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Python进程和线程
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<h2>前述</h2>
<p><em>参考资料：</em></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/xw1680/article/details/104442017">Python进程和线程</a></p>
<h2>进程和线程</h2>
<p>进程是程序运行时的一个实例，对Linux或其他类Unix系统来说，通过<code>ps</code>命令查看到的就是一些进程信息。</p>
<p>进程是系统资源分配的最小单位。对于每一个进程，操作系统都会维护一个进程控制块的结构（PCB）。在PCB中，维护着对应进程的标识、状态、调度标识、所拥有的资源、父子关系、进程间通信相关信息以及一些定时器信息。</p>
<p>由于每个进程拥有独立的PCB，因此一个进程是不能直接获取到另一个进程数据信息。如果多个进程需要交互数据信息，只能通过IPC（进程间通信）。常见的IPC方式有管道pipe、消息队列、共享存储、信号量、信号、套接字。</p>
<p>线程是操作系统的调度和运行的最小单位，它属于某一个具体的进程，是进程的实际执行单元。</p>
<p>如果一个进程开启了多个线程，那么这些线程共享所在进的资源信息，如地址空间，文件描述符，全局的变量。同一个进程的线程，可以通过操作共享的数据实现通信，但这样会导致数据的不一致。为了确保数据安全和避免不一致性，线程需要同步。常见的线程同步方式有互斥锁、条件变量、读写锁、信号量。</p>
<p>基于上面进程和线程的特点描述，进程和线程有如下几个对比特点。</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>进程是资源集合，线程是上下文执行单元。线程比较轻，进程比较重。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>同一个进程的线程可以直接通信，但是多个进程之间通信只能通过IPC机制。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>对主线程的修改可能影响其他线程，但是对父进程的修改（删除例外）不会影响其他子进程。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>一个线程可以操作同一进程的其他线程，但是进程只能有限操作其子进程（这条特性待详细核定）。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><em>参考资料：</em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/33debug/p/6705391.html">Linux PCB属性</a></em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/wangwenwen/article/details/8879375">Linux进程控制块</a></em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/lanxinglan/article/details/41663607">进程的调度策略</a></em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/summy_j/article/details/72722853">linux线程剖析</a></em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/yinbiao/p/11190336.html">Linux线程同步方式</a></em></p>
<h2>线程和协程</h2>
<p>协程，顾名思义，就是一些协同运行的程序或者对象。线程是操作系统的概念，而协程是用户编程层面的概念。线程的调度由操作系统控制，而协程由用户自己实现的事件循环调度。协程强调的是异步，而线程（或者进程）强调的是并发。对于Python来说，协程只是一种语法糖，一种异步任务的包装，让用写同步代码的方式来写异步任务代码。</p>
<h2>进程间通信方式</h2>
<p>1）管道pipe：管道是一种半双工的通信方式，数据只能单向流动，而且只能在具有亲缘关系的进程间使用。进程的亲缘关系通常是指父子进程关系。</p>
<p>2）命名管道FIFO：有名管道也是半双工的通信方式，但是它允许无亲缘关系进程间的通信。</p>
<p>3）消息队列MessageQueue：消息队列是由消息的链表，存放在内核中并由消息队列标识符标识。消息队列克服了信号传递信息少、管道只能承载无格式字节流以及缓冲区大小受限等缺点。</p>
<p>4）共享存储SharedMemory：共享内存就是映射一段能被其他进程所访问的内存，这段共享内存由一个进程创建，但多个进程都可以访问。共享内存是最快的IPC方式，它是针对其他进程间通信方式运行效率低而专门设计的。它往往与其他通信机制，如信号两，配合使用，来实现进程间的同步和通信。</p>
<p>5）信号量Semaphore：信号量是一个计数器，可以用来控制多个进程对共享资源的访问。它常作为一种锁机制，防止某进程正在访问共享资源时，其他进程也访问该资源。因此，主要作为进程间以及同一进程内不同线程之间的同步手段。</p>
<p>6）套接字Socket：套解口也是一种进程间通信机制，与其他通信机制不同的是，它可用于不同及其间的进程通信。</p>
<p>7）信号 ( sinal ) ： 信号是一种比较复杂的通信方式，用于通知接收进程某个事件已经发生。</p>
<p><em>参考资料：</em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/LUO77/p/5816326.html">进程间通信方式</a></em></p>
<h2>Python的协程</h2>
<p>Python的协程是异步任务的包装，让程序员可以用写同步代码的方式写异步代码，而协程的调度需要事件循环的支持。Python标准库内置了事件循环库<code>asyncio</code>。</p>
<p>在Python中，实现协成有两种方式：Python3.5之前的生成器协成，Python3.5及以后的<code>async</code>和<code>await</code>关键字。</p>
<p>生成器协程</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coroutine</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">old_style_coroutine</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">yield from</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"world"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">loop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_event_loop</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_until_complete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">old_style_coroutine</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
<p>基于<code>async</code>、<code>await</code>的原生协程</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">asyncio</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">say_after</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">what</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">what</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"started at </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%X</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">say_after</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">say_after</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'world'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"finished at </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%X</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Python3.7及以后的版本中加入了run来运行协成，会自动获取事件。Python3.7之前的版本则需要手动获取事件，然后调用<code>run_until_complete</code>等函数执行协程。</p>
<p><code>asyncio</code>运行协程时，协程对象被包装成一个<code>asyncio.Task</code>对象（waitable对象），<code>Task</code>对象管理协程的状态和结果，协程运行结束可以通过<code>Task</code>对象的<code>result</code>方法获取结果。</p>
<p><em>协程的更多信息可以参考官方文档和下面的资料</em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/b5e347b3a17c">asyncio</a></em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/27258289">async/await</a></em></p>
<h2>Python的线程</h2>
<p>Python线程有两种实现方式：通过threading模块直接启动，或者继承Thread类实现线程。</p>
<p>通过treading模块直接启动</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># 创建两个线程</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">threading</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> started at </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%X</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> finished at </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%X</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">threading</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">task</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"t1"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">threading</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">task</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"t2"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">t2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>下面是运行结果，可以看出同时启动，但是t2在t1前面结束，因为它只阻塞了疫苗。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>t1 started at <span class="m">16</span>:56:43
t2 started at <span class="m">16</span>:56:43
t2 finished at <span class="m">16</span>:56:44
t1 finished at <span class="m">16</span>:56:45
</pre></div>
<p>继承<code>Thread</code>类实现线程</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">threading</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyThread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">threading</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># 重构run函数必须要写</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> started at </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%X</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> finished at </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%X</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyThread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"t1"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyThread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"t2"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">t2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>下面是上面代码的运行结果</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>t1 started at <span class="m">17</span>:03:00
t2 started at <span class="m">17</span>:03:00
t1 finished at <span class="m">17</span>:03:01
t2 finished at <span class="m">17</span>:03:01
</pre></div>
<p>我们看到开始结束时间都是一致的，这每个人的显示可能不一致，取决于你的机器和系统。如果单核，阻塞时间很长，那结束时间可能不一致。</p>
<p><em>关于Python线程及它们的同步, 参考</em>
<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/whatisfantasy/p/6440585.html">搞定Python进程和线程</a></p>
<p>我们知道线程同步可以通过互斥锁，条件变量，信号量。<code>threading</code>库对它们支持的对象分别为<code>Lock</code>、<code>Condition</code>、<code>Semaphore</code>。除了这些，<code>threading</code>库还支持其他同步对象，如<code>Even</code>, <code>Barrier</code>。</p>
<h2>Python的进程</h2>
<p>Python进程由两种实现方式。基于multiprocessing、继承Process类和进程池Pool。</p>
<p>通过multiprocessing直接启动</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">multiprocessing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Process</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bob'</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>继承Process类</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SubProcess</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Process</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">interval</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">interval</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"子进程(</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">)开始执行，父进程为(</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">) "</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpid</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getppid</span><span class="p">()))</span>
<span class="n">t_start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interval</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t_stop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"子进程(</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> )执行结束，耗时</span><span class="si">%0 .2f</span><span class="s2">秒"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpid</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">t_stop</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t_start</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
<p>进程池Pool</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rom</span> <span class="n">multiprocessing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">Process</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="nn">Pool</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">100</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">Bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-->exec done:'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pool</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Pool</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">#允许进程池同时放入5个进程</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1">#func子进程执行完后，才会执行callback，否则callback不执行（而且callback是由父进程来执行了）</span>
<span class="n">pool</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apply_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,),</span><span class="n">callback</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">#pool.apply(func=Foo, args=(i,))</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'end'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pool</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">pool</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">#主进程等待所有子进程执行完毕。必须在close()或terminate()之后</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Python的multiprocessing库提供了如下对象支持进程间通信：<code>Queue</code>、<code>Pipe</code>、<code>Manager</code>、共享内存（Value, Array）等，也支持如线程同步的<code>Lock</code>等同步对象。</p>
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