diff --git a/features/steps/givens/attributes.py b/features/steps/givens/attributes.py
index 41ad8a35..0384f258 100644
--- a/features/steps/givens/attributes.py
+++ b/features/steps/givens/attributes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import ast
+import functools
 import operator
 
 import ifcopenshell
@@ -147,6 +148,34 @@ def step_impl(context, file_or_model, field, values):
     context.applicable = getattr(context, 'applicable', True) and applicable
 
 
+@gherkin_ifc.step('a traversal over the full model originating from subtypes of {entity}')
+def step_impl(context, entity):
+    WHITELISTED_INVERSES = {'StyledByItem'}
+    schema = ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.schema_by_name(context.model.schema_identifier)
+    @functools.cache
+    def names(entity_type):
+        decl = schema.declaration_by_name(entity_type)
+        if isinstance(decl, ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.entity):
+            non_derived_forward_attributes = map(operator.itemgetter(1), filter(lambda t: not t[0], zip(decl.derived(), decl.all_attributes())))
+            whitelisted_inverse_attributes = filter(lambda attr: attr.name() in WHITELISTED_INVERSES, decl.all_inverse_attributes())
+            return {a.name() for a in [*non_derived_forward_attributes, *whitelisted_inverse_attributes]}
+        else:
+            return set()
+
+    visited = set()
+    def visit(inst, path=None):
+        if inst in visited:
+            return
+        visited.add(inst)
+        for attr in names(inst.is_a()):
+            for ref in filter(lambda inst: isinstance(inst, ifcopenshell.entity_instance), misc.iflatten(getattr(inst, attr))):
+                visit(ref, (path or ()) + (inst, attr,))
+
+    for inst in context.model.by_type(entity):
+        visit(inst)
+
+    context.visited_instances = visited
+
 @gherkin_ifc.step('Its attribute {attribute}')
 def step_impl(context, inst, attribute, tail="single"):
     yield ValidationOutcome(instance_id=getattr(inst, attribute, None), severity=OutcomeSeverity.PASSED)
diff --git a/features/steps/givens/entities.py b/features/steps/givens/entities.py
index ea313666..2198fe14 100644
--- a/features/steps/givens/entities.py
+++ b/features/steps/givens/entities.py
@@ -20,18 +20,21 @@
 def step_impl(context, entity_opt_stmt, insts=False):
     within_model = (insts == 'instances')  # True for given statement containing {insts}
 
-    entity2 = pyparsing.Word(pyparsing.alphas)('entity')
-    sub_stmts = ['with subtypes', 'without subtypes', pyparsing.LineEnd()]
-    incl_sub_stmt = functools.reduce(operator.or_, [misc.rtrn_pyparse_obj(i) for i in sub_stmts])('include_subtypes')
-    grammar = entity2 + incl_sub_stmt
-    parse = grammar.parseString(entity_opt_stmt)
-    entity = parse['entity']
-    include_subtypes = misc.do_try(lambda: not 'without' in parse['include_subtypes'], True)
-
-    try:
-        instances = context.model.by_type(entity, include_subtypes)
-    except:
-        instances = []
+    if entity_opt_stmt == "entity instance":
+        instances = list(context.model)
+    else:
+        entity2 = pyparsing.Word(pyparsing.alphas)('entity')
+        sub_stmts = ['with subtypes', 'without subtypes', pyparsing.LineEnd()]
+        incl_sub_stmt = functools.reduce(operator.or_, [misc.rtrn_pyparse_obj(i) for i in sub_stmts])('include_subtypes')
+        grammar = entity2 + incl_sub_stmt
+        parse = grammar.parseString(entity_opt_stmt)
+        entity = parse['entity']
+        include_subtypes = misc.do_try(lambda: not 'without' in parse['include_subtypes'], True)
+
+        try:
+            instances = context.model.by_type(entity, include_subtypes)
+        except:
+            instances = []
 
     context.within_model = getattr(context, 'within_model', True) and within_model
     if instances:
@@ -73,4 +76,17 @@ def step_impl(context, inst, relationship_direction):
 def step_impl(context, inst):
     # Note that this includes `inst` as the first element in this list
     instances = context.model.traverse(inst)
-    yield ValidationOutcome(instance_id=instances, severity=OutcomeSeverity.PASSED)
\ No newline at end of file
+    yield ValidationOutcome(instance_id=instances, severity=OutcomeSeverity.PASSED)
+
+"""
+@gherkin_ifc.step("its entity type is {entity}")
+def step_impl(context, inst, entity):
+    negate = False
+    entity = entity.split(' ')
+    if entity[0] == 'not':
+        negate = not negate
+        entity = entity[1:]
+    entity = entity[0]
+    if inst.is_a(entity):
+        yield ValidationOutcome(instance_id=inst, severity=OutcomeSeverity.PASSED)
+"""
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/features/steps/thens/relations.py b/features/steps/thens/relations.py
index 15db983d..b944e459 100644
--- a/features/steps/thens/relations.py
+++ b/features/steps/thens/relations.py
@@ -388,4 +388,13 @@ def schema_has_declaration_name(s):
                 # @tfk not sure about this one, but for now empty values on a property are probably
                 # not a universal error. This is more IDS territory.
                 # if not values:
-                #     yield ValidationOutcome(inst=inst, expected= {"oneOf": accepted_data_type['instance']}, observed = {'value':None}, severity=OutcomeSeverity.ERROR)
\ No newline at end of file
+                #     yield ValidationOutcome(inst=inst, expected= {"oneOf": accepted_data_type['instance']}, observed = {'value':None}, severity=OutcomeSeverity.ERROR)
+
+@gherkin_ifc.step('it must be referenced by an entity instance inheriting from IfcRoot directly or indirectly')
+def step_impl(context, inst):
+    # context.visited_instances is set in the gherkin statement:
+    # 'Given a traversal over the full model originating from subtypes of IfcRoot'
+    assert hasattr(context, 'visited_instances')
+
+    if inst not in context.visited_instances:
+        yield ValidationOutcome(inst=inst, severity=OutcomeSeverity.ERROR)
diff --git a/features/steps/utils/misc.py b/features/steps/utils/misc.py
index 4003833b..e6d3ef3e 100644
--- a/features/steps/utils/misc.py
+++ b/features/steps/utils/misc.py
@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ def recursive_flatten(lst):
     return flattened_list
 
 
+def iflatten(any):
+    if isinstance(any, (tuple, list)):
+        for v in any:
+            yield from iflatten(v)
+    else:
+        yield any
+
+
 def do_try(fn, default=None):
     try:
         return fn()
diff --git a/features/steps/validation_handling.py b/features/steps/validation_handling.py
index eb4a9f6c..8f0aed8b 100644
--- a/features/steps/validation_handling.py
+++ b/features/steps/validation_handling.py
@@ -65,10 +65,9 @@ class SubtypeHandling(Enum):
 
 def generate_error_message(context, errors):
     """
-    Function to trigger the behave error mechanism so that the JSON output is generated correctly.
-    Miscellaneous errors also are also printed to the console this way.
+    Function to trigger the behave error mechanism by raising an exception so that errors are printed to the console.
     """
-    assert not errors, "Behave errors occured:\n{}".format([str(error) for error in errors])
+    assert not errors, "Errors occured:" + ''.join(f'\n - {error}' for error in errors)
 
 
 """