db.json

[{"model": "cluster.clustermodel", "pk": 1, "fields": {"cluster_name": "Space Voyage", "code_name": "space", "cover": "cluster_cover/space_7tzbBIf.jpg", "owner": 1, "description": "This cluster serves as a repository for documenting the theories,scientific development and  technological milestones,  that paved the way for human progress in space. It is a collection of records chronicling various achievements of the past that have contributed to our understanding and exploration of the universe beyond our planet. These achievements include breakthroughs in fields such as astronomy, physics, engineering, and computer science, which have enabled us to design and build spacecraft, telescopes, and other advanced instruments that have expanded our knowledge of the cosmos.", "date": "2023-02-28", "permission": "p"}}, {"model": "cluster.clustermodel", "pk": 2, "fields": {"cluster_name": "Self learning", "code_name": "selflearning", "cover": "cluster_cover/selflearning.jpg", "owner": 1, "description": "A self-driven approach to learning can be an effective way to develop new skills and areas of expertise. Self-driven learning strategies can provide a wide range of benefits for professionals who want to grow their careers. To become an effective self-learner, it's essential to understand the concept and discover different techniques that you can apply to your learning process.", "date": "2023-03-01", "permission": "PO"}}, {"model": "cluster.notemodel", "pk": 1, "fields": {"author": 1, "title": "Nasa's  archive about flights", "cover": "note_cover/first__flight.jpeg", "is_verified": true, "is_verified_updated": false, "code": "nasainfo", "summary": "This  is data about various trail,myth and experiment of flight done by human from different time and civilization.", "body": "<table width=\"803\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" bgcolor=\"#FFFFFF\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\"><tbody><tr><td><table width=\"100%\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"5\"><table width=\"100%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><tbody><tr align=\"center\"><td><a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/about/highlights/index.html\" style=\"color: blue;\"></a></td><td><a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/news/highlights/index.html\" style=\"color: blue;\"></a></td><td><a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/highlights/index.html\" style=\"color: blue;\"></a></td><td><a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/index.html\" style=\"color: blue;\"></a></td><td><a href=\"http://mynasa.nasa.gov/portal/site/mynasa/index.jsp?bandwidth=high\" style=\"color: blue;\"></a></td><td><a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/about/career/index.html\" style=\"color: blue;\"></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\"><p><div align=\"left\"><br></div><br><table width=\"98%\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td><font size=\"2\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"></font></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><table width=\"69%\" height=\"168\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#FFFF99\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"21%\" height=\"75\"><div align=\"center\"><a href=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/index.html\" style=\"color: blue;\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/buttons/Kidspg2up.gif\" width=\"98\" height=\"79\" alt=\"Link to Kid's Page Index\" border=\"0\"></a></div></td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"23%\"><div align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/buttons/HistofFlight21.gif\" width=\"128\" height=\"132\" alt=\"History of Flight Puzzle Piece\"></div></td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"56%\"><h2 style=\"font-size: x-large; font-weight: bolder; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-align: center; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 36px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">History of Flight By Nasa</span></h2></td></tr></tbody></table><br><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><table width=\"96%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" height=\"85\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"21%\"><div align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/seagull.gif\" width=\"89\" height=\"106\" alt=\"Picture of Flying Seagull\"></div></td><td width=\"79%\"><h2 style=\"font-size: x-large; font-weight: bolder; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-align: center; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 36px;\">How Did We Learn to Fly Like the Birds?</h2></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style=\"font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22.5px; color: rgb(51, 0, 255); margin-left: 1em;\">Myths and Legends of Flight</h3><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">Greek Legend - Pegasus</span><br>Bellerophon the Valiant, son of the King of Corinth, captured Pegasus, a winged horse. Pegasus took him to a battle with the triple headed monster, Chimera.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">Icarus and Daedalus - An Ancient Greek Legend</span><br>Daedalus was an engineer who was imprisoned by King Minos. With his son, Icarus, he made wings of wax and feathers. Daedalus flew successfully from Crete to Naples, but Icarus, tired to fly too high and flew too near to the sun. The wings of wax melted and Icarus fell to his death in the ocean.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">King Kaj Kaoos of Persia</span><br>King Kaj Kaoos attached eagles to his throne and flew around his kingdom.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">Alexander the Great</span><br>Alexander the Great harnessed four mythical wings animals, called Griffins, to a basket and flew around his realm.</p><h3 style=\"font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22.5px; color: rgb(51, 0, 255); margin-left: 1em;\">Early Efforts of Flight</h3><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">Around 400 BC - China</span><br>The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. Kites were used by the Chinese in religious ceremonies. They built many colorful kites for fun, also. More sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions. Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">Humans try to fly like birds</span><br></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds. Wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a birds and can not move with the strength of a bird.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">Hero and the Aeolipile</span></p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\" height=\"217\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"18%\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/Aeolipile.gif\" width=\"82\" height=\"164\" alt=\"Drawing of Aeolipile Created by Hero\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Aeolipile</span></p></td><td width=\"82%\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">1485 Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter</span></p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" height=\"146\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"30%\" height=\"153\"><div align=\"center\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/Ornithopter.gif\" width=\"197\" height=\"77\" alt=\"Leonardo da Vinci's Ornithopter\"></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Leonardo da Vinci's Ornithopter</span></p></div></td><td width=\"72%\" height=\"153\"><div align=\"left\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">1783 - Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier- the First Hot Air Balloon</span><br></p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\" height=\"245\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"28%\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/MontgolfBalloon.gif\" width=\"111\" height=\"151\" alt=\"Colorful Picture of One of Montgolfier's Hot Ari Balloons\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">One of The Montgolfier's Balloons</span></p></td><td width=\"76%\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">In 1783, the<span class=\"bold\">&nbsp;first passengers&nbsp;</span>in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than 1 mile.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">After this first success, the brothers began to send men up in balloons. The&nbsp;<span class=\"bold\">first manned flight</span>&nbsp;was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">1799 - 1850's - George Cayley</span></p><table width=\"96%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" height=\"189\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"28%\"><div align=\"center\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/CayleyGlider.gif\" width=\"175\" height=\"87\" alt=\"A picture of a Glider by George Cayley\"></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">One Version of a Glider</span></p></div></td><td width=\"72%\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">George Cayley worked to discover a way that man could fly. He designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of his gliders.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Over 50 years he made improvements to the gliders. He changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly. He designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability. He tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider. He also recognized that there would be a need for power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/flight/cayley.gif\" width=\"454\" height=\"176\" alt=\"Drawing of a Cayley glider with a tail\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">One of the many drawings of gliders</span></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Cayley wrote&nbsp;<i>On Ariel Navigation</i>&nbsp;which shows that a fixed-wing aircraft with a power system for propulsion and a tail to assist in the control of the airplane would be the best way to allow man to fly.</p><h3 style=\"font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22.5px; color: rgb(51, 0, 255); margin-left: 1em;\">19th And 20th Century Efforts<br></h3><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">1891 Otto Lilienthal</span><br></p><table width=\"94%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\" height=\"235\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"26%\" height=\"216\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/lillenGlider.gif\" width=\"116\" height=\"109\" alt=\"One of the many designs for a Glider by Otto Lilienthal\"></span></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">One of Lilienthal's Gliders</span></p></td><td width=\"74%\" height=\"216\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">He was fascinated by the idea of flight. Based on his studies of birds and how they fly, he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 and this text was used by the Wright Brothers as the basis for their designs.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">After more than 2500 flights, he was killed when he lost control because of a sudden strong wind and crashed into the ground.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/flight/glider-2.jpg\" width=\"254\" height=\"200\" alt=\"Picture of Lilienthal's glider in flight.\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Lilienthal's Glider in Flight</span></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">1891 Samuel P. Langley</span></p><table width=\"99%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" height=\"203\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"30%\" height=\"191\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/Aerodrome.gif\" width=\"200\" height=\"89\" alt=\"A drawing of the Langley Aerodrome\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Langley's Aerodrome</span></p></td><td width=\"70%\" height=\"191\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Samuel Langley was an astronomer, who realized that power was needed to help man fly. He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome, that included a steam-powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Langley received a $50,000 grant to build a full sized aerodrome. It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider. He was also well known as the director of the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/flight/langley1.jpg\" width=\"572\" height=\"235\" alt=\"Picture of Langley Aerodrome.\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Model of Langley Aerodrome</span></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\">1894 Octave Chanute</span></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Octave Chanute published&nbsp;<i>Progress in Flying Machines&nbsp;</i>in 1894. It gathered and analyzed all the technical knowledge that he could find about aviation accomplishments. It included all of the world's aviation pioneers. The Wright Brothers used this book as a basis for much of their experiments. Chanute was also in contact with the Wright Brothers and often commented on their technical progress.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br><span class=\"bold\">Orville and Wilbur Wright and the First Airplane</span></p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span class=\"bold\"><br></span>Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. First, they read about all the early developments of flight. They decided to make \"a small contribution\" to the study of flight control by twisting their wings in flight. Then they began to test their ideas with a kite. They learned about how the wind would help with the flight and how it could affect the surfaces once up in the air.</p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"34%\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/WrightGlider.gif\" width=\"155\" height=\"107\" alt=\"A model of one of the Gliders designed by the Wright Brothers\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">A Drawing of a Wright Brothers Glider (1900)</span></p></td><td width=\"66%\">The next step was to test the shapes of gliders much like George Cayley did when he was testing the many different shapes that would fly. They spent three years testing and learning about how gliders could be controlled at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.</td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"35%\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/flight/enginewright.jpg\" width=\"256\" height=\"182\" alt=\"Picture of the Wright Brothers first engine.\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Picture of the actual 12 horsepower engine used in flight</span></p></td><td width=\"65%\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">They designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. In 1902, with a perfected glider shape, they turned their attention to how to create a propulsion system that would create the thrust needed to fly.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The early engine that they designed generated almost 12 horsepower. That's the same power as two hand-propelled lawn mower engines!</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\" height=\"164\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"34%\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/history/KittyHawkflyer.gif\" width=\"204\" height=\"74\" alt=\"A drawing of the Wright Brother's Flyer\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">The Wright Brother's Flyer</span></p></td><td width=\"66%\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The \"Flyer\" lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, North Carolina, at 10:35 a.m., on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed about six hundred pounds.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><table width=\"90%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\" height=\"193\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"35%\"><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><img src=\"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/images/flight/wright90812.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"162\" alt=\"Picture of the first flight at Kitty Hawk\"></p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Actual Flight of The Flyer at Kitty Hawk</span></p></td><td width=\"65%\"><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The first heavier-than-air flight traveled one hundred twenty feet in twelve seconds. The two brothers took turns flying that day with the fourth and last flight covering 850 feet in 59 seconds. But the Flyer was unstable and very hard to control.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">The brothers returned to Dayton, Ohio, where they worked for two more years perfecting their design. Finally, on October 5, 1905, Wilbur piloted the Flyer III for 39 minutes and about 24 miles of circles around Huffman Prairie. He flew the first practical airplane until it ran out of gas.</p><p align=\"center\" style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Humankind was now able to fly! During the next century, many new airplanes and engines were developed to help transport people, luggage, cargo, military personnel and weapons. The 20th century's advances were all based on this first flights by the American Brothers from Ohio.</p><p style=\"font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></p></p><p><br></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr bgcolor=\"#CCCCCC\"><td colspan=\"4\"></td></tr></tbody></table><br>", "cluster": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.notemodel", "pk": 5, "fields": {"author": 1, "title": "Telescope and it's history.", "cover": "note_cover/telescope.jpg", "is_verified": true, "is_verified_updated": false, "code": "telescoe", "summary": "Many people believe that Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to invent and build the telescope; however, the first telescope was made by Hans Lippershey in the early 1600s.", "body": "<div class=\"site grid-container container hfeed grid-parent\" id=\"page\" style=\"border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 1100px; width: auto;\"><div class=\"site-content\" id=\"content\" style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;\"><div class=\"content-area grid-parent mobile-grid-100 grid-70 tablet-grid-70\" id=\"primary\" style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; float: left; width: 770px;\"><main class=\"site-main\" id=\"main\" style=\"margin: 20px 20px 20px 0px;\"><article id=\"post-1797\" class=\"post-1797 questions type-questions status-publish format-standard hentry\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/CreativeWork\" itemscope=\"\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><div class=\"inside-article\" style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 40px;\"><div class=\"entry-content\" itemprop=\"text\" style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Many people believe that Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to invent and build the telescope; however, the first telescope was made by Hans Lippershey in the early 1600s. Lipperhey was a German-Dutch glass maker, and he managed to reduce the amount of light in his telescope while focusing it. His model inspired other scientists to work on perfecting the telescope.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">It is easy to point to Hans Lipperhey as the inventor of the telescope, but the history of its invention is chaotic and confusing. Historians and scientists today still argue about who invented the telescope. Let’s take a look at the telescope and its impact on scientific history.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">What is the History of the Telescope?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">The telescope traces back to early makers of eyeglasses and lenses. In the 1400s, glasses were used widely across Europe. These lenses were not powerful, not polished, and not clear. Due to their imperfections, they were not useful for astronomic observation.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">By the end of the 1500s and early 1600s, lens makers improved their abilities to cut and polish glasses. It was at this time that Hans Lippershey, who made spectacles in the Netherlands, began experimenting with lenses.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Lipperhey put a mask on his telescope that only allowed a small amount of light to enter his telescope. When he reduced the amount of light and focused it, the images became clear but remained dim. No other telescope makers had done this, and Lipperhey’s telescope was the beginning of the telescope’s evolution.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">In September of 1608, Lipperhey took his telescope to Prince Maurice of Nassau. A week later, Lipperhey applied to patent his new device. Other scientists and glass-makers came forward to claim that they had made similar devices; Lipperhey was denied his patent because of the claims.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">The telescope spread across Europe after Lipperhey. By the end of May in 1609, the telescope could easily be found and purchased in large cities like Paris. Galileo picked up Lipperhey’s telescope and began to improve it. Galileo’s telescope was the first to be used for space observation.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Over time, astronomers began to build telescopes that had more power and clearer images. Thomas Harriot in England managed to build a telescope that could magnify objects six times. Galileo then made a telescope that could magnify objects by eight times.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">What did the First Telescope Look Like?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Early telescopes looked similar. The first telescopes consisted of long tubes with one or several cylindrical sections. The tube could be made of tin, lead, cardboard, and wood held together by copper, cloth, or leather ties and/or glue. Polished lenses and mirrors were placed inside the tubes to magnify images and reflect light.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-948 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https://nineplanets.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/telescopes.jpg\" alt=\"Two telescopes on display\" width=\"486\" height=\"300\" style=\"height: auto; max-width: 100%; clear: both; display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"></p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: center;\">Credit:&nbsp;<a href=\"https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/cannocchiale/dswmedia/storia/estoria4_st.html\" style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; color: rgb(9, 132, 227);\">Museo Galileo, Institute and Museum of the History of Science</a></p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">What Were the Major Problems with Early Telescopes?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Galileo’s telescope, along with others built during the 1600s, had serious problems. Early telescopes were exceptionally small in size and had a limited viewing range. It was nearly impossible to see objects further away.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Earlier telescopes did not have a fixed place for the eye, meaning the images that appeared in the telescope would move out of sight or out of focus. The smaller sizes also led to chromatic aberrations, meaning the telescope could not bring the colors of the object into focus or alignment.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">Where did the Word Telescope Come From?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">The word ‘telescope’ comes from the Italian word telescopio, which appeared in the early 1600s. Telescope appeared in a letter from Frederico Cesi to Galileo in August 1611. Galileo’s letters show that he used the term after Cesi. The English form ‘telescope’ appeared in 1650. We still use this form in English today.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">Did the Telescope Have a Major Impact on Science?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Telescopes have given us significant insight into the workings of the universe, allowing science to progress further. Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the Sun was the center of the Solar System. With the use of the telescope, Galileo realized that the sun was truly at the center. Yet, the telescope did more than convince scientists that the sun was at the center of our Solar System.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">The telescope has allowed us to observe planets and stars that are millions of miles away from our planet. They have allowed us to see the surface of the moon and the weather patterns of other planets. The telescope has also allowed us to look at nebulae or clouds of dust and gas in space.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">The increasing power of the telescope gives us a clear understanding of patterns in planetary movements. In fact, Galileo first saw Jupiter’s moons and their movements through his telescope, registering these moons as satellites. They were the first objects in space recognized as orbiting another object.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Telescopes have allowed us to see into and study the depths of space, but they have also given us the opportunity to examine our own planet. Modern telescopes can detect heat waves, x-rays, and radio waves. Telescopes demonstrate how our planet interacts with others, and they can illustrate the properties of gravity and physics.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">More recently, telescopes have allowed us to examine galaxies with planetary systems similar to our own. In fact, scientists are currently using telescopes to study planets with similar sizes and compositions to our own. We may be able to pinpoint planets in habitable zones, which are planets with conditions that could sustain life.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">What Are Some Modern or Well-Known Telescopes?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">The Hubble Space Telescope is perhaps the most well-known of the modern telescopes. The Hubble is 13.2 meters long and has a 4.2-meter diameter. It launched in 1990, and it has completed more than 1.3 million observations since that launch. Its battery capacity is similar to the capacity of 22 car batteries added together.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">NASA is currently constructing the James Webb Space Telescope, which should be launched in 2021. The Webb will primarily act as an infrared telescope. The mirror in the Webb is comprised of 18 different segments that fold and adjust. To protect it from the sun, the telescope has a shield with five layers, each the size of a tennis court</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">Celebrating the Telescope!</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">In 2008, a conference was held at the European Space Agency/European Space Research and Technology Center (located in Noordwijk, Netherlands) to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Hans Lipperhey’s patent for his ‘telescope.’ Astronomers, historians, and the public were invited to the ESTEC conference center to discuss the history of telescopes, telescope technologies, politics surrounding the telescope, and the future of instrument technologies.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">Part of the celebration included a visit to the Leiden Museum Boerhaave-National Museum of the History of Science and Medicine. Part of the reception included a dinner cruise that traveled from Katwijk to Leiden from the Rhine river to the Kagerplassen.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\">How Can I Learn More about the Telescope?</h2><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">There are several books that cover the history of astronomy. One is The History of the Telescope, written by Henry King and published by Dover Books. This book is a good start to learn about history, but the history in the book does end around 1950.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">To supplement Dover’s book, Geoff Andersen gives a good account of the telescope in The Telescope: Its History, Technology, and Future (Princeton University Press, 2007). The organization of the book may seem confusing, but Andersen provides credible information. Andersen’s writing is also easy to read.</p><p style=\"border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;\">For those interested in using a telescope, Terence Dickinson and Adolf Schaller offer an easy guide in NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe (Firefly Books, 2006). The book includes helpful inserts and diagrams to guide any telescope user.</p><h2 style=\"border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em;\"><br><br></h2></div></div></article></main></div></div></div>", "cluster": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.notemodel", "pk": 6, "fields": {"author": 1, "title": "Yuri Gagarin: The First Man in Space", "cover": "note_cover/yurigagrin.jpg", "is_verified": true, "is_verified_updated": false, "code": "YuriGagarin", "summary": "Yuri Gagarin will forever be remembered as the first person to journey into space. On April 12, 1961, he piloted the Vostok 1 spacecraft on a mission that would change the course of history.", "body": "<div class=\"article__block\" style=\"max-width: 80rem; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 2rem; color: rgb(0, 50, 71); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">His parents, Alexei Ivanovich Gagarin and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked on a collective farm. Yuri was the third of four children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">After starting an apprenticeship in a metalworks as a foundryman, Gagarin was selected for further training at a technical high school in Saratov. While there, he joined the 'AeroClub', and learned to fly light aircraft, a hobby that would take up an increasing part of his time. In 1955, after completing his technical schooling, he entered flight training at the Orenburg Military Pilot's School.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">While there he met Valentina Goryacheva, whom he married in 1957, after gaining his pilot's wings in a MiG-15. After graduation, he was assigned to Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast. He became a lieutenant in the Soviet air force on 5 November 1957, and was promoted to senior lieutenant on 6 November 1959.</p></div><div class=\"article__block\" style=\"max-width: 80rem; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 2rem; color: rgb(0, 50, 71); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><figure class=\"article__image article__image--right\" style=\"margin: 1rem -10rem 2rem 5rem; float: right; width: 376px;\"><a href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2011/03/The_first_cosmonaut_group_of_1960\" class=\"popup\" style=\"color: inherit;\"><img src=\"https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2011/03/the_first_cosmonaut_group_of_1960/9516015-4-eng-GB/The_first_cosmonaut_group_of_1960_article.jpg\" alt=\"The first cosmonaut group of 1960\" style=\"width: 376px;\"></a><figcaption class=\"image__caption\" style=\"font-size: 13.6px; color: rgb(129, 151, 166); margin-top: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; padding-left: 3.5rem;\"><a href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2011/03/The_first_cosmonaut_group_of_1960\" style=\"color: inherit;\">The first cosmonaut group of 1960</a></figcaption></figure><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">After Soviet Union decided to launch a human being to space, a secret nationwide selection process was started in 1960 and Gagarin was chosen with 19 other pilots. Gagarin was further selected for an elite training group known as the 'Sochi Six', who would make up the the first cosmonauts of the Vostok programme.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">Gagarin and the other prospective cosmonauts were subjected to experiments designed to test physical and psychological endurance; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight. Out of the 20 selected, the eventual choices for the first launch were Gagarin and Gherman Titov, because of their performance in training, as well as their physical characteristics — space was at a premium in the small Vostok cockpit and both men were rather short. Gagarin was 1.57 metres tall.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">In August 1960, when Gagarin was one of 20 possible candidates, an air force doctor evaluated his personality as: \"Modest; embarrasses when his humour gets a little too racy; high degree of intellectual development evident; fantastic memory; distinguishes himself from his colleagues by his sharp and far-ranging sense of attention to his surroundings; a well-developed imagination; quick reactions; persevering, prepares himself painstakingly for his activities and training exercises, handles celestial mechanics and mathematical formulae with ease as well as excels in higher mathematics; does not feel constrained when he has to defend his point of view if he considers himself right; appears that he understands life better than a lot of his friends.\"</p></div><div class=\"article__block\" style=\"max-width: 80rem; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 2rem; color: rgb(0, 50, 71); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><figure class=\"article__image article__image--left\" style=\"margin: 1rem 5rem 2rem -10rem; float: left; width: 376px;\"><a href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2011/03/The_first_cosmonauts\" class=\"popup\" style=\"color: inherit;\"><img src=\"https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2011/03/the_first_cosmonauts/10271214-2-eng-GB/The_first_cosmonauts_article.jpg\" alt=\"The first cosmonauts\" style=\"width: 376px;\"></a><figcaption class=\"image__caption\" style=\"font-size: 13.6px; color: rgb(129, 151, 166); margin-top: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; padding-left: 3.5rem;\"><a href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2011/03/The_first_cosmonauts\" style=\"color: inherit;\">The first cosmonauts</a></figcaption></figure><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">Gagarin was also a favoured candidate by his peers. When the 20 candidates were asked to anonymously vote for which other candidate they would like to see as the first to fly, all but three chose Gagarin. One of his colleagues, cosmonaut Yevgeni Khrunov, believed that Gagarin was very focused, and was demanding of himself and others when necessary.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">Gagarin kept physically fit throughout his life, and was a keen sportsman. Cosmonaut Valeri Bykovsky wrote: \"Service in the air force made us strong, both physically and morally. All of us cosmonauts took up sports and PT seriously when we served in the air force. I know that Yuri Gagarin was fond of ice hockey. He liked to play goal keeper... I don't think I am wrong when I say that sports became a fixture in the life of the cosmonauts.\"</p></div><div class=\"article__block\" style=\"max-width: 80rem; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 2rem; color: rgb(0, 50, 71); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><h2 class=\"heading\" style=\"font-family: NotesESAbold, sans-serif; margin: 64px 0px 32px; font-size: 3.2rem; line-height: 1;\">Flight to space</h2><figure class=\"article__image article__image--right\" style=\"margin: 1rem -10rem 2rem 5rem; float: right; width: 376px;\"><a href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2001/04/Yuri_Gagarin_on_his_way_to_the_launch_pad\" class=\"popup\" style=\"color: inherit;\"><img src=\"https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2001/04/yuri_gagarin_on_his_way_to_the_launch_pad/9124172-5-eng-GB/Yuri_Gagarin_on_his_way_to_the_launch_pad_article.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width: 376px;\"></a><figcaption class=\"image__caption\" style=\"font-size: 13.6px; color: rgb(129, 151, 166); margin-top: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; padding-left: 3.5rem;\"></figcaption></figure><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">In April 1961, Gagarin became the first human to travel into space, launching to orbit aboard the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1). After the flight, he became a global celebrity, touring widely to promote the Soviet achievement.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">In 1962, he began serving as a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. He later returned to the Star City training facility, where he spent some years working on designs for a reusable spacecraft. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in June 1962, and then to colonel in November 1963. Soviet officials tried to keep him away from flying aircraft, being worried of losing their hero in an accident.</p><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">Gagarin had served as back-up pilot for Vladimir Komarov on Soyuz 1. When Komarov's flight ended in a fatal crash, Gagarin was ultimately banned from training for and participating in further spaceflights.</p></div><div class=\"article__block\" style=\"max-width: 80rem; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 2rem; color: rgb(0, 50, 71); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><h2 class=\"heading\" style=\"font-family: NotesESAbold, sans-serif; margin: 64px 0px 32px; font-size: 3.2rem; line-height: 1;\">Death in crash</h2><p style=\"font-size: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2;\">On 27 March 1968, Gagarin took off with MiG-15UTI fighter with flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin for a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, but the flight ended tragically: their plane crashed near the town of Kirzhach. Gagarin was laid to rest in the wall of the Kremlin on Red Square.</p></div>", "cluster": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.notemodel", "pk": 7, "fields": {"author": 1, "title": "The Feynman Technique", "cover": "note_cover/feynman.jpg", "is_verified": true, "is_verified_updated": false, "code": "feynman", "summary": "Richard Phillips Feynman was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium.", "body": "<p>The Feynman Technique is a method for learning and understanding complex concepts. It was developed by the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman, who was known for his ability to explain difficult ideas in simple terms. The technique is based on the idea that if you can explain something in simple language, then you truly understand it.</p><p><br></p><p>The Feynman Technique has four steps:</p><ol><li>Choose a concept you want to learn.</li><li>Explain the concept in your own words, as if you were teaching it to someone else.</li><li>Identify any gaps in your understanding or areas where you struggle to explain the concept.</li><li>Go back to the source material and review the concept, filling in the gaps in your understanding.</li></ol><p><br></p><p>Let's take a closer look at each step of the Feynman Technique.</p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p>Step 1: Choose a Concept You Want to Learn</p><p>The first step of the Feynman Technique is to choose a concept you want to learn. This can be anything from a scientific theory to a philosophical idea. It's important to choose a concept that is challenging and that you don't fully understand yet.</p><p><br></p><p>Step 2: Explain the Concept in Your Own Words</p><p>Once you have chosen a concept, the next step is to explain it in your own words. Pretend that you are teaching the concept to someone who has no prior knowledge of it. Use simple language and try to break down the concept into its most basic components.</p><p>For example, if you were trying to explain the concept of photosynthesis, you might say something like: \"Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to create their own food. They take in sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide and use them to create glucose and oxygen. This process is really important because it allows plants to grow and produce the oxygen that we breathe.\"</p><p><br></p><p>Step 3: Identify Gaps in Your Understanding</p><p>After you have explained the concept in your own words, take a step back and review what you have written. Ask yourself if there are any gaps in your understanding or areas where you struggled to explain the concept. These gaps are areas where you need to do more research or review the source material.</p><p>For example, if you were trying to explain the concept of photosynthesis and you struggled to explain the role of chlorophyll, you might need to review your notes or textbook to better understand this concept.</p><p><br></p><p>Step 4: Review the Source Material</p><p>The final step of the Feynman Technique is to go back to the source material and review the concept. This will help you fill in any gaps in your understanding and reinforce your learning.</p><p>For example, if you were trying to explain the concept of photosynthesis and you struggled to explain the role of chlorophyll, you might go back to your textbook and read the section on chlorophyll. This would help you better understand the concept and fill in the gap in your understanding.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p><br></p><p>The Feynman Technique is a powerful learning tool that can help you master complex concepts. By breaking down concepts into their most basic components and explaining them in simple language, you can better understand the material and reinforce your learning. Whether you're a student or a professional, the Feynman Technique can help you improve your understanding of even the most challenging topics.</p>", "cluster": 2}}, {"model": "cluster.notemodel", "pk": 8, "fields": {"author": 1, "title": "The Pomodoro Technique", "cover": "note_cover/prmod.jpg", "is_verified": true, "is_verified_updated": false, "code": "pomodoro", "summary": "The Pomodoro Technique was developed in the late 1980s by then university student Francesco Cirillo. Cirillo was struggling to focus on his studies and complete assignments.", "body": "<div style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: georgia, times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">The Pomodoro Technique is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.themuse.com/advice/improve-time-management-skills-workplace-examples\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.2s ease-out 0s, color 0.1s ease-out 0s; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline; border-radius: 0.25em; color: rgb(56, 82, 212); margin: auto -0.25em; padding: 0.25em;\">time management</a>&nbsp;system that encourages people to work&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">with</em>&nbsp;the time they have—rather than against it. The basic steps are:</p><ol style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 20px 0px; padding-left: 2.5em;\"><li style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1em;\">Choose a single task to focus on.</li><li style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1em;\">Set a timer for 25 minutes and work only on your selected task.</li><li style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1em;\">After 25 minutes take a five-minute break.</li><li style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1em;\">Repeat steps 1-3 four times.</li><li style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 1em;\">Take a longer break of about 15 to 30 minutes.</li></ol><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Using the Pomodoro method, you break your workday into 25-minute focus periods followed by five-minute breaks. Each of these focus periods plus a break period is called a Pomodoro—after the tomato-shaped timer first used to test the method.</p></div><h2 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 40px 0px 20px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><div class=\"inline\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline;\">What makes the Pomodoro method effective?</div></h2><div style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: georgia, times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">The idea behind the technique is that the timer instills a sense of urgency. Rather than feeling like you have endless time in the workday to get things done and then ultimately squandering those precious work hours on distractions, you know you only have 25 minutes to make as much progress on a task as possible.</p><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">The periodic forced breaks help to lessen that frazzled, burnt-out feeling most of us experience toward the end of the day. With this technique, you haven’t spent hours in front of your computer without even realizing it. Instead, that ticking timer reminds you to get up and take a breather.</p></div><h2 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 40px 0px 20px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><div class=\"inline\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline;\">What apps can I download to help me Pomodoro?</div></h2><div style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: georgia, times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">If the concept of keeping such detailed track of your workday feels a little cumbersome—it did to me!—there are plenty of Pomodoro timer apps. Downloading one on my phone made things much easier for my experiment, and I highly recommend it if you’re planning on trying this yourself. If you have an iPhone, try&nbsp;<a href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/focus-keeper-time-management/id867374917\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.2s ease-out 0s, color 0.1s ease-out 0s; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline; border-radius: 0.25em; color: rgb(56, 82, 212); margin: auto -0.25em; padding: 0.25em;\">Focus Keeper</a>&nbsp;for a no-frills (and low-distraction) option or&nbsp;<a href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pomodoro-focus-timer/id1265128036\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.2s ease-out 0s, color 0.1s ease-out 0s; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline; border-radius: 0.25em; color: rgb(56, 82, 212); margin: auto -0.25em; padding: 0.25em;\">Pomodoro - Focus Timer</a>, which is a bit more customizable. Meanwhile, Android users can check out&nbsp;<a href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tatkovlab.pomodorolite&amp;hl=en_US\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.2s ease-out 0s, color 0.1s ease-out 0s; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline; border-radius: 0.25em; color: rgb(56, 82, 212); margin: auto -0.25em; padding: 0.25em;\">Pomodoro Timer Lite</a>.</p></div><h2 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 40px 0px 20px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><div class=\"inline\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline;\">OK, but does the Pomodoro Technique&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">really</em>&nbsp;work?</div></h2><div style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: georgia, times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Even though I’m a productivity “hack” skeptic, I tried the Pomodoro Technique for an entire week. Let’s just get right to the heart of the matter: I actually ended up really liking this method—and it’s probably something I’ll continue to implement when I want to kick my productivity up a notch.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">What I&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">thought</em>&nbsp;would happen when I tried the Pomodoro Technique</span></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">If I’m being perfectly honest, I’d anticipated not liking it at all. I’m the type of person who tends to sit in front of her computer and hammer out four hours of work without so much as a bathroom break. So the premise didn’t seem like it would mesh well with me. But I went for it anyway.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">What&nbsp;</span><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\"><em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">actually</em></span><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">&nbsp;happened when I tried the Pomodoro Technique</span><br style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\"></span></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">At first, working in such small increments felt unnatural. There were quite a few times—especially in the beginning—when I was tempted to ignore the timer and continue working. But I forced myself to stick to the format.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">What I loved about the Pomodoro Technique</span><br style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\"></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">After some time, the technique started to really gel with me. I was focused and super productive during my work time, as I was eager to get as much completed during that 25-minute interval as I could. I didn’t find myself mindlessly scrolling through Facebook or getting sucked in by those pesky clickbait articles. And as a notorious&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.themuse.com/advice/7-realistic-tricks-thatll-stop-you-from-multitasking-all-day-every-day\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.2s ease-out 0s, color 0.1s ease-out 0s; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline; border-radius: 0.25em; color: rgb(56, 82, 212); margin: auto -0.25em; padding: 0.25em;\">multitasker</a>,&nbsp;I noticed that I was totally zoned in on the one project at hand.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">What I didn't love about the Pomodoro Technique</span></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">I wouldn’t be an honest journalist if I didn’t outline at least one drawback. While it worked great on the days when all of my time was my own, the Pomodoro Technique became quite complicated when I had scheduled calls and meetings. I didn’t think my clients or colleagues would react too favorably to me yelling, “Be back in five! My timer just went off!” in the middle of a conversation.</p><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">So I ended up just completely deactivating my timer during these meetings—whether they were 15 minutes or an hour—and picking back up with the technique when those appointments were finished. Perhaps that means I bent the rules a bit, but I couldn’t figure out a better way to handle that situation.</p></div><h2 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 40px 0px 20px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><div class=\"inline\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline;\">4 top tips for using the Pomodoro Technique</div></h2><div style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: georgia, times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(235, 248, 253);\"><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Here are a few pointers for getting the Pomodoro Technique to work for you:</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">1. Plan out your Pomodoros in advance.</span></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Before you start your first timer, know what you’re going to do with your 25-minute block. This lets you get right to work and keeps you from wasting time deciding what to do first.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">2. Actually take your breaks.</span></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Because I was so used to working in those long chunks of time (during which I&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">thought</em>&nbsp;I was being productive), the idea of splitting up my workday and—gasp!—wasting time on breaks seemed totally counterintuitive. How could working&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">less</em>&nbsp;actually help me accomplish&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">more</em>?</p><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Because I was forced to get up and give myself a rest from staring at my laptop screen, I found that I actually&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">did</em>&nbsp;feel better at the end of each day. Not only did I feel like I had put in an honest day’s work, but I also felt less stressed, blurry-eyed, and cramped up. Go figure—actually&nbsp;<em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">standing up</em>&nbsp;a couple of times throughout the day really does help.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">3. Don’t be afraid to customize it.</h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">If the timing of each time block doesn’t feel quite right, you can always adjust the lengths of your breaks and focus periods until you’ve found the ideal balance for your workday.</p><h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-family: &quot;Barlow Semi Condensed&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 30px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\"><span style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">4. Find a Pom partner.</span></h3><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">Give yourself added accountability by finding someone to try out the method with. Tell each other what you plan to do with your Pomodoros and hit start at the same time. Then, check in during your breaks to give each other kudos and encouragement. Your partner doesn’t need to be a coworker, or even in the same place as you!</p><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\">And if you can’t find someone who wants to try the method with you, see if there’s a friend who you can share your intentions for each time block with—this added layer of accountability can help you stay on track.</p><p style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-bottom: 20px;\"><a href=\"https://www.themuse.com/author/regina-borsellino\" style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.2s ease-out 0s, color 0.1s ease-out 0s; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline; border-radius: 0.25em; color: rgb(56, 82, 212); margin: auto -0.25em; padding: 0.25em;\"><em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">Regina Borsellino</em></a><em style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\">&nbsp;contributed writing, reporting, and/or advice to this article.</em></p></div>", "cluster": 2}}, {"model": "cluster.notemodel", "pk": 9, "fields": {"author": 1, "title": "The Leitner System", "cover": "note_cover/Flash.jpg", "is_verified": false, "is_verified_updated": false, "code": "leitnerSystem", "summary": "The Leitner system is a method for efficiently learning and retaining information, especially for things like vocabulary or facts. It was developed by the German psychologist Sebastian Leitner in the 1970s.", "body": "<p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">Flashcards—study tools used to assist in memorization—are a favorite for students who are studying and learning new information.<span id=\"more-4126\" style=\"box-sizing: inherit;\"></span></p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">Why? Because repetition creates an efficient study method for the learner. However, simple memorization of flashcards alone may not suffice when you are trying to retain new or complex information.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">Sebastian Leitner, a German science journalist, created the flashcard study method called the Leitner System to assist in more effective learning.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">The Leitner System employs the concept of spaced repetition, which is an approach to memorization that uses time intervals. Rather than cramming information into your brain all in one sitting, spaced repetition encourages learners to space out learning over periods of time. Under the Leitner System, learners dedicate different time periods to studying certain flashcards and concepts, based on the learner’s own needs or preferences.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: 700;\">How to Get Started</span></p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">To get started with the Leitner System, you need to do three things:</p><ul style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; margin-left: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; list-style-position: outside; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style-type: disc;\">Create electronic or physical flashcards (one card per concept)</li><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style-type: disc;\">Label three to five electronic or physical boxes with study time periods (e.g., Box 1 for cards to be reviewed every day; Box 2 for cards to be reviewed every other day, etc.)</li><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style-type: disc;\">Add your study times to your calendar for organizational purposes</li></ul><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: 700;\">How it Works</span></p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">For the purpose of this example, we will use three study boxes labeled as follows:</p><ul style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; margin-left: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; list-style-position: outside; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style-type: disc;\">Box 1: every day</li><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style-type: disc;\">Box 2: every other day</li><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style-type: disc;\">Box 3: once a week</li></ul><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">Every flashcard will start in Box 1. As you answer a flashcard correctly, move the card into Box 2. If you incorrectly answer a flashcard, place the card back in Box 1. Follow this method for each flashcard in Box 1. At the end of this round, you will notice that some concepts remain in Box 1—that means that these concepts are more difficult for you and require frequent studying. The cards that have graduated to Box 2, on the other hand, are concepts with which you are more familiar, so you do not have to study them as frequently.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">Each time you get a card correct, you move it to the next box. Each time you get a card wrong, you move it back to the previous box. Once you have finished studying for the day, you will see which concepts are ones that you need to study more frequently, and which concepts may only require you to study them once a week.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">Follow the same method on each study day until all of your cards have been moved to the last box. If it turns out that you have forgotten some concepts in Box 3 by the time that study day rolls around, move the cards to the previous box. Depending on how you have labeled your boxes and created your study calendar, you may only study one box of flashcards on certain days and multiple boxes on others.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: 700;\">Why it Works</span></p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">The Leitner System provides brain stimulation that cannot be achieved just by passively reading new or complex information. By actively answering questions and recalling information we have studied, the Leitner System helps us access the information stored deep within our memories over a longer period of time.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">When our brains are taking in a large amount of information at once, the rate at which we forget the information varies for each concept. Often, our brains cannot process all the information at once, making it more likely that we will forget a majority of the concepts.The Leitner System’s focus on spaced repetition and active recalling of information allows our brains to absorb the information and process it more effectively.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\">For some people, altering a familiar study method may seem like an overwhelming task. But the Leitner System retains the familiar core principles of studying flashcards, while incorporating new elements that allow a higher level of efficiency. Whether you’re studying for an exam, teaching yourself a new language, or learning a new hobby, the Leitner System can help you achieve your learning goals.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\"><a title=\"MindEdge Online Learning\" href=\"https://catalog.mindedge.com/courses/categories/47\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" style=\"box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: rgb(23, 121, 186); cursor: pointer;\">For a complete listing of MindEdge’s courses about online learning, click here.</a></p><p style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(26, 29, 30); font-family: Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\"><br></p>", "cluster": 2}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 1, "fields": {"event_model": 1, "event_name": "created", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 2, "fields": {"event_model": 1, "event_name": "updated", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 3, "fields": {"event_model": 1, "event_name": "updated", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 7, "fields": {"event_model": 1, "event_name": "approved", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 9, "fields": {"event_model": 5, "event_name": "created", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 10, "fields": {"event_model": 1, "event_name": "updated", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 13, "fields": {"event_model": 5, "event_name": "approved", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 16, "fields": {"event_model": 6, "event_name": "created", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 17, "fields": {"event_model": 6, "event_name": "approved", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 18, "fields": {"event_model": 1, "event_name": "updated", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 19, "fields": {"event_model": 7, "event_name": "created", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 20, "fields": {"event_model": 7, "event_name": "approved", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 21, "fields": {"event_model": 8, "event_name": "created", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 22, "fields": {"event_model": 8, "event_name": "approved", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 23, "fields": {"event_model": 8, "event_name": "updated", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "cluster.noteeventmodel", "pk": 24, "fields": {"event_model": 9, "event_name": "created", "event_by": 1}}, {"model": "users.user", "pk": 1, "fields": {"password": "pbkdf2_sha256$260000$FBAQ4xytwIZjgIEMfyRbYj$yHcXOcTiXdvCx/LMbB4OjtWiW7JIC6NJwxKvFjuTwLE=", "last_login": "2023-03-01T06:51:21.970Z", "is_superuser": true, "username": "admin", "first_name": "", "last_name": "", "email": "", "is_staff": true, "is_active": true, "date_joined": "2023-02-24T13:11:12Z", "is_author": true, "profile_picture": "profile_picture/profile.jpeg", "groups": [], "user_permissions": []}}, {"model": "admin.logentry", "pk": 1, "fields": {"action_time": "2023-02-24T13:12:15.784Z", "user": 1, "content_type": 6, "object_id": "1", "object_repr": "admin", "action_flag": 2, "change_message": "[{\"changed\": {\"fields\": [\"Is author\", \"Profile picture\"]}}]"}}, {"model": "admin.logentry", "pk": 2, "fields": {"action_time": "2023-02-27T12:25:56.914Z", "user": 1, "content_type": 1, "object_id": "1", "object_repr": "space", "action_flag": 2, "change_message": "[{\"changed\": {\"fields\": [\"Cover\"]}}]"}}, {"model": "admin.logentry", "pk": 3, "fields": {"action_time": "2023-02-27T12:28:14.644Z", "user": 1, "content_type": 1, "object_id": "1", "object_repr": "space", "action_flag": 2, "change_message": "[{\"changed\": {\"fields\": [\"Cover\"]}}]"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 1, "fields": {"name": "Can add cluster model", "content_type": 1, "codename": "add_clustermodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 2, "fields": {"name": "Can change cluster model", "content_type": 1, "codename": "change_clustermodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 3, "fields": {"name": "Can delete cluster model", "content_type": 1, "codename": "delete_clustermodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 4, "fields": {"name": "Can view cluster model", "content_type": 1, "codename": "view_clustermodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 5, "fields": {"name": "Can add note model", "content_type": 2, "codename": "add_notemodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 6, "fields": {"name": "Can change note model", "content_type": 2, "codename": "change_notemodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 7, "fields": {"name": "Can delete note model", "content_type": 2, "codename": "delete_notemodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 8, "fields": {"name": "Can view note model", "content_type": 2, "codename": "view_notemodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 9, "fields": {"name": "Can add note event model", "content_type": 3, "codename": "add_noteeventmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 10, "fields": {"name": "Can change note event model", "content_type": 3, "codename": "change_noteeventmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 11, "fields": {"name": "Can delete note event model", "content_type": 3, "codename": "delete_noteeventmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 12, "fields": {"name": "Can view note event model", "content_type": 3, "codename": "view_noteeventmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 13, "fields": {"name": "Can add note stats model", "content_type": 4, "codename": "add_notestatsmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 14, "fields": {"name": "Can change note stats model", "content_type": 4, "codename": "change_notestatsmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 15, "fields": {"name": "Can delete note stats model", "content_type": 4, "codename": "delete_notestatsmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 16, "fields": {"name": "Can view note stats model", "content_type": 4, "codename": "view_notestatsmodel"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 17, "fields": {"name": "Can add cluster gallery", "content_type": 5, "codename": "add_clustergallery"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 18, "fields": {"name": "Can change cluster gallery", "content_type": 5, "codename": "change_clustergallery"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 19, "fields": {"name": "Can delete cluster gallery", "content_type": 5, "codename": "delete_clustergallery"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 20, "fields": {"name": "Can view cluster gallery", "content_type": 5, "codename": "view_clustergallery"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 21, "fields": {"name": "Can add user", "content_type": 6, "codename": "add_user"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 22, "fields": {"name": "Can change user", "content_type": 6, "codename": "change_user"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 23, "fields": {"name": "Can delete user", "content_type": 6, "codename": "delete_user"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 24, "fields": {"name": "Can view user", "content_type": 6, "codename": "view_user"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 25, "fields": {"name": "Can add log entry", "content_type": 7, "codename": "add_logentry"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 26, "fields": {"name": "Can change log entry", "content_type": 7, "codename": "change_logentry"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 27, "fields": {"name": "Can delete log entry", "content_type": 7, "codename": "delete_logentry"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 28, "fields": {"name": "Can view log entry", "content_type": 7, "codename": "view_logentry"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 29, "fields": {"name": "Can add permission", "content_type": 8, "codename": "add_permission"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 30, "fields": {"name": "Can change permission", "content_type": 8, "codename": "change_permission"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 31, "fields": {"name": "Can delete permission", "content_type": 8, "codename": "delete_permission"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 32, "fields": {"name": "Can view permission", "content_type": 8, "codename": "view_permission"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 33, "fields": {"name": "Can add group", "content_type": 9, "codename": "add_group"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 34, "fields": {"name": "Can change group", "content_type": 9, "codename": "change_group"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 35, "fields": {"name": "Can delete group", "content_type": 9, "codename": "delete_group"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 36, "fields": {"name": "Can view group", "content_type": 9, "codename": "view_group"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 37, "fields": {"name": "Can add content type", "content_type": 10, "codename": "add_contenttype"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 38, "fields": {"name": "Can change content type", "content_type": 10, "codename": "change_contenttype"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 39, "fields": {"name": "Can delete content type", "content_type": 10, "codename": "delete_contenttype"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 40, "fields": {"name": "Can view content type", "content_type": 10, "codename": "view_contenttype"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 41, "fields": {"name": "Can add session", "content_type": 11, "codename": "add_session"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 42, "fields": {"name": "Can change session", "content_type": 11, "codename": "change_session"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 43, "fields": {"name": "Can delete session", "content_type": 11, "codename": "delete_session"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 44, "fields": {"name": "Can view session", "content_type": 11, "codename": "view_session"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 45, "fields": {"name": "Can add attachment", "content_type": 12, "codename": "add_attachment"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 46, "fields": {"name": "Can change attachment", "content_type": 12, "codename": "change_attachment"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 47, "fields": {"name": "Can delete attachment", "content_type": 12, "codename": "delete_attachment"}}, {"model": "auth.permission", "pk": 48, "fields": {"name": "Can view attachment", "content_type": 12, "codename": "view_attachment"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 1, "fields": {"app_label": "cluster", "model": "clustermodel"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 2, "fields": {"app_label": "cluster", "model": "notemodel"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 3, "fields": {"app_label": "cluster", "model": "noteeventmodel"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 4, "fields": {"app_label": "cluster", "model": "notestatsmodel"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 5, "fields": {"app_label": "cluster", "model": "clustergallery"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 6, "fields": {"app_label": "users", "model": "user"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 7, "fields": {"app_label": "admin", "model": "logentry"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 8, "fields": {"app_label": "auth", "model": "permission"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 9, "fields": {"app_label": "auth", "model": "group"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 10, "fields": {"app_label": "contenttypes", "model": "contenttype"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 11, "fields": {"app_label": "sessions", "model": "session"}}, {"model": "contenttypes.contenttype", "pk": 12, "fields": {"app_label": "django_summernote", "model": "attachment"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "065dluvid7k1kb2n0s28sjn4yf2vu63d", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pVyjC:R59qciJ7Shixit01tvueXXG4WgCNAAIlPH3YjBvNh60", "expire_date": "2023-03-11T17:52:58.184Z"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "6wlzmxwxonwn31ahfgzgi853xzvqqjhz", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pVwx8:xKcviY57ItLiXY-XJ5Vbka_JZhXTSqXicKiB0cKuS1c", "expire_date": "2023-03-11T15:59:14.592Z"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "asqze6sbe5faejbo83rexdv1qqntzs15", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pVXrO:UiZQiWIqvKSPBDWkX6aNigdSAgSHhi_zYskNva-awgg", "expire_date": "2023-03-10T13:11:38.192Z"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "f5qpm9srm2c8xyqz825gfj5ffkxmgn0h", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pWcej:S2gD07O4K97chMAroKCSieaRhrV2tJ6_tKEXA_2HEzU", "expire_date": "2023-03-13T12:31:01.350Z"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "getmfrk0paraeojj5yi3c0ptbiue3fir", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pZrjL:t8ngXPBC-0hl2ekYUd9EmZFHseszUBB6-r_TN3sM_aA", "expire_date": "2023-03-22T11:13:11.384Z"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "vg0aad6nvgzezv3g6p63qwi2tirdsy4r", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pXGJ8:3uUthCRoinZT9B38q-WjcsLPyJ9t5bNw8KENUd5nvVI", "expire_date": "2023-03-15T06:51:22.018Z"}}, {"model": "sessions.session", "pk": "zm1383mou1350wke2lgzu7ojtb3ye3yk", "fields": {"session_data": ".eJxVjEEOwiAQRe_C2hDAGQsu3XsGMjCDVA1NSrsy3l2bdKHb_977LxVpXWpcu8xxZHVWVh1-t0T5IW0DfKd2m3Se2jKPSW-K3mnX14nledndv4NKvX7r4os4soAeGIJHg66wR8ce4FQcGhBJg7GJiwEWtMxojtmHAQEDiXp_ANQdN4M:1pX2jV:B0MRO4_qVv3M3dDEP8GMOyIHottS_h3LyLeUDoaCoqw", "expire_date": "2023-03-14T16:21:41.732Z"}}]