01_print.py

"""
================================================================================
File: 01_print.py
Topic: The print() Function in Python
================================================================================

This file demonstrates the print() function, which is used to display output
to the console. It's one of the most fundamental functions in Python and
essential for debugging and displaying information.

Key Concepts:
- Basic printing
- Multiple arguments
- Separators and end characters
- Formatted strings (f-strings)
- Escape characters

================================================================================
"""

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 1. Simple Output
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The most basic use of print()

print("--- Simple Output ---")

print("Hello, World!")
print("Welcome to Python!")
print("Learning is fun!")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 2. Printing Different Data Types
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# print() can output any data type

print("\n--- Different Data Types ---")

print(42)              # Integer
print(3.14159)         # Float
print(True)            # Boolean
print(None)            # NoneType
print([1, 2, 3])       # List
print({"a": 1})        # Dictionary

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 3. Printing Multiple Items
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Pass multiple arguments separated by commas

print("\n--- Multiple Items ---")

print("Hello", "World")
print("Python", "is", "awesome")
print("Name:", "Baraa", "| Age:", 25)
print(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 4. The sep Parameter
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# sep defines what goes between multiple items (default is space)

print("\n--- Separator Parameter ---")

print("Python", "Java", "C++", sep=", ")
print("2025", "01", "15", sep="-")      # Date format
print("192", "168", "1", "1", sep=".")   # IP address
print("apple", "banana", "cherry", sep=" | ")
print("a", "b", "c", sep="")             # No separator

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 5. The end Parameter
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# end defines what goes at the end (default is newline \n)

print("\n--- End Parameter ---")

print("Loading", end="")
print("...", end="")
print(" Done!")

print("First line", end=" --> ")
print("Second line")

# Creating a progress bar effect
print("\nProgress: ", end="")
for i in range(5):
    print("█", end="")
print(" Complete!")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 6. Variables in Print
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Print variable values

print("\n--- Variables ---")

name = "Baraa"
age = 25
city = "Gaza"
is_student = True

print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)
print("City:", city)
print("Student:", is_student)

# Print with variable calculations
x = 10
y = 5
print("Sum:", x + y)
print("Product:", x * y)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 7. String Formatting - f-strings (Recommended)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Modern way to embed variables in strings (Python 3.6+)

print("\n--- f-strings (Formatted String Literals) ---")

name = "Baraa"
age = 25
height = 1.75

print(f"My name is {name}")
print(f"I am {age} years old")
print(f"Next year I'll be {age + 1}")

# Formatting numbers
pi = 3.14159265359
print(f"Pi to 2 decimals: {pi:.2f}")
print(f"Pi to 4 decimals: {pi:.4f}")

# Padding and alignment
print(f"{'Left':<10}|{'Center':^10}|{'Right':>10}")
print(f"{1:<10}|{2:^10}|{3:>10}")

# Currency formatting
price = 1234.567
print(f"Price: ${price:,.2f}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 8. String Formatting - Other Methods
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Alternative formatting methods

print("\n--- Other Formatting Methods ---")

# .format() method
name = "Alice"
age = 30
print("Hello, {}! You are {} years old.".format(name, age))
print("Hello, {0}! You are {1} years old.".format(name, age))
print("Hello, {n}! You are {a} years old.".format(n=name, a=age))

# % operator (older style)
print("Hello, %s! You are %d years old." % (name, age))

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 9. Escape Characters
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Special characters using backslash \

print("\n--- Escape Characters ---")

print("Line 1\nLine 2\nLine 3")           # \n = newline
print("Column1\tColumn2\tColumn3")         # \t = tab
print("She said: \"Hello!\"")              # \" = quote
print('It\'s a beautiful day')             # \' = apostrophe
print("Path: C:\\Users\\Documents")        # \\ = backslash
print("Bell sound: \a")                    # \a = bell (may not work)

# Raw strings - ignore escape characters
print("\nRaw string:")
print(r"C:\Users\Baraa\Desktop")           # r prefix for raw string

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 10. Multi-line Printing
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Multi-line Strings ---")

# Using triple quotes
message = """
This is a multi-line message.
It spans across several lines.
Very useful for long text!
"""
print(message)

# ASCII art example
print("""
  ╔═══════════════════════════╗
  ║   Welcome to Python!      ║
  ║   Let's learn together!   ║
  ╚═══════════════════════════╝
""")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 11. Practical Examples
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("--- Practical Examples ---")

# Receipt example
print("\n========== RECEIPT ==========")
item1, price1 = "Coffee", 4.99
item2, price2 = "Sandwich", 8.50
item3, price3 = "Cookie", 2.25
total = price1 + price2 + price3

print(f"{item1:.<20}${price1:.2f}")
print(f"{item2:.<20}${price2:.2f}")
print(f"{item3:.<20}${price3:.2f}")
print("=" * 30)
print(f"{'TOTAL':.<20}${total:.2f}")

# Table example
print("\n| Name     | Age | City       |")
print("|----------|-----|------------|")
print(f"| {'Alice':<8} | {25:<3} | {'New York':<10} |")
print(f"| {'Bob':<8} | {30:<3} | {'London':<10} |")
print(f"| {'Charlie':<8} | {35:<3} | {'Tokyo':<10} |")