006medical,
  isbn = {0071461043},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {432},
  title = {{Medical terminology demystified}},
  publisher = {{McGraw-Hill}},
  author = {Layman, Dale Pierre},
  date = {2006},
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {English,medicine}
}

@book{swanson:2014neuroanatomical,
  isbn = {9780195340624},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  shorttitle = {{Neuroanatomical terminology}},
  title = {{Neuroanatomical terminology: a lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  author = {Swanson, Larry},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Diagnostic Imaging,History,Nervous System,Neuroanatomy,anatomy \& histology English}
}

@collection{fox:2001nomenclature,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {0841236488},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  pagetotal = {437},
  shorttitle = {{Nomenclature of organic compounds}},
  title = {{Nomenclature of organic compounds: principles and practice}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press; American Chemical Society}},
  editor = {Fox, Robert B. and Powell, Warren H.},
  date = {2001},
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {Chemistry, Organic}
}

@book{lisowski:2007anatomical,
  isbn = {9789812703873},
  location = {{Singapore}},
  pagetotal = {126},
  title = {{Anatomical terms and their derivation}},
  publisher = {{World Scientific}},
  author = {Lisowski, F. Peter and Oxnard, Charles E.},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Anatomy,English,Human anatomy},
  file = {Lisowski and Oxnard - 2007 - Anatomical terms and their derivation.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/VS47A5C2/Lisowski and Oxnard - 2007 - Anatomical terms and their derivation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{field:1968anatomical,
  edition = {{3}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  pagetotal = {212},
  shorttitle = {{Anatomical terms}},
  title = {{Anatomical terms: their origin and derivation}},
  publisher = {{Heffer}},
  author = {Field, E.J. and Harrison, R.J.},
  date = {1968},
  year = {1968},
  keywords = {Human anatomy,Terminology}
}

@book{pepper:1949medical,
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {263},
  shorttitle = {{Medical etymology}},
  title = {{Medical etymology: the history and derivation of medical terms for students of medicine, dentistry, and nursing}},
  url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002077659},
  publisher = {{Saunders}},
  author = {Pepper, O.H. Perry},
  date = {1949},
  year = {1949},
  keywords = {Dictionaries,medicine}
}

@collection{langton:2013essential,
  isbn = {9781119959960},
  location = {{Chichester, West Sussex}},
  pagetotal = {331},
  shorttitle = {{Essential guide to reading biomedical papers}},
  title = {{Essential guide to reading biomedical papers: recognising and interpreting best practice}},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  editor = {Langton, Phil},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Biological Science Disciplines,Biomedical Research,Education,Research Design,methods}
}

@book{ballestas:2009medical,
  edition = {{3}},
  isbn = {9780781788458},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {410},
  title = {{Medical terminology made incredibly easy!}},
  url = {http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=976115\&T=F},
  publisher = {{Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}},
  author = {Ballestas, Helen Christina and Davis, Kim and Gamblian, Vivian C. and Headrick, Donna and Huffstutler-Hawkins, Shelley and Isen, Julia Anne and Knight, Hope Siddons and McClintock, Megan and Pack, Aaron and Piano, Noel C. and Roughley, Angela R. and Scemons, Donna and Sellers, Marilyn D. and Smith, Connie K. and Sofie, Jennifer K. and Walton-Moss, Benita},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Medical sciences,Terminology as Topic,medicine}
}

@book{chabner:2014language,
  edition = {{10}},
  isbn = {9781455728466},
  location = {{Saint Louis, MO}},
  pagetotal = {1041},
  title = {{The language of medicine}},
  publisher = {{Saunders/Elsevier}},
  author = {Chabner, Davi-Ellen},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {Examinations, questions, etc,Terminology,Terminology as Topic,Terms and phrases,medicine}
}

@book{webb:1879manual,
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  pagetotal = {336},
  shorttitle = {{A manual of etymology}},
  title = {{A manual of etymology, containing Latin \& Greek derivatives: with a key, giving the prefix, root, and suffix}},
  url = {http://archive.org/details/manualofetymolog00webbrich},
  publisher = {{Eldredge}},
  author = {Webb, A.C.},
  editora = {{University of California Libraries}},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  urldate = {2014-08-27},
  date = {1879},
  year = {1879},
  keywords = {English language -- Etymology}
}

@book{karenberg:2011fachsprache,
  edition = {{3}},
  isbn = {9783794527496  3794527496},
  location = {{Stuttgart}},
  shorttitle = {{Fachsprache Medizin im Schnellkurs}},
  title = {{Fachsprache Medizin im Schnellkurs: für Studium und Berufspraxis}},
  publisher = {{Schattauer}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  date = {2011},
  year = {2011},
  langid = {german}
}

@book{applegate:1994elements,
  isbn = {0827364067},
  location = {{Albany, NY}},
  pagetotal = {388},
  title = {{The elements of medical terminology}},
  publisher = {{Delmar}},
  author = {Applegate, April and Overton, Valerie},
  date = {1994},
  year = {1994},
  keywords = {English language,Foreign elements,Terminology,medicine,nomenclature}
}

@book{grossgebauer:1988medizinische,
  isbn = {392225103X 9783922251033},
  location = {{München}},
  shorttitle = {{Medizinische Fachsprache}},
  title = {{Medizinische Fachsprache: Etymologisch-erklärende Einführung}},
  publisher = {{Verlag für Angewandte Wiss.}},
  author = {Grossgebauer, Klaus},
  date = {1988},
  year = {1988},
  langid = {german}
}

@book{blinderman:1990biolexicon,
  isbn = {0398056714},
  location = {{Springfield, IL}},
  pagetotal = {363},
  shorttitle = {{Biolexicon}},
  title = {{Biolexicon: a guide to the language of biology}},
  publisher = {{Thomas}},
  author = {Blinderman, Charles},
  date = {1990},
  year = {1990},
  keywords = {Biology,English language,Etymology,Terminology,nomenclature}
}

@book{schmidt:2013using,
  edition = {{4}},
  isbn = {9781466558571},
  location = {{Boca Raton}},
  shorttitle = {{Using the biological literature}},
  title = {{Using the biological literature: a practical guide}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16753},
  publisher = {{CRC Press}},
  author = {Schmidt, Diane},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Biological literature}
}

@book{gadebuschbondio:2010lingua,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9783832516710 3832516719},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  shorttitle = {{Lingua medica}},
  title = {{Lingua medica: Lehrbuch zur medizinischen und zahnmedizinischen Terminologie}},
  publisher = {{Logos}},
  author = {Gadebusch Bondio, Mariacarla and Bettin, Hartmut},
  date = {2010},
  year = {2010},
  langid = {german}
}

@book{caspar:2007medizinische,
  isbn = {9783131216526 3131216522},
  location = {{Stuttgart}},
  shorttitle = {{Medizinische Terminologie}},
  title = {{Medizinische Terminologie: Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch}},
  publisher = {{Thieme}},
  author = {Caspar, Wolfgang},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{lydiatt:2010historical,
  abstract = {The etymological evolution of the anatomical terms larynx, cricoid, glottis, epiglottis, and thyroid (cartilage) dates to antiquity. Human dissection replaced animal in the 16th and 17th centuries and terms evolved. This evolution was recorded in the literature largely in Latin. We translated key studies of laryngeal anatomy from the 16th century to better understand this evolution. We present the Latin with our translations, and historical commentary as essential to this understanding. Vesalius favored the Latin scutiform (shield) for the thyroid cartilage, but recognized peltalis (shield). The Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA) chose the Greek thyroid (theta upsilon rho epsilon omicron epsilon iota delta eta) for modern convention. Vesalius used the name "innominate" for the cricoid cartilage, but described its resemblance to a ring, drawn in the margin of the Fabrica. Krikoid, the Greek for ring shaped, was adopted by the BNA. Although the term arytenoid was used for centuries, Vesalius argued the Greek name referred to the spout of a cup or ladle. He recognized the human arytenoids as two separate cartilages as opposed to single in certain animals. The glottis was defined by Vesalius as the vocal fold or rima glottidis of today, and he advanced its function by understanding the paired, mobile arytenoid cartilages. He defined the function of the epiglottis and first described the pre-epiglottic space. Vesalius' student at Padua, Italy, Columbo contributed to anatomical knowledge, but animosity between them clouded the record. Harvey, working 75 years later in England, offers an evolutionary window from Vesalius. Harvey's laryngeal studies preceded by a decade his groundbreaking studies on the circulation of blood.},
  doi = {10.1002/ca.20912},
  issn = {1098-2353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}},
  title = {{The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.20912/abstract},
  volume = {{23}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Clinical Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Clin Anat}},
  author = {Lydiatt, Daniel D. and Bucher, Gregory S.},
  date = {2010-03},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {131--144},
  note = {PMID: 20069644},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Cranial Nerves,History, 16th Century,Humans,Laryngeal Nerves,Larynx,Terminology as Topic,Vesalius,anatomical etymology,laryngeal anatomy},
  file = {Lydiatt and Bucher - 2010 - The historical Latin and etymology of selected ana.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/WD4WB245/Lydiatt and Bucher - 2010 - The historical Latin and etymology of selected ana.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{temporini:2010relato,
  abstract = {Scientific research in ophthalmology is a dynamic process usually delivered by means of written reports. Greek and Latin words are commonly used in scientific writing. This paper points out some issues related to the clarity, objectivity and precision of writing and offers a short glossary of terms from Greek and Latin languages which are commonly used in scientific writing.},
  doi = {10.1590/S0004-27492010000300019},
  issn = {0004-2749},
  shorttitle = {{Scientific report in ophthalmology}},
  title = {{Relato da pesquisa científica de oftalmologia – o emprego de terminologias greco-latinas}},
  url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract\&pid=S0004-27492010000300019\&lng=en\&nrm=iso\&tlng=en},
  volume = {{73}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia}},
  shortjournal = {{Arq Bras Oftalmol}},
  author = {Temporini, Edmea Rita and Carani, José Carlos Eudes},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2010-06},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {300--303},
  note = {PMID: 20730293},
  keywords = {Biomedical Research,Humans,Language,Ophthalmology,Terminology as Topic,Writing}
}

@article{gal:2011stereochemical,
  abstract = {Asymmetric objects are necessarily chiral, but a structure may be chiral and not asymmetric if it possesses one or more proper rotation axes. Chiral but not asymmetric molecules are important in chemistry and its applications, but no suitable term exists for the designation of such structures, and their terminology in the literature is confused and chaotic. Dissymmetric has been redefined by some authors as "chiral but not asymmetric," in conflict both with Pasteur's definition of the term as "not superposable on its mirror image" (without other restrictions, i.e., chiral) and the understanding of the term in stereochemistry. Moreover, dissymmetric and asymmetric are frequently confused because of their similar forms. Furthermore, dissymmetric is widely used in many other definitions in chemistry, physics, and other disciplines. Thus, dissymmetric is unsuitable in the new definition of "chiral but not asymmetric," and a new term is needed. The adjective "symmanumorphous" is therefore proposed for "chiral but not asymmetric". "Sym" (from symmetry) indicates the presence of some symmetry in the structure, and "manu" (from "manus," Latin for hand, e.g., manual, manuscript) refers to its handedness. "Morphous," from the Greek "morphē," that is, form, is widely used, for example, anthropomorphous, enantiomorphous, etc. Symmanumorphous is convenient and euphonious and at 15 characters (same as enantiomorphous) is not unduly long. The nouns "a symmanumorph" (a structure that is chiral but not asymmetric) and "symmanumorphism" (the phenomenon of chirality without asymmetry) are also proposed. The new terminology is adaptable in other languages and would contribute to creating order out of linguistic chaos.},
  doi = {10.1002/chir.20955},
  issn = {1520-636X},
  shorttitle = {{Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are chiral but not asymmetric}},
  title = {{Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are chiral but not asymmetric: History, analysis, and proposal for a rational terminology}},
  volume = {{23}},
  number = {8},
  journaltitle = {{Chirality}},
  shortjournal = {{Chirality}},
  author = {Gal, Joseph},
  date = {2011-09},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {647--659},
  note = {PMID: 21751256},
  keywords = {History, 19th Century,History, 20th Century,History, 21st Century,Language,Stereoisomerism,Terminology as Topic,Vocabulary},
  file = {Gal - 2011 - Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/T57HEJ8I/Gal - 2011 - Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bezas:2012greek,
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Greek language, the root of most Latin anatomical terms, is deeply present in the Anatomical Terminology. Many studies seek to analyze etymologically the terms stemming from the Greek words. In most of these studies, the terms appear defined according to the etymological understanding of the respective authors at the time of its creation. Therefore, it is possible that the terms currently used are not consistent with its origin in ancient Greek words.
METHODS: We selected cardiologic anatomical terms derived from Greek words, which are included in the International Anatomical Terminology. We performed an etymological analysis using the Greek roots present in the earliest terms. We compared the cardiologic anatomical terms currently used in Greece and Brazil to the Greek roots originating from the ancient Greek language. We used morphological decomposition of Greek roots, prefixes, and suffixes. We also verified their use on the same lexicons and texts from the ancient Greek language.
RESULTS: We provided a list comprising 30 cardiologic anatomical terms that have their origins in ancient Greek as well as their component parts in the International Anatomical Terminology. We included the terms in the way they were standardized in Portuguese, English, and Modern Greek as well as the roots of the ancient Greek words that originated them.
CONCLUSION: Many works deal with the true origin of words (etymology) but most of them neither returns to the earliest roots nor relate them to their use in texts of ancient Greek language. By comparing the world's greatest studies on the etymology of Greek words, this paper tries to clarify the differences between the true origin of the Greek anatomical terms as well as the origins of the cardiologic anatomical terms more accepted today in Brazil by health professionals.},
  doi = {10.5935/1678-9741.20120050},
  issn = {1678-9741},
  shorttitle = {{Greek language}},
  title = {{Greek language: analysis of the cardiologic anatomical etymology: past and present}},
  url = {http://ref.scielo.org/79kmbg},
  volume = {{27}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Revista brasileira de cirurgia cardiovascular}},
  shortjournal = {{Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc}},
  author = {Bezas, Georges and Werneck, Alexandre Lins},
  date = {2012-06},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {318--326},
  note = {PMID: 22996985},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Cardiology,Humans,Language,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Bezas and Werneck - 2012 - Greek language analysis of the cardiologic anatom.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/3CD6R6J2/Bezas and Werneck - 2012 - Greek language analysis of the cardiologic anatom.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cascarini:2007mandibular,
  abstract = {Many of us can remember how much our vocabulary grew as undergraduates and indeed has continued to grow as dental professionals. For many of us not trained in Latin and Greek we have often been too busy learning what the word means to understand why it means what it does. This article aims to clarify things a little. It explains where words relating to the mandible come from, why we use them now and also shows how they are related to other similar words in everyday use.},
  doi = {10.1038/bdj.2007.733},
  issn = {0007-0610},
  rights = {{© 2007 Nature Publishing Group}},
  title = {{Mandibular etymologies}},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v203/n4/full/bdj.2007.733.html},
  volume = {{203}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{British Dental Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Br Dent J}},
  author = {Cascarini, L.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2007-08-25},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {209--210},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/AQRVCSGC/Cascarini - 2007 - Mandibular etymologies.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cooper:2008maxillary,
  abstract = {Our vocabulary grows as undergraduates, and continues to develop as we continue to grow as dental professionals. For many of us not learned in Latin or Greek, we are too busy learning what words mean rather than appreciating why a word means what it does. This article aims to clarify where words relating to the maxilla are derived from, why they are used and how they are related to other similar words in everyday use.},
  doi = {10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.844},
  issn = {0007-0610, 1476-5373},
  rights = {{© 2008 Nature Publishing Group}},
  title = {{Maxillary etymologies}},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v205/n7/full/sj.bdj.2008.844.html},
  volume = {{205}},
  number = {7},
  journaltitle = {{British Dental Journal}},
  author = {Cooper, N. and Cascarini, L.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2008-10-11},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {393--394},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/VIKJFEUC/Cooper and Cascarini - 2008 - Maxillary etymologies.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{leider:1961what,
  doi = {10.1038/jid.1961.68},
  issn = {0022-202X, 1523-1747},
  title = {{What does it mean? An experiment in writing a dermatologic dictionary}},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/jid.1961.68},
  volume = {{36}},
  number = {6},
  journaltitle = {{The Journal of Investigative Dermatology}},
  author = {Leider, Morris and Rosenblum, Morris},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {1961-06},
  year = {1961},
  pages = {441--449},
  file = {Leider and Rosenblum - 1961 - What Does It Mean.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/XDD8JWGZ/Leider and Rosenblum - 1961 - What Does It Mean.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{myles:1993ophthalmic,
  abstract = {In this short article, the ophthalmologist with a curiosity about words will discover some interesting particulars about selected terms that are encountered in everyday practice.},
  doi = {10.1016/0039-6257(93)90016-Z},
  issn = {0039-6257},
  title = {{Ophthalmic etymology}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003962579390016Z},
  volume = {{37}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{Survey of Ophthalmology}},
  shortjournal = {{Survey of Ophthalmology}},
  author = {Myles, Wellington Michael},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {1993-01},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {306--309},
  keywords = {Etymology,History,medical vocabulary},
  file = {Myles - 1993 - Ophthalmic etymology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/7CHID4I2/Myles - 1993 - Ophthalmic etymology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{packer:1992ophthalmologys,
  abstract = {Many of today's important ophthalmic pharmaceuticals have a rich ethnobotanical history. Solanaceous plants, the source of atropine, have contributed to medical therapy since the beginning of Western civilization. The botanical source of physostigmine played a pivotal role as an ordeal poison in the culture of Old Calabar, West Africa. Native peoples of Amazonia treasured plants containing pilocarpine as panaceas because of their impressive diaphoretic effect. Nineteenth century scientists examining these plants because of their folkloric reputations discovered their active compounds and documented their physiological effects. Ophthalmologists such as Argyll Robertson, Laqueur, and Weber built upon this research to bring these pharmaceuticals into therapeutic use. The ongoing loss of the world's tropical rain forests thereatens to destroy a vast storehouse of untested biological compounds.},
  doi = {10.1016/0039-6257(92)90113-8},
  issn = {0039-6257},
  title = {{Ophthalmology's botanical heritage}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0039625792901138},
  volume = {{36}},
  number = {5},
  journaltitle = {{Survey of Ophthalmology}},
  shortjournal = {{Survey of Ophthalmology}},
  author = {Packer, Mark and Brandt, James D.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {1992-03},
  year = {1992},
  pages = {357--365},
  keywords = {atropine,belladonna,eserine,ethnomedicine,glaucoma,jaborandi,medicinal plants,pharmacology,pilocarpine},
  file = {Packer and Brandt - 1992 - Ophthalmology's botanical heritage.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/ZG74GF2W/Packer and Brandt - 1992 - Ophthalmology's botanical heritage.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{soutis:2006ancient,
  abstract = {It is widely accepted that the medical terminology has its roots in ancient Greek and Latin. Greek words have been used not only in the field of medicine but also in every day language for many centuries. The aim of this article is to provide an abbreviated guide to the etymology and the meaning of Greek words used in the medical literature today, emphasizing on the field of pediatric surgery. Thus, the term paediatric is constructed from the words paedion, meaning “child”, and iatriki, meaning “medicine”, literally, “medicine for children.” Surgery, however, is not a Greek word. The corresponding Greek term is chirourgiki, derived from cheir and ergon, that is, “hand and action,” meaning the action made by hands. This term is also found in the French and German medical literature as chirourgie and chirurgie, respectively. Some general terms in surgery are also of Greek origin. The word trauma has been transferred into the English literature without modification and comes from the verb diatitreno, meaning to “penetrate.” Other such terms include diagnosis, from the verb diagignosko, meaning to “discriminate”; symptom, from the verb sympipto, that is, “to coinside”; and the adjectives clinical and clinic, from the noun klini, meaning “bed.”
Focusing on special fields of pediatric surgery, the etymology and the meaning of Greek words used in the medical literature will be shown and analyzed.},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.03.011},
  issn = {0022-3468},
  shorttitle = {{Ancient Greek terminology in pediatric surgery}},
  title = {{Ancient Greek terminology in pediatric surgery: About the word meaning}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022346806002077},
  volume = {{41}},
  number = {7},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Pediatric Surgery}},
  shortjournal = {{Journal of Pediatric Surgery}},
  author = {Soutis, Michael},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2006-07},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {1302--1308},
  file = {Soutis - 2006 - Ancient Greek terminology in pediatric surgery Ab.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/D3S53Q2A/Soutis - 2006 - Ancient Greek terminology in pediatric surgery Ab.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{dirckx:2006anatomical,
  abstract = {An accurate and systematic nomenclature is of paramount importance in a purely descriptive discipline such as anatomy. Because Western science and medicine began in Greece, the earliest names for parts of the body were Greek words, at first borrowed from the vernacular. The growth and spread of anatomic knowledge eventually demanded a more specialized vocabulary. Later, as Latin became the international medium of scholarly communication, a copious and richly metaphoric but unsystematic lexicon of anatomy evolved in that language. In the 19th century, European anatomists organized to forge a more logical, consistent, and economical Latin nomenclature. Modern usage is a hybrid of vernacular words and of Latin and Greek drawn from various systems and periods.},
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {978-0-08-044854-1},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  shorttitle = {{Anatomical Nomenclature}},
  title = {{Anatomical Nomenclature: History}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04268-1},
  booktitle = {{Encyclopedia of Language \& Linguistics}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  editor = {Brown, Keith},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2006},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {244--252},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Arabic,Aristotle,Celsus,Galen,Greek,Hippocrates,Homer,Latin,Nomina Anatomica,Terminologia Anatomica,Vesalius,eponym,medicine,metaphor,nomenclature},
  file = {Dirckx - 2006 - Anatomical Nomenclature History.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/MN3U59B4/Dirckx - 2006 - Anatomical Nomenclature History.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sakai:2007historical,
  doi = {10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00180.x},
  issn = {1447-6959, 1447-073X},
  title = {{Historical evolution of anatomical terminology from ancient to modern}},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00180.x},
  volume = {{82}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Anatomical Science International}},
  author = {Sakai, Tatsuo},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2007-06},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {65--81},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Sakai - 2007 - Historical evolution of anatomical terminology fro.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/XPRD9K3H/Sakai - 2007 - Historical evolution of anatomical terminology fro.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{giba:2011latin,
  isbn = {978-3-642-15888-9, 978-3-642-15889-6},
  location = {{Berlin}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek in English}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15889-6_11},
  booktitle = {{Preparing and Delivering Scientific Presentations}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  author = {Giba, John and Ribes, Ramón},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2011},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {143--148},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Giba and Ribes - 2011 - Latin and Greek in English.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/P5TA44PG/Giba and Ribes - 2011 - Latin and Greek in English.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{turmezei:2012linguistic,
  abstract = {Previous research focusing on Classical Latin and Greek roots has shown that understanding the etymology of English anatomical terms may be beneficial for students of human anatomy. However, not all anatomical terms are derived from Classical origins. This study aims to explore the linguistic roots of the Modern English terminology used in human gross anatomy. By reference to the Oxford English Dictionary, etymologies were determined for a lexicon of 798 Modern English gross anatomical terms from the 40th edition of Gray's Anatomy. Earliest traceable language of origin was determined for all 798 terms; language of acquisition was determined for 747 terms. Earliest traceable languages of origin were: Classical Latin (62\%), Classical Greek (24\%), Old English (7\%), Post-Classical Latin (3\%), and other (4\%). Languages of acquisition were: Classical Latin (42\%), Post-Classical Latin (29\%), Old English (8\%), Modern French (6\%), Classical Greek (5\%), Middle English (3\%), and other (7\%). While the roots of Modern English anatomical terminology mostly lie in Classical languages (accounting for the origin of 86\% of terms), the anatomical lexicon of Modern English is actually much more diverse. Interesting and perhaps less familiar examples from these languages and the methods by which such terms have been created and absorbed are discussed. The author suggests that awareness of anatomical etymologies may enhance the enjoyment and understanding of human anatomy for students and teachers alike. Clin. Anat. 25:1015–1022, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/ca.22062},
  issn = {1098-2353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}},
  title = {{The linguistic roots of Modern English anatomical terminology}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/doi/10.1002/ca.22062/abstract},
  volume = {{25}},
  number = {8},
  journaltitle = {{Clinical Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Clin Anat}},
  author = {Turmezei, Tom D.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2012-11},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {1015--1022},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 22461143},
  keywords = {Anatomy,English,Etymology,History, 15th Century,History, 16th Century,History, 17th Century,History, 18th Century,History, 19th Century,History, 20th Century,History, 21st Century,History, Ancient,History, Medieval,Humans,Language,Linguistics,Terminology,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Turmezei - 2012 - The linguistic roots of Modern English anatomical .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/EKKFR6KW/Turmezei - 2012 - The linguistic roots of Modern English anatomical .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{paluzzi:2012retracing,
  abstract = {Researching the origin of the terms that we use to identify neuroanatomical structures is a helpful and fascinating exercise. It can provide neuroscientists with a better insight and understanding of the macroscopic anatomy of the cranium and its contents. It can also help the novice to this discipline to become acquainted with structures whose three dimensional anatomy is often difficult to appreciate. The purpose of this article was to investigate the etymology of some of the terms referring to the macroscopic anatomical structures of the skull and the intracranial cavity. We observed how each name unravels an interesting story, sometimes linked to mythological creatures, other times to the shape of animals or objects and tools of everyday life. We conclude that even without a deep knowledge of the Greek, Latin, or Arabic language, learning who described a particular structure and how they decided to name it, makes the study of neuroanatomy more complete and fulfilling. Clin. Anat. 25:1005–1014, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/ca.22053},
  issn = {1098-2353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}},
  title = {{Retracing the etymology of terms in neuroanatomy}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.22053/abstract},
  volume = {{25}},
  number = {8},
  journaltitle = {{Clinical Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Clin. Anat.}},
  author = {Paluzzi, Alessandro and Fernandez-Miranda, Juan and Torrenti, Matthew and Gardner, Paul},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2012-11},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {1005--1014},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 23112209},
  keywords = {Etymology,History, 15th Century,History, 16th Century,History, 17th Century,History, 18th Century,History, 19th Century,History, 20th Century,History, 21st Century,History, Ancient,History, Medieval,Humans,Language,Mythology,Neuroanatomy,Terminology as Topic,history of medicine},
  file = {Paluzzi et al. - 2012 - Retracing the etymology of terms in neuroanatomy.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/N6DDUMPD/Paluzzi et al. - 2012 - Retracing the etymology of terms in neuroanatomy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{davis:2014naming,
  abstract = {The giants of medicine and anatomy have each left their mark on the history of the cranial nerves, and much of the history of anatomic study can be viewed through the lens of how the cranial nerves were identified and named. A comprehensive literature review on the classification of the cranial names was performed. The identification of the cranial nerves began with Galen in the 2nd century AD and evolved up through the mid-20th century. In 1778, Samuel Sömmerring, a German anatomist, classified the 12 cranial nerves as we recognize them today. This review expands on the excellent investigations of Flamm, Shaw, and Simon et al., with discussion of the historical identification as well as the process of naming the human cranial nerves. Clin. Anat. 27:14–19, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/ca.22345},
  issn = {1098-2353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}},
  shorttitle = {{The naming of the cranial nerves}},
  title = {{The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.22345/abstract},
  volume = {{27}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Clinical Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Clin. Anat.}},
  author = {Davis, Matthew C. and Griessenauer, Christoph J. and Bosmia, Anand N. and Tubbs, R. Shane and Shoja, Mohammadali M.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2014-01},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {14--19},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {History,cranial nerve,naming},
  file = {Davis et al. - 2014 - The naming of the cranial nerves A historical rev.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/BRVBBGVR/Davis et al. - 2014 - The naming of the cranial nerves A historical rev.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{beretta:1993enlightenment,
  isbn = {0881351520},
  location = {{Canton, MA}},
  pagetotal = {396},
  shorttitle = {{The enlightenment of matter}},
  title = {{The enlightenment of matter: the definition of chemistry from Agricola to Lavoisier}},
  number = {15},
  series = {{Uppsala studies in history of science}},
  publisher = {{Science History Publications}},
  author = {Beretta, Marco},
  date = {1993},
  year = {1993},
  keywords = {18th century,Chemistry,Europe,History,Nomenclature History,Notation History}
}

@article{ivanova:2001anatomic,
  abstract = {Our paper deals with the situation of medieval anatomy language in the pre-Vesalian period. It also explains the necessity of terminology reform undertaken by Vesalius in his De humani corporis fabrica. It describes formation principles of the scientific language of anatomy based on pure classical Latin while eliminating Arabic and Greek elements. Emphasis is laid on Vesalius' effort to unify terms as far as their meaning is concerned, to record lexical items and to create a permanent nomenclature in order to eliminate discrepancies in this field of communication. Our paper contains a lot of information on terminology demonstrating Vesalius' language reform and reminding us of his great achievement, for which he is considered a forerunner of anatomy nomenclature codification. (Ref. 5.)},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{Anatomic nomenclature by Vesalius}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2001/10203-08.pdf},
  volume = {{102}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Ivanová, Alena and Holomáňová, Anna},
  date = {2001},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {169--173},
  note = {PMID: 11433607},
  keywords = {Anatomy,History, Medieval,Humans,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Ivanová and Holomáňová - 2001 - Anatomic nomenclature by Vesalius.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/PB7FRVNE/Ivanová and Holomáňová - 2001 - Anatomic nomenclature by Vesalius.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kachlik:2008anatomical,
  abstract = {The anatomical terminology is a base for medical communication. It is elaborated into a nomenclature in Latin. Its history goes back to 1895, when the first Latin anatomical nomenclature was published as Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica. It was followed by seven revisions (Jenaiensia Nomina Anatomica 1935, Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica 1955, Nomina Anatomica 2nd to 6th edition 1960-1989). The last revision, Terminologia Anatomica, (TA) created by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, was published in 1998. Apart from the official Latin anatomical terminology, it includes a list of recommended English equivalents. In this article, major changes and pitfalls of the nomenclature are discussed, as well as the clinical anatomy terms. The last revision (TA) is highly recommended to the attention of not only teachers, students and researchers, but also to clinicians, doctors, translators, editors and publishers to be followed in their activities.},
  doi = {10.1007/s00276-008-0357-y},
  issn = {0930-1038, 1279-8517},
  shorttitle = {{Anatomical terminology and nomenclature}},
  title = {{Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: Past, present and highlights}},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00276-008-0357-y},
  volume = {{30}},
  number = {6},
  journaltitle = {{Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Surg Radiol Anat}},
  author = {Kachlík, David and Báča, Václav and Bozděchová, Ivana and Čech, Pavel and Musil, Vladimír},
  date = {2008-08},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {459--466},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 18488135},
  keywords = {Anatomy,History,Humans,Imaging / Radiology,Terminology,Terminology as Topic,nomenclature},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/3ZFEM5M3/10.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/KUBVGNEV/Kachlik et al. - 2008 - Anatomical terminology and nomenclature past, pre.pdf:application/pdf;Anatomical terminology and nomenclature\: past, present and highlights - Springer:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/NCH48CFD/fulltext.html:text/html}
}

@article{fabry:2006amplification,
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Terminologia anatomica is the new standard in anatomical terminology. This terminology is available only in Latin and English and its worldwide adoption is subject to the addition of terms from others languages. On the other hand, Nomina anatomica, the previous standard, has been widely translated. Aim of this work was to append foreign terms to Terminologia by using similarity-matching algorithm between its Latin terms and those from Nomina.
METHODS: A semi-automatic matching of Latin terms from Terminologia with those of Nomina was performed using a string-to-string distance algorithm and manual assessment. We used a French-Latin version of Nomina together with Terminologia and we suggested French terms for Terminologia. Coverage was evaluated by the number of exact and approximate matches. A target of 78\% was set due to the higher number of terms in Terminologia compared to Nomina. Relevance was estimated by manually comparing the meanings of the English and French terms related to the same Latin term. The question was whether they refer to the same anatomical structure.
RESULTS: Exact or approximate matches were found for 5982 terms (76.5\%) of Terminologia. Our results indicated that more than 75\% of the terms from Terminologia came from Nomina, most of them were left unchanged and all were used with the same meaning.
CONCLUSION: This method produces relevant results, reaching our 78\% target. The method is based only on Latin terms and can be used for other languages. We consider this work as a starting point for adding terms to other knowledge sources, such as the foundational model of anatomy or the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.08.008},
  issn = {1386-5056},
  shorttitle = {{Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm}},
  title = {{Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm: a prototype for other language}},
  volume = {{75}},
  number = {7},
  journaltitle = {{International journal of medical informatics}},
  shortjournal = {{Int J Med Inform}},
  author = {Fabry, Paul and Baud, Robert and Burgun, Anita and Lovis, Christian},
  date = {2006-07},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {542--552},
  note = {PMID: 16203172},
  keywords = {Algorithms,Anatomy,France,Humans,Natural Language Processing,Reference Books, Medical,Terminology as Topic,Translating,Unified Medical Language System},
  file = {Fabry et al. - 2006 - Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/S56V32FZ/Fabry et al. - 2006 - Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{opitz:2013historical,
  abstract = {In their ontogeny and phylogeny all living beings are historical entities. The revolution in biology of the 18th and 19th centuries that did away with the scala naturae according to which we humans, the acme of creation, "made a little lower than the angels," also led to the gradual realization that a humble one-celled protist ("protoctist"), such as Entamoeba histolytica of ill repute {[}Margulis and Chapman, {]} has the same 4-billion-year phylogeny as that of Homo sapiens, vivid testimony to common ancestry and the relatedness of all living beings on earth. The group of medical geneticists who assembled at the NIH, Bethesda, MD this January to address terms pertaining to human ontogeny, did so in the long tradition of Sydenham, Linnaeus, Meckel, Geoffroy St-Hilaire père et fils, Wilhelm His and so many others before who had over the previous two centuries wrestled as earnestly as they could with concepts of "classification" and nomenclature of developmental anomalies. The prior massive need for classification per se in medical morphology has diminished over the years in favor of ever more sophisticated understanding of pathogenesis and cause through experimental biology and genetics; however, in the winter of 2013 it was still found prudent to respect terminological precedent on general terms while recognizing recent advances in developmental pathology requiring clarification and definition of special terms. Efforts along similar lines instigated by the German Society of Anatomists at their first meeting in Leipzig in 1887 culminated, after intense years of work by hundreds of experts and consultants under the goad of Wilhelm His, in the Basel Nomina Anatomica {[}BNA, His (1895){]}. His, himself, stated prefatorily that the BNA had no legislative weight, only an evanescent consensus of many to be amended in the future as needed and indicated. Without hubris, no one before or after will do the same. The more substantial the consensus the more permanent the structure. After some 120 years the BNA is alive and flourishing. Now retitled Terminologia Anatomica, it has been amended and added to many times, is still in Latin but now with synonyms in English, the new lingua franca of science, for every anatomical, histological and embryological term. May our successors be equally effective.},
  doi = {10.1002/ajmg.a.36244},
  issn = {1552-4833},
  title = {{Historical perspective on developmental concepts and terminology}},
  volume = {{161A}},
  number = {11},
  journaltitle = {{American journal of medical genetics}},
  shortjournal = {{Am. J. Med. Genet. A}},
  author = {Opitz, John M and Neri, Giovanni},
  date = {2013-11},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {2711--2725},
  note = {PMID: 24123982}
}

@article{chiapas-gasca:2012nominaa,
  abstract = {A surprising finding in our seminars in Latin America and Spain was that approximately half of the participants continued to use the old French anatomical nomenclature. The substance of this paper is a table in which we compare the anatomical names for the items reviewed in our seminar, in a Spanish version of the old French nomenclature and in the Spanish, Portuguese, and English versions of the currently employed anatomical terms.},
  doi = {10.1016/j.reuma.2012.10.007},
  issn = {1885-1398},
  title = {{Nomina anatomica. Anatomic terminology and the old French terminology}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1699258X12002458},
  volume = {{8, supplement 2}},
  journaltitle = {{Reumatología clinica}},
  shortjournal = {{Reumatol Clin}},
  author = {Chiapas-Gasca, Karla and Passos, Luiz Fernando De Souza and Euzébio Ribeiro, Sandra Lúcia and Villaseñor-Ovies, Pablo},
  date = {2012-12},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {3--9},
  note = {PMID: 23228528},
  keywords = {Anatomía musculoesquelética,Humans,Language,Latin America,Musculoskeletal System,Musculoskeletal anatomy,Nomenclatura anatómica,Nomina Anatomica,Nómina anatómica,Rheumatology,Spain,Terminology as Topic,anatomical terminology},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/HF8AP44T/S1699258X12002458.html:text/html}
}

@book{lindberg:2007beginnings,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9780226482057},
  location = {{Chicago}},
  pagetotal = {488},
  shorttitle = {{The beginnings of western science}},
  title = {{The beginnings of western science: the European scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450}},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  author = {Lindberg, David C.},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {History,Science, Ancient,Science, Medieval}
}

@article{johnson:1944latin,
  rights = {{Copyright © 1944 University of North Carolina Press}},
  shorttitle = {{Latin versus English}},
  title = {{Latin versus English: The Sixteenth-Century Debate over Scientific Terminology}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4172651},
  volume = {{41}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Studies in Philology}},
  shortjournal = {{Studies in Philology}},
  author = {Johnson, Francis R.},
  urldate = {2014-05-06},
  date = {1944-04},
  year = {1944},
  pages = {109--135},
  file = {Johnson - 1944 - Latin versus English The Sixteenth-Century Debate.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/66Z5ERVX/Johnson - 1944 - Latin versus English The Sixteenth-Century Debate.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{burnett:2013translation,
  isbn = {9780511974007},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  title = {{Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic Science to Latin Christendom}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9780511974007.016},
  booktitle = {{The Cambridge History of Science, \emph{vol. 2:} Medieval Science}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  author = {Burnett, Charles},
  editor = {Lindberg, David C. and Shank, Michael H.},
  urldate = {2014-05-06},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {341--364},
  file = {Burnett - 2013 - Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/H8M8F3HU/Burnett - 2013 - Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{bensaude-vincent:2002languages,
  isbn = {9781139053525},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  title = {{Languages in Chemistry}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521571999.011},
  booktitle = {{The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 5: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  author = {Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette},
  editor = {Nye, Mary Jo},
  urldate = {2014-05-06},
  date = {2002},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {174--190},
  file = {Bensaude-Vincent - 2002 - Languages in Chemistry.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JCHMH79B/Bensaude-Vincent - 2002 - Languages in Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{lawrence:2009anatomy,
  isbn = {9781139056007},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  title = {{Anatomy, histology, and cytology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521572019.016},
  booktitle = {{The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 6: Modern Life and Earth Sciences}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  author = {Lawrence, Susan C.},
  editor = {Bowler, Peter J. and Pickstone, John V.},
  urldate = {2014-05-06},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {265--284},
  file = {Lawrence - 2009 - Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/S99XQTGT/Lawrence - 2009 - Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{herold:2013lost,
  doi = {10.1515/ci.2013.35.3.12},
  issn = {01936484},
  title = {{Lost in nomenclature translation}},
  url = {http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE\%7CA334946158\&v=2.1\&u=utoronto_main\&it=r\&p=AONE\&sw=w\&asid=8f88420514488acbdd8a36161bea02c3},
  volume = {{35}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Chemistry International}},
  author = {Herold, Bernardo},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {12--15},
  langid = {english},
  note = {12},
  keywords = {Chemical elements,Engineering standards,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry},
  file = {Herold - 2013 - Lost in nomenclature translation.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/Z5W25TH5/Herold - 2013 - Lost in nomenclature translation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:2007isidore,
  abstract = {Early in the 7th century of our era, the prelate and scholar Isidore of Seville compiled a Latin encyclopedia of classical learning that retained its popularity throughout the Middle Ages and into early modern times. This work, called Origines seu Etymologiae, treats many of its topics by tracing (often fancifully and incorrectly) the histories of their terms. From Book IV, which deals with medicine, 3 chapters containing glossaries of acute, chronic, and cutaneous diseases are here translated.},
  doi = {10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181597a43},
  issn = {1533-0311},
  title = {{Isidore of Seville on the origins and meanings of medical terms}},
  volume = {{29}},
  number = {6},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {2007-12},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {581--583},
  note = {PMID: 18032959},
  keywords = {Acute Disease,Chronic Disease,Dermatology,Dictionaries, Medical,Encyclopedias as Topic,History, Medieval,Humans,Skin Diseases,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Dirckx - 2007 - Isidore of Seville on the origins and meanings of .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/H7VWCDA7/Dirckx - 2007 - Isidore of Seville on the origins and meanings of .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanregenmortel:2000relative,
  doi = {10.1007/s007050050036},
  issn = {0304-8608},
  title = {{On the relative merits of italics, Latin and binomial nomenclature in virus taxonomy}},
  volume = {{145}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Archives of virology}},
  shortjournal = {{Arch. Virol.}},
  author = {van Regenmortel, M.H.},
  date = {2000-02},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {433--441},
  note = {PMID: 10752566},
  keywords = {Animals,Plant Viruses,Terminology as Topic,Vertebrates,Viruses},
  file = {van Regenmortel - 2000 - On the relative merits of italics, Latin and binom.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/XNT6AQ7U/van Regenmortel - 2000 - On the relative merits of italics, Latin and binom.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inreference{frank:2008scientific,
  isbn = {978-1-4020-6242-1, 978-1-4020-6359-6},
  location = {{Dordrecht}},
  title = {{Scientific Names and Other Words from Latin and Greek}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4063},
  booktitle = {{Encyclopedia of Entomology}},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  author = {Frank, J. Howard},
  editor = {Capinera, John L.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {3300--3303},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Frank - 2008 - Scientific Names and Other Words from Latin and Gr.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JUEFJGEJ/Frank - 2008 - Scientific Names and Other Words from Latin and Gr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{urso:2001different,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-200106000-00025},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  shorttitle = {{The Different Originality of Homer and Thucydides}},
  title = {{The Different Originality of Homer and Thucydides}},
  url = {http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage\&an=00000372-200106000-00025},
  volume = {{23}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of Dermatopathology}},
  author = {Urso, Carmelo},
  urldate = {2014-08-30},
  date = {2001-06},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {274--275},
  langid = {english}
}

@inreference{frank:2008pronunciation,
  isbn = {978-1-4020-6242-1, 978-1-4020-6359-6},
  location = {{Dordrecht}},
  title = {{Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3441},
  booktitle = {{Encyclopedia of Entomology}},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  author = {Frank, J. Howard},
  editor = {Capinera, John L.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography,Ecology,Evolutionary Biology,Invertebrates,Plant Sciences},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/4EA8DUE8/10.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/Q85IMV3F/Frank - 2005 - Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1977hybrid,
  abstract = {SEVERAL communications recently published in the medical literature have stirred up the embers of an ageold controversy about compound words that contain both Greek and Latin elements. Ganias1 proposed the introduction of five new ophthalmologic terms of Greek origin to rectify certain bilingual coinages that he found "complicated and confusing." In a related editorial,2 Blodi approved the effort to "keep the language unadulterated," ie, to avoid coupling Greek with Latin.Hussey3 took up the question of hybrid terms and dealt with it in a reasonable and practical fashion. After contributing his own balanced views, he presented the results of a small poll of other editors' opinions: all agreed that opposition to Greek-Latin hybrids is, in general, both groundless and futile. My purpose is to place the question in historical perspective and to offer practical suggestions for its resolution.THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL NOMENCLATURE 
A living language evolves},
  doi = {10.1001/jama.1977.03280200055019},
  issn = {0098-7484},
  title = {{Hybrid words in medical terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03280200055019},
  volume = {{238}},
  number = {19},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the American Medical Association}},
  shortjournal = {{JAMA}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {1977-11-07},
  year = {1977},
  pages = {2043--2045},
  note = {PMID: 578903},
  keywords = {Greece,Language,Rome,Semantics,Terminology as Topic,United States},
  file = {Dirckx - 1977 - Hybrid words in medical terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/MG5KXC7G/Dirckx - 1977 - Hybrid words in medical terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mareckova:2002latin,
  abstract = {The present paper offers an up-to-date view of the status of Latin as the language of medicine, namely in its terminological component. It is concerned in greater detail with the three basic terminological vocabularies in which a doctor cannot so far manage without its knowledge. In this sense a primary rank is occupied by anatomical nomenclature whose international version remains Latin in the full extent. A more varied picture is presented by the clinical disciplines where, apart from Latin terms, expressions of ancient provenance have been applied in a large measure in the form of ethnic languages. At the same time, particularly in view of the needs of computerisation, repeated attempts have appeared to support English, which has the greatest chance of becoming a new language in the particular region of clinical medicine. In pharmaceutical terminology Latin has, for the time being, remained a functioning means of international communication, guaranteed by the European Pharmacopoeia (1996) and by the corpus of International Non-proprietary Names (1992, 1996), even though in the future an ever stronger competition of national languages should be taken into account.},
  issn = {1424-7860},
  shorttitle = {{Latin as the language of medical terminology}},
  title = {{Latin as the language of medical terminology: Some remarks on its role and prospects}},
  url = {http://www.smw.ch/dfe/set_archiv.asp?target=2002/41/smw-10027},
  volume = {{132}},
  number = {41–42},
  journaltitle = {{Swiss medical weekly}},
  shortjournal = {{Swiss Med Wkly}},
  author = {Marečková, Elena and Šimon, František and Červený, Ladislav},
  date = {2002-11-23},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {581--587},
  note = {PMID: 12571757},
  keywords = {Attitude of Health Personnel,Europe,Humans,Language,Publications,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Marečková et al. - 2002 - Latin as the language of medical terminology Some.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/3TX5SXG3/Marečková et al. - 2002 - Latin as the language of medical terminology Some.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1997recurring,
  doi = {10.1075/term.4.1.04dir},
  issn = {0929-9971, 1569-9994},
  title = {{Recurring errors in medical Latin}},
  url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/term.4.1.04dir},
  volume = {{4}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Terminology}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {1997},
  year = {1997},
  pages = {35--53},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{dirckx:2005doctors,
  doi = {10.1097/01.dad.0000148282.96494.0f},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  shorttitle = {{The doctor's dyslexicon}},
  title = {{The doctor's dyslexicon: 101 pitfalls in medical language}},
  url = {http://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/Citation/2005/02000/The_Doctor_s_Dyslexicon__101_Pitfalls_in_Medical.16.aspx},
  volume = {{27}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {2005-02},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {86--88},
  note = {PMID: 15677983},
  keywords = {Communication,Humans,Linguistics,medicine},
  file = {Dirckx - 2005 - The doctor's dyslexicon 101 pitfalls in medical l.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/HQUJ4WXI/Dirckx - 2005 - The doctor's dyslexicon 101 pitfalls in medical l.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:2004dermatologic,
  abstract = {In the second century C.E., the Greco-Roman rhetorician Julius Pollux compiled lists of technical terms in Attic Greek pertaining to many specialized topics, including dermatology. This article reproduces his catalogue of almost 100 terms referring to cutaneous and mucosal lesions and translates his explanatory comments into English.},
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-200412000-00012},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Dermatologic terms in the onomasticon of Julius Pollux}},
  volume = {{26}},
  number = {6},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {2004-12},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {511--513},
  note = {PMID: 15618935},
  keywords = {Dermatology,History, Ancient,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Dirckx - 2004 - Dermatologic terms in the onomasticon of Julius Po.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/KVJTRQT2/Dirckx - 2004 - Dermatologic terms in the onomasticon of Julius Po.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{matusz:2010misleading,
  doi = {10.1002/ase.133},
  issn = {1935-9780},
  title = {{Misleading Latin/English equivalents for some liver terms in Terminologia Anatomica}},
  volume = {{3}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Anatomical sciences education}},
  shortjournal = {{Anat Sci Educ}},
  author = {Matusz, Petru},
  date = {2010-06},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {156--157},
  note = {PMID: 20186839},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Humans,Liver,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Matusz - 2010 - Misleading LatinEnglish equivalents for some live.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/KRHIXQF6/Matusz - 2010 - Misleading LatinEnglish equivalents for some live.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{dirckx:1983language,
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {0030639611},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {193},
  title = {{The language of medicine, its evolution, structure, and dynamics}},
  publisher = {{Praeger}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1983},
  year = {1983},
  keywords = {English language,Etymology,Language,medicine,nomenclature}
}

@book{scarborough:1992medical,
  isbn = {0806124431},
  location = {{Norman}},
  pagetotal = {303},
  shorttitle = {{Medical terminologies}},
  title = {{Medical terminologies: classical origins}},
  number = {13},
  series = {{Oklahoma series in classical culture}},
  publisher = {{University of Oklahoma Press}},
  author = {Scarborough, John},
  date = {1992},
  year = {1992},
  keywords = {English language,Etymology,Medical English,Medical English Etymology,Terminology,To Read,medicine,nomenclature}
}

@article{dirckx:2001more,
  abstract = {This paper surveys the grammatical category of number, by which we distinguish groups or sets of two or more similar entities from a singular or solitary entity. The ways in which the English language signifies plurality are reviewed, and irregular and null plurals are identified and classified. The interaction of form and meaning is explored, particularly with respect to collective and mass nouns. Common exceptions to basic grammatical patterns are discussed as well as recurring errors and misunderstandings pertaining to plural forms.},
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-200102000-00014},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  shorttitle = {{More than one}},
  title = {{More than one: Plurality in thought and language}},
  volume = {{23}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {2001-02},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {69--75},
  note = {PMID: 11176058},
  keywords = {Humans,Language,Terminology as Topic,Vocabulary},
  file = {Dirckx - 2001 - More than one plurality in thought and language.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/QWKKQEVH/Dirckx - 2001 - More than one plurality in thought and language.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:2000pestilence,
  abstract = {This article further explores patterns and traditions in classical accounts of pestilence. Recurring themes and expressions show that classical authors often copied earlier narratives, although literary analysis reveals that they sometimes embellished or distorted facts for their own purposes.},
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-200010000-00015},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  shorttitle = {{Pestilence narratives in classical literature}},
  title = {{Pestilence narratives in classical literature: A study in creative imitation. II. Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, and Silius Italicus}},
  volume = {{22}},
  number = {5},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {2000-10},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {459--464},
  note = {PMID: 11048986},
  keywords = {Animals,Disease Outbreaks,Greek World,History, Ancient,Humans,Literature,Medicine in Literature,Plague,Poetry as Topic,Roman World},
  file = {Dirckx - 2000 - Pestilence narratives in classical literature a s.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/ZGH383PE/Dirckx - 2000 - Pestilence narratives in classical literature a s.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:2000pestilencea,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-200004000-00021},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  shorttitle = {{Pestilence narratives in classical literature}},
  title = {{Pestilence narratives in classical literature: A study in creative imitation. I. Homer, Sophocles, Thucydides, and Lucretius}},
  volume = {{22}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {2000-04},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {197--202},
  note = {PMID: 10770446},
  keywords = {Disease Outbreaks,Greek World,History, Ancient,Humans,Literature,Plague,Roman World},
  file = {Dirckx - 2000 - Pestilence narratives in classical literature A s.md:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/6MHDF3XS/Dirckx - 2000 - Pestilence narratives in classical literature A s.md:text/plain;Pestilence_Narratives_in_Classical_Literature_A_Study_in_Creative_Imitati.html:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/C8A59DIN/Pestilence_Narratives_in_Classical_Literature_A_Study_in_Creative_Imitati.html:text/html;Dirckx - 2000 - Pestilence narratives in classical literature A s.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/DKFBP5KK/Dirckx - 2000 - Pestilence narratives in classical literature A s.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{garner:2014case,
  doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0314-64},
  issn = {0036-8733},
  title = {{The case of the stolen words}},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/scientificamerican0314-64},
  volume = {{310}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Scientific American}},
  author = {Garner, Harold},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {2014-02-18},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {64--67},
  file = {Garner - 2014 - The Case of the Stolen Words.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/SI39Z2KN/Garner - 2014 - The Case of the Stolen Words.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1999little,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-199904000-00018},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Little things that count}},
  volume = {{21}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1999-04},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {204--207},
  note = {PMID: 10218686},
  keywords = {Dermatology,Language,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Dirckx - 1999 - Little things that count.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/D59P8VS7/Dirckx - 1999 - Little things that count.pdf:application/pdf;Dirckx - 1999 - Little things that count.md:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/WEVIJXNF/Dirckx - 1999 - Little things that count.md:text/plain}
}

@article{dirckx:1998modern,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-199802000-00019},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{The modern pronunciation of Latin}},
  volume = {{20}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1998-02},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {103--108},
  note = {PMID: 9504679},
  keywords = {Language,Linguistics,Phonetics},
  file = {The_Modern_Pronunciation_of_Latin..html:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/J7E4KP29/The_Modern_Pronunciation_of_Latin..html:text/html}
}

@article{dirckx:1992doctor,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-199208000-00014},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Doctor, I'm {[}sic{]}}},
  volume = {{14}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1992-08},
  year = {1992},
  pages = {369--371},
  note = {PMID: 1503209},
  keywords = {Humans,Physician-Patient Relations,Terminology as Topic,Wit and Humor as Topic},
  file = {Dirckx - 1992 - Doctor, I'm [sic].pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/X8587GNW/Dirckx - 1992 - Doctor, I'm [sic].pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1991words,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-199102000-00014},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Words worth watching}},
  volume = {{13}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1991-02},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {84--90},
  note = {PMID: 2003653},
  keywords = {Humans,Semantics,Vocabulary},
  file = {Dirckx - 1991 - The language of medicine. Words worth watching.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/7QWEH4B9/Dirckx - 1991 - The language of medicine. Words worth watching.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1990more,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-199008000-00016},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{More living Latin}},
  volume = {{12}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1990-08},
  year = {1990},
  pages = {422--429},
  note = {PMID: 2393072},
  keywords = {Language,medicine},
  file = {Dirckx - 1990 - More living Latin.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/N74GJE4P/Dirckx - 1990 - More living Latin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1989glossary,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198912000-00015},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{A glossary of newspeak}},
  volume = {{11}},
  number = {6},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1989-12},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {588--591},
  note = {PMID: 2604028},
  keywords = {Vocabulary,medicine},
  file = {Dirckx - 1989 - A glossary of newspeak.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/NQ9U76Z3/Dirckx - 1989 - A glossary of newspeak.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1989lets,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198902000-00013},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Let's put it this way. A medical writing clinic}},
  volume = {{11}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1989-02},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {87--92},
  note = {PMID: 2916744},
  keywords = {Linguistics,Publishing,Writing},
  file = {Dirckx - 1989 - Let's put it this way. A medical writing clinic.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/Z94DRV5N/Dirckx - 1989 - Let's put it this way. A medical writing clinic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1988latin,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198806000-00013},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Latin is alive and well}},
  volume = {{10}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1988-06},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {270--274},
  note = {PMID: 3232757},
  keywords = {Language,medicine},
  file = {Dirckx - 1988 - Latin is alive and well.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/QHDKBRXV/Dirckx - 1988 - Latin is alive and well.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1987little,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198702000-00014},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{A little lexicon of archaic and obsolete medical terms}},
  volume = {{9}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1987-02},
  year = {1987},
  pages = {76--79},
  note = {PMID: 3551658},
  keywords = {Dictionaries, Medical},
  file = {Dirckx - 1987 - A little lexicon of archaic and obsolete medical t.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/TVK7ZSN7/Dirckx - 1987 - A little lexicon of archaic and obsolete medical t.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1985now,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198502000-00009},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{And now a few words about sex}},
  volume = {{7}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1985-02},
  year = {1985},
  pages = {43--48},
  note = {PMID: 3977018},
  keywords = {Female,Humans,Language,Male,Sex,Women's Rights},
  file = {Dirckx - 1985 - And now a few words about sex.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/NX2STRGU/Dirckx - 1985 - And now a few words about sex.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1983dermatologic,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198308000-00005},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{Dermatologic terms in the \emph{De Medicina} of Celsus}},
  volume = {{5}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  date = {1983-08},
  year = {1983},
  pages = {363--369},
  note = {PMID: 6356961},
  keywords = {Dermatology,History, Ancient,Rome,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Dirckx - 1983 - Dermatologic terms in the De Medicina of Celsus.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/68NCTQVB/Dirckx - 1983 - Dermatologic terms in the De Medicina of Celsus.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1981blues,
  doi = {10.1111/j.1524-4725.1981.tb00641.x},
  issn = {1524-4725},
  rights = {{1981 American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc.}},
  title = {{Blues of a Guest Editorialist: Dictionaries and the literate minority}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1981.tb00641.x/abstract},
  volume = {{7}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology}},
  shortjournal = {{J Dermatol Surg Oncol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  urldate = {2014-05-07},
  date = {1981-04},
  year = {1981},
  pages = {291--294},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 7016948},
  keywords = {Dictionaries as Topic}
}

@article{holomanova:2004history,
  abstract = {The authors present a short historical view of the origin of anatomic terms of some arteries and veins. By analysing the historic anatomic terminology the authors point out that various developmental stages of anatomy had an impact on anatomic language. During the formation of particular terms, instead of prefering the classical languages of Latin and Greek, some terms originated from other languages and have remained in terminology that is used today. (Ref. 7.)},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{History and the roots of angiology}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2004/10501-06.pdf},
  volume = {{105}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Holomáňová, Anna and Ivanová, Alena and Brucknerova, I.},
  date = {2004},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {22--24},
  note = {PMID: 15141812},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Blood Vessels,History, 16th Century,History, 17th Century,History, 18th Century,History, Medieval,Humans,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Holomáňová et al. - 2004 - History and the roots of angiology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/6BQCB3HQ/Holomáňová et al. - 2004 - History and the roots of angiology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{diezarroyo:2013scientific,
  title = {{Scientific Language in Skin-Care Advertising: Persuading Through Opacity}},
  url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4597577.pdf},
  volume = {{26}},
  journaltitle = {{Revista española de lingüística aplicada}},
  author = {Díez Arroyo, Marisa},
  urldate = {2014-06-19},
  date = {2013},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {197--213},
  langid = {spanish},
  file = {Díez Arroyo - 2013 - Scientific Language in Skin-Care Advertising Pers.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/VCSWCQV7/Díez Arroyo - 2013 - Scientific Language in Skin-Care Advertising Pers.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dzuganova:2002brief,
  abstract = {English medical terminology developed from medieval Latin terminology, which had absorbed a developed Greek terminology. Only a few medical terms come from the oldest developmental period of English language (from Anglo-Saxon). During the Middle Ages, French became an excellent medium for introducing new medical terms developed from Greek/Latin elements. Nowadays English more and more uses its own language material for creation of new terms. (Ref. 9.)},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{A brief outline of the development of medical English}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2002/10306-07.pdf},
  volume = {{103}},
  number = {6},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Džuganová, Božena},
  date = {2002},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {223--227},
  note = {PMID: 12448570},
  keywords = {Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Džuganová - 2002 - A brief outline of the development of medical Engl.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/AUI2XK37/Džuganová - 2002 - A brief outline of the development of medical Engl.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dzuganova:2007seemingly,
  abstract = {In this article we will try to find out if the prefixes anti-, contra-, counter-, de-, dys-, ex-, extra-, mal- can negate the words they combine with (Ref. 9). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{Seemingly or partially negative prefixes in medical English}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2007/10845-15.pdf},
  volume = {{108}},
  number = {4-5},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Džuganová, Božena},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {233--236},
  note = {PMID: 17694812},
  keywords = {Language,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Džuganová - 2007 - Seemingly or partially negative prefixes in medica.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/ID2MEG6K/Džuganová - 2007 - Seemingly or partially negative prefixes in medica.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dzuganova:2008synonymy,
  abstract = {Human interest in negation dates back to thousands of years ago and concerns not only Linguistics, Logic, Psychology, and Mathematics. A lot of everyday words have negative meaning expressed by means of negative prefixes. Such type of negation is called word, or affixal negation. Affixal negation is a process of word-formation, by which a new word is built from a word stem, usually through the addition of an affix, either at the beginning (prefix) or end of the stem (suffix). Sometimes the same word can be negated by means of more than just one negative prefix. Such pairs of words become synonymous (Ref. 12). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{Synonymy of negative prefixes concerns also medical English}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2008/10905-13.pdf},
  volume = {{109}},
  number = {5},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Džuganová, Božena},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {242--244},
  note = {PMID: 18630812},
  keywords = {Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Džuganová - 2008 - Synonymy of negative prefixes concerns also medica.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/GCMUPQQ3/Džuganová - 2008 - Synonymy of negative prefixes concerns also medica.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dzuganova:2006negative,
  abstract = {Many medical terms have negative meaning expressed by means of a negative prefix or suffix. The most frequently used negative prefixes are: a-, dis-, in-, non-, and un-. There is only one negative suffix -less (Ref. 15).},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{Negative affixes in medical English}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2006/10708-13.pdf},
  volume = {{107}},
  number = {8},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Džuganová, Božena},
  date = {2006},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {332--335},
  note = {PMID: 17125069},
  keywords = {Linguistics,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Džuganová - 2006 - Negative affixes in medical English.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/5PPGNR3R/Džuganová - 2006 - Negative affixes in medical English.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dzuganova:1998word,
  abstract = {Derivated medical terms can consist of a prefix, one or two word roots, a combining vowel, and a suffix in various combinations. To teach medical vocabulary means to teach the tools of word analysis that will enable understanding of complex terminology instead of memorising the whole medical dictionary. (Ref. 6.)},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{Word analysis – A useful tool in learning the language of medicine in English}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/1998/09910-09.pdf},
  volume = {{99}},
  number = {10},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Džuganová, Božena},
  date = {1998-10},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {551--553},
  note = {PMID: 9919759},
  keywords = {Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Džuganová - 1998 - Word analysis – a useful tool in learning the lang.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/2Z69NKCF/Džuganová - 1998 - Word analysis – a useful tool in learning the lang.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{polackova:2000confrontational,
  abstract = {The work was directed to emphasize the role of motivation in the process of term formation in medicine. The authors present a confrontational analysis of a sample of medical terms. The aim of analysis is to show motivation in term formation in six different languages, that is in English, German, Russian, Slovak, Spanish and Latin. It is emphasized that there is a broad influence of ancient Greek and Latin terms, the basic source of much of our medical terminology. As for the motivation, terms are divided into three groups: the terms with direct, indirect and neutral motivation. The groups show different portions of motivation in the formation of the terms. The result of the analysis is the discovery that in the six compared languages, there are applied the same motivation elements, which are expressed by means of the same language elements. (Ref. 22.)},
  issn = {0006-9248},
  title = {{Confrontational analysis of motivation in medical terminology}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.sk/2000/10109-09.pdf},
  volume = {{101}},
  number = {9},
  journaltitle = {{Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{Bratisl Lek Listy}},
  author = {Poláčková, Gabriela and Džuganová, Božena},
  date = {2000},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {522--525},
  note = {PMID: 11187057},
  keywords = {Linguistics,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Poláčková and Džuganová - 2000 - Confrontational analysis of motivation in medical .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/F2IT7N6B/Poláčková and Džuganová - 2000 - Confrontational analysis of motivation in medical .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dzuganova:2013english,
  abstract = {In medical terminology, two completely different phenomena can be seen: 1. precisely worked-out and internationally standardised anatomical nomenclature and 2. quickly developing non-standardised terminologies of individual clinical...},
  issn = {1847-6376},
  title = {{English medical terminology – different ways of forming medical terms}},
  url = {http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak\&id_clanak_jezik=162511},
  volume = {{4}},
  number = {7},
  journaltitle = {{JAHR}},
  author = {Džuganová, Božena},
  urldate = {2014-06-19},
  date = {2013-05},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {55--69},
  langid = {english},
  note = {http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak\&id\_clanak\_jezik=162511\&lang=en},
  keywords = {English medical terminology,abbreviations,acronyms,backronyms,composition,compound terms,derivation,eponyms,mythonyms,toponyms},
  file = {Džuganová - 2013 - English medical terminology – different ways of fo.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/6V33927S/Džuganová - 2013 - English medical terminology – different ways of fo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/UE6JAIU4/index.html:text/html}
}

@article{musil:2014history,
  abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this literary search was to chart the etymology of 32 selected human skeletal muscles, representative of all body regions.
METHODS: In researching this study, analysis of 15 influential Latin and German anatomical textbooks, dating from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, was undertaken, as well as reference to four versions of the official Latin anatomical terminologies. Particular emphasis has been placed on the historical development of muscular nomenclature, and the subsequent division of these data into groups, defined by similarities in the evolution of their names into the modern form.
RESULTS: The first group represents examples of muscles whose names have not changed since their introduction by Vesalius (1543). The second group comprises muscles which earned their definitive names during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The third group is defined by acceptance into common anatomical vernacular by the late nineteenth century, including those outlined in the first official Latin terminology (B.N.A.) of 1895. The final group is reserved for six extra-ocular muscles with a particularly poetic history, favoured and popularised by the anatomical giants of late Renaissance and 1,700 s.
CONCLUSIONS: As this study will demonstrate, it is evident that up until introduction of the B.N.A. there was an extremely liberal approach to naming muscles, deserving great respect in the retrospective terminological studies if complete and relevant results are to be achieved. Without this knowledge of the vernacular of the ages past, modern researchers can find themselves 'reinventing the wheel' in looking for their answers.},
  doi = {10.1007/s00276-014-1305-7},
  issn = {1279-8517},
  title = {{The history of Latin terminology of human skeletal muscles (from Vesalius to the present)}},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00276-014-1305-7},
  journaltitle = {{Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Surg Radiol Anat}},
  author = {Musil, Vladimír and Suchomel, Zdeněk and Malinová, Petra and Stingl, Josef and Vlček, Martin and Vácha, Marek},
  date = {2014-05-15},
  year = {2014},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 24828123},
  file = {Musil et al. - 2014 - The history of Latin terminology of human skeletal.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/P2FIP4UM/Musil et al. - 2014 - The history of Latin terminology of human skeletal.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1981description,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198100310-00005},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  shorttitle = {{A description and directory of plural forms of medical Latin words and terms}},
  title = {{A description and directory of plural forms of medical Latin words and terms}},
  url = {http://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/Citation/1981/00310/A_description_and_directory_of_plural_forms_of.5.aspx},
  volume = {{3}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of Dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H. and Leider, Morris},
  urldate = {2014-07-23},
  date = {1981},
  year = {1981},
  pages = {41--53},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 7235198},
  keywords = {Linguistics},
  file = {Dirckx and Leider - 1981 - A description and directory of plural forms of med.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/CV7NHMK2/Dirckx and Leider - 1981 - A description and directory of plural forms of med.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{leider:1982glossary,
  doi = {10.1097/00000372-198202000-00005},
  issn = {0193-1091},
  title = {{A glossary of selected classical and neo-classical expressions apt or adaptable in medical writing}},
  url = {http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage\&an=00000372-198202000-00005},
  volume = {{4}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{The American Journal of Dermatopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Am J Dermatopathol}},
  author = {Leider, Morris and Dirckx, John H.},
  urldate = {2014-07-23},
  date = {1982-02},
  year = {1982},
  pages = {25--38},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 7081628},
  keywords = {Language,Terminology as Topic,Vocabulary,Writing},
  file = {Leider and Dirckx - 1982 - A glossary of selected classical and neo-classical.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/BIR6KPAU/Leider and Dirckx - 1982 - A glossary of selected classical and neo-classical.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{whitmore:1999terminologia,
  abstract = {Over many years, anatomical terminology has been the subject of much controversy and disagreement. Previously, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee has been responsible for the production of six editions of Nomina Anatomica. In 1989 a new committee, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), was created by its parent body, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). FCAT has worked for 9 years and published Terminologia Anatomica (TA) in 1998. FCAT's aim has been to democratize the terminology and make it the internationally accepted, living language of anatomy. The worldwide adoption of the same terminology would eliminate national differences, which were causing extreme confusion in instances where the same structure was known by several names. The new terminology is thus the result of worldwide consultation and contains Latin and equivalent English terms. It is indexed in Latin and English and contains an index of eponyms in order to find the correct non-eponymous term. The future goal of FCAT is to continue to improve the terminology—new structures are described, different terms come into use, and the terminology needs to be expanded to include terms used by clinicians for structures that currently do not appear in the list. Future versions of the terminology must accommodate the needs of all who use it, both in the clinical and scientific worlds. Anat. Rec. (New Anat.): 257:50–53, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.3.co;2-n},
  issn = {1097-0185},
  rights = {{Copyright © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}},
  shorttitle = {{Terminologia Anatomica}},
  title = {{Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::AID-AR4>3.0.CO;2-W/abstract},
  volume = {{257}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{The Anatomical Record}},
  shortjournal = {{Anat. Rec.}},
  author = {Whitmore, Ian},
  urldate = {2014-07-23},
  date = {1999-04-15},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {50--53},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 10321431},
  keywords = {Anatomy,FCAT,Humans,Reference Books,Societies, Medical,Terminologia Anatomica,Terminology as Topic,United States,anatomical terminology,nomenclature},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/7J5B5SXI/abstract.html:text/html;Whitmore - 1999 - Terminologia Anatomica New terminology for the ne.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/TKA85SZS/Whitmore - 1999 - Terminologia Anatomica New terminology for the ne.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{eisenstein:2005book,
  abstract = {Problems associated with the rise of modern science lend themselves to a similar argument. In other words, I think the advent of printing ought to be featured more prominently by historians of science when they set the stage for the downfall of Ptolemaic astronomy, Galenic anatomy, or Aristotelian physics. This means asking for a somewhat more drastic revision of current guidelines than seems necessary in Reformation studies. In the latter field, the impact of printing may be postponed, but at least it is usually included among the agents that promoted Luther's cause. The outpouring of tracts and cartoons left too vivid and strong an impression for the new medium to be entirely discounted when investigating the Protestant Revolt. The contrary seems true in the case of the so-called scientific revolution. Exploitation of the mass medium was more common among pseudoscientists and quacks than among Latin-writing professional scientists, who often withheld their work from the press. When important treatises did appear in print, they rarely achieved the status of bestsellers. Given the limited circulation of works such as De revolutionibus and the small number of readers able to understand them, it appears plausible to play down the importance of printing. Given the wider circulation of antiquated materials, many authorities are inclined to go even further and assign to early printers a negative, retrogressive role.},
  edition = {{2}},
  isbn = {9781139197038},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  shorttitle = {{The Book of Nature Transformed}},
  title = {{The Book of Nature Transformed: Printing and the Rise of Modern Science}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139197038.010},
  booktitle = {{The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  author = {Eisenstein, Elizabeth L.},
  date = {2005},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {209--285},
  file = {Eisenstein - 2005 - The Book of Nature Transformed Printing and the R.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/832KIKJH/Eisenstein - 2005 - The Book of Nature Transformed Printing and the R.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pitman:2014standardized,
  abstract = {The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for pancreatobiliary cytology including indications for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, techniques of EUS-FNA, terminology and nomenclature of pancreatobiliary disease, ancillary testing, and postbiopsy treatment and management. All documents are based on the expertise of the authors, a review of the literature, discussions of the draft document at several national and international meetings over an 18-month period and synthesis of online comments of the draft document on the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology web site (www.papsociety.org). This document selectively presents the results of these discussions and focuses on a proposed standardized terminology scheme for pancreatobiliary specimens that correlate cytological diagnosis with biological behavior and increasingly conservative patient management of surveillance only. The proposed terminology scheme recommends a six-tiered system: Nondiagnostic, Negative, Atypical, Neoplastic (benign or other), Suspicious and Positive. Unique to this scheme is the “Neoplastic” category separated into “benign” (serous cystadenoma), or “Other” (premalignant mucinous cysts, neuroendocrine tumors, and solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms). The positive or malignant category is reserved for high-grade, aggressive malignancies including ductal adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, pancreatoblastoma, lymphoma, and metastases. Interpretation categories do not have to be used. Some pathology laboratory information systems require an interpretation category, which places the cytological diagnosis into a general category. This proposed scheme provides terminology that standardizes the category of the various diseases of the pancreas, some of which are difficult to diagnose specifically by cytology. In addition, this terminology scheme attempts to provide maximum flexibility for patient management, which has become increasingly conservative for some neoplasms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:338–350. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/dc.23092},
  issn = {1097-0339},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}},
  shorttitle = {{Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology}},
  title = {{Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology: The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/doi/10.1002/dc.23092/abstract},
  volume = {{42}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{Diagnostic Cytopathology}},
  shortjournal = {{Diagn. Cytopathol.}},
  author = {Pitman, Martha B. and Centeno, Barbara A. and Ali, Syed Z. and Genevay, Muriel and Stelow, Ed and Mino-Kenudson, Mari and Fernandez-del Castillo, Carlos and Max Schmidt, C. and Brugge, William and Layfield, Lester},
  urldate = {2014-08-20},
  date = {2014-04},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {338--350},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {PSC,Terminology,guidelines,nomenclature,pancreas},
  file = {Pitman et al. - 2014 - Standardized terminology and nomenclature for panc.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/F9NN4IJ4/Pitman et al. - 2014 - Standardized terminology and nomenclature for panc.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{dirckx:2006greek,
  edition = {{28}},
  isbn = {0781733901},
  location = {{Philadelphia}},
  title = {{Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology}},
  url = {http://stedmansonline.com/webFiles/Dict-Stedmans28/APP04.pdf},
  booktitle = {{Stedman's medical dictionary}},
  publisher = {{Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  editor = {Stegman, Julie K. and Branger, Eric and Piper, Tiffany and Filardo, Thomas W. and Dirckx, John H. and Lukens, Raymond and Hensyl, William R.},
  date = {2006},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {appendix 9},
  keywords = {English,medicine},
  file = {Dirckx - 2006 - Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/IMZ8RDWB/Dirckx - 2006 - Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{woywodt:2007should,
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.39308.342639.AD},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
  rights = {{© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2007}},
  shorttitle = {{Should eponyms be abandoned?}},
  title = {{Should eponyms be abandoned? Yes}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7617/424},
  volume = {{335}},
  number = {7617},
  journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
  author = {Woywodt, Alexander and Matteson, Eric},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2007-08-30},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {424},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Medicine has been enthusiastic in naming tests, symptoms, and diseases after their discoverers. Alexander Woywodt and Eric Matteson argue that eponyms are no longer appropriate, but Judith A Whitworth believes they remain a useful reflection of medical history

The Oxford English Dictionary defines an eponym as a person . . . after whom a discovery, invention, institution, etc is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are deeply rooted in tradition and their use has long been viewed as a matter of taste. However, it is time to abandon them in favour of a more descriptive nomenclature.

Eponyms often provide a less than truthful account of how diseases were discovered and reflect influence, politics, language, habit, or even sheer luck rather than scientific achievement. Moreover, the continued use of tainted eponyms is inappropriate and will not be accepted by patients, relatives, or the public. 

The atrocities committed by Nazi doctors are well documented1; they received new attention with the discovery that Hans Reiter, a German doctor who is remembered for his discovery of a variant …
PMID: 17762033},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/2G6SV9II/Woywodt and Matteson - 2007 - Should eponyms be abandoned Yes.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/XVV77GEJ/424.html:text/html}
}

@article{whitworth:2007should,
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.39308.380567.AD},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
  rights = {{© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2007}},
  shorttitle = {{Should eponyms be abandoned?}},
  title = {{Should eponyms be abandoned? No}},
  url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7617/425},
  volume = {{335}},
  number = {7617},
  journaltitle = {{BMJ}},
  author = {Whitworth, Judith A.},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2007-08-30},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {425},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Medicine has been enthusiastic in naming tests, symptoms, and diseases after their discovers. Alexander Woywodt and Eric Matteson argue that eponyms are no longer appropriate, but Judith A Whitworth believes they remain a useful reflection of medical history

Some years ago, filling in time between candidates in a clinical examination, I was chatting to a colleague about eponyms. His view was that eponyms were not particularly useful and he recalled an encounter with a young woman struggling in a similar examination. She couldn't find the lymph nodes and seemed unfamiliar with pulmonary auscultation. To bolster her spirits, he asked her who discovered Koch's bacillus. She became even more anxious and lost for words. My colleague helpfully asked, “Who wrote Mendelssohn's Spring Song ?” and she burst into tears. Similarly, I recall a friend coming out of a fine arts examination and asking who designed the Eiffel Tower.

I understand there was a long line of people happy to argue that eponyms be abolished, and few prepared to take the contrary view. This I can only ascribe to the well known human propensity to enjoy tilting …
PMID: 17762034},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/467XJ6XC/425.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/UMMWHH37/Whitworth - 2007 - Should eponyms be abandoned No.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{boudon-millot:2014greek,
  isbn = {9789004242784},
  location = {{Leiden}},
  title = {{Greek and roman patients under Galen’s gaze: a doctor at the crossroads of two cultures}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_003},
  number = {42},
  booktitle = {{'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine}},
  series = {{Studies in ancient medicine}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  author = {Boudon-Millot, Véronique},
  editor = {Maire, Brigitte},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {5--24},
  keywords = {Culture,Greek World,History, Ancient,Roman World,history of medicine}
}

@inbook{ortoleva:2014meaning,
  isbn = {9789004242784},
  location = {{Leiden}},
  title = {{The meaning and etymology of the adjective \emph{apiosus}}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_016},
  number = {42},
  booktitle = {{'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine}},
  series = {{Studies in ancient medicine}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  author = {Ortoleva, Vincenzo},
  editor = {Maire, Brigitte},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {257--288},
  keywords = {Culture,Greek World,History, Ancient,Roman World,history of medicine},
  file = {Ortoleva - 2014 - The meaning and etymology of the adjective iapio.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/5W9ER7KE/Ortoleva - 2014 - The meaning and etymology of the adjective iapio.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{haverling:2014terminological,
  isbn = {9789004242784},
  location = {{Leiden}},
  title = {{On terminological variation in the late latin translation of the Hippocratic aphorisms}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_021},
  number = {42},
  booktitle = {{'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine}},
  series = {{Studies in ancient medicine}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  author = {Haverling, Gerd V.M.},
  editor = {Maire, Brigitte},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {368--382},
  keywords = {Culture,Greek World,History, Ancient,Roman World,history of medicine}
}

@article{gobee:2011anatomicaltermsinfo,
  abstract = {The many synonyms for anatomical structures confuse medical students and complicate medical communication. Easily accessible translations would alleviate this problem. None of the presently available resources—Terminologia Anatomica (TA), digital terminologies such as the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), and websites—are fully satisfactory to this aim. Internet technologies offer new possibilities to solve the problem. Several authors have called for an online TA. An online translation resource should be easily accessible, user-friendly, comprehensive, expandable, and its quality determinable. As first step towards this goal, we built a translation website that we named www.AnatomicalTerms.info, based on the database of the FMA. It translates between English, Latin, eponyms, and to a lesser extent other languages, and presently contains over 31,000 terms for 7,250 structures, covering 95\% of TA. In addition, it automatically presents searches for images, documents and anatomical variations regarding the sought structure. Several terminological and conceptual issues were encountered in transferring data from TA and FMA into AnatomicalTerms.info, resultant from these resources' different set-ups (paper versus digital) and targets (machine versus human-user). To the best of our knowledge, AnatomicalTerms.info is unique in its combination of user-friendliness and comprehensiveness. As next step, wiki-like expandability will be added to enable open contribution of clinical synonyms and terms in different languages. Specific quality measures will be taken to strike a balance between open contribution and quality assurance. AnatomicalTerms.info's mechanism that “translates” terms to structures furthermore may enhance targeted searching by linking images, descriptions, and other anatomical resources to the structures. Clin. Anat. 24:817–830, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/ca.21185},
  issn = {1098-2353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}},
  shorttitle = {{AnatomicalTerms.info}},
  title = {{AnatomicalTerms.info: Heading for an online solution to the anatomical synonym problem. Hurdles in data-reuse from the \emph{Terminologia Anatomica} and the foundational model of anatomy and potentials for future development}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.21185/abstract},
  volume = {{24}},
  number = {7},
  journaltitle = {{Clinical Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Clin. Anat.}},
  author = {Gobée, O. Paul and Jansma, Daniël and DeRuiter, Marco C.},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {2011-10},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {817--830},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Terminologia Anatomica,anatomical terms,foundational model of anatomy,informatics,translation,web resources,www.anatomicalterms.info},
  file = {Gobée et al. - 2011 - AnatomicalTerms.info Heading for an online soluti.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/8GM63C39/Gobée et al. - 2011 - AnatomicalTerms.info Heading for an online soluti.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/DF6RZG43/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@book{karenberg:2005amor,
  isbn = {3794523431  9783794523436},
  location = {{Stuttgart}},
  shorttitle = {{Amor, Äskulap \& Co.}},
  title = {{Amor, Äskulap \& Co.: Klassische Mythologie in der Sprache der modernen Medizin}},
  publisher = {{Schattauer}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  date = {2005},
  year = {2005},
  langid = {german},
  keywords = {To Read}
}

@article{mareckova:2001new,
  abstract = {Summary
The present paper is concerned with the linguistic aspect of the new anatomical nomenclature (Terminologia Anatomica 1998). Orthographic, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and terminological comments are presented. In the authors' opinion, shortcomings might have been effectively avoided by cooperation with linguists.},
  doi = {10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80215-6},
  issn = {0940-9602},
  title = {{On the new anatomical nomenclature}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960201802156},
  volume = {{183}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Annals of Anatomy/Anatomischer Anzeiger}},
  author = {Marečková, Elena and Šimon, František and Červený, Ladislav},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {2001-05},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {201--207},
  keywords = {Latin anatomical nomenclature,Linguistic aspects,Terminologia Anatomica},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/A5XD2SQX/Marečková et al. - 2001 - On the new anatomical nomenclature.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/PZU5553B/S0940960201802156.html:text/html}
}

@article{krmpotic-nemanic:2003missing,
  abstract = {Summary
Based on our studies we suggest that the term articulation femoropatellaris should be introduced in the new anatomic terminology, because of the importance of this entity in the function and pathology of the knee joint. In order to indicate that the condylar surfaces, having a different function are separated from the patellar surface of the femur, the term “linea condylopatellaris medialis and linea condylopatellaris lateralis” should be introduced in the anatomical terminology.

The term “nodus lymphoideus” should be changed to nodus lymphaticus because the adjective lymphaticus means belonging to the node in question while the adjective lymphoideus means “similar”, which is not correct.},
  doi = {10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80067-5},
  issn = {0940-9602},
  title = {{Missing and incorrect terms in terminologia anatomica (1998)}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960203800675},
  volume = {{185}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{Annals of Anatomy/Anatomischer Anzeiger}},
  author = {Krmpotić-Nemanić, J. and Vinter, I.},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {2003-07},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {387--388},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/G8DM97EW/S0940960203800675.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/KD4XD2AA/Krmpotić-Nemanić and Vinter - 2003 - Missing and incorrect terms in terminologia anatom.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{banay:1948introduction,
  issn = {0025-7338},
  title = {{An Introduction to Medical Terminology. I. Greek and Latin Derivations}},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194697/},
  volume = {{36}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Bulletin of the Medical Library Association}},
  shortjournal = {{Bull Med Libr Assoc}},
  author = {Banay, George L.},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {1948-01},
  year = {1948},
  pages = {1--27},
  note = {PMID: 16016791
PMCID: PMC194697},
  file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/9D7MA4PK/Banay - 1948 - An Introduction to Medical Terminology I. Greek an.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{banay:1949introduction,
  issn = {0025-7338},
  title = {{An Introduction to Medical Terminology. II. Terms Drawn From Modern Languages}},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194804/},
  volume = {{37}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Bulletin of the Medical Library Association}},
  shortjournal = {{Bull Med Libr Assoc}},
  author = {Banay, George L.},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {1949-04},
  year = {1949},
  pages = {152--163},
  note = {PMID: 16016859
PMCID: PMC194804},
  file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/WDEK4W3W/Banay - 1949 - An Introduction to Medical Terminology II. Terms D.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{marx:2010urowords,
  abstract = {PURPOSE
We comprehensively review the history of the terms “ureter” and “urethra” from 700 BC to the present.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using a case study approach, ancient medical texts were analyzed to clarify the etymology and use of both terms. In addition, selected anatomy textbooks from the 15th to 17th centuries were searched to identify and compare descriptions, illustrations, and various expressions used by contemporary authors to designate the upper and lower parts of the urinary tract.
RESULTS
The Ancient Greek words “ureter” and “urethra” appear early in Hippocratic and Aristotelian writings. However, both terms designated what we today call the urethra. It was only with increasing anatomical knowledge in Greek medical texts after the 1st century AD that definitions of these words evolved similar to those we employ today. Numerous synonyms were used which served as a basis for translation into Arabic and later Latin during the transfer of ancient knowledge to the cultures of the medieval period. When Greek original texts and their Arabic–Latin version were compared during the Renaissance, this led to terminological confusion which could only be gradually overcome. Around the year 1600, the use of the latinized terms “ureter” and “urethra” became generally accepted. The dissemination of these terms in modern national languages and the emergence of clinical derivatives complete this historical development.
CONCLUSIONS
The history of the terms “ureter” and “urethra” is exemplary of the difficulties with which the development of a precise urologic terminology had to struggle. The story behind the words also clarifies why even today we still have imprecise or misleading terms. Prostate 70: 952–958, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/pros.21129},
  issn = {1097-0045},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}},
  shorttitle = {{Uro-words making history}},
  title = {{Uro-words making history: Ureter and urethra}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pros.21129/abstract},
  volume = {{70}},
  number = {9},
  journaltitle = {{The Prostate}},
  shortjournal = {{Prostate}},
  author = {Marx, Franz Josef and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2010-06-15},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {952--958},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Terminology,history of medicine,ureter,urethra},
  file = {Marx and Karenberg - 2010 - Uro-words making history Ureter and urethra.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/IU42JCBJ/Marx and Karenberg - 2010 - Uro-words making history Ureter and urethra.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{marx:2009history,
  abstract = {BACKGROUND
We comprehensively review the history of the word “prostate” and related terms from 600 BC to the present.
METHODS
Both medical and non-medical ancient texts were searched to clarify the term's etymology and use. Anatomy textbooks of the 16th through the 18th century were analyzed to identify descriptions, illustrations and various expressions used by contemporary authors to designate the prostate.
RESULTS
In ancient Greek the masculine term “prostatēs” meant “president” and was exclusively used in a non-medical sense. It was not until the Renaissance that anatomists discovered the organ naming it “glandulous body.” In 1600 the French physician du Laurens introduced the metaphoric denomination “prostatae.” However he and his contemporaries misinterpreted the history of the organ and the term, choose the wrong gender when translating it into Latin, and believed that it designated a double organ. Only in the 1800s was this anatomical error corrected while the grammatical one lived on.
CONCLUSIONS
The history of the term “prostate” is a prime example of the difficulties with which the development of a precise urologic terminology had to struggle. At the same time this retrospective view provides a stimulus to avoid linguistic ambiguity in the future. Prostate 69: 208–213, 2009. © 2008 Wiley–Liss, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/pros.20871},
  issn = {1097-0045},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}},
  title = {{History of the term "prostate"}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pros.20871/abstract},
  volume = {{69}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{The Prostate}},
  shortjournal = {{Prostate}},
  author = {Marx, Franz Josef and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2009-02-01},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {208--213},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Terminology,history of medicine,prostate,urology},
  file = {Marx and Karenberg - 2009 - History of the Term Prostate.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/C2S26I45/Marx and Karenberg - 2009 - History of the Term Prostate.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:2004sunder,
  doi = {10.1055/s-2004-836108},
  issn = {0012-0472, 1439-4413},
  title = {{Sünder und Selige. Biblische Gestalten und christliche Heilige in der modernen Medizin}},
  url = {https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2004-836108},
  volume = {{129}},
  number = {51/52},
  journaltitle = {{Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift}},
  shortjournal = {{DMW}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2004-12},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {2757--2765},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{karenberg:2006dementia,
  abstract = {Greek and Roman physicians developed distinct and detailed ideas, which can be regarded as early versions of our modern concept of dementia. Several classical sources—some of them medical—offer intriguing descriptions of many cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia, which are currently used for diagnostic purposes. Limitations of this ancient concept are due to terminological and epidemiological factors, but also to the physicians' social role. Only a small part of this early literature is cited in contemporary work on the origin of the dementia concept, which can be clearly traced back to the Age of Enlightenment and whose earlier history still needs to be elucidated.},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2005.12.004},
  issn = {0022-510X},
  title = {{Dementia in the Greco-Roman world}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X05004910},
  volume = {{244}},
  number = {1–2},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the Neurological Sciences}},
  shortjournal = {{Journal of the Neurological Sciences}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel and Förstl, Hans},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2006-05-15},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {5--9},
  keywords = {Alzheimer disease,Ancient,Dementia,History},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/4URBDMJC/S0022510X05004910.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/PJV7PV2R/Karenberg and Förstl - 2006 - Dementia in the Greco-Roman world.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moog:2003horror,
  abstract = {Between the first and the sixth century a single theological and several medical authors reported on the consumption of gladiator’s blood or liver to cure epileptics. The origins of the sacred or apoplectic properties of blood of a slain gladiator, likely lie in Etruscan funeral rites. Although the influence of this religious background faded during the Roman Republic, the magical use of gladiators’ blood continued for centuries. After the prohibition of gladiatorial combat in about 400 AD, an executed individual (particularly had he been beheaded) became the “legitimate” successor to the gladiator. Occasional indications in early modern textbooks on medicine as well as reports in the popular literature of the 19th and early 20th century document the existence of this ancient magical practice until modern times. Spontaneous recovery of some forms of epilepsy may be responsible for the illusion of therapeutic effectiveness and for the confirming statements by physicians who have commented on this cure.},
  doi = {10.1076/jhin.12.2.137.15533},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  shorttitle = {{Between Horror and Hope}},
  title = {{Between Horror and Hope: Gladiator’s Blood as a Cure for Epileptics in Ancient Medicine}},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.12.2.137.15533},
  volume = {{12}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2003-06},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {137--143},
  note = {PMID: 12953616},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/BD4PM7QF/Moog and Karenberg - 2003 - Between Horror and Hope Gladiator’s Blood as a Cu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/F4UIG424/jhin.12.2.137.html:text/html}
}

@article{moog:2003st,
  abstract = {We present the English translation of a remarkable case report from the 13th century. A collection of miracles ascribed to St. Francis contains the story of a young monk suddenly afflicted by a neurological disorder characterized by hemiplegia, speech problems and confusion. St. Francis' appearance led to complete recovery. From a theological and literary point of view, the text includes many allusions to the miracles performed by Jesus and to pagan traditions from Asclepius to Ovid. Retrospective neurological diagnoses range from a prolonged ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND) to psychogenesis. This case history is a rare example of faith healing in its contemporary context.},
  doi = {10.1016/S0022-510X(03)00121-7},
  issn = {0022-510X},
  title = {{St. Francis came at dawn: the miraculous recovery of a hemiplegic monk in the Middle Ages}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X03001217},
  volume = {{213}},
  number = {1–2},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the Neurological Sciences}},
  shortjournal = {{Journal of the Neurological Sciences}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2003-09-15},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {15--17},
  keywords = {Asclepius,Cerebrovascular disorders history,Christus Medicus,Hemiplegia,History of medicineMedieval,St. Bonaventure,St. Francis},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/63WA3FIR/S0022510X03001217.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JE7ZXPJR/Moog and Karenberg - 2003 - St. Francis came at dawn—the miraculous recovery o.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moog:2002toxicology,
  abstract = {The Bible contains several interesting contributions to the history of neurology, as is the case of the High Priest Alkimos, who died suddenly in 159 BC. He was regarded as a stereotypical stroke victim for a long time. The reports on his death in the Septauginta and the later ‘Jewish Antiquities’ of Flavius Josephus present some typical symptoms of stroke (collapse, loss of speech and death within a short time), but they also describe severe pains, which are very unusual among patients with stroke. Similar symptoms can be found in the case of the Roman emperor Claudius, who was poisoned by his spouse Agrippina. It was thought that she used aconitine, an ingredient of the monkshood plant (Aconitum napellus L.), which imitates an apoplectic insult, but also causes vehement pains. It was therefore possible that something similar had happened to Alkimos, as aconitine was a common poison in ancient times and the surroundings of his death may confirm the suspicion. Reigning during a time of great upheaval, Alkimos was able to maintain his high office chiefly because of the help of the Seleucides. He had just begun construction work on the temple of Jerusalem, an order, which was regarded as a sacrilege by his foes. This impression was enhanced by his subsequent illness which could be considered as a divine punishment.},
  doi = {10.1007/BF03256190},
  issn = {0964-198X},
  title = {{Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the high priest Alcimus die of acute aconitine poisoning?}},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03256190},
  volume = {{21}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicological Reviews}},
  shortjournal = {{Adv Drug React Toxicol Rev}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2002-09},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {151--156},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Pharmacy},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JX2JDKPH/10.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/RUAH3DR7/Moog and Karenberg - 2002 - Toxicology in the Old Testament.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moog:2005catheter,
  abstract = {ABSTRACTPurpose
We comprehensively reviewed the history and use of the bladder catheter in Western medicine from 500 BC to 200 AD.
Materials and Methods
Greek and Latin texts were key word searched to identify descriptions of contemporary instruments and their uses.
Results
The catheter and its use were mentioned by about 10 ancient authors in more than a total of 20 texts dating to the end of the second century AD. The authors include Hippocrates, Celsus, Soranus, Rufus, Aretaeus and Galen. They described the use of the instrument in reference to contemporary anatomy and physiology, and indications and contraindications in regard to certain conditions, such as urinary retention, bladder stones and intravesical blood clots. Technical details and particularities of use were also reviewed, as were pharmacological considerations and underlying physical principles.
Conclusions
Knowledge of the urinary catheter, and its usefulness and risks in ancient medicine can be dated from the 5th century BC. Our study of European texts documents its broad use. Because catheterization was perceived as a practical measure, it generated little scientific controversy.},
  doi = {10.1097/01.ju.0000173910.99371.13},
  issn = {0022-5347},
  title = {{The catheter and its use from Hippocrates to Galen}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534701685732},
  volume = {{174}},
  number = {4.1},
  journaltitle = {{The Journal of Urology}},
  shortjournal = {{The Journal of Urology}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel and Moll, Friedrich},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2005-10},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {1196--1198},
  keywords = {ancient history,history of medicine,urinary catheterization,urology},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/HI38ZXKP/MOOG et al. - 2005 - THE CATHETER AND ITS USE FROM HIPPOCRATES TO GALEN.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/KVND539Z/S0022534701685732.html:text/html}
}

@article{moog:2005cathetera,
  abstract = {ABSTRACTPurpose
Based on Greek and Latin sources the use of the urinary catheter in Western medicine between 200 and 1000 CE was reviewed.
Materials and Methods
Computerized databank searches permitted the identification and analysis of ancient and early medieval texts that include material on the catheter.
Results
Ten medical authors mentioned the catheter and its use. In the Byzantine world they include the encyclopedists Oribasius, Aetius and Paul of Aegina. The best known Latin author is Caelius Aurelianus. These writers often put together summaries of earlier works. Innovation or independent research was not easily found at a time during which neither anatomical autopsy nor experimentation was widely practiced.
Conclusions
Old texts contain numerous instructions on how to skillfully use the catheter. As a technical achievement, it was independent of philosophical trends. Its primary indications, namely urinary retention, bladder stones and the administration of cures, changed little with time. As one of the oldest and most important instruments at the disposal of physicians, the history of the catheter should be known to every urologist.},
  doi = {10.1097/01.ju.0000165388.71483.fb},
  issn = {0022-5347},
  title = {{The catheter and its use in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534701682752},
  volume = {{174}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{The Journal of Urology}},
  shortjournal = {{The Journal of Urology}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel and Moll, Friedrich},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2005-08},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {439--441},
  keywords = {History, Ancient,History, Medieval,urethra,urinary catheterization},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/5IWIKQ2N/S0022534701682752.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/U3P29WID/MOOG et al. - 2005 - THE CATHETER AND ITS USE IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:1998medieval,
  abstract = {This second paper on medieval descriptions and doctrines of stroke reviews concepts outlined by famous Muslim physicians of the Middle Ages such as Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, and Averroes. Contrary to a popular belief, Islamic neurological texts represent not only a bridge between ancient and western medieval medical knowledge, but also document remarkable advancements. Whereas statements on diagnosis and prognosis lack originality, the endeavors of physician-philosophers and medical authors led to substantial additions and important changes in theory. Such modifications include the integration of ventricular doctrine and particularly the attempt to unify Aristotelian and Galenic tenets which resulted in a complex discussion about the seats and causes of apoplexy. The fairly simple model handed down by Galenists of the Byzantine period was replaced by more detailed classifications, which proposed “cerebral” as well as “vascular” origins of the disease without suggesting a “cerebrovascular” etiology. Islamic therapeutic strategies included dietetic, pharmacological and surgical elements. The use of the cautery in “chronic apoplexy” was a special feature of Arabic surgery.},
  doi = {10.1076/jhin.7.3.174.1858},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  shorttitle = {{Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke}},
  title = {{Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke: Preliminary Analysis of Select Sources. Part II: Between Galenism and Aristotelism – Islamic Theories of Apoplexy (800–1200)}},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.7.3.174.1858},
  volume = {{7}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel and Hort, Irmgard},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {1998-12},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {174--185},
  note = {PMID: 11623841},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/GED3NFSI/Karenberg and Hort - 1998 - Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke Pre.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/J7JIQ72E/jhin.7.3.174.html:text/html}
}

@article{karenberg:1998medievala,
  abstract = {By analyzing a body of texts compiled by various medical authors from the 11th to the 15th century, four basic developments can be noted: (1) From the beginning of the eleventh century the reception, translation and assimilation of Arabian and arabicized ancient texts became the ultimate goal of Western medicine (Constantine the African, Arnald of Villanova, et al.). Concepts of stroke were consequently guided by textual tradition, not by observation. (2) Scholastic speculations about different aspects of apoplexy, especially those concerning its origins, were numerous (Johannes Platearius, Batholomaeus Salernitanus, Pietro d'Abano, Giacomo da Forlì). Although most medieval physicians used the ancient doctrine of the four humors as model and explanation, opinions differed in many ways. (3) Attempts developed to present a simple outline of the etiology, the prognosis, and the treatment of the disease (Gilbertus Anglicus, Bernard of Gordon, John of Gaddesden). (4) Although lacking in originality, many of these writers nevertheless achieved a certain uniformity in presenting main topics, thus setting the standard for later practitioners.},
  doi = {10.1076/jhin.7.3.186.1851},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  shorttitle = {{Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke}},
  title = {{Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke: Preliminary Analysis of Select Sources. Part III: Multiplying Speculations – The High and Late Middle Ages (1000–1450)}},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.7.3.186.1851},
  volume = {{7}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel and Hort, Irmgard},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {1998-12},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {186--200},
  note = {PMID: 11623842},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/BT9ZPHB5/jhin.7.3.186.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/ZHN6V75K/Karenberg and Hort - 1998 - Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke Pre.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:1998medievalb,
  abstract = {This first of a series of papers on the history of stroke presents an examination of a number of exemplary Greek and Latin sources, ranging from late antiquity to the dawn of the Middle Ages. We first establish a chronological order of various groups of texts and, whenever possible, ascertain the relationship of one group of writings to another. In the second century A.D., Galen had used the Hippocratic concept of humoral imbalance as a fundamental explanatory mechanism for the interpretation of clinical manifestations of apoplexy. Galen definitely rejected the Aristotelian precept of the primacy of the heart. According to his teaching, stroke resulted from the accumulation of a thick and dense humor in the ventricles of the brain blocking the passage of the animal spirit. Galen's Greek texts became axiomatic for compilers of the Byzantine period (Aetius of Amida, Alexander of Tralles, Paulus of Aegina). But his ideas contrasted starkly with the theories of the Methodical School which exerted – through the Latin writings of Caelius Aurelianus – a certain influence on authors of the Latin West (Cassius Felix, Theodorus Priscianus). References to stroke can also be found in many theological writings of the early Middle Ages.},
  doi = {10.1076/jhin.7.3.162.1849},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  shorttitle = {{Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke}},
  title = {{Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke: Preliminary Analysis of Select Sources. Part I: The Struggle for Terms and Theories – Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (300–800)}},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.7.3.162.1849},
  volume = {{7}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel and Hort, Irmgard},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {1998-12},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {162--173},
  note = {PMID: 11623840},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/U9QFXCZS/Hort and Karenberg - 1998 - Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke Pre.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/WIX57SHH/jhin.7.3.162.html:text/html}
}

@article{karenberg:2004next,
  doi = {10.1080/0964704049052158},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  title = {{Next emperor, please! No end to retrospective diagnostics}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704049052158},
  volume = {{13}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel and Moog, Ferdinand Peter},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2004-06},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {143--149},
  note = {PMID: 15370320},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/5HZ9GERS/0964704049052158.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/KIKRMKID/Karenberg and Moog - 2004 - Next Emperor, Please! No End to Retrospective Diag.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:1994reconstructing,
  doi = {10.1080/09647049409525595},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  shorttitle = {{Reconstructing a doctrine}},
  title = {{Reconstructing a doctrine: Galen on apoplexy}},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09647049409525595},
  volume = {{3}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {1994-04},
  year = {1994},
  pages = {85--101},
  note = {PMID: 11618816},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/HF4SQN98/09647049409525595.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/RG93ERDD/Karenberg - 1994 - Reconstructing a doctrine Galen on apoplexy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:2001headache,
  abstract = {Despite the intensity with which many scholars have studied the evolution of Egyptian medicine, interdisciplinary studies on the history of headache are scarcely extant. Following a short discussion of historiographical issues, the main objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive and detailed overview on this subject. Scattered references to headache are extracted from so-called magical papyri and from medical texts of the New Kingdom. Although little is known about the quality of headache and about accompanying symptoms, four predominant localizations are distinguished. Due to the lack of precise descriptions it is impossible to establish the retrospective diagnosis of migraine. Explanations of the origin of cephalalgia and of the corresponding therapeutic actions differ according to the nature of the source. In magical papyri, headaches are attributed to the action of demons and supernatural forces, whereas medical papyri emphasize the role of head trauma and of ‘pain matter’ occurring in the body. Treatment could be magical, pharmacological or surgical. Examples of incantations and prescriptions are analysed in detail.},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00274.x},
  issn = {0333-1024, 1468-2982},
  title = {{Headache in Magical and Medical Papyri of Ancient Egypt}},
  url = {http://cep.sagepub.com/content/21/9/911},
  volume = {{21}},
  number = {9},
  journaltitle = {{Cephalalgia}},
  shortjournal = {{Cephalalgia}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel and Leitz, Christian},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2001-11},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {911--916},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 11903286},
  keywords = {Ancient,Egypt,Headache,History,nervous system disorders,neurology},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/B993WQRT/911.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/NZVSMXEM/Karenberg and Leitz - 2001 - Headache in Magical and Medical Papyri of Ancient .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:2005poesie,
  doi = {10.1055/s-2005-923338},
  issn = {0012-0472, 1439-4413},
  title = {{Poesie und Pathologie. Literarische Figuren als Vorbilder für Krankheitsbegriffe}},
  url = {https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-923338},
  volume = {{130}},
  number = {51/52},
  journaltitle = {{Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift}},
  shortjournal = {{DMW}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2005},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {2971--2978},
  langid = {german}
}

@inbook{karenberg:2009grecoromana,
  abstract = {This chapter focuses on the relevance of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and disorders of the nervous system in the Greco-Roman world. All technical terms and the general frame of reference are modern, not historical. The guiding principles of modern science—the formulation of testable hypotheses, controlled experimentation, and observer objectivity—are largely the achievements of later generations, and their application to the ancient neurosciences would be premature. From this perspective, many old theories regarding brain function and the nature of scientific evidence are decidedly speculative and dubious. In this early phase of medicine, it was also impossible to classify illnesses morphologically or etiologically. Instead, various clusters of symptoms and signs were summarized to define different kinds of diseases. It is for this reason that ancient terms such as “epilepsy” and “apoplexy” bear only a slight resemblance to the modern versions. It is critical to keep in mind when studying ancient neurology that Greco-Roman science differs fundamentally from modern science.},
  isbn = {9780444520098},
  location = {{Edinburgh}},
  title = {{The Greco-Roman world}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02105-2},
  number = {3rd ser., 17 (95)},
  booktitle = {{History of neurology}},
  series = {{Handbook of clinical neurology}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  editor = {Finger, Stanley and Boller, François and Tyler, Kenneth L.},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {49--59},
  keywords = {History,Nervous System Diseases,neurology},
  file = {Karenberg - 2009 - The Greco-Roman world.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/HAB748AP/Karenberg - 2009 - The Greco-Roman world.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/PHKC68PI/S0072975208021052.html:text/html}
}

@inbook{russell:2009galena,
  abstract = {It is usually assumed that after Galen there was nothing new until the Renaissance. Contrary to this view, there were significant modifications of the inherited legacy in Late Antiquity, followed by fundamental changes within the Arabic/Islamic world. Their formative influence extends from the medieval period of transmission to the Renaissance and the 17th century. The increasing emphasis on the primacy of the brain initiated the beginnings of ventricular localization of function in Late Antiquity, which was subsequently developed into a theory and transmitted to the West via Arabic. Following the unprecedented translation movement in 9th-century Baghdad, the cumulative Greek and Hellenistic knowledge of the brain, nerves, and the senses from diverse sources were brought together in the systematic, logically unified Arabic medical compendia of encyclopedic proportions, which embody divergence from accepted views and new diagnostic observations. Their Latin versions became standard texts in medical schools. The oldest extant schematic diagrams relevant to neurology (the eye, the ventricles, the visual system, and the nerves) date from this period, and served as models for the medieval Latin West. The development of coherent descriptions of the motor and sensory systems, and related clinical disorders, by analogy with the mechanisms of hydraulic automata, foreshadows some of the explanatory methods associated with the 17th century.

Furthermore, an entirely new approach resulted in a paradigm shift in theory and methodology through the experimental studies on the physics of light and vision of Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040), who showed that what is sensed is not the object itself, but a punctate optical “image” due to light reflected from its surface to the eye. This revolutionary approach to vision destroyed the viability of the Greek tradition of holistic forms and tactile sensory impressions. Ibn al-Haytham's theory of point-to-point correspondence formed the basis of subsequent attempts to find a topological representation of external objects in the eye (the retinal surface with Kepler) and in the brain (the pineal gland with Descartes and ultimately in the cortex with Munk). His serial re-projection of the punctate image in the eye, chiasma, and the brain can be regarded as dramatic precursors of the principles in neurology of hierarchical anatomical organization of sensory information from simple to complex.

Due to Ibn al-Haytham, an understanding of vision increasingly required a synthesis of anatomy with the physics of light. Subsequently the visual enquiry shifted from the global question of “how do we perceive the external world by the sense of sight?” to specific concerns arising from the implications of Ibn al-Haytham's “optical” image in the eye: (a) the preservation of a point-to-point correspondence between object and image; (b) image inversion and the veridical (upright) perception of the object; (c) the unity of perception, or the binocular fusion of the two separate images, one from each eye; and (d) the anatomical projection of the retinal maps to various brain centers. The fact that these became central issues extending to Descartes and beyond underscores the unique legacy in neurology of Ibn al-Haytham's conception of a punctate sensory map, which was re-projected to the brain for complex sensory functions.},
  isbn = {9780444520098},
  location = {{Edinburgh}},
  shorttitle = {{After Galen}},
  title = {{After Galen: late Antiquity and the Islamic world}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02106-4},
  number = {3rd ser., 17 (95)},
  booktitle = {{History of neurology}},
  series = {{Handbook of clinical neurology}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  author = {Russell, Gül A.},
  editor = {Finger, Stanley and Boller, François and Tyler, Kenneth L.},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {61--77},
  keywords = {History,Nervous System Diseases,neurology},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/6Z8A427P/S0072975208021064.html:text/html;Russell - 2009 - After Galen late Antiquity and the Islamic world.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/INTNKTDN/Russell - 2009 - After Galen late Antiquity and the Islamic world.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inbook{schalick:2009neurologicala,
  abstract = {Medicine and neurology in the Middle Ages were different from what they are today. Traditionally, medicine in the Middle Ages has been described as intellectually stagnant and practically chaotic. This chapter presents a summary of the development of medicine as it relates to neurological conditions from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance in Western Europe. In characterizing “medieval” medicine, it is important to note that the changes embraced by the Renaissance came to different parts of Europe at different times. Thus, late-13th-century Italy was experiencing elements decidedly post-medieval, while parts of England and Germany were still “medieval” into the 15th century. The Middle Ages were far from homogeneous. Medieval theories of the causes of neurological disease were highly varied. In the Modern Era, the therapy is linked to diagnosis. In antiquity and the Middle Ages, therapy was more concretely linked to prognostica.},
  isbn = {9780444520098},
  location = {{Edinburgh}},
  title = {{Neurological conditions in the European Middle Ages}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02107-6},
  number = {3rd ser., 17 (95)},
  booktitle = {{History of neurology}},
  series = {{Handbook of clinical neurology}},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  author = {Schalick, Walton O., III},
  editor = {Finger, Stanley and Boller, François and Tyler, Kenneth L.},
  date = {2009},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {79--90},
  keywords = {History,Nervous System Diseases,neurology},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/NKSPPFFM/S0072975208021076.html:text/html;Schalick - 2009 - Neurological conditions in the European Middle Age.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/WIFHJKKE/Schalick - 2009 - Neurological conditions in the European Middle Age.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moog:2004roman,
  abstract = {According to various Greek and Latin texts, several Roman emperors died of “apoplexy”. This paper presents a systematic collection and evaluation of these sources. The contents of the texts are compared with contemporary knowledge as well as present-day perspectives. In retrospect, few of the “royal cases” can be classified as cerebrovascular disorders.},
  doi = {10.1177/096777200401200112},
  issn = {0967-7720, 1758-1087},
  shorttitle = {{Roman Emperors Suffering from Apoplexy}},
  title = {{Roman emperors suffering from apoplexy: the medical and historical significance of classical literary sources}},
  url = {http://jmb.sagepub.com/content/12/1/43},
  volume = {{12}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Medical Biography}},
  shortjournal = {{J Med Biogr}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2004-02},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {43--50},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 14740025},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/5TPFJCQJ/43.html:text/html;Moog and Karenberg - 2004 - Roman emperors suffering from apoplexy the medica.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/EM2W6EFI/Moog and Karenberg - 2004 - Roman emperors suffering from apoplexy the medica.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moog:2003heilige,
  abstract = {In Christian Europe of the High Middle Ages, saints played a central role in the everyday life of the ailing. Alongside healing attempts which involved magic and/or scientifically-based medicine, the invocation of specific patron saints for protection against evils or for the curing of ailments was a widespread practise. A large choice of patron saints was "available" for a wide range of diseases, especially those nowadays classified as neurologic or psychiatric. For the falling sickness alone, e.g., there is evidence of some twenty patron saints reputed to have a particular involvement. Surprisingly, there is no evidence of a comparable devotion to patrons for apoplectics. This "negative result" is confirmed by a thorough examination of medieval sources. St. Wolfgang and St. Andreas Avellino are the only two proven stroke patrons. Both, however, were only known within their respective locations. The absence of a specific supportive Christian figure for stroke victims deserves particular analysis: The high fatality rate of apoplexy and the lack of commercial interest on the part of the Christian places of pilgrimage may serve as possible explanations.},
  doi = {10.1163/157338203X00062},
  issn = {1383-7427},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2003 BRILL}},
  title = {{Heilige als Patrone Gegen den Schlaganfall}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4130379},
  volume = {{8}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Early Science and Medicine}},
  shortjournal = {{Early Science and Medicine}},
  author = {Moog, Ferdinand Peter and Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2003},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {196--209},
  file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/P8Z7RGJ4/Moog and Karenberg - 2003 - Heilige als Patrone Gegen den Schlaganfall.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:20122013world,
  doi = {10.2399/ana.11.142},
  issn = {1308-8459},
  shorttitle = {{The world of gods and the body of man}},
  title = {{The world of gods and the body of man: mythological origins of modern anatomical terms}},
  url = {http://www.anatomy.org.tr/issue/201301/pdf/05.pdf},
  volume = {{6-7}},
  journaltitle = {{Anatomy}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {{2012\_2013}},
  pages = {7--22},
  file = {Karenberg - 2012 - The world of gods and the body of man mythologica.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/3Z39VTZI/Karenberg - 2012 - The world of gods and the body of man mythologica.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{karenberg:2003poesie,
  doi = {10.1055/s-2003-812548},
  issn = {0012-0472, 1439-4413},
  title = {{„Die Poesie in Wirklichkeit verwandeln”. Antike Sagengestalten in der modernen Medizin}},
  url = {https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2003-812548},
  volume = {{128}},
  number = {51/52},
  journaltitle = {{Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift}},
  shortjournal = {{DMW}},
  author = {Karenberg, Axel},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2003-12},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {2698--2706},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{pampush:2011familiarity,
  abstract = {Commonly used technical anatomy and physiology (A\&P) terms are predominantly rooted in Latin and Greek vocabulary, so it is commonly inferred that a solid grounding in Latin and Greek roots of medical terminology will improve student learning in anatomy and related disciplines. This study examines the association of etymological knowledge of A\&P terms and A\&P course performance among 446 undergraduates in their first semester of the study of human gross anatomy and physiology, with a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of 52 students who filled out surveys about their prior knowledge and experiences related to medicine or anatomy. In both data sets, there was only a weak positive correlation between the performance on a quiz of Latin and Greek medical terms and the students' performance on regular assignments. The presumption that familiarity with Latin and Greek word roots has a strong influence on successful learning of anatomy is not supported by these data. Future research should address whether or not there are particular skills associated with using etymological knowledge in improving A\&P course performance. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.},
  doi = {10.1002/ase.189},
  issn = {1935-9780},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2010 American Association of Anatomists}},
  title = {{Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms and course performance in undergraduates}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ase.189/abstract},
  volume = {{4}},
  number = {1},
  journaltitle = {{Anatomical Sciences Education}},
  shortjournal = {{Anat Sci Ed}},
  author = {Pampush, James D. and Petto, Andrew J.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2011},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {9--15},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 21265031},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Confounding Factors (Epidemiology),Education, Premedical,Educational Measurement,Female,Humans,Language,Latin and Greek vocabulary,Male,Students,Terminology as Topic,anatomy and physiology course,anatomy education,medical terminology,student assessment,undergraduate education},
  file = {Pampush and Petto - 2011 - Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms .pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/J5UPUGQN/Pampush and Petto - 2011 - Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sarma:2004etymology,
  abstract = {Recognition of word roots and the pattern of evolution of scientific terms can be helpful in understanding chemistry concepts (gaining knowledge of new concepts represented by related terms). The meaning and significance of various etymological roots, occurring as prefixes and suffixes in technical terms particularly of organic chemistry, are explained in a unified manner in order to show the connection of various concepts vis à vis the terms in currency. The meanings of some special words and many examples are provided. The interesting aspects of history and culture often involved in the evolution of terms will help sustain an abiding engagement in the study of chemistry.},
  doi = {10.1021/ed081p1437},
  issn = {0021-9584},
  title = {{Etymology as an aid to understanding chemistry concepts}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed081p1437},
  volume = {{81}},
  number = {10},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Chemical Education}},
  shortjournal = {{J. Chem. Educ.}},
  author = {Sarma, Nittala S.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2004-10},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {1437--1439},
  file = {Sarma - 2004 - Etymology as an Aid to Understanding Chemistry Con.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/2KFRPJR2/Sarma - 2004 - Etymology as an Aid to Understanding Chemistry Con.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kail:2008vocabulary,
  abstract = {High school teacher Suzanne R. Kail and her students uncover the relevance of learning Latin and Greek roots to enhance vocabulary and spelling. Kail reflects on her experience of combining what might be seen as an old-school practice of memorization with promoting higher level thinking skills and anticipates what she will revise for the next school year.},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2008 National Council of Teachers of English}},
  title = {{Vocabulary instruction goes "old school"}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30047249},
  volume = {{97}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{The English Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{The English Journal}},
  author = {Kail, Suzanne R.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2008-03},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {62--67},
  file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/J2IKD99M/Kail - 2008 - Vocabulary Instruction Goes Old School.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{smith:2007latin,
  abstract = {Background: Medical students and practitioners learn and use a vocabulary originating almost entirely from classical Latin and Greek languages. Previous generations required Latin or Greek prior to medical school, but the current generation does not have such requirements. Anecdotal evidence suggests that understanding Latin or Greek helps students to learn and practitioners to recall otherwise foreign terminology. This study evaluated students' familiarity with Latin and Greek etymologies before and after a gross anatomy course that incorporated etymologies into its curriculum. Methods: First-year medical students at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine were taught Latin and Greek etymologies through lectures and handouts during their gross anatomy course. They took a pretest and a posttest before and after the course to assess their understanding of etymologies. In addition, students from all four years of medical school, residents, and staff physicians also took a general etymology quiz to assess their understanding of etymologies. Results: After their gross anatomy course emphasizing etymologies, first-year students scored higher on the posttest than they did on the pretest. First-year students also reported that learning etymologies enhanced anatomy learning, made the experience more enjoyable, and proved to be less difficult than they thought it would be prior to the course. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians scored almost equally on the general etymology quiz and almost equally reported that etymologies enhanced learning and recalling terminology. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians almost equally endorsed incorporating etymologies into medical education. Conclusions: This study provides novel scientific evidence that a basic understanding of Latin and Greek etymologies enhances performance and comfort when learning and using medical terminology. Clin. Anat.  20:332–337, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  doi = {10.1002/ca.20342},
  issn = {1098-2353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}},
  title = {{Latin and Greek in gross anatomy}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.20342/abstract},
  volume = {{20}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Clinical Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{Clin Anat}},
  author = {Smith, Sean B. and Carmichael, Stephen W. and Pawlina, Wojciech and Spinner, Robert J.},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2007-04},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {332--337},
  langid = {english},
  note = {PMID: 16617443},
  keywords = {Anatomy,Curriculum,Education, Medical,Educational Measurement,Etymology,Greek,Humans,Language,Latin,Teaching,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Smith et al. - 2007 - Latin and Greek in gross anatomy.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/DMQAZZAI/Smith et al. - 2007 - Latin and Greek in gross anatomy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{brahler:2008learning,
  abstract = {For students pursuing careers in medical fields, knowledge of technical and medical terminology is prerequisite to being able to solve problems in their respective disciplines and professions. The Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System, also known as Medical Terminology 350 (25), is a mnemonic instructional and learning strategy that combines mental imagery and keyword mnemonic elaboration processes to help students recall the scientific meaning of Greek and Latin word parts. High school students in Anatomy and Physiology classes at a career technology center were divided into experimental (Medical Terminology 350), control (rote memorization), or combination (Medical Terminology 350 and rote memorization) groups and completed pre- and posttests of standardized word recall tests. Students in the Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System group achieved significantly greater pre- to posttest word recall improvement compared with students in both the rote memorization (P ≤ 0.0001) and combined rote memorization and Medical Terminology 350 (P ≤ 0.05) groups. There appeared to be a dose-dependent response as the pre- to posttest gain in word recall scores increased as exposure to the treatment increased.},
  doi = {10.1152/advan.00083.2007},
  issn = {1043-4046, 1522-1229},
  rights = {{© 2008 American Physiological Society}},
  title = {{Learning scientific and medical terminology with a mnemonic strategy using an illogical association technique}},
  url = {http://advan.physiology.org/content/32/3/219},
  volume = {{32}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{Advances in Physiology Education}},
  shortjournal = {{Adv Physiol Educ}},
  author = {Brahler, C. Jayne and Walker, Diane},
  urldate = {2014-04-10},
  date = {2008-09},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {219--224},
  langid = {english},
  note = {For students pursuing careers in medical fields, knowledge of technical and medical terminology is prerequisite to being able to solve problems in their respective disciplines and professions. The Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System, also known as Medical Terminology 350 ({[}25{]}{[}1{]}), is a mnemonic instructional and learning strategy that combines mental imagery and keyword mnemonic elaboration processes to help students recall the scientific meaning of Greek and Latin word parts. High school students in Anatomy and Physiology classes at a career technology center were divided into experimental (Medical Terminology 350), control (rote memorization), or combination (Medical Terminology 350 and rote memorization) groups and completed pre- and posttests of standardized word recall tests. Students in the Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System group achieved significantly greater pre- to posttest word recall improvement compared with students in both the rote memorization ( P ≤ 0.0001) and combined rote memorization and Medical Terminology 350 ( P ≤ 0.05) groups. There appeared to be a dose-dependent response as the pre- to posttest gain in word recall scores increased as exposure to the treatment increased.

 {[}1{]}: \#ref-25
PMID: 18794244},
  keywords = {Association Learning,Dental Assistants,Education, Nonprofessional,Medical Secretaries,Midwestern United States,Teaching,Terminology as Topic},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/QNHWU7H9/Brahler and Walker - 2008 - Learning scientific and medical terminology with a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ozkadif:2014how,
  title = {{How much Latin terminology education is enough? The views of students}},
  url = {http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj29(2)14/15.pdf},
  volume = {{29}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{World Applied Sciences Journal}},
  author = {Özkadif, Sema and Kılıç, Selda and Eken, Emrullah},
  date = {2014},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {239--246},
  file = {Özkadif et al. - 2014 - How Much Latin Terminology Education Is Enough Th.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/J9ISJDJ9/Özkadif et al. - 2014 - How Much Latin Terminology Education Is Enough Th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dean-jones:1998teaching,
  issn = {0009-8353},
  rights = {{Copyright © 1998 The Classical Association of the Middle West and South}},
  title = {{Teaching medical terminology as a classics course}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3298183},
  volume = {{93}},
  number = {3},
  journaltitle = {{The Classical Journal}},
  shortjournal = {{The Classical Journal}},
  author = {Dean-Jones, Lesley A.},
  urldate = {2014-09-12},
  date = {1998-02},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {290--296},
  file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JX2J42BE/Dean-Jones - 1998 - Teaching Medical Terminology as a Classics Course.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{masciantonio:1982latin,
  abstract = {"This guide to an audio-lingual approach to Latin instruction is intended to assist Latin teachers and English teachers with background in Latin to expand the English vocabulary and reading skills of pupils through the study of Latin roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The content of this guide to health vocabulary introduces students to Latin and English word derivations and to the sources of medical terminology in classical mythology. The introductory material provides general notes on the teaching of Latin in the Philadelphia School District, suggestions for scheduling and staffing the Latin classes, an outline of the organization of each lesson, some general hints to the teacher, and an overview of the material to be taught in this unit. The material to be taught is presented in 11 lessons, a number of word games, and a unit review lesson. An annotated bibiliography completes the unit. (AMH)"},
  location = {{Philadelphia, PA}},
  title = {{Latin, the language of health sciences: teacher's guide}},
  url = {http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED216523},
  number = {ED 216 523},
  institution = {{Philadelphia School District, Office of Curriculum and Instruction}},
  author = {Masciantonio, Rudolph},
  urldate = {2014-07-15},
  date = {1982},
  year = {1982},
  pages = {76},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Audiolingual Methods,Cultural Awareness,Elementary Secondary Education,Etymology,Health,Latin,Mythology,Second Language Instruction,Semantics,Teaching Guides,Word Study Skills,medical vocabulary},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/7VE993Q5/eric.ed.gov.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/MRZNCMEB/Masciantonio and Others - 1982 - Latin, The Language of Health Sciences. Teacher's .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mann:2013poorer,
  doi = {10.7717/peerj.22},
  issn = {2167-8359},
  title = {{Poorer verbal working memory for a second language selectively impacts academic achievement in university medical students}},
  url = {https://peerj.com/articles/22/},
  volume = {{1}},
  journaltitle = {{PeerJ}},
  author = {Mann, Collette and Canny, Benedict J. and Reser, David H. and Rajan, Ramesh},
  urldate = {2014-06-24},
  date = {2013-02-12},
  year = {2013},
  langid = {english},
  file = {Poorer verbal working memory for a second language selectively impacts academic achievement in university medical students [PeerJ]:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/FMXEBIAA/22.html:text/html}
}

@article{bujalkova:2013are,
  abstract = {Latin medical terminology is an obligatory course in the curricula of the Slovak medical faculties, encompassing history of medicine condensed in origins of medical terms and their current meanings, both in theory and practice. Course...},
  issn = {1847-6376},
  title = {{Are the methods to use historical lexicology (etymology) in contemporary medical terminology teaching reasonable?}},
  url = {http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak\&id_clanak_jezik=162628},
  volume = {{4}},
  number = {7},
  journaltitle = {{JAHR}},
  author = {Bujalková, Mária},
  urldate = {2014-09-16},
  date = {2013-05},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {469--478},
  keywords = {Etymology,definition,history of medicine,medical terminology teaching},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/8R3DRQKA/index.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/JSDHMP6H/Bujalkova - 2013 - Are the methods to use historical lexicology (etym.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{allen:2009terminologia,
  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.1093_1.x},
  issn = {0021-8782},
  shorttitle = {{Terminologia anatomica}},
  title = {{Terminologia anatomica: international anatomical terminology and Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology}},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740970/},
  volume = {{215}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Anatomy}},
  shortjournal = {{J Anat}},
  author = {Allen, William E},
  urldate = {2014-05-02},
  date = {2009-08},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {221},
  note = {PMID: null
PMCID: PMC2740970},
  file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/URR4IMPC/Allen - 2009 - Terminologia anatomica international anatomical t.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pearcy:1993medical,
  shorttitle = {{Review of}},
  title = {{Medical Terminologies: Classical Origins}},
  url = {http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1993/04.01.19.html},
  author = {Pearcy, Lee T.},
  editora = {Scarborough, John},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  urldate = {2014-09-09},
  date = {1993},
  year = {1993},
  file = {Review of\: Medical Terminologies\: Classical Origins:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/72HCD63E/04.01.19.html:text/html}
}

@article{bean:1959greek,
  abstract = {Prof. Nybakken, chairman of the Department of Classics of the State University of Iowa, for many years has taught a class in scientific Latin and Greek, giving prospective medical and professional students an opportunity to learn in a relatively painless but none-the-less effective way the rudiments of word origins and of word formation. This excellent book, "Greek and Latin in Scientific Terminology," while it is not designed specifically for medical students or physicians, contains all the information necessary for a person who wishes to explore the mysteries of scientific nomenclature and learn the ground rules under which the words have developed. For instance, few of us realize that the position of the accent on the word thymos can make it mean either a warty excrescence or the soul.Any physician or scientist interested in words and writing will welcome a book that even the novice may use as a primer},
  doi = {10.1001/archinte.1959.00270100164038},
  issn = {0888-2479},
  title = {{Greek and latin in scientific terminology}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1959.00270100164038},
  volume = {{104}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{A.M.A. Archives of Internal Medicine}},
  shortjournal = {{AMA Arch Intern Med}},
  author = {Bean, William B.},
  editora = {Nybakken, Oscar Edward},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  urldate = {2014-05-02},
  date = {1959-10},
  year = {1959},
  pages = {678--678},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/HRQDRU3Z/Bean WB - 1959 - GReek and latin in scientific terminology..pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{iorillo:1994medical,
  doi = {10.2307/4351645},
  issn = {0009-8418},
  rights = {{Copyright © 1994 Classical Association of the Atlantic States}},
  title = {{Medical Terminologies}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4351645},
  volume = {{88}},
  number = {2},
  journaltitle = {{The Classical World}},
  shortjournal = {{The Classical World}},
  author = {Iorillo, Robert J.},
  editora = {Scarborough, John},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  urldate = {2014-09-12},
  date = {1994-11},
  year = {1994},
  pages = {124--125},
  file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/U63XZ67B/Iorillo - 1994 - Review of Medical Terminologies by John Scarboroug.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dirckx:1993medical,
  abstract = {The thesis of this book is that knowing the origins of scientific terms derived from Latin and Greek and being exposed repeatedly to their classical components in a variety of contexts will help students to grasp and retain their meanings. John Scarborough is a classicist and authority on ancient Greek and Roman medicine who has taught courses in medical terminology to students of the health professions. Writing in a brisk, trenchant, genial style, he manages to impart an enormous amount and variety of lore—anthropologic, historical, biologic, and technical as well as linguistic. The thread that holds the material together is the order of nature as perceived and interpreted by human beings through the taxonomy of living things and the nomenclature of anatomy.Within this framework the author moves discursively by easy and logical transitions from one topic to another and gives the Greek or Latin origins of relevant terms as},
  doi = {10.1001/jama.1993.03500140121049},
  issn = {0098-7484},
  shorttitle = {{Medical terminologies}},
  title = {{Medical terminologies: Classical origins}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03500140121049},
  volume = {{269}},
  number = {14},
  journaltitle = {{JAMA}},
  shortjournal = {{JAMA}},
  author = {Dirckx, John H.},
  urldate = {2014-09-12},
  date = {1993-04-14},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {1867--1867},
  file = {Dirckx - 1993 - Medical terminologies Classical origins.pdf:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/GUZK5PDC/Dirckx - 1993 - Medical terminologies Classical origins.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{foley:2005review,
  doi = {10.1080/09647040500494451},
  issn = {0964-704X},
  shorttitle = {{A Review of}},
  title = {{A Review of: “Axel Karenberg. Amor, Äskulap \& Co. Klassische Mythologie in der Sprache der modernen Medizin.”}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647040500494451},
  volume = {{14}},
  number = {4},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of the History of the Neurosciences}},
  author = {Foley, Paul B.},
  urldate = {2014-09-15},
  date = {2005-12-01},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {382--384},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/8K4F8XRW/Foley - 2005 - A Review of “Axel Karenberg. Amor, Äskulap & Co. .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/Andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/muvdg23m.default/zotero/storage/GQGG83QT/09647040500494451.html:text/html}
}

@collection{whitmore:1998terminologia,
  isbn = {3131143614 9783131143617 3131152516  9783131152510},
  location = {{Stuttgart}},
  title = {{Terminologia anatomica: International anatomical terminology}},
  publisher = {{Thieme}},
  editor = {Whitmore, Ian},
  date = {1998},
  year = {1998},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{federativeinternationalcommitteeonanatomicalterminology:2008terminologia,
  isbn = {0781766109},
  location = {{Baltimore}},
  pagetotal = {207},
  shorttitle = {{Terminologia histologica}},
  title = {{Terminologia histologica: international terms for human cytology and histology}},
  publisher = {{Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}},
  author = {{Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology}},
  date = {2008},
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {English,Histology,Latin,Latin language}
}

@book{bunzli-trepp:2007systematic,
  isbn = {9781420046151},
  location = {{Lausanne}},
  pagetotal = {636},
  shorttitle = {{Systematic nomenclature of organic, organometallic and coordination chemistry}},
  title = {{Systematic nomenclature of organic, organometallic and coordination chemistry: chemical-abstracts guidelines with IUPAC recommendations and many trivial names}},
  publisher = {{EPFL Press}},
  author = {Bünzli-Trepp, Ursula},
  date = {2007},
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Chemistry, Organic,nomenclature}
}

@collection{ride:1999international,
  edition = {{4}},
  isbn = {0853010064},
  location = {{London}},
  pagetotal = {306},
  title = {{International code of zoological nomenclature/Code international de nomenclature zoologique}},
  publisher = {{International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature}},
  editor = {Ride, W.D.L.},
  editora = {{International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature} and {International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature} and {Natural History Museum (London, England)} and {International Union of Biological Sciences}},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {1999},
  year = {1999},
  keywords = {Animals}
}

@collection{salisbury:1996units,
  isbn = {019509445X},
  location = {{New York}},
  pagetotal = {234},
  shorttitle = {{Units, symbols, and terminology for plant physiology}},
  title = {{Units, symbols, and terminology for plant physiology: a reference for presentation of research results in the plant sciences}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  editor = {Salisbury, Frank B.},
  editora = {{International Association for Plant Physiology}},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  date = {1996},
  year = {1996},
  keywords = {Authorship,Botany,Plant physiology,Terminology}
}

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