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Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Sep. 2019. Web. 21 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 135, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy#Informal_fallacy", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 35, + "end": 67, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/definition/XYX6ihEAACYAet06_current.json b/docs/definition/XYX6ihEAACYAet06_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27e16c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/definition/XYX6ihEAACYAet06_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +{ + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "uid": null, + "url": null, + "type": "definition", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYX6ihEAACYAet06%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "slugs": [ + "formal-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Formal Fallacy", + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Formal fallacies are all the cases or kinds of reasoning that fail to be deductively valid.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 16, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 7, + "end": 16, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 73, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN_REAACgAhSRo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "deduction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:31:21+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Some cats are tigers.\nSome tigers are animals. \nSo, some cats are animals.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This might at first seem to be a good argument, but actually it is fallacious because it has the same logical form as the following more obviously invalid argument:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 155, + "end": 163, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Some women are Americans.\nSome Americans are men.\nSo, some women are men.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Nearly all the infinity of types of invalid inferences have no specific fallacy names.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 44, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJTREAACcAhQ90", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "inference", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 72, + "end": 79, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Deductive Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Logical Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Non Sequitur" + }, + { + "name": "Invalidite" + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 49, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 48, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Formal fallacy.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Sep. 2019. Web. 21 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 142, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 42, + "end": 74, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/definition/XYh6gREAACgAhexg_current.json b/docs/definition/XYh6gREAACgAhexg_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73f248f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/definition/XYh6gREAACgAhexg_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +{ + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "uid": null, + "url": null, + "type": "definition", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYh6gREAACgAhexg%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "slugs": [ + "fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Fallacy", + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An error in reasoning, i.e. an invalid argument in which the presented premises do not provided sufficient support for the conclusion. 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A rule of thumb is one that usually works in most situations, but may fail occasionally. The advantage of rules of thumb is that they are usually simpler and easier to use than universal rules that always work.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 83, + "end": 96, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 187, + "end": 201, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Heuristic" + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Glossary.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/glossary.html#Ruleofthumb", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 12, + "end": 29, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/definition/XZCEDBAAACYAIskB_current.json b/docs/definition/XZCEDBAAACYAIskB_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3ff955 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/definition/XZCEDBAAACYAIskB_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +{ + "id": "XZCEDBAAACYAIskB", + "uid": null, + "url": null, + "type": "definition", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XZCEDBAAACYAIskB%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:14:40+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:16:21+0000", + "slugs": [ + "modus-ponens" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Modus Ponens", + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A validating form of argument from propositional logic:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 21, + "end": 29, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If p then q.\np.\nTherefore, q.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Modus Ponendo Ponens" + }, + { + "name": "Implication Elimination" + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Glossary.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/glossary.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 12, + "end": 29, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XX-kGhAAACQAMyM7_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XX-kGhAAACQAMyM7_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f0cb50 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XX-kGhAAACQAMyM7_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +{ + "id": "XX-kGhAAACQAMyM7", + "uid": "argument-to-moderation", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XX-kGhAAACQAMyM7%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-16T15:04:39+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:56:03+0000", + "slugs": [ + "argument-to-moderation", + "atm" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Argument to Moderation", + "abbreviation": "AtM", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Argument of Moderation" + }, + { + "name": "False Compromise" + }, + { + "name": "Argument from Middle Ground" + }, + { + "name": "Middle Ground" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Grey" + }, + { + "name": "Equidistance Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Golden Mean Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Temperantiam" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Assuming that the compromise between two positions is always correct.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Argument to Moderation is an informal use of flawed reasoning which says that the truth is a compromise between two opposite positions.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 22, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "One person saying that the sky is blue, while another claims that the sky is in fact yellow—and conclude that the truth is that the sky is green. While green is the colour created by combining blue and yellow, therefore being a compromise between the two positions—the sky is obviously not green, demonstrating that taking the middle ground of two positions does not always lead to the truth.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYnRiBIAACcAjY-f", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "f", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-equivalence", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T08:26:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:24:11+0000", + "uid": "false-equivalence", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 144, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Argument to moderation.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 149, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_to_moderation" + } + }, + { + "start": 50, + "end": 82, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYBgVxAAACMANnL5_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYBgVxAAACMANnL5_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6ad634 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYBgVxAAACMANnL5_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +{ + "id": "XYBgVxAAACMANnL5", + "uid": "continuum", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYBgVxAAACMANnL5%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-17T04:26:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:57:09+0000", + "slugs": [ + "continuum-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Continuum Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Ct", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Fallacy of the Beard" + }, + { + "name": "Argument of the Beard" + }, + { + "name": "Line-Drawing Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Sorites Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of the Heap" + }, + { + "name": "Bald Man Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Improperly rejecting a claim for being imprecise.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Continuum Fallacy plays upon the vagueness of the distinction between two terms that lie on a continuum. For instance, \"bald\" is a vague word, and a man who is a borderline case of baldness is a familiar sight: it isn't clear whether he is bald or not, so we say that he is \"balding\".", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 21, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 37, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYsXGBEAACUA8MYR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "vagueness", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T07:28:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:31:37+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Bald\" and \"non-bald\" lie at opposite ends of a spectrum of hairiness, and there is no precise point where baldness turns into non-baldness. We could, of course, decide to count, say, 10,000 hairs or less as the definition of \"bald\", but this would be arbitrary. Why not 10,001 or 9,999? I know of no answer other than the fact that we prefer round numbers.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "So, there is no non-arbitrary line between baldness and hairiness, but it does not follow from this fact that there really is no difference between the two. A difference in degree is still a difference, and a big enough difference in degree can amount to a difference in kind. For instance, according to the theory of evolution, the difference between species is a difference in degree.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Similarly, the lack of a bright line between contrary concepts does not mean that one of the concepts is a myth―that is, there is nothing to which it refers. For example, some people have argued that there is no such thing as life, since the line between animate and inanimate thing is fuzzy. However, we can all easily identify many living things and nonliving things, and the fact that there are some things which fall into a grey area―viruses, for instance―does not mean that the concept of life is without reference.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Dwayne can never grow bald. Dwayne isn't bald now. Don't you agree that if he loses one hair, that won't make him go from not bald to bald? And if he loses one hair after that, then this one loss, too, won't make him go from not bald to bald. Therefore, no matter how much hair he loses, he can't become bald.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "link_type": "Document" + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Fallacy of the Heap.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/fallheap.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 44, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYBgoxAAACQANnRL_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYBgoxAAACQANnRL_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6f30f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYBgoxAAACQANnRL_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +{ + "id": "XYBgoxAAACQANnRL", + "uid": "definist", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYBgoxAAACQANnRL%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "d", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-17T04:27:17+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:05:11+0000", + "slugs": [ + "definist", + "definist-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Definist", + "abbreviation": "De", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Involves the confusion between two notions by defining one in terms of the other.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Definist fallacy occurs when someone unfairly defines a term so that a controversial position is made easier to defend.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 12, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 20, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "During a controversy about the truth or falsity of atheism, the fallacious reasoner says, \"Let's define 'atheist' as someone who doesn't yet realize that God exists.\"", + "spans": [] + } + ] + }, + { + "example": [] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#RedHerring", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF-CxAAACMAO4Wv_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF-CxAAACMAO4Wv_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..694f040 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF-CxAAACMAO4Wv_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF-CxAAACMAO4Wv", + "uid": "black-or-white-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF-CxAAACMAO4Wv%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:45:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:57:43+0000", + "slugs": [ + "black-or-white-fallacy", + "false-dilemma" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Black-or-White Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "BoW", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "False Dichotomy" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Bifurcation" + }, + { + "name": "False Dilemma" + }, + { + "name": "Bifurcation" + }, + { + "name": "Either/Or Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Black-and-White Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Two alternative statements are held to be the only possible options when in reality there are more.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Black-or-White Fallacy occurs in arguments that have a disjunctive premise―that is, one that gives alternatives―when one or more alternatives is incorrectly omitted. The fallacy tries to force you to choose either black or white when grey is an available alternative.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 26, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 37, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 59, + "end": 70, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs6ZxEAACIA8WeO", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "disjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:59:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:29:33+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 71, + "end": 78, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 174, + "end": 181, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Gerda Reith is convinced that superstition can be a positive force. \"It gives you a sense of control by making you think you can work out what's going to happen next,\" she says. \"And it also makes you feel lucky. And to take a risk or to enter into a chancy situation, you really have to believe in your own luck. In that sense, it's a very useful way of thinking, because the alternative is fatalism, which is to say, 'Oh, there's nothing I can do.' At least superstition makes people do things.\"", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Black-or-White Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 64, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/eitheror.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 49, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf009e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,440 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "uid": "equivocation", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "slugs": [ + "equivocation" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Equivocation", + "abbreviation": "Eq", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Doublespeak" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "formal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguous-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:44:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:20+0000", + "uid": "ambiguous-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Equivocation is the illegitimate switching of the meaning of a term that occurs twice during the reasoning.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Equivocation is a type of Ambiguity in which a single word or phrase is ambiguous, which contrasts with amphiboly, which is grammatical ambiguity. So, when a word or phrase equivocates, it is not due to grammar, but to the phrase as a whole having two distinct meanings. Take, for instance, the equivocal word \"bank\", which has two unrelated meanings:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 12, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 35, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "A riverside", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "A type of financial institution", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Consider the following, rather implausible, argument:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 44, + "end": 52, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All banks are beside rivers.\nTherefore, the financial institution where I deposit my money is beside a river.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If \"bank\" in this argument means \"riverside\", then the premise is true but the argument is invalid, so it is unsound. If \"bank\" means \"financial institution\", then the argument is valid, but the premise is false, thus the argument is again unsound. So, in either case, the argument is unsound. Similarly, any argument which commits the fallacy of equivocation will be unsound.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 18, + "end": 26, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 55, + "end": 62, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 168, + "end": 176, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 195, + "end": 202, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 222, + "end": 230, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 273, + "end": 281, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 309, + "end": 317, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 347, + "end": 359, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Brad is a nobody, but since nobody is perfect, Brad must be perfect, too.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The term \"nobody\" changes its meaning without warning in the passage. Equivocation can sometimes be very difficult to detect, as in this argument from Walter Burleigh:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If I call you a swine, then I call you an animal.\nIf I call you an animal, then I’m speaking the truth.\nTherefore, if I call you a swine, then I’m speaking the truth.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq3WREAACUA7xzv", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "accent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:19:19+0000", + "uid": "accent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "amphiboly", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quoting-out-of-context", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:43:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:22:58+0000", + "uid": "quoting-out-of-context", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHFxAAACIAO65e", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "reification", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:23:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:27:58+0000", + "uid": "reification", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Equivocation", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Equivocation.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/equivoqu.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 16, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0dfa28 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "uid": "four-terms", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "slugs": [ + "four-terms", + "fallacy-of-four-terms", + "ambiguous-middle-term" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Four Terms", + "abbreviation": "FT", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Quaternio Terminorum" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "formal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguous-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:44:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:20+0000", + "uid": "ambiguous-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument similar in form to a categorical syllogism, but with four terms instead of three.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism is an argument with three terms. A term is a word or phrase that refers to a class or category of thing, which is why such arguments are called \"categorical\". However, \"term\" is to be understood in a semantic sense, as opposed to the syntactic sense of \"word\" or \"phrase\"; in other words, a term is the meaning of a word or phrase. So, two different words with the same meaning are the same term, and the same word occurring twice with different meanings represents two distinct terms.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 2, + "end": 23, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 147, + "end": 156, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Categorical syllogisms always have three terms:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 22, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Major premise: All fish have fins.\nMinor premise: All goldfish are fish.\nConclusion: All goldfish have fins.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Here, the three terms are: \"goldfish\", \"fish\", and \"fins\".", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Using four terms invalidates the syllogisms:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 33, + "end": 43, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Major premise: All fish have fins.\nMinor premise: All goldfish are fish.\nConclusion: All humans have fins.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The premises do not connect \"humans\" with \"fins\", so the reasoning is invalid. Notice that there are four terms: \"fish\", \"fins\", \"goldfish\" and \"humans\". Two premises are not enough to connect four different terms, since in order to establish connection, there must be one term common to both premises.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 158, + "end": 166, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 293, + "end": 301, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In everyday reasoning, the fallacy of Four Terms occurs most frequently by equivocation: using the same word or phrase but with a different meaning each time, creating a fourth term even though only three distinct words are used:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 38, + "end": 48, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 75, + "end": 87, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Major premise: Nothing is better than eternal happiness.\nMinor premise: A ham sandwich is better than nothing.\nConclusion: A ham sandwich is better than eternal happiness.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The word \"nothing\" in the example above has two meanings, as presented: \"nothing is better\" means the thing being named has the highest value possible; \"better than nothing\" only means that the thing being described has some value. Therefore, \"nothing\" acts as two different terms in this example, thus creating the fallacy of Four Terms.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 327, + "end": 337, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacy of Four Terms also applies to syllogisms that contain five or six terms.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 15, + "end": 25, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 42, + "end": 52, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example: ", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "No Republicans are Democrats. \nAll conservatives are Republicans. \nTherefore, no conservatives are democrats.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:54:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:55:54+0000", + "uid": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "u", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "undistributed-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:22:29+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:40+0000", + "uid": "undistributed-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "exclusive-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:09:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2021-08-24T22:09:21+0000", + "uid": "exclusive-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-minor", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "a" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:59:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:28:38+0000", + "uid": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-major", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Four Term Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/fourterm.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Fallacy of four terms.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 Sep. 2019. Web. 21 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 148, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_four_terms" + } + }, + { + "start": 49, + "end": 81, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 21 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF89hAAACIAO4C7_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF89hAAACIAO4C7_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a2be84 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF89hAAACIAO4C7_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF89hAAACIAO4C7", + "uid": "etymological-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF89hAAACIAO4C7%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "e" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:40:25+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-10-03T06:47:39+0000", + "slugs": [ + "etymological-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Etymological Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Et", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Abuse of Etymology" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Reasoning that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day usage.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The etymology of a word is an account of its historical derivation from older words often from a different language. An older, usually archaic, word from which a current word is historically derived is called its \"etymon\". The term Etymological Fallacy is applied to two types of error:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 232, + "end": 252, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Semantic: The Etymological Fallacy as a semantic error is the mistake of confusing the current meaning of a word with the meaning of one of its etymons, or of considering the meaning of the etymon to be the \"real\" or \"true\" meaning of the current word. If one's goal is to communicate, then the \"real\" or \"true\" meaning of a word is its current meaning. Since the meanings of words change over time, often considerably, the meaning of an etymon may be very different from the current meaning of the word derived from it. The fact that a word historically derives from an etymon may be interesting, but it cannot tell us the current meaning of the word.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 14, + "end": 34, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Logical: The Etymological Fallacy as a logical mistake results when one reasons about the etymon as if the conclusion applied to the current word. This is a logical error similar to Equivocation, which involves confusing two meanings of the same word; but it differs from Equivocation in that the Etymological Fallacy involves the meanings of two different words, though those words are historically connected.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 8, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 107, + "end": 117, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 182, + "end": 194, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 272, + "end": 284, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 297, + "end": 317, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Formal logic fails us because of its assumptions. The postulates from which the mechanism springs are normally abstractions of a high order, words rather than things. The finest of automobiles will not run on a road of air; it must have solid ground under the wheels. The Greeks, with their assumption that words were real things, naturally enough soared into rarefied regions. Human thinking has been short of oxygen ever since. ... \"Logos\" is Greek for \"word\"; \"logic\" is the manipulation of words.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Etymological Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/etymolog.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 24, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF8lxAAACIAO38G_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF8lxAAACIAO38G_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..675bed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF8lxAAACIAO38G_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF8lxAAACIAO38G", + "uid": "persuasive-definition", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF8lxAAACIAO38G%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:38:57+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:43:16+0000", + "slugs": [ + "persuasive-definition" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Persuasive Definition", + "abbreviation": "PD", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A form of stipulative definition which purports to describe the \"true\" or \"commonly accepted\" meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an uncommon or altered use.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Some people try to win their arguments by getting you to accept their faulty definition. If you buy into their definition, they've practically persuaded you already. Poisoning the Well when presenting a definition would be an example of a using Persuasive Definition.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 29, + "end": 38, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 166, + "end": 184, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "poisoning-the-well", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:52:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:33:03+0000", + "uid": "poisoning-the-well", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 245, + "end": 266, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Let's define a Democrat as a leftist who desires to overtax the corporations and abolish freedom in the economic sphere.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "poisoning-the-well", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:52:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:33:03+0000", + "uid": "poisoning-the-well", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "formal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguous-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:44:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:20+0000", + "uid": "ambiguous-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#RedHerring", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF9GBAAACUAO4FV_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF9GBAAACUAO4FV_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef10c12 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF9GBAAACUAO4FV_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,295 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF9GBAAACUAO4FV", + "uid": "composition", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF9GBAAACUAO4FV%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:40:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:06:42+0000", + "slugs": [ + "composition", + "fallacy-of-composition" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Composition", + "abbreviation": "Cp", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Composition fallacy occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that a characteristic of some or all the individuals in a group is also a characteristic of the group itself, the group \"composed\" of those members. It is the converse of the Division fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 15, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 16, + "end": 23, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 238, + "end": 246, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "d", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "division", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:41:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:07:03+0000", + "uid": "division", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 247, + "end": 254, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Some properties are such that, if every part of a whole has the property, then the whole will too—for example, visibility. However, not all properties are like this—for instance, invisibility. All visible objects are made up of atoms, which are too small to see. Let's call a property which distributes from all of the parts to the whole an \"expansive\" property, using Nelson Goodman's term. If P is an expansive property, then the argument form above is validating, by definition of what such a property is. However, if P is not expansive, then the argument form is non-validating, and any argument of that form commits the fallacy of Composition.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 395, + "end": 397, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 432, + "end": 440, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 521, + "end": 523, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 550, + "end": 558, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 591, + "end": 599, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 625, + "end": 632, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 636, + "end": 647, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All of the parts of the object O have the property P.\nTherefore, O has the property P.\n(Where the property P is one which does not distribute from parts to a whole.)", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Each human cell is very lightweight, so a human being composed of cells is also very lightweight.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "d", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "division", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:41:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:07:03+0000", + "uid": "division", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Composition.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 49, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/composit.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 32, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2b02c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT", + "uid": "division", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF9NBAAACUAO4HT%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "d", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:41:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:07:03+0000", + "slugs": [ + "division", + "fallacy-of-division" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Division", + "abbreviation": "Dv", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Assuming that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Some properties are such that, if a whole object has the property, then all of its parts will, too—for example, invisibility. However, not all properties are like this—for instance, visibility. Let's call a property which distributes from a whole object to each of its parts a \"dissective\" property, using Nelson Goodman's term. If P is a dissective property, then the argument form above is validating, by definition of what such a property is. However, if P is not dissective, then the argument form is non-validating, and any argument of that form commits the fallacy of Division.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 332, + "end": 334, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 369, + "end": 377, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 458, + "end": 460, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 488, + "end": 496, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 529, + "end": 537, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 574, + "end": 582, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The object O has the property P.\nTherefore, all of the parts of O have the property P.\n(Where the property P is one which does not distribute from a whole to its parts.)", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9GBAAACUAO4FV", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "composition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:40:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:06:42+0000", + "uid": "composition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Division.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/division.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 12, + "end": 29, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c780c9e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,437 @@ +{ + "id": "XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1", + "uid": "quoting-out-of-context", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:43:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:22:58+0000", + "slugs": [ + "quoting-out-of-context", + "fallacy-of-quoting-out-of-context" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Quoting Out of Context", + "abbreviation": "Qu", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Contextomy" + }, + { + "name": "Quotation Mining" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "suppressed-evidence", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T08:36:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-10-01T21:28:08+0000", + "uid": "suppressed-evidence", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original context in a way that distorts the source's intended meaning.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To quote out of context is to remove a passage from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its meaning. The context in which a passage occurs always contributes to its meaning, and the shorter the passage the larger the contribution. For this reason, the quoter should always be careful to quote enough of the context not to misrepresent the meaning of the quote. The fallacy of quoting out of context is committed when a contextomy is offered as evidence in an argument. Such fallacious quoting can take two distinct forms:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 3, + "end": 23, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 380, + "end": 387, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 434, + "end": 444, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYm_whIAACcAjT49", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "contextomy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T07:03:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-24T07:03:51+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 474, + "end": 482, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 489, + "end": 499, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Straw Man: This form is especially common in political debates, when opponents are quoted out of context in order to misrepresent their position, thus making them easier to refute. Frequently, the loss of context makes them sound simplistic or extreme.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Appeal to Authority: Naturally enough, arguments from authority often quote experts as a premise. However, it is possible to quote even legitimate experts out of context so as to misrepresent their opinions, which is a form of misleading appeal to authority.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 19, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 0, + "end": 19, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 39, + "end": 48, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 89, + "end": 96, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq3WREAACUA7xzv", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "accent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:19:19+0000", + "uid": "accent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "amphiboly", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Quoting Out of Context.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/quotcont.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 45, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Quoting out of context.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 31 Aug. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 150, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" + } + }, + { + "start": 50, + "end": 82, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYGDqhAAACUAO58L_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYGDqhAAACUAO58L_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..811ff97 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYGDqhAAACUAO58L_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +{ + "id": "XYGDqhAAACUAO58L", + "uid": "perfectionist", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYGDqhAAACUAO58L%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:09:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:44:15+0000", + "slugs": [ + "perfectionist", + "nirvana-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Perfectionist", + "abbreviation": "Pe", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Nirvana Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Perfect-Solution Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Solutions to problems are rejected because they are not perfect.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If you remark that a proposal or claim should be rejected solely because it doesn't solve the problem perfectly, in cases where perfection isn't really required, then you've used the Perfectionist fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 183, + "end": 196, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 197, + "end": 204, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "You said hiring a house cleaner would solve our cleaning problems because we both have full-time jobs. Now, look what happened. Every week, after cleaning the toaster oven, our house cleaner leaves it unplugged. I should never have listened to you about hiring a house cleaner.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#RedHerring", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYGGOBAAACQAO6pu_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYGGOBAAACQAO6pu_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7e686d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYGGOBAAACQAO6pu_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +{ + "id": "XYGGOBAAACQAO6pu", + "uid": "prosecutors-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYGGOBAAACQAO6pu%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "p", + "alpha", + "informal" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:19:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:40:28+0000", + "slugs": [ + "prosecutors-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Prosecutor's Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Pc", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 70, + "end": 74, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This is the mistake of over-emphasizing the strength of a piece of evidence while paying insufficient attention to the context.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Suppose a prosecutor is trying to gain a conviction and points to the evidence that at the scene of the burglary the police found a strand of the burglar’s hair. A forensic test showed that the burglar’s hair matches the suspect’s own hair. The forensic scientist testified that the chance of a randomly selected person producing such a match is only one in two thousand. The prosecutor concludes that the suspect has only a one in two thousand chance of being innocent. On the basis of only this evidence, the prosecutor asks the jury for a conviction.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "That is fallacious reasoning, and if you are on the jury you should not be convinced. Here's why. The prosecutor paid insufficient attention to the pool of potential suspects. Suppose that pool has six million people who could have committed the crime, all other things being equal. If the forensic lab had tested all those people, they’d find that about one in every two thousand of them would have a hair match, but that is three thousand people. The suspect is just one of the 3000, so the suspect is very probably innocent unless the prosecutor can provide more evidence. The prosecutor over-emphasized the strength of a piece of evidence by focusing on one suspect while paying insufficient attention to the context which suggests a pool of many more suspects.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 8, + "end": 18, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#ProsecutorsFallacy", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYGHFxAAACIAO65e_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYGHFxAAACIAO65e_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..daa82ba --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYGHFxAAACIAO65e_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +{ + "id": "XYGHFxAAACIAO65e", + "uid": "reification", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYGHFxAAACIAO65e%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:23:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:27:58+0000", + "slugs": [ + "reification" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Reification", + "abbreviation": "Rc", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Concretism" + }, + { + "name": "Hypostatization" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A fallacy of Ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event or physical entity.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Considering a word to be referring to an object, when the meaning of the word can be accounted for more mundanely without assuming the object exists.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The 19th century composer Tchaikovsky described the introduction to his Fifth Symphony as \"a complete resignation before fate.\"", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "He is treating \"fate\" as if it is naming some object, when it would be less misleading, but also less poetic, to say the introduction suggests that listeners will resign themselves to accepting whatever events happen to them. The Fallacy occurs also when someone says, \"I succumbed to nostalgia.\" Without committing the fallacy, one can make the same point by saying, \"My mental state caused actions that would best be described as my reflecting an unusual desire to return to some past period of my life.\" Another common way the fallacy is used is when someone says that if you understand what \"Sherlock Holmes\" means, then Sherlock Holmes exists in your understanding. The larger point being made in this last example is that nouns can be meaningful without them referring to an object, yet those who use the Fallacy of Reification do not understand this point.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 530, + "end": 537, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Reification", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51a4b80 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,399 @@ +{ + "id": "XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS", + "uid": "slippery-slope", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:25:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:39:01+0000", + "slugs": [ + "slippery-slope" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Slippery Slope", + "abbreviation": "SS", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Thin Edge of the Wedge" + }, + { + "name": "Camel's Nose" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Asserting that a first step should not happen because it inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant impact/event.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This fallacy is based upon the claim that a controversial type of action will lead inevitably to some admittedly bad type of event. It is the slide from A to Z via the intermediate steps B through Y that is the \"slope\", and the smallness of each step that makes it \"slippery\".", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 153, + "end": 154, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 158, + "end": 159, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 187, + "end": 188, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 197, + "end": 198, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This type of argument is by no means invariably fallacious, but the strength of the argument is inversely proportional to the number of steps between A and Z, and directly proportional to the causal strength of the connections between adjacent steps. In other words, the longer and less slippery the slope, the weaker the argument. If there are many intervening steps, and the causal connections between them are weak, or even unknown, then the resulting argument will be very weak, if not downright fallacious.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 13, + "end": 21, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 48, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 84, + "end": 92, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 150, + "end": 151, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 156, + "end": 157, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 322, + "end": 330, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 455, + "end": 463, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 500, + "end": 510, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example: ", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Mom: Those look like bags under your eyes. Are you getting enough sleep? Jeff: I had a test and stayed up late studying. Mom: You didn't take any drugs, did you? Jeff: Just caffeine in my coffee, like I always do. Mom: Jeff! You know what happens when people take drugs! Pretty soon the caffeine won't be strong enough. Then you will take something stronger, maybe someone's diet pill. Then, something even stronger. Eventually, you will be doing cocaine. Then you will be a crack addict! So, don't drink that coffee.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:45:33+0000", + "uid": "cum-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "p" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:06+0000", + "uid": "post-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "regression", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:53:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:45+0000", + "uid": "regresiion", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "t" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "texas-sharpshooter", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:57:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:48:15+0000", + "uid": "texas-sharpshooter", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#SlipperySlope", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Slippery Slope.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 52, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/slipslop.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 18, + "end": 35, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYJJ8hAAACMAPyN7_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYJJ8hAAACMAPyN7_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5c0559 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYJJ8hAAACMAPyN7_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +{ + "id": "XYJJ8hAAACMAPyN7", + "uid": "masked-man-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYJJ8hAAACMAPyN7%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "m", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:15:19+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:46:22+0000", + "slugs": [ + "masked-man-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Masked Man Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "MM", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Illicit Substitution of Identicals" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Substitution of Identicals (SI) is a familiar form of reasoning, especially in mathematics. If x is identical to y, then whatever is true of x will also be true of y, so that you can substitute x for y in any statement without changing its truth-value. Therefore, this is a validating form of argument so long as the context in which it occurs is what is called \"extensional\", but in non-extensional contexts―which are called \"intensional\"―SI is non-validating.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 26, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 28, + "end": 30, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 95, + "end": 96, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 113, + "end": 114, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 141, + "end": 142, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 164, + "end": 165, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 194, + "end": 195, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 200, + "end": 201, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 293, + "end": 301, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 440, + "end": 442, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "What is an \"intensional\" context? Basically, it's one in which SI does not hold! This is not very helpful, but the distinction can be drawn by examples: given that Mark Twain wrote Huck Finn and that Sam Clemens was the same person as Mark Twain, then Sam Clemens wrote Huck Finn. The context \"x wrote Huck Finn\" is extensional, which means that we can validly substitute identicals within it. In contrast, if Joe said \"Mark Twain wrote Huck Finn\", it does not follow that he said \"Sam Clemens wrote Huck Finn\", for he may have said no such thing.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 63, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 294, + "end": 295, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacy of Illicit Substitution of Identicals—or, more colorfully, the Masked Man Fallacy—is an application of SI within an intensional context.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 49, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 75, + "end": 93, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 115, + "end": 117, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The masked man is Mr. Hyde.\nThe witness believes that the masked man committed the crime.\nTherefore, the witness believes that Mr. Hyde committed the crime.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Masked Man Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/illisubs.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYJJKBAAACIAPx-r_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYJJKBAAACIAPx-r_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5308345 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYJJKBAAACIAPx-r_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,458 @@ +{ + "id": "XYJJKBAAACIAPx-r", + "uid": "fallacy-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYJJKBAAACIAPx-r%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "f", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:11:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:50:50+0000", + "slugs": [ + "fallacy-fallacy", + "argument-from-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Fallacy Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "FF", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Argument from Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacist's Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Logicam" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Assumption that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion is false.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 22, + "end": 31, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 75, + "end": 86, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Like anything else, the concept of logical fallacy can be misunderstood and misused, and can even become a source of fallacious reasoning. To say that an argument is fallacious is, among other things, to claim that there is not a sufficiently strong logical connection between the premises and the conclusion. This says nothing about the truth or falsity of the conclusion, so it is unwarranted to conclude that it's false simply because some argument for it is fallacious.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 43, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 117, + "end": 127, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 154, + "end": 162, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 166, + "end": 176, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 281, + "end": 289, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 298, + "end": 308, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 362, + "end": 372, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 443, + "end": 451, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 462, + "end": 472, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "It's easy to come up with fallacious arguments for a proposition, whether true or false. What can be hard is to find a cogent argument for it, even when it's true. For example, it's now believed by mathematicians that the proposition known as \"Fermat's last theorem\" is true, yet it took over three centuries for anyone to prove it. In the meantime, many invalid arguments were presented for it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 37, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 126, + "end": 134, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 222, + "end": 233, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 363, + "end": 372, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Tom: All cats are animals. Ginger is an animal. Therefore, Ginger is a cat. \nBill: You have just fallaciously affirmed the consequent. You are incorrect. Therefore, Ginger is not a cat. \nTom: I speak English. Therefore, I am English. \nBill: Americans and Canadians, among others, speak English too. By assuming that speaking English and being English always go together, you have just committed the package-deal fallacy. You are incorrect. Therefore, you are not English.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Both of Bill's rebuttals are arguments from fallacy. Ginger may or may not be a cat, and Tom may or may not be English. The fact that Tom's argument was fallacious is not, in itself, a proof that his conclusion is false.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 29, + "end": 38, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 140, + "end": 148, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 153, + "end": 163, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 200, + "end": 210, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Fallacy Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/fallfall.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Argument from fallacy.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Jun. 2019. Web. 25 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 149, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_fallacy", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 49, + "end": 81, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5bacc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,466 @@ +{ + "id": "XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA", + "uid": "base-rate-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:12:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:35:16+0000", + "slugs": [ + "base-rate-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Base Rate Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "BR", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Base Rate Neglect" + }, + { + "name": "Base Rate Bias" + }, + { + "name": "Neglecting Base Rates" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYr8yREAACMA8FCU", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T05:39:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:24:37+0000", + "uid": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Making a probability judgment based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When judging the probability of an event―for instance, diagnosing a patient's disease―there are two types of information that may be available:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Generic information about the frequency of events of that type. In the case of diagnosing a disease, this would be information about the prevalence of the disease.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Specific information about the case in question. In the case of diagnosis, this would be information about the patient revealed by an examination or tests.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When contrasted with information of type 2, type 1 information is called \"base rate\" information. For example, if a doctor is considering whether a patient has a certain rare disease, the rarity of the disease is its base rate. In other words, the base rate is the frequency of a generic type of event, leaving aside any information about the specific case at hand.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 74, + "end": 83, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 248, + "end": 257, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "People who have only generic information tend to use it to judge probabilities, which is the rational thing to do since that's all that they have to go on. In contrast, when people have both types of information, they tend to make judgments of probability based entirely upon specific information, leaving out the base rate. This is the Base Rate Fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 337, + "end": 354, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When you have both generic and specific information, it might seem reasonable to ignore the general information in favour of the more specific. This would indeed be the right thing to do if you have only one type of information, but you should use all of the information you have. This is an application of a principle of inductive logic called \"the requirement of total evidence\", which requires that all relevant evidence be used in inductive reasoning.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 322, + "end": 331, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 435, + "end": 454, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "It's easy to see that failing to use relevant information can lead to false conclusions: for instance, suppose that every swan you have seen was white except for some black ones. It would be a mistake to ignore the black swans and conclude that all swans are white since there are black ones from Australia. The Base Rate Fallacy is a specific mistake of this type, that is, a failure to use all relevant information in an inductive inference.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 76, + "end": 87, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 312, + "end": 329, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 423, + "end": 442, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In a city of 1 million inhabitants let there be 100 terrorists and 999,900 non-terrorists. To simplify the example, it is assumed that all people present in the city are inhabitants. Thus, the base rate probability of a randomly selected inhabitant of the city being a terrorist is 0.0001, and the base rate probability of that same inhabitant being a non-terrorist is 0.9999. In an attempt to catch the terrorists, the city installs an alarm system with a surveillance camera and automatic facial recognition software.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 193, + "end": 202, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 298, + "end": 307, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The software has two failure rates of 1%:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "The false negative rate: If the camera scans a terrorist, a bell will ring 99% of the time, and it will fail to ring 1% of the time.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "The false positive rate: If the camera scans a non-terrorist, a bell will not ring 99% of the time, but it will ring 1% of the time.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Suppose now that an inhabitant triggers the alarm. What is the chance that the person is a terrorist? In other words, what is P(T|B), the probability that a terrorist has been detected given the ringing of the bell? Someone making the Base Rate Fallacy would infer that there is a 99% chance that the detected person is a terrorist. Although the inference seems to make sense, it is actually bad reasoning, and a calculation below will show that the chances he/she is a terrorist are actually near 1%, not near 99%.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 126, + "end": 132, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 235, + "end": 252, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 346, + "end": 355, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJTREAACcAhQ90", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "inference", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacy arises from confusing the natures of two different failure rates. The 'number of non-bells per 100 terrorists' and the 'number of non-terrorists per 100 bells' are unrelated quantities. One does not necessarily equal the other, and they don't even have to be almost equal. To show this, consider what happens if an identical alarm system were set up in a second city with no terrorists at all. As in the first city, the alarm sounds for 1 out of every 100 non-terrorist inhabitants detected, but unlike in the first city, the alarm never sounds for a terrorist. Therefore, 100% of all occasions of the alarm sounding are for non-terrorists, but a false negative rate cannot even be calculated. The 'number of non-terrorists per 100 bells' in that city is 100, yet P(T|B) = 0%. There is zero chance that a terrorist has been detected given the ringing of the bell.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 776, + "end": 787, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Imagine that the first city's entire population of one million people pass in front of the camera. About 99 of the 100 terrorists will trigger the alarm—and so will about 9,999 of the 999,900 non-terrorists. Therefore, about 10,098 people will trigger the alarm, among which about 99 will be terrorists. So, the probability that a person triggering the alarm actually is a terrorist, is only about 99 in 10,098, which is less than 1%, and very, very far below our initial guess of 99%.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Base Rate Fallacy is so misleading in this example because there are many more non-terrorists than terrorists, and the number of false positives (non-terrorists scanned as terrorists) is so much larger than the true positives (the real number of terrorists).", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 21, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "gamblers-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:48:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:32+0000", + "uid": "gamblers", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hot-hand-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:14:03+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:59+0000", + "uid": "conjunction-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XZCGYhAAACYAItOG", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "multiple-comparisons", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:33:56+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:37:59+0000", + "uid": "multiple-comparisons", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Base Rate Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/baserate.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Sep. 2019. Web. 18 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 144, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Base rate fallacy.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Sep. 2019. Web. 18 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_rate_fallacy" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..083b4de --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,393 @@ +{ + "id": "XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT", + "uid": "conjunction-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:14:03+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:59+0000", + "slugs": [ + "conjunction-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Conjunction Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Cj", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Conjunction Effect" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYr8yREAACMA8FCU", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T05:39:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:24:37+0000", + "uid": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The probability of a conjunction is never greater than the probability of its conjuncts. In other words, the probability of two things being true can never be greater than the probability of one of them being true, since in order for both to be true, each must be true. However, when people are asked to compare the probabilities of a conjunction and one of its conjuncts, they sometimes judge that the conjunction is more likely than one of its conjuncts. This seems to happen when the conjunction suggests a scenario that is more easily imagined than the conjunct conjunct.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 21, + "end": 32, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 78, + "end": 87, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 335, + "end": 346, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 362, + "end": 371, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 403, + "end": 414, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 446, + "end": 455, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 487, + "end": 498, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 566, + "end": 574, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Suppose you know that Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice. Then you are asked to choose which is more likely: (A) Linda is a bank teller or (B) Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement. If you choose (B) you commit the Conjunction fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 375, + "end": 386, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 387, + "end": 394, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "base-rate-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:12:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:35:16+0000", + "uid": "base-rate-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "gamblers-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:48:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:32+0000", + "uid": "gamblers", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hot-hand-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XZCGYhAAACYAItOG", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "multiple-comparisons", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:33:56+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:37:59+0000", + "uid": "multiple-comparisons", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Conjunction Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 57, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/conjunct.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 23, + "end": 40, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#RedHerring", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62f90bf --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,629 @@ +{ + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "slugs": [ + "affirming-a-disjunct" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Affirming a Disjunct", + "abbreviation": "AaD", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Affirming One Disjunct" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of the Alternative Disjunct" + }, + { + "name": "False Exclusionary Disjunct" + }, + { + "name": "The Fallacy of the Alternative Syllogism" + }, + { + "name": "Improper Disjunctive Syllogism" + }, + { + "name": "Asserting an Alternative" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Concluding that one disjunct of a logical disjunction must be false because the other disjunct is true; A or B; A, therefore not B.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 104, + "end": 130, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Affirming a Disjunct is a form of argument in which one disjunct of a disjunctive premise is affirmed as a premise, while the other disjunct is denied as a conclusion.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 20, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 34, + "end": 42, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 56, + "end": 64, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs6ZxEAACIA8WeO", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "disjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:59:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:29:33+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 82, + "end": 89, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 107, + "end": 114, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 132, + "end": 140, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs6ZxEAACIA8WeO", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "disjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:59:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:29:33+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 156, + "end": 166, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To deny a disjunct and affirm the other disjunct as a conclusion is a validating form of argument in propositional logic which is called \"disjunctive syllogism\". Since these forms are similar, it is possible that one source of the fallacy is confusing Affirming a Disjunct with Disjunctive Syllogism.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 10, + "end": 18, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs6ZxEAACIA8WeO", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "disjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:59:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:29:33+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 40, + "end": 48, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs6ZxEAACIA8WeO", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "disjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:59:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:29:33+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 54, + "end": 64, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + 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"tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 252, + "end": 272, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 278, + "end": 299, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The following argument indicates the unsoundness of Affirming a Disjunct:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 14, + "end": 22, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 52, + "end": 72, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Max is a mammal or Max is a cat.\nMax is a mammal.\nTherefore, Max is not a cat.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This inference is unsound because all cats, by definition, are mammals.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 14, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJTREAACcAhQ90", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "inference", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 34, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This example provides a first proposition that appears realistic and shows how an obviously flawed conclusion still arises under this fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 30, + "end": 41, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 99, + "end": 109, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 134, + "end": 141, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "To be on the cover of Vogue Magazine, one must be a celebrity or very beautiful.\nThis month's cover was a celebrity.\nTherefore, this celebrity is not very beautiful.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-the-consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-the-antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "improper-transposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 23 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Affirming a disjunct.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 Jun. 2017. Web. 23 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 148, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 48, + "end": 80, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Affirming a Disjunct.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/afonedis.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 24, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYnRiBIAACcAjY-f_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYnRiBIAACcAjY-f_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f626523 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYnRiBIAACcAjY-f_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +{ + "id": "XYnRiBIAACcAjY-f", + "uid": "false-equivalence", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYnRiBIAACcAjY-f%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "f", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T08:26:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:24:11+0000", + "slugs": [ + "false-equivalence" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "False Equivalence", + "abbreviation": "FEq", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Two completely opposing arguments appear to be logically equivalent when in fact they are not.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacy of False Equivalence is committed when someone implies falsely (and usually indirectly) that the two sides on some issue have basically equivalent evidence, while knowingly covering up the fact that one side’s evidence is much weaker.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 32, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A popular science article suggests there is no consensus about the Earth's age, by quoting one geologist who says she believes the Earth is billions of years old, and then by quoting Bible expert James Ussher who says he calculated from the Bible that the world began on Friday, October 28, 4,004 B.C.E. The article suppresses the evidence that geologists (who are the relevant experts on this issue) have reached a consensus that the Earth is billions of years old.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "suppressed-evidence", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T08:36:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-10-01T21:28:08+0000", + "uid": "suppressed-evidence", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#False-Equivalence", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"False equivalence.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 13 Sep. 2019. Web. 24 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_equivalence", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b6155b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ +{ + "id": "XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0", + "uid": "suppressed-evidence", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYnTlxIAACYAjZk0%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T08:36:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-10-01T21:28:08+0000", + "slugs": [ + "suppressed-evidence" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Suppressed Evidence", + "abbreviation": "SE", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "One-Sidedness" + }, + { + "name": "Card Stacking" + }, + { + "name": "Cherry Picking" + }, + { + "name": "Ignoring the Counterevidence" + }, + { + "name": "One-Sided Assessment" + }, + { + "name": "Slanting" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quoting-out-of-context", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:43:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:22:58+0000", + "uid": "quoting-out-of-context", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Intentionally failing to use information suspected of being relevant and significant is committing the fallacy of suppressed evidence.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A one-sided argument presents only evidence favouring its conclusion, and ignores or downplays the evidence against it. Suppressed Evidence is a fallacy of inductive, rather than deductive, reasoning. In induction there is a Total Evidence Requirement, which means that one must consider all of the available evidence before coming to a conclusion. For example, suppose that you have observed several white swans; then you might reason inductively to the conclusion:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 12, + "end": 20, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 58, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 120, + "end": 139, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 145, + "end": 152, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 156, + "end": 165, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 179, + "end": 188, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN_REAACgAhSRo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "deduction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:31:21+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 204, + "end": 213, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 225, + "end": 251, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 288, + "end": 291, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 337, + "end": 347, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 436, + "end": 447, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 455, + "end": 465, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All swans are white.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "However, if you have observed even one black swan, you should not come to this conclusion. Instead, you might draw one of the weaker conclusions:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 79, + "end": 89, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 133, + "end": 144, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Almost all swans are white.\nMost swans are white.\nTypically, swans are white.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "So, the total evidence available to you consists in observations of several white swans and a black one. Whatever conclusion that you draw needs to be consistent with this evidence, but \"all swans are white\" is inconsistent with there being even one black swan. To leave the black swan out would be an instance of the fallacy of Suppressed Evidence.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 114, + "end": 124, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 318, + "end": 325, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 329, + "end": 348, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Buying the Cray Mac 11 computer for our company was the right thing to do. It meets our company's needs; it runs the programs we want it to run; it will be delivered quickly; and it costs much less than what we had budgeted.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This appears to be a good argument, but you'd change your assessment of the argument if you learned the speaker has intentionally suppressed the relevant evidence that the company's Cray Mac 11 was purchased from his brother-in-law at a 30 percent higher price than it could have been purchased elsewhere, and if you learned that a recent unbiased analysis of ten comparable computers placed the Cray Mac 11 near the bottom of the list.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 26, + "end": 34, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 76, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"One-Sidedness.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 51, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/onesided.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 17, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#False-Equivalence", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYpechEAACUA7Y48_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYpechEAACUA7Y48_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6c5c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYpechEAACUA7Y48_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +{ + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYpechEAACUA7Y48%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "slugs": [ + "ambiguity" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Ambiguity", + "abbreviation": "A", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq3WREAACUA7xzv", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "accent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:19:19+0000", + "uid": "accent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "amphiboly", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quoting-out-of-context", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:43:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:22:58+0000", + "uid": "quoting-out-of-context", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHFxAAACIAO65e", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "reification", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:23:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:27:58+0000", + "uid": "reification", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A feature of language that occurs when a word or phrase has more than one meaning.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Ambiguity is a feature of language that occurs when a word or phrase has more than one meaning. As a logical fallacy, Ambiguity occurs when linguistic ambiguity causes an argument to appear cogent when it is not. This can happen when an ambiguous word or phrase occurs more than once in an argument and has different meanings in two or more occurrences.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 109, + "end": 116, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 118, + "end": 127, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 171, + "end": 179, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 190, + "end": 196, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN_REAACgAhSRo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "deduction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:31:21+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 290, + "end": 298, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Publicized statement by President Clinton:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This was testimony, rather than argument, so it cannot be fallacious. However, it is now clear that it was intended to snare the listener into concluding, falsely, that there was no sexual relationship between the President and Miss Lewinsky. In other words, Clinton's words were a logical boobytrap. The ambiguity came from the phrase \"sexual relations\", which has a broad and narrow meaning:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 32, + "end": 40, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 58, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "A sexual relationship", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Sexual intercourse", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "As he later admitted, President Clinton had had \"sexual relations\" with Miss Lewinsky in the broad sense (1), and he was denying it only in the narrow sense (2).", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Ambiguity.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 47, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/ambiguit.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 30, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02e575f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +{ + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "slugs": [ + "amphiboly" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Amphiboly", + "abbreviation": "Am", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Amphibology" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq3fREAACMA7x2S", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "scope-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:02+0000", + "uid": "scope-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An error due to taking a grammatically ambiguous phrase in two different ways during the reasoning.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Linguistically, an Amphiboly is a type of ambiguity that results from ambiguous grammar, as opposed to one that results from the ambiguity of words or phrases—that is, equivocation. Logically, the fallacy of Amphiboly occurs when a bad argument trades upon grammatical ambiguity to create an illusion of cogency.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 28, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 42, + "end": 51, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 129, + "end": 138, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 168, + "end": 180, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 197, + "end": 204, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 208, + "end": 217, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 236, + "end": 244, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 304, + "end": 311, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "…[C]onsider the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger...", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "It is not clear whether the expression \"when in actual service in time of war or public danger\" attaches just to \"in the militia\" or to all of \"in the land or naval forces, or in the militia\". This unclarity makes a big difference, especially to someone \"in the land or naval forces\" who has been accused of committing a crime during peacetime.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq3WREAACUA7xzv", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "accent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:19:19+0000", + "uid": "accent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quoting-out-of-context", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:43:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:22:58+0000", + "uid": "quoting-out-of-context", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Ambiguity", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Amphiboly.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 47, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/amphibol.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 30, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYq3WREAACUA7xzv_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYq3WREAACUA7xzv_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7694d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYq3WREAACUA7xzv_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,419 @@ +{ + "id": "XYq3WREAACUA7xzv", + "uid": "accent", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYq3WREAACUA7xzv%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:19:19+0000", + "slugs": [ + "accent" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Accent", + "abbreviation": "Ac", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Accentus" + }, + { + "name": "Misleading Accent" + }, + { + "name": "Prosody" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A fallacy of ambiguity due to the different ways a word or syllable is emphasized or accented.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "As with many named fallacies, Accent has a long and confusing history. It is one of the thirteen fallacies identified by Aristotle in his pioneering work On Sophistical Refutations. Specifically, it is one of the six language-dependent fallacies, of which Aristotle says \"this is the number of ways in which we might fail to mean the same thing by the same names or expressions.\" Thus, according to Aristotle, Accent is a kind of fallacy of Ambiguity.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 28, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 97, + "end": 106, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 154, + "end": 180, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 236, + "end": 245, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 410, + "end": 416, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 430, + "end": 437, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 441, + "end": 450, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To understand what Aristotle meant by \"accent\", one must know some things about the written Greek of his time. Today, in most printed Greek texts—including those of \"the philosopher\"—three accents are used to indicate pronunciation. In Aristotle's time, the accents were not a part of the written language, but were supplied by the reader's knowledge of spoken Greek, which is something that we lack today. For this reason, some words that were pronounced differently were spelled the same in classical Greek, that is, they were homographs―\"written the same\"―but not homophones―\"sound the same\". So, a written word could be ambiguous in a way that depended on how it was accented in speech.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 39, + "end": 45, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 189, + "end": 196, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "It is clear, from what he wrote, that Aristotle was being thorough in including accent in his catalog of types of Ambiguity. It is less clear just how common Ambiguity of this type was in his day, or how often it led to fallacious reasoning.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 114, + "end": 123, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 158, + "end": 167, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 220, + "end": 230, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Consider the sentence: ", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "I resent that letter.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This could mean either that one sent the letter again, or that one has a feeling of resentment towards it. So, the sentence could be a boobytrap. If you concluded, falsely, on the basis of the sentence, that the speaker sent the letter again, then you would have committed a fallacy of Accent.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 275, + "end": 282, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 286, + "end": 292, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "amphiboly", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF9nBAAACIAO4O1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quoting-out-of-context", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:43:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:22:58+0000", + "uid": "quoting-out-of-context", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Accent.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 44, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/onaccent.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 10, + "end": 27, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Accent", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYq3fREAACMA7x2S_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYq3fREAACMA7x2S_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6019902 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYq3fREAACMA7x2S_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +{ + "id": "XYq3fREAACMA7x2S", + "uid": "scope-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYq3fREAACMA7x2S%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:02+0000", + "slugs": [ + "scope-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Scope Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Sc", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "amphiboly", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantifier-shift", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:41:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:33+0000", + "uid": "quantifier-shift", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Scope Fallacy is caused by improperly changing or misrepresenting the scope of a phrase.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Logical terms such as \"not\" have a scope, that is, a part of the statement in which they occur that they affect logically. For example, \"not\" logically negates some part of the statement, or the statement taken as a whole, and this is its scope. Unfortunately, in natural languages such as English, the scope of a word such as \"not\" is frequently ambiguous.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In the artificial languages of logic, scope ambiguity is avoided by conventions for interpreting statements, and by introducing additional punctuation to indicate scope. Contrastingly, in natural languages, while there are various grammatical devices to indicate scope, ambiguity is still frequent. Often, natural language is disambiguated by common sense knowledge that we bring to our interpretations.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All that glitters is not gold. \nThis rock glitters. \nTherefore, this rock is not gold.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "We automatically reject the meaning of \"all that glitters is non-gold\" for the first premise because that would make it false. Thus, scope ambiguity in natural language is often not obvious until pointed out, or exploited for humour.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 85, + "end": 92, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Scope", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Scope Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 51, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/scopefal.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 17, + "end": 34, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ae22c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,266 @@ +{ + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "uid": "straw-man", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "slugs": [ + "straw-man" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Straw Man", + "abbreviation": "SM", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Straw Man is one of the best-named fallacies, because it is memorable and vividly illustrates the nature of the fallacy. Imagine a fight in which one of the combatants sets up a man of straw, attacks it, then proclaims victory. All the while, the real opponent stands by untouched.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 35, + "end": 44, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 112, + "end": 119, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Your reasoning contains the Straw Man fallacy whenever you attribute an easily refuted position to your opponent, one that the opponent wouldn't endorse, and then proceed to attack the easily refuted position (the straw man) believing you have thereby undermined the opponent's actual position. If the misrepresentation is on purpose, then the Straw Man fallacy is caused by lying.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 28, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 38, + "end": 45, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 214, + "end": 223, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 344, + "end": 353, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 354, + "end": 361, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example (a debate before the city council):", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Opponent: Because of the killing and suffering of Indians that followed Columbus's discovery of America, the City of Berkeley should declare that Columbus Day will no longer be observed in our city.\nSpeaker: This is ridiculous, fellow members of the city council. It's not true that everybody who ever came to America from another country somehow oppressed the Indians. I say we should continue to observe Columbus Day, and vote down this resolution that will make the City of Berkeley the laughing stock of the nation.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The speaker has twisted what his opponent said; the opponent never said, nor even indirectly suggested, that everybody who ever came to America from another country somehow oppressed the Indians.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#StrawMan", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Straw Man.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 47, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/strawman.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 30, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYq81REAACUA7zWS_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYq81REAACUA7zWS_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40c641e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYq81REAACUA7zWS_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,519 @@ +{ + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "uid": "red-herring", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYq81REAACUA7zWS%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "slugs": [ + "red-herring" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Red Herring", + "abbreviation": "RH", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Befogging the Issue" + }, + { + "name": "Diversion" + }, + { + "name": "Ignoratio Elenchi" + }, + { + "name": "Ignoring the Issue" + }, + { + "name": "Irrelevant Conclusion" + }, + { + "name": "Irrelevant Thesis" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "bandwagon", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:58:10+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:26:28+0000", + "uid": "bandwagon", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "emotional-appeal", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:05:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:44:56+0000", + "uid": "emotional-appeal", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "guilt-by-association", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A digression that leads the reasoner off the track of considering only relevant information.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The name of this fallacy comes from the sport of fox hunting. According to one story, dragging a dried, smoked herring, which is red in colour, across the trail of the fox would throw the hounds off the scent. Thus, in general, a \"red herring\" is anything that can be used to distract attention. In the context of argumentation, a Red Herring is something which distracts the audience from the issue in question. This frequently occurs during debates when there is an at least implicit topic, yet it can be easy to lose track of it. By extension, it applies to any argument in which the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 17, + "end": 24, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 231, + "end": 242, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 314, + "end": 327, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 331, + "end": 342, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 565, + "end": 573, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 587, + "end": 595, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 628, + "end": 638, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Red Herring is the most general fallacy of irrelevance. Any argument in which the premises are logically unrelated to the conclusion commits this fallacy. A set of premises is logically irrelevant to a conclusion if their truth does not make it more likely that the conclusion is true.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 11, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 32, + "end": 39, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 60, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 82, + "end": 90, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 122, + "end": 132, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 146, + "end": 153, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 164, + "end": 172, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 202, + "end": 212, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 266, + "end": 276, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Will the new tax in Senate Bill 47 unfairly hurt business? I notice that the main provision of the bill is that the tax is higher for large employers (fifty or more employees) as opposed to small employers (six to forty-nine employees). To decide on the fairness of the bill, we must first determine whether employees who work for large employers have better working conditions than employees who work for small employers. I am ready to volunteer for a new committee to study this question. How do you suppose the committee should go about collecting the data we need?", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Bringing up the issue of working conditions and the committee is the Red Herring diverting us from the main issue of whether Senate Bill 47 unfairly hurts business. An intentional false lead in a criminal investigation is another example of a Red Herring.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 69, + "end": 80, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 243, + "end": 254, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#RedHerring", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Red Herring.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 49, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/redherrf.html#Note1", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 32, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5804989 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,583 @@ +{ + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "slugs": [ + "propositional-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Propositional Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Pp", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Fallacy of Propositional Logic" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Sentential Logic" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-the-consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-the-antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "improper-transposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An error in logic that concerns compound propositions.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In logic, a proposition―or, \"statement\"―is a sentence that is either true or false. For instance, \"it is raining\" is a proposition. Some propositions contain other propositions as components, for example: \"it is not raining\" is a proposition as a whole which contains \"it is raining.\" A proposition that contains one or more simpler propositions as components is called a \"compound\" proposition. So, \"it is not raining\" is a compound proposition. A proposition that is not compound, such as \"it is raining\", is called \"simple\".", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 12, + "end": 23, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 119, + "end": 130, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 137, + "end": 149, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 164, + "end": 176, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 230, + "end": 241, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 287, + "end": 298, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 333, + "end": 345, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 383, + "end": 394, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 434, + "end": 445, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 449, + "end": 460, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Propositional logic is a system of formal logic that deals with the logical relations holding between propositions taken as a whole, and those compound propositions which are constructed from simpler ones with truth-functional connectives. For instance, consider the following proposition:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 102, + "end": 114, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 152, + "end": 164, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 277, + "end": 288, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Today is Sunday and it's raining.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This is a compound proposition containing the simpler propositions:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 30, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 54, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Today is Sunday.\nIt's raining.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The word \"and\" which joins the two simpler sentences to make the compound one is a truth-functional connective, that is, the truth-value of the compound proposition is a function of the truth-values of its components. In other words, whether the whole sentence is true or false is determined by whether the simpler sentences that compose it are true or false. The truth-value of a conjunction―a compound proposition formed with \"and\"―is true if both of its components are true, and false otherwise. So, the compound sentence is true if \"today is Sunday\" and \"it's raining\" are both true, and false if one or both are false.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 153, + "end": 164, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 381, + "end": 392, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 404, + "end": 415, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Propositional logic studies the logical relations which hold between propositions as a result of truth-functional combinations, for instance, the example conjunction logically implies that today is Sunday. In other words, if the whole sentence is true then it must also be true that today is Sunday.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 69, + "end": 81, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 154, + "end": 165, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 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Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/propfall.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 34, + "end": 53, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYr8yREAACMA8FCU_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYr8yREAACMA8FCU_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..720cd3d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYr8yREAACMA8FCU_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +{ + "id": "XYr8yREAACMA8FCU", + "uid": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYr8yREAACMA8FCU%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T05:39:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:24:37+0000", + "slugs": [ + "probabilistic-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Probabilistic Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Pb", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "base-rate-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:12:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:35:16+0000", + "uid": "base-rate-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:14:03+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:59+0000", + "uid": "conjunction-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "gamblers-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:48:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:32+0000", + "uid": "gamblers", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hot-hand-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When the inference from the premises to the conclusion violates the laws of probability.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A probabilistic argument is one which concludes that something has some probability based upon information about probabilities given in its premises. Such an argument is invalid when the inference from the premises to the conclusion violates the laws of probability. Probabilistic Fallacies are formal ones because they involve reasoning which violates the formal rules of probability theory. Thus, understanding Probabilistic Fallacies requires a knowledge of probability theory.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 16, + "end": 24, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 140, + "end": 148, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 158, + "end": 166, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 187, + "end": 196, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJTREAACcAhQ90", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "inference", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 206, + "end": 214, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 222, + "end": 232, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 267, + "end": 290, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 413, + "end": 436, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Probabilistic Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/probfall.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYrEvhEAACMA71j-_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYrEvhEAACMA71j-_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffe2768 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYrEvhEAACMA71j-_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +{ + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYrEvhEAACMA71j-%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "slugs": [ + "denying-a-conjunct" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Denying a Conjunct", + "abbreviation": "DaC", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Fallacy of the Disjunctive Syllogism" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To claim that at least one of the conjuncts is false, but it leaves open the possibility that both may be false.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 94, + "end": 99, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A conjunctive statement, or conjunction for short, is a statement of the \"both-and\" form. For example, \"It's both rainy and sunny\" is a conjunction. The conjuncts of a conjunction are its component statements, so the conjuncts of the example are \"It's rainy\" and \"It's sunny\".", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 2, + "end": 13, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 28, + "end": 39, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 136, + "end": 147, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 153, + "end": 162, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 168, + "end": 179, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 217, + "end": 226, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To deny or negate a conjunction is to claim that at least one of the conjuncts is false, but it leaves open the possibility that both may be false. To return to the example, denying it produces: \"It's not both rainy and sunny.\" For this to be true it has to be the case that either it's not rainy, it's not sunny, or both.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 20, + "end": 31, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 69, + "end": 78, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Not both p and q.\nNot p.\nTherefore, q.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "It isn't both sunny and overcast.\nIt isn't sunny.\nTherefore, it's overcast.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-the-consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-the-antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "improper-transposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Denying a Conjunct.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 56, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/denyconj.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 22, + "end": 39, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYrF8REAACUA715a_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYrF8REAACUA715a_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91d42ef --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYrF8REAACUA715a_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,522 @@ +{ + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYrF8REAACUA715a%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "slugs": [ + "denying-the-antecedent" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Denying the Antecedent", + "abbreviation": "DtA", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Denial of the Antecedent" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 100, + "end": 136, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A conditional statement is a proposition of the \"if...then...\" form, for instance: \"If today is Tuesday then I have logic class.\" The antecedent of such a statement is the component proposition following \"if\". In the example, the antecedent is: \"Today is Tuesday.\" To deny the antecedent, of course, is to claim that it is false; to deny the antecedent of the example is to claim: \"Today is not Tuesday.\"", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 29, + "end": 40, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 134, + "end": 144, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 182, + "end": 193, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 230, + "end": 240, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 277, + "end": 287, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 342, + "end": 352, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In an argument of the form of Denying the Antecedent, the conclusion denies the consequent of the conditional statement, that is, the propositional component following \"then\". In the example, the consequent is \"I have logic class\", and its denial is \"I don't have logic class.\" Putting it all together, Denying the Antecedent is a form of argument with a conditional premise, another premise that denies the antecedent of the conditional premise, and a conclusion that denies its consequent.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 6, + "end": 14, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 52, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 58, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 196, + "end": 206, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvioxAAACIAnYXR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 303, + "end": 325, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 339, + "end": 347, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 367, + "end": 374, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 384, + "end": 391, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 408, + "end": 418, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 438, + "end": 445, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 453, + "end": 463, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 480, + "end": 490, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvioxAAACIAnYXR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Denying the Antecedent is a non-validating form of argument because from the fact that a sufficient condition for a statement is false one cannot validly conclude the statement's falsity, since there may be another sufficient condition which is true. For instance, from the fact that it isn't raining, we cannot infer with certainty that the streets are not wet, since they may have been recently washed.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 22, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 51, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If you behead the King, then he will die.\nYou won't behead the King.\nTherefore, the King won't die.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-the-consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "improper-transposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Denying the Antecedent.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/denyante.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYrFpBEAACQA710C_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYrFpBEAACQA710C_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e75344 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYrFpBEAACQA710C_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,392 @@ +{ + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYrFpBEAACQA710C%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "slugs": [ + "affirming-the-consequent" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Affirming the Consequent", + "abbreviation": "AtC", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Asserting the Consequent" + }, + { + "name": "Affirmation of the Consequent" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 98, + "end": 126, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If you have enough evidence to affirm the consequent of a conditional and then suppose that as a result you have sufficient reason for affirming the antecedent, your reasoning contains the fallacy of Affirming the Consequent. This formal fallacy is often mistaken for modus ponens, which is a valid form of reasoning also using a conditional. A conditional is an if-then statement; the if-part is the antecedent, and the then-part is the consequent.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 42, + "end": 52, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvioxAAACIAnYXR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 149, + "end": 159, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 189, + "end": 196, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 200, + "end": 224, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 231, + "end": 245, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 268, + "end": 280, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XZCEDBAAACYAIskB", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "modus-ponens", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:14:40+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:16:21+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 401, + "end": 411, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 438, + "end": 448, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvioxAAACIAnYXR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If she's Brazilian, then she speaks Portuguese. Hey, she does speak Portuguese. So, she is Brazilian.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If the arguer believes or suggests that the premises definitely establish that she is Brazilian, then the argumentation contains the fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 133, + "end": 140, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-the-antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "improper-transposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#RedHerring", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Affirming the Consequent.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 62, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/afthecon.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 28, + "end": 45, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYrGtBEAACUA72HD_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYrGtBEAACUA72HD_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42dc8c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYrGtBEAACUA72HD_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +{ + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYrGtBEAACUA72HD%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "slugs": [ + "commutation-of-conditionals" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Commutation of Conditionals", + "abbreviation": "CoC", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Fallacy of the Consequent" + }, + { + "name": "Converting a Conditional" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A formal fallacy where the premise is a conditional statement and its conclusion is the commutation of that conditional statement.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Commutation is a validating form of immediate inference for some truth-functional connectives, such as conjunction and disjunction. However, the connective \"if-then\" that occurs in conditional statements is not commutable, that is, the commutation of a conditional statement is not as a general rule logically equivalent to the original statement. For example, \"If today is Sunday then it's raining\" does not say the same thing as \"If it's raining then today is Sunday.\"", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 46, + "end": 55, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJTREAACcAhQ90", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "inference", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 103, + "end": 114, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs61xEAACQA8WmP", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T10:01:43+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 119, + "end": 130, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYs6ZxEAACIA8WeO", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "disjunction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:59:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:29:33+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If p then q. \nTherefore, if q then p.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If it's raining then the streets are wet. \nTherefore, if the streets are wet then it's raining.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-the-consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-the-antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "improper-transposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Commutation of Conditionals.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 65, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/commcond.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 31, + "end": 48, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYrHGhEAACUA72OO_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYrHGhEAACUA72OO_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99b007a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYrHGhEAACUA72OO_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,406 @@ +{ + "id": "XYrHGhEAACUA72OO", + "uid": "improper-transposition", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYrHGhEAACUA72OO%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "i", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:47:08+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:34:30+0000", + "slugs": [ + "improper-transposition" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Improper Transposition", + "abbreviation": "IT", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Negating Antecedent and Consequent" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The antecedent and consequent of a transposition are negated, but not switched.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In a proper transposition, the antecedent and consequent of the conditional premise are switched and negated in the conclusion. An Improper Transposition is, of course, an attempted transposition done incorrectly. Specifically, in the fallacy of Improper Transposition, the antecedent and consequent are negated, but not switched.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 31, + "end": 41, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 46, + "end": 56, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvioxAAACIAnYXR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 76, + "end": 83, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 116, + "end": 126, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 131, + "end": 153, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 235, + "end": 242, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 246, + "end": 268, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 274, + "end": 284, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvi8xAAACEAnYc7", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:58:13+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 289, + "end": 299, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvioxAAACIAnYXR", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:56:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Proper transposition is a validating form of argument, that is, every argument of the form of a proper transposition is valid. However, Improper Transposition is not validating.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 45, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 70, + "end": 78, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 136, + "end": 158, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If p then q. \nTherefore, if not-p then not-q.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If not-p then not-q.\nTherefore, if p then q.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If there's a fire, then there's smoke. \nTherefore, if there's no fire, then there's no smoke.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + }, + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "If we guillotine the king, then he will die. \nTherefore, if we don't guillotine the king, then he won't die.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJKNhAAACIAPyTL", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:16:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:21:54+0000", + "uid": "affirming-a-disjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrFpBEAACQA710C", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirming-the-consequent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:15:48+0000", + "uid": "affirming-the-consequent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrGtBEAACUA72HD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:45:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:54:01+0000", + "uid": "commutation-of-conditionals", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrEvhEAACMA71j-", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-a-conjunct", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:37:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:01:42+0000", + "uid": "denying-a-conjunct", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYrF8REAACUA715a", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "d", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "denying-the-antecedent", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:42:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:03:41+0000", + "uid": "denying-the-antecedent", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Improper Transposition.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/imptrans.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edbb2cf --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,523 @@ +{ + "id": "XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd", + "uid": "ambiguous-middle", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "formal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:44:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:20+0000", + "slugs": [ + "ambiguous-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Ambiguous Middle", + "abbreviation": "AM", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Ambiguous Middle Term" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A common ambiguity in syllogisms in which the middle term is equivocated.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism is, by definition, an argument with three categorical terms occurring within it. Each such term occurs in two statements in the argument, and the middle term is the one that occurs in both premises but not in the conclusion.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 2, + "end": 23, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 46, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 152, + "end": 160, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 213, + "end": 221, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 237, + "end": 247, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Since each term occurs twice in a syllogism, if any term is ambiguous it is possible that it occurs with two different meanings. In effect, such an argument has four terms, which violates the definition of \"categorical syllogism\", thus committing the fallacy of Four Terms. Moreover, if a word or phrase in such an argument ambiguously represents two terms, the argument commits the informal fallacy of Equivocation. Finally, if the argument equivocates on the middle term, it commits the fallacy of Ambiguous Middle.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 34, + "end": 43, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 148, + "end": 156, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 207, + "end": 228, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 251, + "end": 258, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 262, + "end": 272, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 315, + "end": 323, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 362, + "end": 370, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 383, + "end": 399, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 403, + "end": 415, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 433, + "end": 441, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 489, + "end": 496, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 500, + "end": 516, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Only man is a rational animal. \nNo woman is a man. \nTherefore, no woman is a rational animal.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF8lxAAACIAO38G", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "persuasive-definition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:38:57+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:43:16+0000", + "uid": "persuasive-definition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Ambiguous Middle Term.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/ambimidd.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYsybBEAACIA8UJX_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYsybBEAACIA8UJX_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53e7dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYsybBEAACIA8UJX_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,750 @@ +{ + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYsybBEAACIA8UJX%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "slugs": [ + "syllogistic-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Syllogistic Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "S", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "a" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:59:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:28:38+0000", + "uid": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "exclusive-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:09:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2021-08-24T22:09:21+0000", + "uid": "exclusive-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-minor", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-major", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:54:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:55:54+0000", + "uid": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "u", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "undistributed-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:22:29+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:40+0000", + "uid": "undistributed-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Categorical syllogisms\" are so called because they are made up of categorical statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false, and a categorical one is a statement that relates two types or categories of thing. There are four types of categorical statement:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 1, + "end": 23, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 93, + "end": 102, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 210, + "end": 220, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Type A: All S are P. Example: All whales are mammals.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 8, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 12, + "end": 13, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 18, + "end": 19, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 21, + "end": 29, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Type E: No S are P. Example: No whales are fish.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 8, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 11, + "end": 12, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 17, + "end": 18, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 20, + "end": 28, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Type I: Some S are P. Example: Some logicians are philosophers.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 8, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 14, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 20, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 22, + "end": 30, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Type O: Some S are not P. Example: Some philosophers are not logicians.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 8, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 14, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 23, + "end": 24, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 35, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A syllogism is a type of argument, that is, a type of reasoning with statements, specifically, one that has two premises and one conclusion. Thus, a categorical syllogisms is a type of two-premised argument constructed from categorical statements.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 2, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 33, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 112, + "end": 120, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 129, + "end": 139, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 149, + "end": 171, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 198, + "end": 206, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "These four types of statement are called A, E, I, and O type statements, as indicated. The variables, S and P, are place-holders for terms which pick out a category of thing. As you can see, each type of categorical statement asserts a different logical relation between two categories.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 41, + "end": 42, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 44, + "end": 45, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 47, + "end": 48, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 54, + "end": 55, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 102, + "end": 103, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 108, + "end": 109, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Additionally, in a categorical syllogisms there are three terms, two in each premise, and two occurrences of each term in the entire argument, for a total of six occurrences. The S and P which occur in its conclusion—the Subject and Predicate terms—are also called the \"minor\" and \"major\" terms, respectively. The major term occurs once in one of the premises, which is therefore called the \"major\" premise. The minor term also occurs once in the other premise, which is thus called the \"minor\" premise. The third term occurs once in each premise, but not in the conclusion, and is called the \"middle\" term.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 41, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 77, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 179, + "end": 180, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 185, + "end": 186, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 206, + "end": 216, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 221, + "end": 222, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 233, + "end": 234, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 351, + "end": 359, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 399, + "end": 406, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 453, + "end": 460, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 495, + "end": 502, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 539, + "end": 546, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 563, + "end": 573, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The notion of distribution plays a role in some of the syllogistic fallacies: the terms in a categorical statement are said to be \"distributed\" or \"undistributed\" in that statement, depending on what type of statement it is, and whether the term is the subject or predicate term. Specifically, the subject term is distributed in the A and E type statements, and the predicate term is distributed in the E and O type statements. The other terms are undistributed.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 14, + "end": 26, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 67, + "end": 76, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 333, + "end": 334, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 339, + "end": 340, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 403, + "end": 404, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 409, + "end": 410, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Finally, the A and I type statements are called \"affirmative\", while the E and O type are \"negative\".", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 13, + "end": 14, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 20, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 73, + "end": 74, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 79, + "end": 80, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Syllogistic Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 57, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/syllfall.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 23, + "end": 40, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYv2EBAAACAAndxU_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYv2EBAAACAAndxU_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29e3409 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYv2EBAAACAAndxU_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +{ + "id": "XYv2EBAAACAAndxU", + "uid": "special-pleading", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYv2EBAAACAAndxU%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:22:09+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:38:44+0000", + "slugs": [ + "special-pleading", + "straw-man" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Special Pleading", + "abbreviation": "SP", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A proponent of a position attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally accepted rule or principle without justifying the exemption.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Special Pleading is a form of inconsistency in which the reasoner doesn't apply his or her principles consistently. It is the fallacy of applying a general principle to various situations but not applying it to a special situation that interests the arguer even though the general principle properly applies to that special situation, too.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 16, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 126, + "end": 133, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The law requires everyone to follow the speed limit and other traffic regulations, but in Suffolk County, exceptions should be made for cops and their families, police union officials say.\n\nPolice Benevolent Association president Jeff Frayler said Thursday it has been union policy to discourage Suffolk police officers from issuing tickets to fellow officers, regardless of where they work.\n\n\"Police officers have discretion whenever they stop anyone, but they should particularly extend that courtesy in the case of other police officers and their families,\" Frayler said in a brief telephone interview Thursday. \"It is a professional courtesy.\"", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#SpecialPleading", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Special Pleading.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/specplea.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 20, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23f5e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +{ + "id": "XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q", + "uid": "bandwagon", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:58:10+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:26:28+0000", + "slugs": [ + "bandwagon", + "slippery-slope" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Bandwagon", + "abbreviation": "Bw", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Appeal to Popularity" + }, + { + "name": "Argument by Consensus" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Populum" + }, + { + "name": "Authority of the Many" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Widespread Belief" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to the People" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because a majority or many people believe it to be so.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Bandwagon fallacy is committed whenever one argues for an idea based upon an irrelevant appeal to its popularity.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 13, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 14, + "end": 21, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes will make himself happier. The recognition of that can take most of the sting out of accusations that you're being \"selfish.\" Why should you feel guilty for seeking your own happiness when that's what everyone else is doing, too?", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Bandwagon", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Bandwagon Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 55, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/bandwagn.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 21, + "end": 38, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af312ef --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +{ + "id": "XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH", + "uid": "quantificational-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "q", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:46:14+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:48:40+0000", + "slugs": [ + "quantificational-fallacy", + "fallacy-of-quantificational-logic" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Quantificational Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Q", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Fallacy of Quantificational Logic" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Predicate Logic" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "existential-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:05:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:42:18+0000", + "uid": "existential-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantifier-shift", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:41:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:33+0000", + "uid": "quantifier-shift", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "formal", + "s" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "some-aresome-are-not", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:26:35+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:10:22+0000", + "uid": "some-are-some-are-not", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Quantificational logic is an extension of propositional logic, and a fallacy of quantificational logic is a logical mistake specific to the features of quantificational logic that go beyond those found in propositional logic. The notion of \"quantification\" involved in quantificational logic is not usually numerical, but typically limited to \"all\", \"none\", and \"some\".", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 69, + "end": 76, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Examples of quantificational logic:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All philosophers are wise.\nSome philosophers are silly.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq_iBEAACQA70Gk", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "propositional-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:14:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:49:09+0000", + "uid": "propositional-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5953c65 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ +{ + "id": "XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2", + "uid": "poisoning-the-well", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:52:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:33:03+0000", + "slugs": [ + "poisoning-the-well" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Poisoning the Well", + "abbreviation": "PtW", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Presenting adverse information about a target person with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To poison the well is to commit a pre-emptive Ad Hominem strike against an argumentative opponent. As with regular Ad Hominems, the well may be poisoned in either an abusive or circumstantial way. For instance:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 3, + "end": 18, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 46, + "end": 56, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 115, + "end": 126, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "\"Only an ignoramus would disagree with fluoridating water.\" (Abusive)", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "\"My opponent is a dentist, so of course he will oppose the fluoridating of water, since he will lose business.\" (Circumstantial)", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Anyone bold enough to enter a debate which begins with a well-poisoning either steps into an insult, or an attack upon one's personal integrity. As with standard Ad Hominems, the debate is likely to cease to be about its nominal topic and become a debate about the arguer. However, what sets Poisoning the Well apart from the standard Ad Hominem is the fact that the poisoning is done before the opponent has a chance to make a case.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 162, + "end": 173, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 292, + "end": 310, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 335, + "end": 345, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 385, + "end": 391, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "[Prosecuting attorney in court] When is the defence attorney planning to call that twice-convicted child molester, David Barnington, to the stand? OK, I'll rephrase that. When is the defence attorney planning to call David Barnington to the stand?", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#PoisoningtheWell", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Poisoning the Well.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 56, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/poiswell.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 22, + "end": 39, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYvwGBAAACEAncGo_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYvwGBAAACEAncGo_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02b8d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYvwGBAAACEAncGo_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,427 @@ +{ + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYvwGBAAACEAncGo%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "slugs": [ + "ad-hominem" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Ad Hominem", + "abbreviation": "AH", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Fallacy of Personal Attack" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Hominem" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvvqBAAACIAnb-2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "p", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "poisoning-the-well", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:52:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:33:03+0000", + "uid": "poisoning-the-well", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Attacking the arguer instead of the argument.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Your reasoning contains this fallacy if you make an irrelevant attack on the arguer and suggest that this attack undermines the argument itself. \"Ad Hominem\" means \"to the person\" as in being \"directed at the person.\"", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 29, + "end": 36, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 128, + "end": 136, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 146, + "end": 156, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The major difficulty with labeling a piece of reasoning an Ad Hominem fallacy is deciding whether the personal attack is relevant or irrelevant. For example, attacks on a person for their immoral sexual conduct are irrelevant to the quality of their mathematical reasoning, but they are relevant to arguments promoting the person for a leadership position in a church or mosque.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 59, + "end": 69, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 70, + "end": 77, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 299, + "end": 308, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "What she says about Johannes Kepler's astronomy of the 1600s must be just so much garbage. Do you realize she's only fifteen years old?", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This attack may undermine the young woman's credibility as a scientific authority, but it does not undermine her reasoning itself because her age is irrelevant to quality of her reasoning. That reasoning should stand or fall on the scientific evidence, not on the arguer's age or anything else about her personally.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "bandwagon", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:58:10+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:26:28+0000", + "uid": "bandwagon", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "emotional-appeal", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:05:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:44:56+0000", + "uid": "emotional-appeal", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "guilt-by-association", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Argumentum ad Hominem.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adhomine.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#AdHominem", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0c4c0b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +{ + "id": "XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ", + "uid": "post-hoc", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "p" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:06+0000", + "slugs": [ + "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc", + "abbreviation": "PH", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Post Hoc" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "X happened, then Y happened; therefore X caused Y.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Post Hoc fallacy is committed whenever one reasons to a causal conclusion based solely on the supposed cause preceding its \"effect\". Of course, it is a necessary condition of causation that the cause precede the effect, but it is not a sufficient condition. Thus, post hoc evidence may suggest the hypothesis of a causal relationship, which then requires further testing, but it is never sufficient evidence on its own.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 12, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 20, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 67, + "end": 77, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 268, + "end": 276, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "I have noticed a pattern about all the basketball games I've been to this year. Every time I buy a good seat, our team wins. Every time I buy a cheap, bad seat, we lose. My buying a good seat must somehow be causing those wins.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Your background knowledge should tell you that this pattern probably won't continue in the future; it's just an accidental correlation that tells you nothing about the cause of your team's wins.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:45:33+0000", + "uid": "cum-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "regression", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:53:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:45+0000", + "uid": "regresiion", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "slippery-slope", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:25:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:39:01+0000", + "uid": "slippery-slope", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "t" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "texas-sharpshooter", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:57:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:48:15+0000", + "uid": "texas-sharpshooter", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#PostHoc", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Post Hoc.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/posthocf.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 12, + "end": 29, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..488f99a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +{ + "id": "XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8", + "uid": "regresiion", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:53:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:45+0000", + "slugs": [ + "regression", + "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Regression", + "abbreviation": "Rg", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Regressive Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Ascribes cause where none exists. The flaw is failing to account for natural fluctuations.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Regression fallacy is the result of a statistical phenomenon known as \"regression to the mean\". The \"mean\" refers to the arithmetical average of some variable in a population, that is, the \"mean\" is what we usually mean by \"average\". \"Regression\" refers to the value of the variable tending to move closer to the mean, away from extreme values. So, \"regression to the mean\" refers to the tendency of a variable characteristic in a population to move away from the extreme values towards the average value.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 14, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 22, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 239, + "end": 249, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 354, + "end": 364, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "You are investigating the average heights of groups of people living in the United States. You sample some people living in Columbus, Ohio and determine their average height. You have the numerical figure for the mean height of people living in the U.S., and you notice that members of your sample from Columbus have an average height that differs from this mean. Your second sample of the same size is from people living in Dayton, Ohio. When you find that this group's average height is closer to the U.S. mean height [as it is very likely to be due to common statistical regression to the mean], you falsely conclude that there must be something causing people living in Dayton to be more like the average U.S. resident than people living in Columbus.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "There is most probably nothing causing people from Dayton to be more like the average resident of the U.S.; but rather what is happening is that averages are regressing to the mean.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:45:33+0000", + "uid": "cum-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "p" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:06+0000", + "uid": "post-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "slippery-slope", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:25:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:39:01+0000", + "uid": "slippery-slope", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "t" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "texas-sharpshooter", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:57:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:48:15+0000", + "uid": "texas-sharpshooter", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Regression", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Regression Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/regressf.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e99bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ +{ + "id": "XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp", + "uid": "texas-sharpshooter", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "t" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:57:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:48:15+0000", + "slugs": [ + "texas-sharpshooter", + "regression" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Texas Sharpshooter", + "abbreviation": "TS", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Texas Sharpshooter Effect" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Improperly asserting a cause to explain a cluster of data.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This fallacy occurs when someone jumps to the conclusion that a cluster in some data must be the result of a cause, usually one that it is clustered around. There are two reasons why this is fallacious:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 46, + "end": 56, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 191, + "end": 201, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "The cluster may well be the result of chance, in which case it was not caused by anything.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Even if the cluster is not the result of chance, there are other possible reasons for the clustering, other than the cause chosen. For instance, if a disease is contagious, it may be clustered around a carrier.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "At best, the occurrence of a cluster in the data is the basis not for a causal conclusion, but for the formation of a causal hypothesis which needs to be tested. Patterns in data can be useful for forming hypotheses, but they are not themselves sufficient evidence of a causal connection. In short, correlation is not causation.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 79, + "end": 89, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Psychic Sarah makes twenty-six predictions about what will happen next year. When one, but only one, of the predictions comes true, she says, \"Aha! I can see into the future.\"", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:45:33+0000", + "uid": "cum-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "p" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:06+0000", + "uid": "post-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "regression", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:53:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:45+0000", + "uid": "regresiion", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "slippery-slope", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:25:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:39:01+0000", + "uid": "slippery-slope", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Sharpshooters", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/texsharp.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 34, + "end": 51, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a63d8cd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,355 @@ +{ + "id": "XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7", + "uid": "emotional-appeal", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:05:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:44:56+0000", + "slugs": [ + "emotional-appeal", + "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Emotional Appeal", + "abbreviation": "EA", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Irrelevant Emotional Appeal" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument is made due to the manipulation of emotions, rather than the use of valid reasoning.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An appeal to emotion is a type of argument or rhetorical technique that attempts to arouse the emotions of its audience in order to gain acceptance of a conclusion or bring about a change in behaviour. Such an appeal is fallacious when emotion bypasses or overwhelms the audience's reason, leading to irrational beliefs or behaviour.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 34, + "end": 42, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 153, + "end": 163, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 220, + "end": 230, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "[The speaker knows he is talking to an aggrieved person whose house is worth much more than $100,000.] You had a great job and didn't deserve to lose it. I wish I could help somehow. I do have one idea. Now your family needs financial security even more. You need cash. I can help you. Here is a check for $100,000. Just sign this standard sales agreement, and we can skip the realtors and all the headaches they would create at this critical time in your life.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "There is nothing wrong with using emotions when you argue, but it's a mistake to use emotions as the key premises or as tools to downplay relevant information.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 105, + "end": 113, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "bandwagon", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:58:10+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:26:28+0000", + "uid": "bandwagon", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "guilt-by-association", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#AppealtoEmotions", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Emotional Appeal.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/emotiona.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 20, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89977da --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,432 @@ +{ + "id": "XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj", + "uid": "exclusive-premises", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:09:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2021-08-24T22:09:21+0000", + "slugs": [ + "exclusive-premises", + "exclusive-presmises", + "emotional-appeal" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Exclusive Premises", + "abbreviation": "EP", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Two Negative Premises" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-minor", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-major", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "u", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "undistributed-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:22:29+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:40+0000", + "uid": "undistributed-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "a" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:59:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:28:38+0000", + "uid": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:54:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:55:54+0000", + "uid": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Exclusive Premises is a type of rule-breaking fallacy in the logic of categorical syllogisms. The rule broken by an argument of this form is that shown just above. It just so happens that no categorical syllogism with two negative premises has a validating form. This fact does not necessarily generalize to other systems of logic, so one should not assume that just any argument with two negative premises commits the fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 18, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 46, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 70, + "end": 92, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 116, + "end": 124, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 191, + "end": 212, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 231, + "end": 239, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 371, + "end": 379, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 398, + "end": 406, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 419, + "end": 426, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Also, because this is a rule-breaking fallacy, it may not be commonly committed by real-life arguments.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 38, + "end": 45, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 93, + "end": 102, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "No moslems are atheists. \nNo christians are moslems. \nTherefore, no christians are atheists.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Exclusive Premises.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 56, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/exclprem.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 22, + "end": 39, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwGcRAAACAAniVz_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwGcRAAACAAniVz_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffef7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwGcRAAACAAniVz_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,694 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwGcRAAACAAniVz%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "slugs": [ + "genetic-fallacy", + "bandwagon" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Genetic Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Ge", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF89hAAACIAO4C7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "etymological-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:40:25+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-10-03T06:47:39+0000", + "uid": "etymological-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A conclusion is suggested based solely on something or someone's origin rather than its current meaning or context.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Genetic Fallacy is the most general fallacy of irrelevancy involving the origins or history of an idea. It is fallacious to either endorse or condemn an idea based on its past—rather than on its present—merits or demerits, unless its history is in some way relevant to its present value. So, the Genetic Fallacy is committed whenever an idea is evaluated based upon irrelevant history.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 19, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 40, + "end": 47, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 114, + "end": 124, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To understand and apply this fallacy correctly, it's important to make three distinctions:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 29, + "end": 36, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Arguer/Argument: The arguer is the person who makes an argument; the argument is what the arguer says or writes. Evaluating the argument and evaluating the arguer are two distinct activities: the former is a question of logic, the latter of ethics. Of course, the two types of evaluation may be connected, but they use different standards. A person who makes fallacious arguments, especially habitually, may be a bad arguer or even a dishonest person, but even the worst arguers sometimes make good arguments. Similarly, sometimes even the best people make bad arguments.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 16, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 55, + "end": 63, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 69, + "end": 77, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 128, + "end": 136, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 370, + "end": 379, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 499, + "end": 508, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 561, + "end": 570, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Testimony/Argument: The origin of testimony—whether first hand, hearsay, or rumour—carries weight in evaluating it. For example, the testimony of a liar should be given little credit, but whether an arguer is a liar, or in any other way a bad person, is irrelevant to whether the argument is valid, sound, or cogent. Similarly, even the most truthful and honest person may make a mistake in reasoning. So, if what a person says or writes is testimony, then facts about the person may be relevant to evaluating it; not so if it is an argument.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 19, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 280, + "end": 288, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 533, + "end": 541, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Premisses/Reasoning: Every argument has two elements that require evaluation: its premises and the reasoning that connects the premises to its conclusion. The origin of claims contained in the premises can be relevant to their evaluation, especially if they are historical claims. However, the origin of reasoning is irrelevant to its evaluation. The logical strength of reasoning is evaluated based on the formal, semantic, or probabilistic relations between the premises and conclusion, and not on who made the argument or where it comes from.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 20, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 35, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 82, + "end": 90, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 127, + "end": 135, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 143, + "end": 153, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 193, + "end": 201, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 464, + "end": 472, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 477, + "end": 487, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 513, + "end": 521, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Whatever your reasons are for buying that gift, they've got to be ridiculous. You said yourself that you got the idea for buying it from last night's fortune cookie. Cookies can't think!", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Fortune cookies are not reliable sources of information about what gift to buy, but the reasons the person is willing to give are likely to be quite relevant and should be listened to. The speaker is using the Genetic Fallacy by paying too much attention to the genesis of the idea rather than to the reasons offered for it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 210, + "end": 225, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "bandwagon", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:58:10+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:26:28+0000", + "uid": "bandwagon", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "guilt-by-association", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "emotional-appeal", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:05:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:44:56+0000", + "uid": "emotional-appeal", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Genetic", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Genetic Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/genefall.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwHnxAAACAAniq5_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwHnxAAACAAniq5_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51335c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwHnxAAACAAniq5_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,424 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwHnxAAACAAniq5%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "slugs": [ + "appeal-to-authority", + "genetic-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Appeal to Authority", + "abbreviation": "AtA", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Misleading Appeal to Authority" + }, + { + "name": "Argument from Authority" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Verecundiam" + }, + { + "name": "Ipse Dixit" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An assertion is deemed true because of the position or authority of the person asserting it.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "We must often rely upon expert opinion when drawing conclusions about technical matters where we lack the time or expertise to form an informed opinion. For instance, those of us who are not physicians usually rely upon those who are when making medical decisions, and we are not wrong to do so. There are, however, four major ways in which such arguments can go wrong:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 52, + "end": 63, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 346, + "end": 355, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Inappropriate Appeals: If a question can be answered by observation or calculation, an argument from authority is not needed. Since arguments from authority are weaker than more direct evidence, go look or figure it out for yourself.\nThe Renaissance rebellion against the authority of Aristotle and the Bible played an important role in the scientific revolution. Aristotle was so respected in the Middle Ages that his word was taken on empirical issues which were easily decidable by observation. The scientific revolution moved away from this over-reliance on authority towards the use of observation and experiment.\nSimilarly, the Bible has been invoked as an authority on empirical or mathematical questions. An amusing example is the claim that the value of pi can be determined to be 3 based on certain passages in the Old Testament. The value of pi, however, is a mathematical question which can be answered by calculation, and appeal to authority is irrelevant.\nMoreover, about some issues there simply is no expert opinion, and an appeal to authority is bound to be a mistake. For example, on controversial issues in ethics or politics your own opinion may be as good as anyone else's.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 22, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 87, + "end": 110, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 132, + "end": 156, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 763, + "end": 765, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 853, + "end": 855, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "No Expertise: The \"authority\" cited is not an expert on the issue, that is, the person who supplies the opinion is not an expert at all, or is one, but in an unrelated area. The now-classic example is the old television commercial which began: \"I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV.\" The actor then proceeded to recommend a brand of cough medicine.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 13, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Bias: The authority is an expert, but is not disinterested. That is, the expert is biased towards one side of the issue, and his opinion is thereby untrustworthy.\nFor example, suppose that a medical scientist testifies that ambient cigarette smoke does not pose a hazard to the health of non-smokers exposed to it. Suppose, further, that it turns out that the scientist is an employee of a cigarette company. Clearly, the scientist has a powerful bias in favour of the position that he is taking which calls into question his objectivity.\nThere is an old saying: \"A doctor who treats himself has a fool for a patient,\" and a similar version for attorneys: \"A lawyer who defends himself has a fool for a client.\" Why should these be true if the doctor or lawyer is an expert on medicine or the law? The answer is that we are all biased in our own causes. A physician who tries to diagnose his own illness is more likely to make a mistake out of wishful thinking, or out of fear, than another physician would be.\nOf course, the fact that an expert is biased does not automatically mean he is wrong. However, suppose that a doctor were to recommend an expensive medical test at a laboratory which he or she owns. In such a situation one should, at the very least, seek a second opinion from a physician who lacks this conflict of interest.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 5, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Unrepresentativeness: While the authority is an expert, his opinion is unrepresentative of expert opinion on the subject. The sad fact is that if one looks hard enough, it is possible to find an expert who supports virtually any position that one wishes to take. \"Such is Human Perversity\". This is a great boon for debaters, who can easily find expert opinion on their side of a question, whatever that side is, but it is confusing for those of us listening to debates and trying to form an opinion.\nExperts are human beings, after all, and human beings err, even in their area of expertise. This is one reason why it is a good idea to get a second opinion about major medical matters, and even a third if the first two disagree. While most people understand the sense behind seeking a second opinion when their life or health is at stake, they are frequently willing to accept a single, unrepresentative opinion on other matters, especially when that opinion agrees with their own bias.\nBias (problem 3) is one source of unrepresentativeness. For instance, the opinions of cigarette company scientists tend to be unrepresentative of expert opinion on the health consequences of smoking because they are biased to minimize them.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 21, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To sum up these points in a positive manner, before relying upon expert opinion, go through the following checklist:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Is this a matter upon which expert opinion is available? If not, then your opinion will be as good as anyone else's. If so, proceed to the next question:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Is the authority an expert on the matter? If not, then why listen? If so, go on:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Is the authority biased towards one side? If so, the authority may be untrustworthy. At the very least, before accepting the authority's word seek a second, unbiased opinion. That is, go to the last question:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Is the authority's opinion representative of expert opinion? If not, then find out what the expert consensus is and rely on that. If so, then you may rationally rely upon the authority's opinion.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If an argument to authority cannot pass these five tests, then it commits the fallacy of Appeal to Authority.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 6, + "end": 27, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 89, + "end": 108, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The moon is covered with dust because the president of our neighbourhood association said so.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This is a fallacious Appeal to Authority because, although the president is an authority on many neighbourhood matters, you are given no reason to believe the president is an authority on the composition of the moon. It would be better to appeal to some astronomer or geologist. A TV commercial that gives you a testimonial from a famous film star who wears a Wilson watch and that suggests you, too, should wear that brand of watch is using a fallacious Appeal to Authority. The film star is an authority on how to act, not on which watch is best for you.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 10, + "end": 20, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 21, + "end": 40, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 444, + "end": 454, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 455, + "end": 474, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvwGBAAACEAncGo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ad-hominem", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:59:38+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:25:26+0000", + "uid": "ad-hominem", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF89hAAACIAO4C7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "etymological-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:40:25+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-10-03T06:47:39+0000", + "uid": "etymological-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#AppealtoAuthority", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Misleading Appeal to Authority.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/authorit.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 34, + "end": 51, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f157d37 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,415 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "slugs": [ + "illicit-major", + "appeal-to-authority" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Illicit Major", + "abbreviation": "IMa", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Illicit Process of the Major" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An \"illicit process of the major\" is not an illegal trial of a military officer, rather it is a syllogistic fallacy in which the major term is undistributed in the major premise, but distributed in the conclusion, which is the \"illicit process\"—that is, \"illicit\" distribution of the major term.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 96, + "end": 115, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 129, + "end": 134, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 170, + "end": 177, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 202, + "end": 212, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All communists are leftists.\nNo conservatives are communists.\nTherefore, no conservatives are leftists.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The major term is \"leftists\" since it is the predicate term of the conclusion. \"Leftists\" is distributed in the conclusion because the predicate term of an E-type proposition is distributed. The major premise of the example is the first premise, since it contains the major term. \"Leftists\" is undistributed in the major premise since the predicate term of an A-type proposition is undistributed. Thus, there is an illicit distribution of the major term in the example.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 67, + "end": 77, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 163, + "end": 174, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 201, + "end": 208, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 237, + "end": 244, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 321, + "end": 328, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 367, + "end": 378, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-minor", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:54:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:55:54+0000", + "uid": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "u", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "undistributed-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:22:29+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:40+0000", + "uid": "undistributed-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "exclusive-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:09:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2021-08-24T22:09:21+0000", + "uid": "exclusive-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "a" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:59:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:28:38+0000", + "uid": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Illicit Majo.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/illmajor.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 16, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwKfxAAACIAnje4_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwKfxAAACIAnje4_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3ebcd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwKfxAAACIAnje4_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwKfxAAACIAnje4%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "slugs": [ + "illicit-minor", + "illicit-major" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Illicit Minor", + "abbreviation": "IMi", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Illicit Process of the Minor" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is not distributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Illicit Minor is a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is not distributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. It is an illicit process—that is, distribution—of the minor term in a categorical syllogism.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 14, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 40, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 225, + "end": 246, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example: ", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All Marxists are socialists. \nAll Marxists are communists. \nTherefore, all communists are socialists.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The minor term is \"communists\" since it is the subject term of the conclusion. \"Communists\" is distributed in the conclusion because the subject term of an A-type proposition is distributed. The minor premise is the second premise, since it contains the minor term. \"Communists\" is undistributed in the minor premise since the predicate term of an A-type proposition is undistributed. Thus, there is an illicit distribution of the minor term in this example.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 67, + "end": 77, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 114, + "end": 124, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 156, + "end": 174, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 201, + "end": 208, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 223, + "end": 230, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 309, + "end": 316, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 348, + "end": 366, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-major", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Illicit Minor.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 51, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/illminor.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 17, + "end": 34, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwfZhAAACAAnpWo_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwfZhAAACAAnpWo_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b32879 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwfZhAAACAAnpWo_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwfZhAAACAAnpWo", + "uid": "accident", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwfZhAAACAAnpWo%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "a" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:22:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:18:25+0000", + "slugs": [ + "accident", + "illicit-major" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Accident", + "abbreviation": "Ad", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Dicto Simpliciter" + }, + { + "name": "Sweeping Generalization" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An exception to a generalization is ignored.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Consider the generalization \"birds can fly\" from the example. Now, it isn't true that all birds can fly, since there are flightless birds. \"Some birds can fly\" and \"many birds can fly\" are too weak, while \"most birds can fly\" is closer to what we mean. However, \"birds can fly\" is a \"rule of thumb\", that is, a rule that is generally true but has exceptions. The fallacy of Accident occurs when one attempts to apply such a rule to an obvious exception, such as concluding that a penguin can fly because penguins are birds and birds can fly.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 86, + "end": 90, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 284, + "end": 297, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwgmhAAAB8AnpsH", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "rule-of-thumb", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:21:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:24:10+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 363, + "end": 370, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 374, + "end": 382, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Birds normally can fly. \nTweety the Penguin is a bird. \nTherefore, Tweety can fly.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Fallacy of Accident.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/accident.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 44, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwhExAAAB8Anp0j_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwhExAAAB8Anp0j_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b841ff --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwhExAAAB8Anp0j_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,407 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwhExAAAB8Anp0j", + "uid": "illicit-negative", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwhExAAAB8Anp0j%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "i" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:28:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:49:11+0000", + "slugs": [ + "illicit-negative", + "accident" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Illicit Negative", + "abbreviation": "INe", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Inferring an affirmative conclusion in a syllogistic argument that has at least one negative premise is a formal fallacy in the logic of categorical syllogisms―for a short introduction to categorical syllogisms, see the entry for syllogistic fallacy. This is because all validating forms of categorical syllogism that have at least one negative premise also have a negative conclusion, which can be shown by inspection since there are only 256 different forms of categorical syllogism. However, it's intuitive that a negation in the premises should lead a validly drawn conclusion to also be negative.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 25, + "end": 35, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 41, + "end": 52, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 53, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + 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"text": "\"Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premiss.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/afromneg.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 50, + "end": 67, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65ca69e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "slugs": [ + "biased-sample", + "illicit-negative" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Biased Sample", + "abbreviation": "BS", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Unrepresentative Sample" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "anecdotal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:02:55+0000", + "uid": "anecdotal-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "j", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:10:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:42:49+0000", + "uid": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A generalization upon sample data that is unrepresentative of the population.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "N% of sample S has characteristic C.\nTherefore, N% of population P has characteristic C.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This is a fallacy involving statistical inferences, which are arguments of the form shown above. For example, suppose that an opaque jar is full of marbles, and you can win a prize by guessing the proportions of colours of the marbles in the jar. Assume, further, that you are allowed to stick your hand into the jar and withdraw one fistful of marbles before making your guess. Suppose that you pull out ten marbles, six of which are black and four of which are white. The set of all marbles in the jar is the population, P, which you are going to guess about, and the ten marbles that you removed is the sample, S. You want to use the information in your sample to guess as closely as possible the proportion of colours in the jar. You might draw the conclusion that 60% of the marbles in the jar are black and 40% are white.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 10, + "end": 17, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 40, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJTREAACcAhQ90", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "inference", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:54+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 62, + "end": 71, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 523, + "end": 524, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 614, + "end": 615, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 753, + "end": 763, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The two men in the matching green suits that I met at the Star Trek Convention in Las Vegas had a terrible fear of cats. I remember them saying they were from France. I've never met anyone else from France, so I suppose everyone there has a terrible fear of cats.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Most people's background information is sufficient to tell them that people at this sort of convention are unlikely to be representative, that is, are likely to be atypical members of the rest of society. Having a small sample does not by itself cause the sample to be biased. Small samples are OK if there is a corresponding large margin of error or low confidence level.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + }, + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "We've polled over 400,000 Southern Baptists and asked them whether the best religion in the world is Southern Baptist. We have over 99% agreement, which proves our point about which religion is best.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Getting a larger sample size does not overcome sampling bias.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "q" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "question-begging-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:51:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:01:09+0000", + "uid": "question-begging-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#UnrepresentativeSample", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Unrepresentative Sample.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/biassamp.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 44, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8dac0be --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF", + "uid": "anecdotal-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:02:55+0000", + "slugs": [ + "anecdotal-fallacy", + "illicit-negative" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Anecdotal Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "AF", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Volvo Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "biased-sample", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A recent memory, a striking anecdote, or a news story of an unusual event leads one to overestimate the probability of that type of event.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Anecdotal Fallacy is committed when a recent memory, a striking anecdote, or a news story of an unusual event leads one to overestimate the probability of that type of event, especially when one has access to better evidence. In other words, the mistake is to allow the emotional effects of a vivid memory or story to outweigh stronger evidence, such as statistics, on the frequency of such events.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 21, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Last year, tens of millions of people bought life insurance for scheduled flights of airlines in the United States. Not one of those insured passengers died in a crash... [T]ravel insurance...is now purchased by half of American leisure travellers―a fivefold increase since 2001, according to the United States Travel Insurance Association. As a purely economic investment, some of this insurance can be dubious, particularly the flight insurance policies. ... Because calamities are so vivid and easily brought to mind, we tend to overestimate their probability when we intuitively judge what will happen...", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "gamma", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hasty-generalization", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:47:20+0000", + "uid": "hasty-generalization", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Anecdotal Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/volvofal.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3f98bf --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "slugs": [ + "weak-analogy", + "biased-sample" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Weak Analogy", + "abbreviation": "WA", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Abuse of Analogy" + }, + { + "name": "The Analogical Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "False Analogy" + }, + { + "name": "Faulty Analogy" + }, + { + "name": "Questionable Analogy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "biased-sample", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "q" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "question-begging-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:51:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:01:09+0000", + "uid": "question-begging-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "A is like B.\nB has property P .\nTherefore, A has property P.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument by analogy is one with an analogy among its premises―see the form above. Since Weak Analogy is not a formal fallacy, but an informal one, there is nothing logically wrong with the form. Instead, what makes an analogical argument strong or weak is the strength or weakness, the relevance or irrelevance, of the analogy in its premises. If the analogy is too weak or irrelevant to the conclusion of the argument, then it will commit the fallacy of Weak Analogy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 3, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 56, + "end": 64, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 91, + "end": 103, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 113, + "end": 127, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 136, + "end": 144, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 232, + "end": 240, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 337, + "end": 345, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 395, + "end": 405, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 413, + "end": 421, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 447, + "end": 454, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 458, + "end": 470, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The book Investing for Dummies really helped me understand my finances better. The book Chess for Dummies was written by the same author, was published by the same press, and costs about the same amount. So, this chess book would probably help me understand my finances, too.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Weak Analogy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/wanalogy.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 16, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be35147 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,425 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f", + "uid": "hasty-generalization", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "gamma", + "h" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:47:20+0000", + "slugs": [ + "hasty-generalization", + "weak-analogy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Hasty Generalization", + "abbreviation": "HG", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Converse Fallacy of the Accident" + }, + { + "name": "Converse Accident" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Insufficient Statistics" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Insufficient Sample" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of the Lonely Fact" + }, + { + "name": "Hasty Induction" + }, + { + "name": "Secundum Quid" + }, + { + "name": "Jumping to Conclusions" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "j", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:10:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:42:49+0000", + "uid": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "biased-sample", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Basing a broad conclusion on a small sample or the making of a determination without all of the information required to do so.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In logic, \"generalization\" refers to the reasoning process by which a general conclusion is inferred from a particular premise or premises. There is more than one kind of generalization, but the one relevant to this fallacy is statistical generalization. In a statistical generalization, one infers something about a whole group based on a part of that group. In statistics, the group that we're interested in is called \"the population\" and the part that we examine is called \"the sample\". In order for such an inference to be cogent, the sample must be representative of the whole population. However, one way in which a sample can fail to be representative is for it to be too small. A \"hasty\" generalization is too quick, that is, it jumps to a conclusion before acquiring sufficient evidence to justify it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 78, + "end": 88, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 119, + "end": 126, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 130, + "end": 138, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 216, + "end": 223, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 527, + "end": 533, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 748, + "end": 758, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "I've met two people in Nicaragua so far, and they were both nice to me. So, all people I will meet in Nicaragua will be nice to me.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In any Hasty Generalization the key error is to overestimate the strength of an argument that is based on too small a sample for the implied confidence level or error margin. In this argument about Nicaragua, using the word \"all\" in the conclusion implies zero error margin. With zero error margin you'd need to sample every single person in Nicaragua, not just two people.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 7, + "end": 27, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 80, + "end": 88, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 183, + "end": 191, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 237, + "end": 247, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwicxAAAB8AnqNF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "anecdotal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:02:55+0000", + "uid": "anecdotal-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "misleading-vividness", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:06:15+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:41:53+0000", + "uid": "misleading-vividness", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#HastyGeneralization", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Hasty Generalization.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/hastygen.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 24, + "end": 41, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2461fd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl", + "uid": "question-begging-analogy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwkMRAAACEAnqsl%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "q" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:51:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:01:09+0000", + "slugs": [ + "question-begging-analogy", + "weak-analogy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Question-Begging Analogy", + "abbreviation": "QBA", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When an analogical argument is weak because its analogical premise begs the question.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An analogical argument is an argument with an analogical premise, which is a premise that draws an analogy, that is, claims that one thing is like another. Such an analogy begs the question when its strength depends upon some controversial point at issue, especially the conclusion of the argument. When an analogical argument is weak because its analogical premise begs the question, then the argument commits the fallacy of Question-Begging Analogy, which is a type of Weak Analogy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 14, + "end": 22, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 29, + "end": 37, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 57, + "end": 64, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 77, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 271, + "end": 281, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 289, + "end": 297, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 318, + "end": 326, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 358, + "end": 365, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 394, + "end": 402, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 415, + "end": 422, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 426, + "end": 450, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 471, + "end": 483, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Do animals deserve the same respect as black people? That's the question posed in an online exhibit by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. The exhibit pairs a slave auction with a cattle auction, two hanging black men with a hanging steer, herded Native Americans with herded cattle, a burning black man with a burning chicken, a shackled black ankle with a chained elephant hoof, and a pygmy in a zoo with a monkey in a dress.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "biased-sample", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Question-Begging Analogy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 62, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/qbanalog.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 28, + "end": 45, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3625a98 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2", + "uid": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:57:08+0000", + "slugs": [ + "appeal-to-ignorance", + "appeal-to-force" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Appeal to Ignorance", + "abbreviation": "AtI", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Argument from Ignorance" + }, + { + "name": "Argument to Ignorance" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Ignorantiam" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Assuming that a claim is true because it has not been or cannot be proven false, or vice versa.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An appeal to ignorance is an argument for a conclusion based on a lack of evidence. There are two forms of the argument depending on whether the argument is affirmative or negative:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 3, + "end": 22, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 29, + "end": 37, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 44, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 111, + "end": 119, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 145, + "end": 153, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Affirmative: The conclusion is true because there is no evidence against it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 12, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 17, + "end": 27, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Negative: The conclusion is false because there is no evidence for it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 14, + "end": 24, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Nobody has ever proved to me there's a God, so I know there is no God.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This kind of reasoning is generally fallacious. It would be proper reasoning only if the proof attempts were quite thorough, and it were the case that, if the being or object were to exist, then there would be a discoverable proof of this. Another common example of the fallacy involves ignorance of a future event: You people have been complaining about the danger of Xs ever since they were invented, but there's never been any big problem with Xs, so there's nothing to worry about.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 36, + "end": 46, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 270, + "end": 277, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-force", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:55:43+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-force", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:56:09+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq5RAAACAAnslB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-nature", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T05:19:02+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-nature", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#AppealtoIgnorance", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Appeal to Ignorance.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 57, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/ignorant.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 23, + "end": 40, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwq5RAAACAAnslB_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwq5RAAACAAnslB_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fd8001 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwq5RAAACAAnslB_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwq5RAAACAAnslB", + "uid": "appeal-to-nature", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwq5RAAACAAnslB%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T05:19:02+0000", + "slugs": [ + "appeal-to-nature", + "appeal-to-ignorance" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Appeal to Nature", + "abbreviation": "AtN", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Naturam" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxqahAAACIAn-T8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "l", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "loaded-language", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:42:48+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:56:16+0000", + "uid": "loaded-language", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "b" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "begging-the-question", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:36:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:54:14+0000", + "uid": "begging-the-question", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYx7xBAAACEAoDNg", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "i", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "is-ought", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T08:53:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:51:34+0000", + "uid": "is-ought", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Judgment is based solely on whether the subject of judgment is 'natural' or 'unnatural'.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "N is natural.\nTherefore, N is right or good.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument appeals to nature when it claims that something is good because it's natural, or bad because it's unnatural.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 3, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "One difficulty is that the concept of the natural is vague and ambiguous. For instance, is the human use of fire \"natural\"? Maybe, maybe not. Is it \"natural\" for people to wear clothes? Yes and no. This means that people can pick and choose what they wish to praise as \"natural\" or condemn as \"unnatural\".", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "There are many natural things that are not good, and plenty of unnatural things that are not bad. Riding a bicycle is an unnatural act, and bicycles are manmade objects, but who would condemn the act of riding one? Similarly, poisonous plants and animals are as natural as any other living things, yet who would recommend eating them?", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Nonetheless, the word \"natural\" is loaded with a positive evaluation, while \"unnatural\" contains a negative evaluation. So, to call something \"natural\" or \"unnatural\" is not simply to describe it, but to praise or condemn it. As with other loaded words, unless such concealed evaluations are backed up by other evidence, they will beg the question.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:57:08+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-force", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:55:43+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-force", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:56:09+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Appeal to Nature.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnature.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 20, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef4135f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm", + "uid": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:56:09+0000", + "slugs": [ + "appeal-to-celebrity", + "poisoning-the-well" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Appeal to Celebrity", + "abbreviation": "AtCy", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An assertion is deemed true because a celebrity endorses it.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Celebrity C endorses Brand X (or Candidate Y, or Cause Z).\nTherefore, Brand X(or Candidate Y, or Cause Z) is good.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Appeal to Celebrity is one of the most common forms of fallacious Appeal to Authority. Celebrity endorsement of products is so common that we hardly notice it or wonder why Michael Jordan is trying to sell us underwear. Moreover, in addition to products, celebrities often endorse political candidates, and during every presidential election year each candidate rounds up his own stable of famous supporters. In addition, celebrities publicly espouse every political, religious, and charitable cause, and some has-beens build second careers in the public eye as spokespeople for causes.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 19, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 55, + "end": 65, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 66, + "end": 85, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "What is wrong with appealing to celebrity? There are two problems:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 41, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Since most celebrities are actors or sports stars, they are seldom experts on the products or causes that they endorse. Sometimes the advertisers even attempt to exploit confusion between fantasy and reality by selecting actors to endorse products based on the fictional characters they play. Infamously, one old television commercial for cough syrup began with an actor saying: \"I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV.\" Similarly, the actor Robert Young, who was best known for his television role as \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\", was a spokesman for decaffeinated coffee. These were not real doctors, but make-believe ones, who did not have real medical expertise, just make-believe expertise.\nOf course, sports celebrities often endorse athletic shoes and other equipment, and it is at least plausible that they have expertise with these products. However, they raise the second problem with celebrity appeals:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Most celebrities who endorse products are paid to do so, and thus the endorsement is not a disinterested one. Celebrities who endorse charities or political candidates probably are not paid money, but they often benefit from the association with a good cause or the publicity that comes from controversy.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:57:08+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-force", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:55:43+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-force", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq5RAAACAAnslB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-nature", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T05:19:02+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-nature", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Appeal to Celebrity.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 57, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/apcelebs.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 23, + "end": 40, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44722ce --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,366 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "slugs": [ + "appeal-to-consequences", + "appeal-to-celebrity" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Appeal to Consequences", + "abbreviation": "AtCs", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Appeal to Consequences of a Belief" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Consequentiam" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The conclusion is supported by a premise that asserts positive/negative consequences in an attempt to distract from the initial discussion.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Arguing that a proposition is true because belief in it has good consequences, or that it is false because belief in it has bad consequences is often an irrelevancy. For instance, a child's belief in Santa Claus may have good consequences in making the child happy and well-behaved, but these facts have nothing to do with whether there really is a Santa Claus.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 15, + "end": 26, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 344, + "end": 346, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Beliefs have many consequences, both good and bad. For instance, belief that smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer may have such bad consequences as frightening cigarette smokers or making them depressed, but it may also have such good consequences as motivating people to stop smoking, thus lowering their risk of cancer. However, the most important consequences of the belief, or lack thereof, that smoking causes lung cancer are affected by the fact that it does so. In other words, we cannot determine the truth-value of a belief from its consequences alone, since many of those consequences are dependent upon its truth-value. If smoking didn't cause disease, then the bad consequences of believing it does would greatly outweigh the benefits; but since it does, the situation is reversed.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 448, + "end": 452, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Since the irrelevancy of belief to truth-value is intuitively obvious, it is often suppressed in fallacious Appeal to Consequences. However, one can tell that the fallacy is being committed because the supposed consequences do not follow from the proposition itself, but only from belief in it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 97, + "end": 107, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 108, + "end": 131, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 163, + "end": 170, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 247, + "end": 258, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "That can't be Senator Smith there in the videotape going into her apartment. If it were, he'd be a liar about not knowing her. He's not the kind of man who would lie. He's a member of my congregation.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Smith may or may not be the person in that videotape, but this kind of arguing should not convince us that it's someone else in the videotape.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:56:09+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:57:08+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-force", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:55:43+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-force", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq5RAAACAAnslB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-nature", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T05:19:02+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-nature", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#AppealtoConsequence", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Appeal to Consequences.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adconseq.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23aad38 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS", + "uid": "appeal-to-force", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwqvxAAACAAnsiS%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:55:43+0000", + "slugs": [ + "appeal-to-force", + "appeal-to-consequences" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Appeal to Force", + "abbreviation": "AtF", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Baculum" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum Baculinum" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to the Stick" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Threat" + }, + { + "name": "Scare Tactic Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument made through coercion or threats of force to support position.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Appeal to Force refers to the use of force and, by extension, the use of threats of force, or intimidation, to \"win\" an argument by preventing the other side from presenting its case.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 15, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 120, + "end": 128, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "David: My father owns the department store that gives your newspaper fifteen percent of all its advertising revenue, so I'm sure you won't want to publish any story of my arrest for spray painting the college.\n\nNewspaper editor: Yes, David, I see your point. The story really isn't newsworthy.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "David has given the editor a financial reason not to publish, but he has not given a relevant reason why the story is not newsworthy. David's tactics are scaring the editor, but it's the editor who uses Appeal to Force, not David. David has merely used a scare tactic. This fallacy's name emphasizes the cause of the fallacy rather than the error itself.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 203, + "end": 218, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 274, + "end": 283, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 317, + "end": 324, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqNxAAACIAnsYm", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:56:09+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-celebrity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq1RAAAB8Ansj2", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:57:08+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-ignorance", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq5RAAACAAnslB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-nature", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T05:19:02+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-nature", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#AppealtoForce", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Appeal to Force.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adbacula.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edf4fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,269 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM", + "uid": "begging-the-question", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "b" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:36:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:54:14+0000", + "slugs": [ + "begging-the-question", + "appeal-to-force" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Begging the Question", + "abbreviation": "BtQ", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Circular Argument" + }, + { + "name": "Circulus in Probando" + }, + { + "name": "Petitio Principii" + }, + { + "name": "Vicious Circle" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Providing what is essentially the conclusion of the argument as a premise.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To beg the question is to assume something that you have no right to assume. What don't you have a right to assume? The conclusion itself, obviously, or any proposition that is just the conclusion stated in different words. Clearly, to use any argument in which the conclusion is also one of the premises is to reason in a circle: reasoning from the premises to the conclusion brings you back to where you started.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 120, + "end": 130, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 157, + "end": 168, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 186, + "end": 196, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 244, + "end": 252, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 266, + "end": 276, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 296, + "end": 304, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 350, + "end": 358, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 366, + "end": 376, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "To cast abortion as a solely private moral question, ...is to lose touch with common sense: How human beings treat one another is practically the definition of a public moral matter. Of course, there are many private aspects of human relations, but the question whether one human being should be allowed fatally to harm another is not one of them. Abortion is an inescapably public matter.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Begging the Question.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/begquest.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 24, + "end": 41, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5e572f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9", + "uid": "cum-hoc", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:45:33+0000", + "slugs": [ + "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "begging-the-question" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc", + "abbreviation": "CH", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A faulty assumption that, because there is a correlation between two variables, one caused the other.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Cum Hoc is the fallacy committed when one jumps to a conclusion about causation based on a correlation between two events, or types of event, which occur simultaneously.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 7, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 22, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 53, + "end": 63, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Gypsies live near our low-yield cornfields. So, gypsies must be causing the low yield.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "p" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:06+0000", + "uid": "post-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "regression", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:53:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:45+0000", + "uid": "regresiion", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "slippery-slope", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:25:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:39:01+0000", + "uid": "slippery-slope", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "t" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "texas-sharpshooter", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:57:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:48:15+0000", + "uid": "texas-sharpshooter", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#CumHoc,ErgoPropterHoc", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 63, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/cumhocfa.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 29, + "end": 46, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f9981b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ +{ + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "uid": "false-cause", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "slugs": [ + "false-cause", + "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "False Cause", + "abbreviation": "FC", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Non Causa Pro Causa" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwyUxAAACAAnuo9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "cum-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:45:33+0000", + "uid": "cum-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw0lRAAACAAnvRQ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "p" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:49:04+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:06+0000", + "uid": "post-hoc", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw1rhAAACIAnvk8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "regression", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:53:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:46:45+0000", + "uid": "regresiion", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYGHpBAAACIAO7DS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "slippery-slope", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T01:25:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:39:01+0000", + "uid": "slippery-slope", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw2gRAAACAAnvzp", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "t" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "texas-sharpshooter", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:57:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:48:15+0000", + "uid": "texas-sharpshooter", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Improperly concluding that one thing is a cause of another.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A causal argument is fallacious when it violates the canons of good reasoning about causation in some common or deceptive way. Thus, to understand causal fallacies, we must understand causal reasoning, and the ways in which it can go awry.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 9, + "end": 17, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 21, + "end": 31, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Causal conclusions can take one of two forms:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 7, + "end": 18, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Event-Level: Sometimes we wish to know the cause of a particular event, for instance, a physician conducting a medical examination is inquiring into the cause of a particular patient's illness, say, lung cancer. Specific events are caused by other specific events, so the conclusion we aim at in this kind of causal reasoning has the form: Event C caused event E.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 12, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 340, + "end": 363, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Type-Level: One way to infer causation at the level of events is through the application of causal laws, which have the form: Events of type C cause events of type E.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 11, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 126, + "end": 166, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "My psychic adviser says to expect bad things when Mars is aligned with Jupiter. Tomorrow Mars will be aligned with Jupiter. So, if a dog were to bite me tomorrow, it would be because of the alignment of Mars with Jupiter.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#FalseCause", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Non Causa Pro Causa.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 57, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/noncause.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 23, + "end": 40, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a5bafc --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ +{ + "id": "XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z", + "uid": "misleading-vividness", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:06:15+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:41:53+0000", + "slugs": [ + "misleading-vividness", + "naturalistic" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Misleading Vividness", + "abbreviation": "MV", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "j", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:10:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:42:49+0000", + "uid": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "biased-sample", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Involves describing an occurrence in vivid detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When the fallacy of Jumping to Conclusions is due to a special emphasis on an anecdote or other piece of evidence, then the fallacy of Misleading Vividness has occurred.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 9, + "end": 16, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 20, + "end": 42, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "j", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:10:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:42:49+0000", + "uid": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 124, + "end": 131, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 135, + "end": 155, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Yes, I read the side of the cigarette pack about smoking being harmful to your health. That's the Surgeon General's opinion, him and all his statistics. But let me tell you about my uncle. Uncle Harry has smoked cigarettes for forty years now and he's never been sick a day in his life. He even won a ski race at Lake Tahoe in his age group last year. You should have seen him zip down the mountain. He smoked a cigarette during the award ceremony, and he had a broad smile on his face. I was really proud. I can still remember the cheering. Cigarette smoking can't be as harmful as people say.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The vivid anecdote is the story about Uncle Harry. Too much emphasis is placed on it and not enough on the statistics from the Surgeon General.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "gamma", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hasty-generalization", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:47:20+0000", + "uid": "hasty-generalization", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#MisleadingVividness", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYx7xBAAACEAoDNg_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYx7xBAAACEAoDNg_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f2f674 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYx7xBAAACEAoDNg_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,336 @@ +{ + "id": "XYx7xBAAACEAoDNg", + "uid": "is-ought", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYx7xBAAACEAoDNg%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "i", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T08:53:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:51:34+0000", + "slugs": [ + "is-ought", + "naturalistic" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Is-Ought", + "abbreviation": "IO", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwq5RAAACAAnslB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-nature", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T05:19:02+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-nature", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Statements about what is, on the basis of claims about what ought to be.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Is-Ought fallacy occurs when a conclusion expressing what ought to be so is inferred from premises expressing only what is so, in which it is supposed that no implicit or explicit ought-premises are need. 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Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxFYhAAACIAnz74_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxFYhAAACIAnz74_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..939c3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxFYhAAACIAnz74_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxFYhAAACIAnz74", + "uid": "overprecision", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxFYhAAACIAnz74%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "o", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:00:39+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:42:41+0000", + "slugs": [ + "overprecision", + "exclusive-presmises" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Overprecision", + "abbreviation": "Op", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Fake Precision" + }, + { + "name": "False Precision" + }, + { + "name": "Misplaced Precision" + }, + { + "name": "Spurious Accuracy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Information is treated as more precise than it really is.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This fallacy occurs when an argument treats information as more precise than it really is. This happens when imprecise information contained in the premises must be taken as precise in order to adequately support the conclusion.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 28, + "end": 36, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 148, + "end": 156, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 217, + "end": 227, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Overprecision.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 51, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/fakeprec.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 17, + "end": 34, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd4cc8a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM", + "uid": "existential-fallacy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:05:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:42:18+0000", + "slugs": [ + "existential-fallacy", + "exclusive-presmises" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Existential Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "Ex", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Fallacy of Existential Assumption" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "q", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantificational-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:46:14+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:48:40+0000", + "uid": "quantificational-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument that has a universal premise and a particular conclusion.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Any argument whose conclusion implies that a class has at least one member, but whose premises do not so imply. Usually, this involves arguing from a universal premise or premises to a particular conclusion.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 29, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 86, + "end": 94, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 160, + "end": 167, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 171, + "end": 179, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 196, + "end": 206, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All trespassers will be prosecuted.\nAll unicorns are animals.\nTherefore, some of those prosecuted will have trespassed.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantifier-shift", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:41:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:33+0000", + "uid": "quantifier-shift", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "formal", + "s" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "some-aresome-are-not", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:26:35+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:10:22+0000", + "uid": "some-are-some-are-not", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Existential Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/existent.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 44, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ae5a84 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5", + "uid": "gamblers", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:48:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:32+0000", + "slugs": [ + "gamblers-fallacy", + "emotional-appeal" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Gambler's Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "G", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The Maturity of the Chances" + }, + { + "name": "The Monte Carlo Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYr8yREAACMA8FCU", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T05:39:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:24:37+0000", + "uid": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The incorrect belief that separate, independent events can affect the likelihood of another random event.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The Gambler's Fallacy is based on a failure to understand statistical independence, that is, two events are statistically independent when the occurrence of one has no statistical effect upon the occurrence of the other. Statistical independence is connected to the notion of randomness in the following way: what makes a sequence random is that its members are statistically independent of each other. For instance, a list of random numbers is such that one cannot predict better than chance any member of the list based upon a knowledge of the other list members.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 21, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "I know this is a fair coin, but it has come up heads five times in a row now, so tails is due on the next toss.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacious move was to conclude that the probability of the next toss coming up tails must be more than a half. The assumption that it's a fair coin is important because, if the coin comes up heads five times in a row, one would otherwise become suspicious that it's not a fair coin and therefore properly conclude that the probably is high that heads is more likely on the next toss.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 14, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "base-rate-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:12:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:35:16+0000", + "uid": "base-rate-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hot-hand-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:14:03+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:59+0000", + "uid": "conjunction-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XZCGYhAAACYAItOG", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "multiple-comparisons", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:33:56+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:37:59+0000", + "uid": "multiple-comparisons", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Gambler's", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Gambler's Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/gamblers.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc9d6e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,272 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "slugs": [ + "hot-hand-fallacy", + "gamblers-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Hot Hand Fallacy", + "abbreviation": "HH", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYr8yREAACMA8FCU", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T05:39:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:24:37+0000", + "uid": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A gambler has had a streak of good luck. Therefore, the gambler is \"hot\" and the good luck will continue at a probability greater than chance.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This fallacy is committed every day in casinos around the world, whenever a gambler thinks he's \"hot\". When gamblers are on winning streaks, and keep betting or increasing their wagers to take advantage of their good luck, they commit this fallacy. Despite its name, gamblers also commit this fallacy when they think that they're \"cold\", and stop betting or decrease their wagers because they're on a losing streak. This is still the \"hot hand\" fallacy, because the logical mistake is the same.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 240, + "end": 247, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 293, + "end": 300, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 445, + "end": 452, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fundamental error is the same as in the Gambler's Fallacy, that is, the failure to appreciate statistical independence. Just as a fair gambling device does not remember its own past, it also does not remember a gambler's past. So, a gambler's odds of winning a current bet are not affected by whether the gambler has won or lost previous ones. Roulette wheels and dice do not have memories.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 44, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hot-hand-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "gamblers-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:48:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:32+0000", + "uid": "gamblers", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "base-rate-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:12:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:35:16+0000", + "uid": "base-rate-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:14:03+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:59+0000", + "uid": "conjunction-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XZCGYhAAACYAItOG", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "multiple-comparisons", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:33:56+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:37:59+0000", + "uid": "multiple-comparisons", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Hot Hand Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/hothandf.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 24, + "end": 41, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5579b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,338 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "slugs": [ + "guilt-by-association", + "gamblers-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Guilt by Association", + "abbreviation": "GbA", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Bad Company Fallacy" + }, + { + "name": "The Company that You Keep Fallacy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxTKRAAAB8An3xw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "gamma", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hitler-card", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:59:55+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:25:06+0000", + "uid": "hitler-card", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A person is said to be guilty of error because of the group he or she associates with.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Guilt by Association is the attempt to discredit an idea based upon disfavoured people or groups associated with it. This is the reverse of an Appeal to Authority, which argues in favour of an idea based upon associating a favoured person or group with the idea, whereas guilt by association argues against an idea based upon associating it with a disfavoured person or group.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 20, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 143, + "end": 162, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwHnxAAACAAniq5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-authority", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:35:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2020-08-20T23:44:33+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-authority", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 177, + "end": 186, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 299, + "end": 306, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "The most telling moment in last night's [State of the Union] speech came after the president noted that \"key provisions of the Patriot Act are set to expire next year.\" In response, notes the New York Times, \"some critics in Congress applauded enthusiastically.\" If Osama bin Laden watched the speech, one imagines him applauding too.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + }, + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Secretary of State Dean Acheson is too soft on communism, as you can see by his inviting so many fuzzy-headed liberals to his White House cocktail parties.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Has any evidence been presented here that Acheson's actions are inappropriate in regards to communism? This sort of reasoning is an example of McCarthyism, the technique of smearing liberal Democrats that was so effectively used by the late Senator Joe McCarthy in the early 1950s. In fact, Acheson was strongly anti-communist and the architect of President Truman's firm policy of containing Soviet power.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYv90hAAACIAnf7Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "bandwagon", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T23:58:10+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:26:28+0000", + "uid": "bandwagon", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwqjxAAAB8Anse1", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "appeal-to-consequences", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:09:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:04:31+0000", + "uid": "appeal-to-consequences", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "emotional-appeal", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:05:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:44:56+0000", + "uid": "emotional-appeal", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwGcRAAACAAniVz", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "genetic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:34:32+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:21:14+0000", + "uid": "genetic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq7YBEAACQA7y8Q", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "straw-man", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:57:23+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:39:44+0000", + "uid": "straw-man", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#GuiltbyAssociation", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Guilt by Association.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/guiltbya.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 24, + "end": 41, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxTKRAAAB8An3xw_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxTKRAAAB8An3xw_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6a29af --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxTKRAAAB8An3xw_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxTKRAAAB8An3xw", + "uid": "hitler-card", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxTKRAAAB8An3xw%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "gamma", + "h" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:59:55+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:25:06+0000", + "slugs": [ + "hitler-card", + "guilt-by-association" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Hitler Card", + "abbreviation": "HC", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Argumentum ad Nazium" + }, + { + "name": "Reductio ad Hitlerum" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "guilt-by-association", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Criticizing a position by associating it in some way with Adolf Hitler or the Nazis in general.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In almost every heated debate, one side or the other—often both—plays the \"Hitler card\", that is, criticizes their opponent's position by associating it in some way with Adolf Hitler or the Nazis in general. This move is so common that it led Mike Godwin to develop the well-known \"Godwin's Law of Nazi Analogies\": \"As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one.\"", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 75, + "end": 86, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "No one wants to be associated with Nazism because it has been so thoroughly discredited in both theory and practise, and Hitler of course was its most famous exponent. So, linking an idea with Hitler or Nazism has become a common form of argument ascribing Guilt by Association.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 238, + "end": 246, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 257, + "end": 277, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYxSKxAAACAAn3gF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "g", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "guilt-by-association", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:56:11+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:23:26+0000", + "uid": "guilt-by-association", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Some instances of the Hitler Card are factually incorrect, or even ludicrous, in ascribing ideas to Hitler or other Nazis that they did not hold. However, from a logical point of view, even if Hitler or other Nazis did accept an idea, this historical fact alone is insufficient to discredit it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 22, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Hitler was in favor of euthanasia.\nTherefore, euthanasia is wrong.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Hitler Card.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3350be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5", + "uid": "tu-quoque", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:08:19+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:19:53+0000", + "slugs": [ + "tu-quoque", + "gamblers-fallacy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Tu Quoque", + "abbreviation": "TQ", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "You Too" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Hypocrisy" + }, + { + "name": "Whataboutism" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The argument states that a certain position is false or wrong or should be disregarded because its proponent fails to act consistently in accordance with that position.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Tu Quoque is a very common fallacy in which one attempts to defend oneself or another from criticism by turning the critique back against the accuser. This is a classic Red Herring since whether the accuser is guilty of the same, or a similar, wrong is irrelevant to the truth of the original charge. However, as a diversionary tactic, Tu Quoque can be very effective, since the accuser is put on the defensive, and frequently feels compelled to defend against the accusation.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 34, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 169, + "end": 180, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 336, + "end": 345, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Look who's talking. You say I shouldn't become an alcoholic because it will hurt me and my family, yet you yourself are an alcoholic, so your argument can't be worth listening to.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Discovering that a speaker is a hypocrite is a reason to be suspicious of the speaker's reasoning, but it is not a sufficient reason to discount it.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#TuQuoque", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Tu Quoque.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 47, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/tuquoque.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 13, + "end": 30, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b5b0c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,395 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw", + "uid": "two-wrongs-make-right", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxWCBAAACEAn4kw%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:10:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:18:33+0000", + "slugs": [ + "two-wrongs-make-a-right", + "tu-quoque" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Two Wrongs Make a Right", + "abbreviation": "TWMR", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "tu-quoque", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:08:19+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:19:53+0000", + "uid": "tu-quoque", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will rectify it.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This fallacy involves the attempt to justify a wrong action by pointing to another wrong action. Often, the other wrong action is of the same type or committed by the accuser, in which case it is the subfallacy Tu Quoque. Attempting to justify committing a wrong on the grounds that someone else is guilty of another wrong is clearly a Red Herring―that is, a fallacy of irrelevance―because if this form of argument were cogent, one could justify anything―assuming that there is another wrong to point to, which is a very safe assumption. Nonetheless, such arguments often succeed as distractions, just as a pickled herring drawn across the trail would distract bloodhounds from the chase. By changing the subject from one wrong action to another, the arguer may manage to throw you off the scent.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 211, + "end": 220, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYxUwRAAAB8An4N5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "t", + "informal", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "tu-quoque", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:08:19+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:19:53+0000", + "uid": "tu-quoque", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 336, + "end": 347, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYq81REAACUA7zWS", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "r", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "red-herring", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T01:03:26+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:31:21+0000", + "uid": "red-herring", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 406, + "end": 414, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 420, + "end": 426, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 446, + "end": 454, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Oops, no paper this morning. Somebody in our apartment building probably stole my newspaper. 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Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/twowrong.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 44, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxXYBAAAB8An48o_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxXYBAAAB8An48o_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e58e531 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxXYBAAAB8An48o_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,331 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxXYBAAAB8An48o", + "uid": "wishful-thinking", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxXYBAAAB8An48o%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "w" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:17:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:12:50+0000", + "slugs": [ + "wishful-thinking", + "two-wrongs-make-a-right" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Wishful Thinking", + "abbreviation": "WT", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw4UBAAACAAnwT7", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "emotional-appeal", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:05:54+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:44:56+0000", + "uid": "emotional-appeal", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A decision is made according to what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than according to evidence or reason.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Psychologically, \"wishful thinking\" is believing something because of a desire—\"wish\"—that it be true. As a logical fallacy, Wishful Thinking is an argument whose premise expresses a desire for the conclusion to be true.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 18, + "end": 34, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 116, + "end": 123, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 125, + "end": 141, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 148, + "end": 156, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 163, + "end": 170, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 198, + "end": 208, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Of course, this type of thinking seldom takes the explicit form of an argument from a premise about one's belief to the conclusion that one's wish is true. Such bald wishful thinking would be patently fallacious even to the wishful thinker. Rather, Wishful Thinking usually takes the form of a bias towards the belief in P, which leads to the overestimating of the weight of evidence in favour of P, as well as the underestimating of the weight against.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 70, + "end": 78, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 86, + "end": 93, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 120, + "end": 130, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 201, + "end": 211, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 249, + "end": 265, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 321, + "end": 322, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 397, + "end": 398, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "There's got to be an error here in the history book. It says Thomas Jefferson had slaves. I don't believe it. He was our best president, and a good president would never do such a thing. That would be awful.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Wishful%20Thinking", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Wishful Thinking.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/wishthnk.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 20, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5dde03 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,558 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz", + "uid": "undistributed-middle", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxYHRAAACEAn5Jz%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "u", + "formal" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:22:29+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:40+0000", + "slugs": [ + "undistributed-middle", + "wishful-thinking" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Undistributed Middle", + "abbreviation": "UM", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Undistributed Middle Term" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This is a type of rule-breaking fallacy of categorical syllogisms, and the rule broken by an argument of this form is that shown just above. All forms of categorical syllogism that have an undistributed middle term are non-validating, which can be shown by inspection of the 256 different forms of categorical syllogism.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 43, + "end": 65, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 93, + "end": 101, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 154, + "end": 175, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 189, + "end": 209, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 298, + "end": 319, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Unlike some of the other syllogistic rule-breaking fallacies, Undistributed Middle is occasionally committed by real-life arguments, which may be partly the result of the similarity of the most common form of Undistributed Middle to a validating form of argument.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 51, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 62, + "end": 82, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 122, + "end": 131, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 209, + "end": 229, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 254, + "end": 262, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Probably the most commonly occurring form of categorical syllogism with an undistributed middle term is the following:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 45, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYiCphEAACgAhhEW", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogism", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T08:30:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:29:29+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 75, + "end": 95, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All P are M.\nAll S are M.\nTherefore, All S are P.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In this form, the middle term, M, is undistributed since it is the predicate of both premises, which are A-type propositions.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 85, + "end": 93, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 105, + "end": 124, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "All collies are animals.\nAll dogs are animals.\nTherefore, all collies are dogs.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The middle term (\"animals\") is in the predicate of both universal affirmative premises and therefore is undistributed. This formal fallacy has the logical form: All C are A. All D are A. Therefore, all C are D.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 78, + "end": 86, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 124, + "end": 138, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 165, + "end": 166, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 171, + "end": 172, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 178, + "end": 180, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 184, + "end": 185, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 202, + "end": 203, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 208, + "end": 209, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYw5QxAAACEAnwkj", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "exclusive-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T04:09:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2021-08-24T22:09:21+0000", + "uid": "exclusive-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF3CBAAACQAO2Yb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "f", + "formal", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "four-terms", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:30:47+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:59:32+0000", + "uid": "four-terms", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-minor", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "a" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:59:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:28:38+0000", + "uid": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:54:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:55:54+0000", + "uid": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-major", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#UndistributedMiddle", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Undistributed Middle Term.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 63, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/undismid.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 29, + "end": 46, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e10cb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC", + "uid": "some-are-some-are-not", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "formal", + "s" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:26:35+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:10:22+0000", + "slugs": [ + "some-aresome-are-not", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Some Are/Some Are Not", + "abbreviation": "SASN", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Unwarranted Contrast" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "q", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantificational-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:46:14+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:48:40+0000", + "uid": "quantificational-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Some S are P. Therefore, some S are not P.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 7, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 11, + "end": 12, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 32, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 40, + "end": 41, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To understand the nature of this fallacy, one needs to know the difference between logical implication and conversational implicature:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 33, + "end": 40, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 91, + "end": 102, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 122, + "end": 133, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Implication: This is a relation between propositions, that is, sentences that are true or false.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 12, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 40, + "end": 52, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "Implicature: This is a relation between the fact that someone makes a statement and a proposition.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 12, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 86, + "end": 97, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "For example, suppose that I state that today is Sunday and it's raining. This statement logically implies―in the sense of 1, above―that it's raining. In contrast, the fact that I made the statement implicates―in the sense of 2, above―that I believe that it's raining. The statement taken by itself implies nothing about what I believe, but the fact that I made the statement implicates that I believe it. In other words, I didn't say that I believe it's raining, but from the fact that I said it's raining you can infer that I believe it.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 98, + "end": 105, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 198, + "end": 208, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 344, + "end": 348, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 430, + "end": 433, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Some politicians are crooks.\nTherefore, some politicians are not crooks.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxGIRAAAB8An0JM", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "e" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "existential-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:05:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:42:18+0000", + "uid": "existential-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantifier-shift", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:41:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:33+0000", + "uid": "quantifier-shift", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Some Are/Some Are Not.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 59, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/somernot.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 25, + "end": 42, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df424fc --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +{ + "id": "XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs", + "uid": "jumping-to-conclusions", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYx_lhAAACIAoEUs%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "j", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:10:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:42:49+0000", + "slugs": [ + "jumping-to-conclusions", + "misleading-vividness" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Jumping to Conclusions", + "abbreviation": "JtC", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwi3hAAACIAnqUo", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "biased-sample", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:45:24+0000", + "uid": "biased-sample", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwjdBAAACAAnqfH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "weak-analogy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:59:44+0000", + "uid": "weak-analogy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwk3BAAACIAnq4f", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "gamma", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hasty-generalization", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T02:46:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:47:20+0000", + "uid": "hasty-generalization", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYx-VBAAACAAoD8z", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "misleading-vividness", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:06:15+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:41:53+0000", + "uid": "misleading-vividness", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Drawing a conclusion too quickly without acquiring enough of the relevant evidence.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "It is not always a mistake to make a quick decision, but when we draw a conclusion without taking the trouble to acquire enough of the relevant evidence, our reasoning uses the fallacy of Jumping to Conclusions, provided there was sufficient time to acquire and assess that extra evidence, and provided that the extra effort it takes to get the evidence isn't prohibitive.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 72, + "end": 82, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 177, + "end": 184, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 188, + "end": 210, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Yes, I read the side of the cigarette pack about smoking being harmful to your health. That's the Surgeon General's opinion, him and all his statistics. But let me tell you about my uncle. Uncle Harry has smoked cigarettes for forty years now and he's never been sick a day in his life. He even won a ski race at Lake Tahoe in his age group last year. You should have seen him zip down the mountain. He smoked a cigarette during the award ceremony, and he had a broad smile on his face. I was really proud. I can still remember the cheering. Cigarette smoking can't be as harmful as people say.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The vivid anecdote is the story about Uncle Harry. Too much emphasis is placed on it and not enough on the statistics from the Surgeon General.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#JumpingtoConclusions", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxaNhAAAB8An5vE_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxaNhAAAB8An5vE_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c6c835 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxaNhAAAB8An5vE_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxaNhAAAB8An5vE", + "uid": "redefinition", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxaNhAAAB8An5vE%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:32:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T16:52:34+0000", + "slugs": [ + "redefinition", + "redifinition", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Redefinition", + "abbreviation": "Re", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxaoxAAAB8An52l", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "no-true-scotsman", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:32:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:06:57+0000", + "uid": "no-true-scotsman", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Redefining a term to support an argument.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "To redefine a term is, of course, to assign it a new meaning. It is not necessarily fallacious to give a term a new meaning, and it is often done to produce technical terms, but there is always a danger of slipping back into using the term in its old meaning out of habit. So, one may start out reasoning with the term using its new meaning in the premises, then fall back into using it in its familiar meaning in the conclusion. Thus, one may accidentally end up equivocating on the redefined term, which is why Redefinition is a subfallacy of Equivocation.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 84, + "end": 94, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 348, + "end": 356, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 418, + "end": 428, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 513, + "end": 525, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 531, + "end": 541, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 545, + "end": 557, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "In July 1993, the Commonwealth Fund released the results of a telephone survey of 2,500 women, designed and carried out by Louis Harris and Associates. The Commonwealth and Harris investigators took their questions directly from the Gelles and Straus survey.... [T]he Harris/Commonwealth survey concluded that as many as four million women a year were victims of physical assaults…. But the most interesting finding of all, and one entirely overlooked by the press, for it did not harmonize with the notes of alarm in the Harris/Commonwealth press releases, was the response the poll received…about the most severe forms of violence. Gelles and Straus had estimated that these things happen to fewer than 1 percent of women. According to the survey sample, the percentage of women who had these experiences was virtually zero; all respondents answered 'no' to all the questions on severe violence. This finding does not, of course, mean that no one was brutally attacked. But it does suggest that severe violence is relatively rare.\n\nSo where did the four million figure for physical assault come from? … Clearly the interpreters of the Harris/Commonwealth poll data were operating with a much wider conception of 'abuse' than Gelles and Straus. Looking at the \"survey instrument\", we find that they had indeed opened the door wide to the alarmist conclusions they disseminated. … To arrive at the figure of four million for physical abuse, the survey used the simple expedient of ignoring the distinction between minor and severe violent acts, counting all acts of violence as acts of abuse. Five percent of women they spoke to said they had been \"pushed, grabbed, shoved, or slapped\"; they were all classified as victims of domestic violence and added in to get a projection of four million victims nationwide. … If a couple has a fight, and she stomps out of the room (or yard), and he grabs her arm, this would count as a violent physical assault on her.\n\n...As for journalists and the newscasters, their interests too often lie in giving a sensational rather than an accurate picture of gender violence, and they tend to credit the advocacy sources. Better four million or five than one or two. ... And all the better, too, if the media's readers and viewers get the impression that the inflated figures refer not to slaps, shoves, or pushes but to brutal, terrifying, life-threatening assaults.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYs21hEAACIA8Vbd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "formal", + "a", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguous-middle", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:44:01+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:12:20+0000", + "uid": "ambiguous-middle", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Redefinition.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/redefine.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 16, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxaoxAAAB8An52l_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxaoxAAAB8An52l_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0de0c85 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxaoxAAAB8An52l_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,239 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxaoxAAAB8An52l", + "uid": "no-true-scotsman", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxaoxAAAB8An52l%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:32:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:06:57+0000", + "slugs": [ + "no-true-scotsman", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "No-True-Scotsman", + "abbreviation": "NTS", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "The No-True-Scotsman Move" + }, + { + "name": "The No-True-Scotsman Ploy" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxaNhAAAB8An5vE", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "beta", + "r" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "redefinition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:32:05+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T16:52:34+0000", + "uid": "redefinition", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYF2CBAAACQAO2Gd", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "e", + "beta", + "informal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "equivocation", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T00:10:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:28:44+0000", + "uid": "equivocation", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Makes a generalization true by changing the generalization to exclude a counterexample.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The no-true-Scotsman type of redefinition usually occurs in the course of an argument or debate among two or more people. As in the case of the infamous Scotsman, an arguer makes a universal claim, such as \"all swans are white\" or \"no swans are black\". When an opponent points out that there are black swans in Australia, the arguer revises the claim to \"all true swans are white\" or \"no real swans are black\". This seems to save the arguer's claims from refutation by redefining \"swan\" to include whiteness and exclude blackness.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 20, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 77, + "end": 85, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 359, + "end": 363, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 388, + "end": 392, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The claim that \"all swans are white\" is an interesting, substantive, but false claim about the world. In contrast, the claim that \"all true swans are white\" is no more substantive than the claim that \"all white swans are white\". In other words, the no-true-Scotsman move or ploy gains truth at the cost of informativeness. The redefinition that results is true by definition, and therefore tells us only about the arguer's use of the word \"swan\", rather than about actual swans.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 249, + "end": 265, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Smith: All Scotsmen are loyal and brave.\nJones: But McDougal over there is a Scotsman, and he was arrested by his commanding officer for running from the enemy.\nSmith: Well, if that's right, it just shows that McDougal wasn't a TRUE Scotsman.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#NoTrueScotsman", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The No-True-Scotsman Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/scotsman.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 32, + "end": 49, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..926c78c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,461 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD", + "uid": "quantifier-shift", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxcnhAAACEAn6aD%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "informal", + "q", + "gamma" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:41:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:33+0000", + "slugs": [ + "quantifier-shift", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Quantifier-Shift", + "abbreviation": "QS", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Illicit Quantifier Shift" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYvgIRAAACEAnXqH", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "q", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "quantificational-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T21:46:14+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:48:40+0000", + "uid": "quantificational-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq3fREAACMA7x2S", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "s", + "gamma" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "scope-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:40:31+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T09:36:02+0000", + "uid": "scope-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYq2mBEAACUA7xmB", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "amphiboly", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T00:39:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T17:11:49+0000", + "uid": "amphiboly", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYpechEAACUA7Y48", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "a", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "ambiguity", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-24T18:23:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T03:03:58+0000", + "uid": "ambiguity", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Confusing the phrase \"For all x there is some y\" with \"There is some (one) y such that for all x.\"", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The phrase \"quantifier-shift\" refers to the two quantifiers in the premise and conclusion of arguments of this form, namely, \"every\" and \"some\". \"Shift\" refers to the fact that the difference between the premise and conclusion of this form of argument consists in a shift in the order—or, technically, the scope—of the quantifiers. In the premise, the universal quantifier, \"every\", is followed by the existential one, \"some\", whereas in the conclusion the order is reversed. This means that in the premise the universal quantifier has widest scope, while in the conclusion the existential quantifier has widest scope.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 12, + "end": 28, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 67, + "end": 74, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 79, + "end": 89, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 93, + "end": 102, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": 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"type": "preformatted", + "text": "Everything has a cause, so there's one cause of everything.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The error is also made if you argue from \"Everybody loves someone\" to \"There is someone whom everybody loves.\"", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxn8hAAACEAn9me", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "m", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "modal-logic", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:30:36+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:57:50+0000", + "uid": "modal-logic", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxZQRAAAB8An5eC", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "formal", + "s" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "some-aresome-are-not", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:26:35+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:10:22+0000", + "uid": "some-are-some-are-not", + "link_type": 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Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 62, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/quanshif.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 28, + "end": 45, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9a88e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,585 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ", + "uid": "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxdoRAAACAAn6sJ%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "n", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:54:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:55:54+0000", + "slugs": [ + "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Negative Conclusion from Affirmative Premises", + "abbreviation": "NCAP", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Negative Conclusion with No Negative Premiss" + }, + { + "name": "Illicit Affirmative" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Inferring a negative conclusion in a syllogistic argument that has no negative premises is a formal fallacy of categorical syllogisms. 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"fallacy": { + "id": "XYwKfxAAACIAnje4", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-minor", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:49:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:42:18+0000", + "uid": "illicit-minor", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwJoxAAACEAnjPf", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "beta", + "i", + "formal" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "illicit-major", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T00:46:45+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:00:53+0000", + "uid": "illicit-major", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Negative Conclusion from Affirmative Premisses.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/negfroma.html#Note", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 50, + "end": 67, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44f3081 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,508 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF", + "uid": "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxgjBAAACEAn7hF%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "a" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T06:59:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:28:38+0000", + "slugs": [ + "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premise", + "affirmative-conclusion-from-a-negative-premiss", + "negative-conclusion-from-affirmative-premises" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise", + "abbreviation": "ACNP", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Illicit Negative" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYsybBEAACIA8UJX", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "s", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T09:36:12+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T00:19:12+0000", + "uid": "syllogistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Inferring an affirmative conclusion in a syllogistic argument that has at least one negative premise is a formal fallacy in the logic of categorical syllogisms―for a short introduction to categorical syllogisms, see the entry for Syllogistic Fallacy. This is because all validating forms of categorical syllogism that have at least one negative premise also have a negative conclusion, which can be shown by inspection since there are only 256 different forms of categorical syllogism. 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"\"Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premiss.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 84, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/afromneg.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 50, + "end": 67, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxn8hAAACEAn9me_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxn8hAAACEAn9me_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce3c238 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxn8hAAACEAn9me_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,567 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxn8hAAACEAn9me", + "uid": "modal-logic", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxn8hAAACEAn9me%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "m", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:30:36+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:57:50+0000", + "slugs": [ + "modal-logic", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Modal Logic", + "abbreviation": "ML", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Confusing possibility with necessity.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Modal Logic is the branch of logic which studies logical relations involving modalities. Modalities are ways in which a statement, or \"proposition\", can be true or false. The most commonly studied modalities are necessity and possibility, which are modalities because some propositions are necessarily true or false and others are possibly so. Types of modality include:", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 11, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 135, + "end": 146, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 273, + "end": 285, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Alethic Modalities: These include possibility and necessity, which were already mentioned, as well as impossibility and contingency. Some propositions are impossible, that is, necessarily false, whereas others are contingent, meaning that they are both possibly true and possibly false.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 19, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 138, + "end": 150, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Temporal Modalities: Historical and future truth or falsity. Some propositions were true or false in the past, some true or false now, and others will be so in the future.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 20, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 66, + "end": 78, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Deontic Modalities: Obligation and permissibility. Some propositions ought to be true or false, while others are permissibly so.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 19, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 56, + "end": 68, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "list-item", + "text": "Epistemic Modalities: Knowledge and belief. Some propositions are known to be true or false, and others are believed to be so.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 21, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 49, + "end": 61, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Modalities are propositional functions―that is, they are functions that produce a proposition when applied to a proposition―like negation in propositional logic, but unlike negation in that they are not truth-functional. That is, you cannot determine the truth-value―whether it is true or false―of a modal proposition based solely upon the truth-value of the proposition it contains. For instance, from the fact that a certain proposition is true it does not follow that it is necessarily true, nor that it isn't. Some true propositions are necessarily so, but others are not.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 82, + "end": 93, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 112, + "end": 123, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 306, + "end": 317, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 359, + "end": 370, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 427, + "end": 438, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 524, + "end": 536, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhLZhEAACcAhRjY", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "proposition", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:26:06+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Modal fallacies are formal fallacies in which modality plays a role in the fallaciousness of a type of argument. Modal Logic is the most general fallacy involving modalities, but most actual fallacious arguments involving modalities will commit the subfallacy, above.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 20, + "end": 36, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 103, + "end": 111, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 113, + "end": 124, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 145, + "end": 152, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 202, + "end": 211, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 249, + "end": 259, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "James has two children. If James has two children, then he necessarily has more than one child. So, it is necessarily true that James has more than one child.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This apparently valid argument is invalid. It is not necessarily true that James has more than one child; it's merely true that he has more than one child. He could have had no children. It is logically possible that James has no children even though he actually has two. The solution to the fallacy is to see that the premise \"If James has two children, then he necessarily has more than one child,\" requires the modality \"necessarily\" to apply logically to the entire conditional \"If James has two children, then he has more than one child\" even though grammatically it applies only to \"he has more than one child.\" The Modal Logic fallacy is the most well known of the infinitely many errors involving modal concepts. Modal concepts include necessity, possibility, and so forth.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 22, + "end": 30, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 53, + "end": 69, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 118, + "end": 122, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 292, + "end": 299, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 618, + "end": 621, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 622, + "end": 633, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 634, + "end": 641, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Modal", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Fallacy of Modal Logic.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 60, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/modalfal.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 26, + "end": 43, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxpXRAAACIAn-A2_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxpXRAAACIAn-A2_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6889c6c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxpXRAAACIAn-A2_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxpXRAAACIAn-A2", + "uid": "loaded-question", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxpXRAAACIAn-A2%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "l", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:35:46+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:56:03+0000", + "slugs": [ + "loaded-question", + "modal-logic" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Loaded Question", + "abbreviation": "LQ", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Many Questions" + }, + { + "name": "Complex Question" + }, + { + "name": "Plurium Interrogationum" + }, + { + "name": "Fallacy of Presuppositions" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "b" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "begging-the-question", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:36:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:54:14+0000", + "uid": "begging-the-question", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A \"loaded question\", like a loaded gun, is a dangerous thing. A loaded question is a question with a false or questionable presupposition, and it is \"loaded\" with that presumption. The question \"Have you stopped beating your wife?\" presupposes that you have beaten your wife prior to its asking, as well as that you have a wife. If you are unmarried, or have never beaten your wife, then the question is loaded.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 3, + "end": 18, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 64, + "end": 79, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 194, + "end": 231, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 316, + "end": 320, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Since this example is a yes/no question, there are only the following two direct answers:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "\"Yes, I have stopped beating my wife\", which entails \"I was beating my wife.\"", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 56, + "end": 59, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "\"No, I haven't stopped beating my wife\", which entails \"I am still beating my wife.\"", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 61, + "end": 66, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Thus, either direct answer entails that you have beaten your wife, which is, therefore, a presupposition of the question. So, a loaded question is one which you cannot answer directly without implying a falsehood or a statement that you deny. For this reason, the proper response to such a question is not to answer it directly, but to either refuse to answer or to reject the question.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Some systems of parliamentary debate provide for \"dividing the question\", that is, splitting a complex question up into two or more simple questions. Such a move can be used to split the example as follows:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "\"Have you ever beaten your wife?\"", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "o-list-item", + "text": "\"If so, are you still doing so?\"", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "In this way, 1 can be answered directly by \"no\", and then the conditional question 2 does not arise.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 13, + "end": 14, + "type": "strong" + }, + { + "start": 83, + "end": 84, + "type": "strong" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "[Reporter's question] Mr. President: Are you going to continue your policy of wasting taxpayer's money on missile defence?", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The question unfairly presumes the controversial claim that the policy really is a waste of money. The fallacy of Loaded Question is a form of Begging the Question.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 103, + "end": 110, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 114, + "end": 129, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 143, + "end": 163, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "b" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "begging-the-question", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:36:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:54:14+0000", + "uid": "begging-the-question", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxqahAAACIAn-T8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "l", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "loaded-language", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:42:48+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:56:16+0000", + "uid": "loaded-language", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#ComplexQuestion", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Loaded Question.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 53, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/loadques.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 19, + "end": 36, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYxqahAAACIAn-T8_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYxqahAAACIAn-T8_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6344f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYxqahAAACIAn-T8_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ +{ + "id": "XYxqahAAACIAn-T8", + "uid": "loaded-language", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYxqahAAACIAn-T8%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "l", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:42:48+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:56:16+0000", + "slugs": [ + "loaded-language", + "loaded-question" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Loaded Language", + "abbreviation": "LL", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Emotive Language" + }, + { + "name": "Loaded Words" + }, + { + "name": "Question-Begging Epithets" + }, + { + "name": "Prejudicial Language" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwxCRAAACEAnuSM", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "b" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "begging-the-question", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:36:18+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:54:14+0000", + "uid": "begging-the-question", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Emotive terminology that expresses value judgments.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "A word or phrase is \"loaded\" when it has a secondary, evaluative meaning in addition to its primary, descriptive meaning. When language is \"loaded\", it is loaded with its evaluative meaning. A loaded word is like a loaded gun, and its evaluative meaning is the bullet.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 193, + "end": 204, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Examples:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Loaded: Weed, unloaded: Plant\nLoaded: Beast, unloaded: Animal\nLoaded: Varmint, unloaded: Wild animal\nLoaded: Pest, unloaded: Insect", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "While few words have no evaluative overtones, \"plant\" is a primarily descriptive term. \"Weed\", in contrast, has essentially the same descriptive meaning as \"plant\", but a negative evaluative meaning, as well. A weed is a plant of which we disapprove.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 21, + "end": 23, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Loaded language is not inherently fallacious, otherwise most poetry would commit this fallacy. However, it is often a logical boobytrap, which may cause one to leap to an unwarranted evaluative conclusion. The fallacy is committed either when an arguer attempts to use loaded words in place of an argument, or when the audience reaches a conclusion based on the colourful language in which an argument is clothed, rather than on the merits of the argument itself.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 34, + "end": 44, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 86, + "end": 93, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 194, + "end": 204, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 297, + "end": 305, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 338, + "end": 348, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 393, + "end": 401, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 447, + "end": 455, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhJQhEAACUAhQ89", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "argument", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:19:17+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "[News broadcast] In today's top stories, Senator Smith carelessly cast the deciding vote today to pass both the budget bill and the trailer bill to fund yet another excessive watchdog committee over coastal development.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This broadcast is an editorial posing as a news report.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxqahAAACIAn-T8", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "l", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "loaded-language", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T07:42:48+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:56:16+0000", + "uid": "loaded-language", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#LoadedLanguage", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"Loaded Words.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 50, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/loadword.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 16, + "end": 33, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyB7BAAACEAoFBs_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyB7BAAACEAoFBs_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2abffb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyB7BAAACEAoFBs_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyB7BAAACEAoFBs", + "uid": "willed-ignorance", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyB7BAAACEAoFBs%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "w", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:18:50+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:39:19+0000", + "slugs": [ + "willed-ignorance", + "misleading-vividness" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Willed Ignorance", + "abbreviation": "WI", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYyChRAAACAAoFM9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "t", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "traditional-wisdom", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:23:16+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:40:39+0000", + "uid": "traditional-wisdom", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "I've got my mind made up, so don't confuse me with the facts.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "I've got my mind made up, so don't confuse me with the facts. This is usually a case of the Traditional Wisdom fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 92, + "end": 118, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYyChRAAACAAoFM9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "t", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "traditional-wisdom", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:23:16+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:40:39+0000", + "uid": "traditional-wisdom", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Of course she's made a mistake. We've always had meat and potatoes for dinner, and our ancestors have always had meat and potatoes for dinner, and so nobody knows what they're talking about when they start saying meat and potatoes are bad for us.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Willed%20ignorance", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyChRAAACAAoFM9_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyChRAAACAAoFM9_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fd2013 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyChRAAACAAoFM9_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyChRAAACAAoFM9", + "uid": "traditional-wisdom", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyChRAAACAAoFM9%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "t", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:23:16+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:40:39+0000", + "slugs": [ + "traditional-wisdom", + "willed-ignorance" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Traditional Wisdom", + "abbreviation": "TW", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Appeal to the Common Practice" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Gallery" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Masses" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Mob" + }, + { + "name": "Appeal to Past Practice" + }, + { + "name": "Argumentum Consensus Gentium" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYyChRAAACAAoFM9", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "t", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "traditional-wisdom", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:23:16+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:40:39+0000", + "uid": "traditional-wisdom", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An assertion is deemed true simply because it has been the apparently wise practice in the past.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If you say or imply that a practice must be OK today simply because it has been the apparently wise practice in the past, then your reasoning contains the fallacy of Traditional Wisdom. Procedures that are being practiced and that have a tradition of being practiced might or might not be able to be given a good justification, but merely saying that they have been practiced in the past is not always good enough, in which case the fallacy is present.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 166, + "end": 184, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 433, + "end": 440, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Of course we should buy IBM's computer whenever we need new computers. We have been buying IBM as far back as anyone can remember.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The \"of course\" is the problem. The traditional wisdom of IBM being the right buy is some reason to buy IBM next time, but it's not a good enough reason in a climate of changing products, so the \"of course\" indicates that the fallacy of Traditional Wisdom has occurred.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 36, + "end": 54, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 226, + "end": 233, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 237, + "end": 255, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Willed%20ignorance", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyExBAAACAAoF26_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyExBAAACAAoF26_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7cdc4c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyExBAAACAAoF26_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyExBAAACAAoF26", + "uid": "misplaced-burden-of-proof", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyExBAAACAAoF26%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:29:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:37:44+0000", + "slugs": [ + "misplaced-burden-of-proof", + "willed-ignorance" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Misplaced Burden of Proof", + "abbreviation": "MBP", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Committing the error of trying to get someone else to prove you are wrong, when it is your responsibility to prove you are correct.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Committing the error of trying to get someone else to prove you are wrong, when it is your responsibility to prove you are correct, hence shifting the burden of proof onto someone else.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 151, + "end": 166, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvuoxAAACAAnbsd", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "burden-of-proof", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:48:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:27:52+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Person A: I saw a green alien from outer space.\nPerson B: What!? Can you prove it?\nPerson A: You can't prove I didn't.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If someone says, “I saw a green alien from outer space,” you properly should ask for some proof. If the person responds with no more than something like, “Prove I didn’t,” then they are not accepting their burden of proof and are improperly trying to place it on your shoulders.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 206, + "end": 221, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYvuoxAAACAAnbsd", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "burden-of-proof", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T22:48:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:27:52+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#MisplacedBurden", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyF9xAAAB8AoGMy_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyF9xAAAB8AoGMy_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b9f4f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyF9xAAAB8AoGMy_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyF9xAAAB8AoGMy", + "uid": "irrelevant-conclusion", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyF9xAAAB8AoGMy%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "i", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:36:57+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:49:15+0000", + "slugs": [ + "irrelevant-conclusion", + "misleading-vividness" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Irrelevant Conclusion", + "abbreviation": "IC", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Ignoratio Elenchi" + }, + { + "name": "Missing the Point" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "An argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The conclusion that is drawn is irrelevant to the premises; it misses the point.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 14, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 50, + "end": 58, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "In court, Thompson testifies that the defendant is a honorable person, who wouldn't harm a flea. The defense attorney uses the fallacy by rising to say that Thompson's testimony shows once again that his client was not near the murder scene.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The testimony of Thompson may be relevant to a request for leniency, but it is irrelevant to any claim about the defendant not being near the murder scene.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#IrrelevantConclusion", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyFTxAAACIAoGAs_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyFTxAAACIAoGAs_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c1c8a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyFTxAAACIAoGAs_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyFTxAAACIAoGAs", + "uid": "confusing-an-explanation-with-an-excuse", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyFTxAAACIAoGAs%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "c" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:32:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:36:23+0000", + "slugs": [ + "confusing-an-explanation-with-an-excuse", + "misplaced-burden-of-proof" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Confusing an Explanation with an Excuse", + "abbreviation": "CEE", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Treating someone's explanation of a fact as if it were a justification of the fact.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Treating someone's explanation of a fact as if it were a justification of the fact. Explaining a crime should not be confused with excusing the crime, but it too often is.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Speaker: The German atrocities committed against the French and Belgians during World War I were in part due to the anger of German soldiers who learned that French and Belgian soldiers were ambushing German soldiers, shooting them in the back, or even poisoning, blinding and castrating them.\nRespondent: I don't understand how you can be so insensitive as to condone those German atrocities.", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#ConfusinganExplanationwithanExcuse", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyHQhAAACIAoGkJ_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyHQhAAACIAoGkJ_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72b731f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyHQhAAACIAoGkJ_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyHQhAAACIAoGkJ", + "uid": "oversimplification", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyHQhAAACIAoGkJ%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "o" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T09:41:35+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:10:22+0000", + "slugs": [ + "oversimplification", + "irrelevant-conclusion" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Oversimplification", + "abbreviation": "Os", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Fallacy of the Single Cause" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "It is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "You oversimplify when you cover up relevant complexities or make a complicated problem appear to be too much simpler than it really is.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "President Bush wants our country to trade with Fidel Castro's Communist Cuba. I say there should be a trade embargo against Cuba. The issue in our election is Cuban trade, and if you are against it, then you should vote for me for president.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Whom to vote for should be decided by considering quite a number of issues in addition to Cuban trade. When an oversimplification results in falsely implying that a minor causal factor is the major one, then the reasoning also uses the False Cause fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 236, + "end": 255, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYwzJRAAACIAnu3s", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "f" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "false-cause", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T03:45:44+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T08:53:28+0000", + "uid": "false-cause", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Oversimplification", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyNCxAAACAAoIOR_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyNCxAAACAAoIOR_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..248e87c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyNCxAAACAAoIOR_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyNCxAAACAAoIOR", + "uid": "hedging", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyNCxAAACAAoIOR%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "h" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:05:53+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:58:20+0000", + "slugs": [ + "hedging", + "headging", + "oversimplification" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Hedging", + "abbreviation": "Hg", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Refining a claim simply to avoid counter-evidence as if the revised claim is the same as the original.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Refining a claim simply to avoid counter-evidence as if the revised claim is the same as the original.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "Samantha: David is a totally selfish person.\nYvonne: I thought we was a boy scout leader. Don’t you have to give a lot of your time for that?\nSamantha: Well, David’s totally selfish about what he gives money to. He won’t spend a dime on anyone else.\nYvonne: I saw him bidding on things at the high school auction fundraiser.\nSamantha: Well, except for that he’s totally selfish about money.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "You do not use the fallacy if you explicitly accept the counter-evidence, admit that your original claim is incorrect, and then revise it so that it avoids that counter-evidence.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 26, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Hedging", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyNsRAAACAAoIae_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyNsRAAACAAoIae_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f08b838 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyNsRAAACAAoIae_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyNsRAAACAAoIae", + "uid": "hyperbolic-discounting", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyNsRAAACAAoIae%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "h", + "alpha" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:11:33+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:07:26+0000", + "slugs": [ + "hyperbolic-discounting", + "undistributed-middle" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Hyperbolic Discounting", + "abbreviation": "HD", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Preferences are biased toward the present.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacy of Hyperbolic Discounting occurs when someone too heavily weighs the importance of a present reward over a significantly greater reward in the near future, but only slightly differs in their valuations of those two rewards if they are to be received in the far future. The person’s preferences are biased toward the present.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 15, + "end": 37, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "When asked to decide between receiving an award of $50 now or $60 tomorrow, the person chooses the $50; however, when asked to decide between receiving $50 in two years or $60 in two years and one day, the person chooses the $60.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "If the person is in a situation in which $50 now will solve their problem but $60 tomorrow will not, then there is no fallacy in having a bias toward the present.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 118, + "end": 125, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Hyperbolic", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyP6RAAACIAoJDm_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyP6RAAACIAoJDm_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b23484 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyP6RAAACIAoJDm_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyP6RAAACIAoJDm", + "uid": "self-fulfilling-prophecy", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyP6RAAACIAoJDm%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "s" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:18:20+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:58:02+0000", + "slugs": [ + "self-fulfilling-prophecy", + "hyperbolic-discounting" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Self-Fulfilling Prophecy", + "abbreviation": "SFP", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When the act of prophesying will itself produce the effect that is prophesied.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The fallacy occurs when the act of prophesying will itself produce the effect that is prophesied, but the reasoner doesn't recognize this and believes the prophesy is a significant insight.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 4, + "end": 11, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This fallacy can be dangerous in an atmosphere of potential war between nations when the leader of a nation predicts that their nation will go to war against their enemy. This prediction could very well precipitate an enemy attack because the enemy calculates that if war is inevitable then it is to their military advantage not to get caught by surprise.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 5, + "end": 12, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "A group of students are selected to be interviewed individually by the teacher. Each selected student is told that the teacher has predicted they will do significantly better in their future school work. Actually, though, the teacher has no special information about the students and has picked the group at random. If the students believe this prediction about themselves, then, given human psychology, it is likely that they will do better merely because of the teacher's making the prediction.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "The prediction will fulfill itself, so to speak, and the students' reasoning contains the fallacy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 90, + "end": 97, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Self-FulfillingProphecy", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyREhAAACAAoJZO_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyREhAAACAAoJZO_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f51be15 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyREhAAACAAoJZO_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyREhAAACAAoJZO", + "uid": "unfalsifiability", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyREhAAACAAoJZO%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "u" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:22:43+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:57:04+0000", + "slugs": [ + "unfalsifiability", + "self-fulfilling-prophecy" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Unfalsifiability", + "abbreviation": "Uf", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Untestibility" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When the explanation contains a claim that is not falsifiable.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This error in explanation occurs when the explanation contains a claim that is not falsifiable, because there is no way to check on the claim. That is, there would be no way to show the claim to be false if it were false.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "He lied because he's possessed by demons.", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "This could be the correct explanation of his lying, but there's no way to check on whether it's correct. You can check whether he's twitching and moaning, but this won't be evidence about whether a supernatural force is controlling his body. The claim that he's possessed can't be verified if it's true, and it can't be falsified if it's false. So, the claim is too odd to be relied upon for an explanation of his lying. Relying on the claim is an instance of fallacious reasoning.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 460, + "end": 470, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Dowden, Bradley. \"Fallacies.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 66, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Unfalsifiability", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 30, + "end": 65, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XYyRpxAAACIAoJkA_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XYyRpxAAACIAoJkA_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..498dc15 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XYyRpxAAACIAoJkA_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +{ + "id": "XYyRpxAAACIAoJkA", + "uid": "moving-the-goalposts", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XYyRpxAAACIAoJkA%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "alpha", + "m" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T10:26:22+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T07:05:15+0000", + "slugs": [ + "moving-the-goalposts", + "unfalsifiability" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Moving the Goalposts", + "abbreviation": "MtG", + "aliases": [ + { + "name": "Raising the Bar" + } + ], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Argument in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Moving the Goalposts is an informal fallacy in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded. That is, after an attempt has been made to score a goal, the goalposts are moved to exclude the attempt. The problem with changing the rules of the game is that the meaning of the result is changed, too.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 20, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 27, + "end": 43, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYX59hEAACcAetqo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "informal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:23:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:33:41+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [], + "related": [], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"List of fallacies.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Sep. 2019. Web. 20 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 145, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" + } + }, + { + "start": 45, + "end": 77, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Wikipedia contributors. \"Moving the goalposts.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2019. Web. 26 Sep. 2019.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 148, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 48, + "end": 80, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/fallacy/XZCGYhAAACYAItOG_current.json b/docs/fallacy/XZCGYhAAACYAItOG_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2235f23 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/fallacy/XZCGYhAAACYAItOG_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,372 @@ +{ + "id": "XZCGYhAAACYAItOG", + "uid": "multiple-comparisons", + "url": null, + "type": "fallacy", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XZCGYhAAACYAItOG%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [ + "informal", + "m", + "beta" + ], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:33:56+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:37:59+0000", + "slugs": [ + "multiple-comparisons", + "quoting-out-of-context" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "name": "Multiple Comparisons", + "abbreviation": "MC", + "aliases": [], + "types": [ + { + "type": { + "id": "XYX6ihEAACYAet06", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [ + "fallacy-type" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "formal-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-21T10:26:13+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:14+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "inheritance": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYr8yREAACMA8FCU", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "p", + "alpha" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-25T05:39:37+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-30T22:24:37+0000", + "uid": "probabilistic-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "subtypes": [], + "summary": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Multiple comparisons are done in epidemiology at an insufficient confidence level to arrive at a conclusion.", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "description": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Though recognition of the Multiple Comparisons fallacy seems to have come from epidemiology, it's a danger in any statistical study that compares groups of things. The kind of reasoning used to draw conclusions from such studies is called \"inductive\". In inductive reasoning, there is always some chance that the conclusion will be false even if the evidence is true. In other words, the connection between the premises and conclusion is never 100%―that's only for deductive reasoning. So, the question arises: what level of probability―called a \"confidence level\"―are we willing to accept in our reasoning? In scientific contexts, the confidence level is usually set at 95%, and when a result occurs with a probability less than or equal to 5% it is said to be \"statistically significant\" at the 95% confidence level.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 26, + "end": 46, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 47, + "end": 54, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 199, + "end": 210, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 240, + "end": 249, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 255, + "end": 274, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN8hEAACgAhSQz", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "induction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:41+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:27:58+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 313, + "end": 323, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 411, + "end": 419, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK7BEAACUAhRat", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "premise", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:35:02+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:12:24+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 424, + "end": 434, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhK9xEAACgAhRbi", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conclusion", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:34:58+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T09:21:34+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 465, + "end": 484, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYhN_REAACgAhSRo", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "deduction", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T04:45:51+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-23T18:31:21+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "When the confidence level is set at 95%, there is a probability of one in twenty―that is, 5%―that a misleading result will occur simply by chance. This has an important consequence that when overlooked leads to the Multiple Comparisons fallacy. For instance, when comparisons are done in epidemiology, there is a one in twenty chance that such a comparison will show a statistically significant difference. So, if twenty or more comparisons are made in a single study, it will likely get at least one statistically significant result just by chance. Thus, it's necessary to use a higher confidence level in cases of multiple comparisons.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 215, + "end": 235, + "type": "em" + }, + { + "start": 236, + "end": 243, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "id": "XYh6gREAACgAhexg", + "type": "definition", + "tags": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-23T07:55:49+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T06:32:36+0000", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "start": 616, + "end": 636, + "type": "em" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Actually, the situation is worse still: if the things being compared are statistically independent, then it takes only fourteen comparisons for it to be more likely than not to get a statistically significant result by chance. This is a result of the multiplication rule of probability theory.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 251, + "end": 292, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ], + "examples": [ + { + "example": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "Example:", + "spans": [] + }, + { + "type": "preformatted", + "text": "...[I]n 1992, a landmark study appeared from Sweden. A huge investigation, it enrolled everyone living within 300 meters of Sweden's high-voltage transmission line system over a 25-year period. They went far beyond all previous studies in their efforts to measure magnetic fields, calculating the fields that the children were exposed to at the time of their cancer diagnosis and before. This study reported an apparently clear association between magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia, with a risk ratio for the most highly exposed of nearly 4.\n\n...Surely, here was the proof that power lines were dangerous, the proof that even the physicists and biological naysayers would have to accept. But three years after the study was published, the Swedish research no longer looks so unassailable. ...[T]he original contractor's report...reveals the remarkable thoroughness of the Swedish team. Unlike the published article, which just summarizes part of the data, the report shows everything they did in great detail, all the things they measured and all the comparisons they made. ...[N]early 800 risk ratios are in the report....", + "spans": [] + } + ] + } + ], + "related": [ + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJVBAAACMAPyCA", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "b", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "base-rate-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:12:27+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:35:16+0000", + "uid": "base-rate-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYJJtxAAACQAPyJT", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "c", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "conjunction-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-18T15:14:03+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:59+0000", + "uid": "conjunction-fallacy", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxQaxAAACIAn3A5", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "g", + "beta" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "gamblers-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:48:28+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:32+0000", + "uid": "gamblers", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + }, + { + "fallacy": { + "id": "XYxRPBAAACAAn3Pb", + "type": "fallacy", + "tags": [ + "formal", + "beta", + "h" + ], + "lang": "en-us", + "slug": "hot-hand-fallacy", + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-26T05:52:06+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T10:34:17+0000", + "uid": "hot-hand", + "link_type": "Document", + "isBroken": false + } + } + ], + "references": [ + { + "reference": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "\"The Multiple Comparisons Fallacy.\" The Fallacy Files, Gary N. Curtis.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 70, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "http://www.fallacyfiles.org/multcomp.html", + "target": "_blank" + } + }, + { + "start": 36, + "end": 55, + "type": "em" + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/docs/metadata/XY_QIhAAACIArwdE_current.json b/docs/metadata/XY_QIhAAACIArwdE_current.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff4228c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/metadata/XY_QIhAAACIArwdE_current.json @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +{ + "id": "XY_QIhAAACIArwdE", + "uid": null, + "url": null, + "type": "metadata", + "href": "https://aristotl.cdn.prismic.io/api/v2/documents/search?ref=YSVuERIAACEAKP1X&q=%5B%5B%3Ad+%3D+at%28document.id%2C+%22XY_QIhAAACIArwdE%22%29+%5D%5D", + "tags": [], + "first_publication_date": "2019-09-28T21:27:00+0000", + "last_publication_date": "2019-09-29T23:09:47+0000", + "slugs": [ + "metadata" + ], + "linked_documents": [], + "lang": "en-us", + "alternate_languages": [], + "data": { + "metadata": [ + { + "type": "heading1", + "text": "Metadata", + "spans": [] + } + ], + "copyright": [ + { + "type": "paragraph", + "text": "© 2019 Andrew Wei. Aristotl is an experimental tool designed to make looking up logical fallacies more efficient. Fallacy descriptions, examples, definitions, etc., are sourced externally as listed in each content entry and are rearranged by myself for presentation clarity. Full credits go to the respective authors of these sources.", + "spans": [ + { + "start": 19, + "end": 27, + "type": "hyperlink", + "data": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://www.aristotl.io" + } + } + ] + } + ], + "connect": [ + { + "icon": { + "dimensions": { + "width": 150, + "height": 150 + }, + "alt": null, + "copyright": null, + "url": "https://images.prismic.io/aristotl%2F09d7ede6-60c7-441b-8b09-8f3f56ff50d5_icon-email.svg?auto=compress,format", + "id": "XY_TfxAAACAArxYv", + "edit": { + "x": 0, + "y": 0, + "zoom": 1, + "background": "#fff" + } + }, + "url": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "mailto:andrewscwei@gmail.com" + } + }, + { + "icon": { + "dimensions": { + "width": 150, + "height": 150 + }, + "alt": null, + "copyright": null, + "url": "https://images.prismic.io/aristotl%2Ffe3e8327-0d53-4a97-a145-6b5267d9aa33_icon-github.svg?auto=compress,format", + "id": "XY_TdRAAAB8ArxYC", + "edit": { + "x": 0, + "y": 0, + "zoom": 1, + "background": "#fff" + } + }, + "url": { + "link_type": "Web", + "url": "https://github.com/andrewscwei/aristotl", + "target": "_blank" + } + } + ] + } +} diff --git a/src/app.conf.ts b/src/app.conf.ts index e9aa941..a35b191 100644 --- a/src/app.conf.ts +++ b/src/app.conf.ts @@ -84,4 +84,9 @@ export default { * Supported locales (first locale is the default locale). */ locales: ['en'], + + /** + * Specifies if local docs should be used instead of fetching from Prismic. + */ + useLocalDocs: true, } diff --git a/src/utils/prismic.ts b/src/utils/prismic.ts index fedbce4..27da739 100644 --- a/src/utils/prismic.ts +++ b/src/utils/prismic.ts @@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import resolveLinks from '../links.conf' import { getLocalizedPath } from './i18n' const debug = (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development' || __APP_CONFIG__.enableDebugInProduction === true) ? require('debug')('app:prismic') : () => {} +const docsReq = require.context('../../docs', true, /\.json$/) +const docs = _.orderBy(docsReq.keys().map(docsReq), ['data.abbreviation'], 'asc') as PrismicDocument[] +const docsByType =_.groupBy(docs, 'type') /** * Maps a Prismic document to its URL in the app. An example of when this is @@ -175,6 +178,10 @@ export function removePreviewToken() { * @returns Fetched documents as fulfilment value. */ export async function fetchDocsByType(type: string, uid?: string, options: Partial = {}, pages = 1): Promise { + if (__APP_CONFIG__.useLocalDocs) { + return docsByType[type] ?? [] + } + const api = getAPI() const previewToken = loadPreviewToken()