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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 255 in spe:
Announcements of Future Feature Removals and Incompatible Changes:
* Support for split-usr (/usr/ mounted separately during late boot,
instead of being mounted by the initrd before switching to the rootfs)
and unmerged-usr (parallel directories /bin/ and /usr/bin/, /lib/ and
/usr/lib/, …) has been removed. For more details, see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-September/048352.html
* We intend to remove cgroup v1 support from a systemd release after
the end of 2023. If you run services that make explicit use of
cgroup v1 features (i.e. the "legacy hierarchy" with separate
hierarchies for each controller), please implement compatibility with
cgroup v2 (i.e. the "unified hierarchy") sooner rather than later.
Most of Linux userspace has been ported over already.
* Support for System V service scripts is now deprecated and will be
removed in a future release. Please make sure to update your software
*now* to include a native systemd unit file instead of a legacy
System V script to retain compatibility with future systemd releases.
* Support for the SystemdOptions EFI variable is deprecated.
'bootctl systemd-efi-options' will emit a warning when used. It seems
that this feature is little-used and it is better to use alternative
approaches like credentials and confexts. The plan is to drop support
altogether at a later point, but this might be revisited based on
user feedback.
* systemd-run's switch --expand-environment= which currently is disabled
by default when combined with --scope, will be changed in a future
release to be enabled by default.
* "systemctl switch-root" is now restricted to initrd transitions only.
Transitions between real systems should be done with
"systemctl soft-reboot" instead.
* The "ip=off" and "ip=none" kernel command line options interpreted by
systemd-network-generator will now result in IPv6RA + link-local
addressing being disabled, too. Previously DHCP was turned off, but
IPv6RA and IPv6 link-local addressing was left enabled.
* The NAMING_BRIDGE_MULTIFUNCTION_SLOT naming scheme has been deprecated
and is now disabled.
* SuspendMode=, HibernateState= and HybridSleepState= in the [Sleep]
section of systemd-sleep.conf are now deprecated and have no effect.
They did not (and could not) take any value other than the respective
default. HybridSleepMode= is also deprecated, and will now always use
the 'suspend' disk mode.
Service Manager:
* The way services are spawned has been overhauled. Previously, a
process was forked that shared all of the manager's memory (via
copy-on-write) while doing all the required setup (e.g.: mount
namespaces, CGroup configuration, etc.) before exec'ing the target
executable. This was problematic for various reasons: several glibc
APIs were called that are not supposed to be used after a fork but
before an exec, copy-on-write meant that if either process (the
manager or the child) touched a memory page a copy was triggered, and
also the memory footprint of the child process was that of the
manager, but with the memory limits of the service. From this version
onward, the new process is spawned using CLONE_VM and CLONE_VFORK
semantics via posix_spawn(3), and it immediately execs a new internal
binary, systemd-executor, that receives the configuration to apply
via memfd, and sets up the process before exec'ing the target
executable.
* Most of the internal process tracking is being changed to use PIDFDs
instead of PIDs when the kernel supports it, to improve robustness
and reliability.
* A new option SurviveFinalKillSignal= can be used to configure the
unit to be skipped in the final SIGTERM/SIGKILL spree on shutdown.
This is part of the required configuration to let a unit's processes
survive a soft-reboot operation.
* System extension images (sysext) can now set
EXTENSION_RELOAD_MANAGER=1 in their extension-release files to
automatically reload the service manager (PID 1) when
merging/refreshing/unmerging on boot. Generally, while this can be
used to ship services in system extension images it's recommended to
do that via portable services instead.
* The ExtensionImages= and ExtensionDirectories= options now support
confexts images/directories.
* A new option NFTSet= provides a method for integrating dynamic cgroup
IDs into firewall rules with NFT sets. The benefit of using this
setting is to be able to use control group as a selector in firewall
rules easily and this in turn allows more fine grained filtering.
Also, NFT rules for cgroup matching use numeric cgroup IDs, which
change every time a service is restarted, making them hard to use in
systemd environment.
* A new option CoredumpReceive= can be set for service and scope units,
together with Delegate=yes, to make systemd-coredump on the host
forward core files from processes crashing inside the delegated
CGroup subtree to systemd-coredump running in the container. This new
option is by default used by systemd-nspawn containers that use the
"--boot" switch.
* A new ConditionSecurity=measured-uki option is now available, to ensure
a unit can only run when the system has been booted from a measured UKI.
* MemoryAvailable= now considers physical memory if there are no CGroup
memory limits set anywhere in the tree.
* The $USER environment variable is now always set for services, while
previously it was only set if User= was specified. A new option
SetLoginEnvironment= is now supported to determine whether to also set
$HOME, $LOGNAME, and $SHELL.
* Socket units now support a new pair of
PollLimitBurst=/PollLimitInterval= options to configure a limit on
how often polling events on the file descriptors backing this unit
will be considered within a time window.
* Scope units can now be created using PIDFDs instead of PIDs to select
the processes they should include.
* Sending SIGRTMIN+18 with 0x500 as sigqueue() value will now cause the
manager to dump the list of currently pending jobs.
* If the kernel supports MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH, the systemctl and
machinectl bind and mount-image verbs will now cause the new mount to
replace the old mount (if any), instead of overmounting it.
* Units now have a MemoryPeak and MemorySwapPeak property, which
contain the value of cgroup v2's memory.peak and memory.swap.peak
property.
TPM2 Support + Disk Encryption & Authentication:
* systemd-cryptenroll now allows specifying a PCR bank and explicit hash
value in the --tpm2-pcrs= option.
* systemd-cryptenroll now allows specifying a TPM2 key handle to be used
instead of the default SRK via the new --tpm2-seal-key-handle= option.
* systemd-cryptsetup is now installed in /usr/bin/ and is no longer an
internal-only executable.
* The TPM2 Storage Root Key will now be set up, if not already present,
by a new systemd-tpm2-setup.service early boot service.
* The internal systemd-pcrphase executable has been renamed to
systemd-pcrextend.
* The systemd-pcrextend tool gained a new --pcr= switch to override
which PCR to measure into.
* systemd-pcrextend now exposes a Varlink interface at
io.systemd.PCRExtend that can be used to do measurements and event
logging on demand.
* TPM measurements are now also written to an event log at
/run/log/systemd/tpm2-measure.log, using a derivative of the TCG
Canonical Event Log format. Previously we'd only log them to the
journal, where they however were subject to rotation and similar.
* A new component "systemd-pcrlock" has been added that allows managing
local TPM2 PCR policies for PCRs 0-7 and similar, which are hard to
predict by the OS vendor because of the inherently local nature of
what measurements they contain, such as firmware versions of the
system and extension cards and suchlike. pcrlock can predict PCR
measurements ahead of time based on various inputs, such as the local
TPM2 event log, GPT partition tables, PE binaries, UKI kernels, and
various other things. It can then pre-calculate a TPM2 policy from
this, which it stores in an TPM2 NV index. TPM2 objects (such as disk
encryption keys) can be locked against this NV index, so that they
are locked against a specific combination of system firmware and
state. Alternatives for each component are supported to allowlist
multiple kernel versions or boot loader version simultaneously
without losing access to the disk encryption keys. The tool can also
be used to analyze and validate the local TPM2 event log.
systemd-cryptsetup, systemd-cryptenroll, systemd-repart have all been
updated to support such policies. There's currently no support for
locking the system's root disk against a pcrlock policy, this will be
added soon. Moreover, it is currently not possible to combine a
pcrlock policy with a signed PCR policy. This component is
experimental and its public interface is subject to change.
systemd-boot, systemd-stub, ukify, bootctl, kernel-install:
* bootctl will now show whether the system was booted from a UKI in its
status output.
* systemd-boot and systemd-stub now use different project keys in their
respective SBAT sections, so that they can be revoked individually if
needed.
* systemd-boot will no longer load unverified Devicetree blobs when UEFI
SecureBoot is enabled. For more details see:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/security/advisories/GHSA-6m6p-rjcq-334c
* systemd-boot gained new hotkeys to reboot and power off the system
from the boot menu ("B" and "O"). If the "auto-poweroff" and
"auto-reboot" options in loader.conf are set these entries are also
shown as menu items (which is useful on devices lacking a regular
keyboard).
* systemd-boot gained a new configuration value "menu-disabled" for the
set-timeout option, to allow completely disabling the boot menu,
including the hotkey.
* systemd-boot will now measure the content of loader.conf in TPM2 PCR
5.
* systemd-stub will now concatenate the content of all kernel
command-line addons before measuring them in TPM2 PCR 12, in a single
measurement, instead of measuring them individually.
* systemd-stub will now measure and load Devicetree Blob addons, which
are searched and loaded following the same model as the existing
kernel command-line addons.
* systemd-stub will now ignore unauthenticated kernel command line options
passed from systemd-boot when running inside Confidential VMs with UEFI
SecureBoot enabled.
* ukify is no longer considered experimental, and now ships in /usr/bin/.
* ukify gained a new verb inspect to describe the sections of a UKI and
print the contents of the well-known sections.
* ukify gained a new verb genkey to generate a set of of key pairs for
signing UKIs and their PCR data.
* The 90-loaderentry kernel-install hook now supports installing device
trees.
systemd-repart:
* A new option --copy-from= has been added that synthesizes partition
definitions from the given image, which are then applied by the
systemd-repart algorithm.
* A new option --copy-source= has been added, which can be used to specify
a directory to which CopyFiles= is considered relative to.
* New --make-ddi=confext, --make-ddi=sysext, and --make-ddi=portable
options have been added to make it easier to generate these types of
DDIs, without having to provide repart.d definitions for them.
* The dm-verity salt and UUID will now be derived from the specified
seed value.
* New VerityDataBlockSizeBytes= and VerityHashBlockSizeBytes= can now be
configured in repart.d/ configuration files.
* A new Subvolumes= setting is now supported in repart.d/ configuration
files, to indicate which directories in the target partition should be
btrfs subvolumes.
Journal:
* The journalctl --lines= parameter now accepts +N to show the oldest N
entries instead of the newest.
Device Management:
* udev will now create symlinks to loopback block devices in the
/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/ directory that are based on the .lo_file_name
string field selected during allocation. The systemd-dissect tool and
the util-linux losetup command now supports a complementing new switch
--loop-ref= for selecting the string. This means a loopback block
device may now be allocated under a caller-chosen reference and can
subsequently be referenced without first having to look up the block
device name the caller ended up with.
* udev also creates symlinks to loopback block devices in the
/dev/disk/by-loop-inode/ directory based on the .st_dev/st_ino fields
of the inode attached to the loopback block device. This means that
attaching a file to a loopback device will implicitly make a handle
available to be found via that file's inode information.
* udevadm info gained support for JSON output via a new --json= flag, and
for filtering output using the same mechanism that udevadm trigger
already implements.
* The predictable network interface naming logic is extended to include
the SR-IOV-R "representor" information in network interface names.
This feature was intended for v254, but even though the code was
merged, the part that actually enabled the feature was forgotten.
It is now enabled by default and is part of the new "v255" naming
scheme.
* A new hwdb/rules file has been added that sets the
ID_NET_AUTO_LINK_LOCAL_ONLY=1 udev property on all network interfaces
that should usually only be configured with link-local addressing
(IPv4LL + IPv6LL), i.e. for PC-to-PC cables ("laplink") or
Thunderbolt networking. systemd-networkd and NetworkManager (soon)
will make use of this information to apply an appropriate network
configuration by default.
* The ID_NET_DRIVER property on network interfaces is now set
relatively early in the udev rule set so that other rules may rely on
its use. This is implemented in a new "net-driver" udev built-in.
Network Management:
* The "duid-only" option for DHCPv4 client's ClientIdentifier= setting
is now dropped, as it never worked, hence it should not be used by
anyone.
* The 'prefixstable' ipv6 address generation mode now considers the SSID
when generating stable addresses, so that a different stable address
is used when roaming between wireless networks. If you already use
'prefixstable' addresses with wireless networks, the stable address
will be changed by the update.
* The DHCPv4 client gained a RapidCommit option, true by default, which
enables RFC4039 Rapid Commit behavior to obtain a lease in a
simplified 2-message exchange instead of the typical 4-message
exchange, if also supported by the DHCP server.
* The DHCPv4 client gained new InitialCongestionWindow= and
InitialAdvertisedReceiveWindow= options for route configurations.
* The DHCPv4 client gained a new RequestAddress= option that allows
to send a preferred IP address in the initial DHCPDISCOVER message.
* The DHCPv4 server and client gained support for IPv6-only mode
(RFC8925).
* The SendHostname= and Hostname= options are now available for the
DHCPv6 client, independently of the DHCPv4= option, so that these
configuration values can be set independently for each client.
* The DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 client state can now be queried via D-Bus,
including lease information.
* The DHCPv6 client can now be configured to use a custom DUID type.
* .network files gained a new IPv4ReversePathFilter= setting in the
[Network] section, to control sysctl's rp_filter setting.
* .network files gaiend a new HopLimit= setting in the [Route] section,
to configure a per-route hop limit.
* .network files gained a new TCPRetransmissionTimeoutSec= setting in
the [Route] section, to configure a per-route TCP retransmission
timeout.
* A new directive NFTSet= provides a method for integrating network
configuration into firewall rules with NFT sets. The benefit of using
this setting is that static network configuration or dynamically
obtained network addresses can be used in firewall rules with the
indirection of NFT set types.
* The [IPv6AcceptRA] section supports the following new options:
UsePREF64=, UseHopLimit=, UseICMP6RateLimit=, and NFTSet=.
* The [IPv6SendRA] section supports the following new options:
RetransmitSec=, HopLimit=, HomeAgent=, HomeAgentLifetimeSec=, and
HomeAgentPreference=.
* A new [IPv6PREF64Prefix] set of options, containing Prefix= and
LifetimeSec=, has been introduced to append pref64 options in router
advertisements (RFC8781).
* The network generator now configures the interfaces with only
link-local addressing if "ip=link-local" is specified on the kernel
command line.
* The prefix of the configuration files generated by the network
generator from the kernel command line is now prefixed with '70-',
to make them have higher precedence over the default configuration
files.
* Added a new -Ddefault-network=BOOL meson option, that causes more
.network files to be installed as enabled by default. These configuration
files will which match generic setups, e.g. 89-ethernet.network matches
all Ethernet interfaces and enables both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 clients.
* If a ID_NET_MANAGED_BY= udev property is set on a network device and
it is any other string than "io.systemd.Network" then networkd will
not manage this device. This may be used to allow multiple network
management services to run in parallel and assign ownership of
specific devices explicitly. NetworkManager will soon implement a
similar logic.
systemctl:
* systemctl is-failed now checks the system state if no unit is
specified.
* systemctl will now automatically soft-reboot if a new root file system
is found under /run/nextroot/ when a reboot operation is invoked.
Login management:
* Wall messages now work even when utmp support is disabled, using
systemd-logind to query the necessary information.
* systemd-logind now sends a new PrepareForShutdownWithMetadata D-Bus
signal before shutdown/reboot/soft-reboot that includes additional
information compared to the PrepareForShutdown signal. Currently the
additional information is the type of operation that is about to be
executed.
Hibernation & Suspend:
* The kernel and OS versions will no longer be checked on resume from
hibernation.
* Hibernation into swap files backed by btrfs are now
supported. (Previously this was supported only for other file
systems.)
Other:
* A new systemd-vmspawn tool has been added, that aims to provide for VMs
the same interfaces and functionality that systemd-nspawn provides for
containers. For now it supports QEMU as a backend, and exposes some of
its options to the user. This component is experimental and its public
interface is subject to change.
* "systemd-analyze plot" has gained tooltips on each unit name with
related-unit information in its svg output, such as Before=,
Requires=, and similar properties.
* A new varlinkctl tool has been added to allow interfacing with
Varlink services, and introspection has been added to all such
services.
* systemd-sysext and systemd-confext now expose a Varlink service
at io.systemd.sysext.
* portable services now accept confexts as extensions.
* systemd-sysupdate now accepts directories in the MatchPattern= option.
* systemd-run will now output the invocation ID of the launched
transient unit and its peak memory usage.
* systemd-analyze, systemd-tmpfiles, systemd-sysusers, systemd-sysctl,
and systemd-binfmt gained a new --tldr option that can be used instead
of --cat-config to suppress uninteresting configuration lines, such as
comments and whitespace.
* resolvectl gained a new "show-server-state" command that shows
current statistics of the resolver. This is backed by a new
DumpStatistics() Varlink method provided by systemd-resolved.
* systemd-timesyncd will now emit a D-Bus signal when the LinkNTPServers
property changes.
* vconsole now supports KEYMAP=@kernel for preserving the kernel keymap
as-is.
* seccomp now supports the LoongArch64 architecture.
* systemd-id128 now supports a new -P option to show only values. The
combination of -P and --app options is also supported.
* A new pam_systemd_loadkey.so PAM module is now available, which will
automatically fetch the passphrase used by cryptsetup to unlock the
root file system and set it as the PAM authtok. This enables, among
other things, configuring auto-unlock of the GNOME Keyring / KDE
Wallet when autologin is configured.
* Many meson options now use the 'feature' type, which means they
take enabled/disabled/auto as values.
* A new meson option -Dconfigfiledir= can be used to change where
configuration files with default values are installed to.
* Options and verbs in man pages are now tagged with the version they
were first introduced in.
* A new component "systemd-storagetm" has been added, which exposes all
local block devices as NVMe-TCP devices, fully automatically. It's
hooked into a new target unit storage-target-mode.target that is
suppsoed to be booted into via
rd.systemd.unit=storage-target-mode.target on the kernel command
line. This is intended to be used for installers and debugging to
quickly get access to the local disk. It's inspired by MacOS "target
disk mode".
* A new component "systemd-bsod" has been added, which can show logged
error messages full screen, if they have a log level of LOG_EMERG log
level.
* The systemd-dissect tool's --with command will now set the
$SYSTEMD_DISSECT_DEVICE environment variable to the block device it
operates on for the invoked process.
* The systemd-mount tool gained a new --tmpfs switch for mounting a new
'tmpfs' instance. This is useful since it does so via .mount units
and thus can be executed remotely or in containers.
* The various tools in systemd that take "verbs" (such as systemctl,
loginctl, machinectl, …) now will suggest a close verb name in case
the user specified an unrecognized one.
* libsystemd now exports a new function sd_id128_get_app_specific()
that generates "app-specific" 128bit IDs from any ID. It's similar to
sd_id128_get_machine_app_specific() and
sd_id128_get_boot_app_specific() but takes the ID to base calculation
on as input. This new functionality is also exposed in the
"systemd-id128" tool where you can now combine --app= with `show`.
* All tools that parse timestamps now can also parse RFC3339 style
timestamps that include the "T" and Z" characters.
* New documentation has been added:
https://systemd.io/FILE_DESCRIPTOR_STORE
https://systemd.io/TPM2_PCR_MEASUREMENTS
https://systemd.io/MOUNT_REQUIREMENTS
* The codebase now recognizes the suffix .confext.raw and .sysext.raw
as alternative to the .raw suffix generally accepted for DDIs. It is
recommended to name configuration extensions and system extensions
with such suffixes, to indicate their purpose in the name.
* The sd-device API gained a new function
sd_device_enumerator_add_match_property_required() which allows
configuring matches on properties that are strictly required. This is
different from the existing sd_device_enumerator_add_match_property()
matches of which one one needs to apply.
* The MAC address the veth side of an nspawn container shall get
assigned may now be controlled via the $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_NETWORK_MAC
environment variable.
* The libiptc dependency is now implemented via dlopen(), so that tools
such as networkd and nspawn no longer have a hard dependency on the
shared library when compiled with support for libiptc.
* New rpm macros have been added: %systemd_user_daemon_reexec does
daemon-reexec for all user managers, and %systemd_postun_with_reload
and %systemd_user_postun_with_reload do a reload for system and user
units on upgrades.
Contributions from: 김인수, Abderrahim Kitouni, Adam Williamson,
Alexandre Peixoto Ferreira, Alex Hudspith, Alvin Alvarado,
André Paiusco, Antonio Alvarez Feijoo, Anton Lundin,
Arseny Maslennikov, Arthur Shau, Balázs Úr, beh_10257,
Benjamin Peterson, Bertrand Jacquin, Brian Norris, Chris Patterson,
Christian Hergert, Christian Hesse, Christian Kirbach,
commondservice, Curtis Klein, cvlc12, Daan De Meyer,
Daniel P. Berrangé, Daniel Rusek, Dan Streetman,
David Rheinsberg, David Santamaría Rogado, David Tardon,
dependabot[bot], Dmitry V. Levin, Emanuele Giuseppe Esposito,
Emil Renner Berthing, Emil Velikov, Etienne Dechamps, Fabian Vogt,
felixdoerre, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, G2-Games,
Gioele Barabucci, Hugo Carvalho, huyubiao, IllusionMan1212,
Jade Lovelace, janana, Jan Janssen, Jan Kuparinen, Jan Macku,
Jin Liu, Joerg Behrmann, Johannes Segitz, Jordan Rome,
Jordan Williams, Julien Malka, Juno Computers, Khem Raj, khm,
Kingbom Dou, Kiran Vemula, Laszlo Gombos, Lennart Poettering,
Luca Boccassi, Lucas Adriano Salles, Lukas, Lukáš Nykrýn,
Maanya Goenka, Maarten, Malte Poll, Marc Pervaz Boocha,
Martin Beneš, Martin Wilck, Mathieu Tortuyaux, Matthias Schiffer,
Maxim Mikityanskiy, Max Kellermann, Michael A Cassaniti,
Michael Biebl, Michael Kuhn, Michael Vasseur, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletár, Mike Yuan, Milton D. Miller II, mordner,
msizanoen, NAHO, Nandakumar Raghavan, Nick Rosbrook, NRK,
Oğuz Ersen, Omojola Joshua, pelaufer, Peter Hutterer, PhylLu,
Pierre GRASSER, Piotr Drąg, Priit Laes, Rahil Bhimjiani,
Raito Bezarius, Raul Cheleguini, Reto Schneider, Richard Maw,
Robby Red, RoepLuke, Roland Hieber, Ronan Pigott, Sam James,
Sam Leonard, Sergey A, Susant Sahani, Sven Joachim,
Takashi Sakamoto, Thorsten Kukuk, Tj, Tomasz Świątek,
Topi Miettinen, Valentin David, Valentin Lefebvre,
Victor Westerhuis, Vincent Haupert, Vishal Chillara Srinivas,
Warren, Xiaotian Wu, xinpeng wang, Yu Watanabe,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, наб
— Edinburgh, 2023-11-06
CHANGES WITH 254:
Announcements of Future Feature Removals and Incompatible Changes:
* The next release (v255) will remove support for split-usr (/usr/
mounted separately during late boot, instead of being mounted by the
initrd before switching to the rootfs) and unmerged-usr (parallel
directories /bin/ and /usr/bin/, /lib/ and /usr/lib/, …). For more
details, see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-September/048352.html
* We intend to remove cgroup v1 support from a systemd release after
the end of 2023. If you run services that make explicit use of
cgroup v1 features (i.e. the "legacy hierarchy" with separate
hierarchies for each controller), please implement compatibility with
cgroup v2 (i.e. the "unified hierarchy") sooner rather than later.
Most of Linux userspace has been ported over already.
* Support for System V service scripts is now deprecated and will be
removed in a future release. Please make sure to update your software
*now* to include a native systemd unit file instead of a legacy
System V script to retain compatibility with future systemd releases.
* Support for the SystemdOptions EFI variable is deprecated.
'bootctl systemd-efi-options' will emit a warning when used. It seems
that this feature is little-used and it is better to use alternative
approaches like credentials and confexts. The plan is to drop support
altogether at a later point, but this might be revisited based on
user feedback.
* EnvironmentFile= now treats the line following a comment line
trailing with escape as a non comment line. For details, see:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/27975
* PrivateNetwork=yes and NetworkNamespacePath= now imply
PrivateMounts=yes unless PrivateMounts=no is explicitly specified.
* Behaviour of sandboxing options for the per-user service manager
units has changed. They now imply PrivateUsers=yes, which means user
namespaces will be implicitly enabled when a sandboxing option is
enabled in a user unit. Enabling user namespaces has the drawback
that system users will no longer be visible (and processes/files will
appear as owned by 'nobody') in the user unit.
By definition a sandboxed user unit should run with reduced
privileges, so impact should be small. This will remove a great
source of confusion that has been reported by users over the years,
due to how these options require an extra setting to be manually
enabled when used in the per-user service manager, which is not
needed in the system service manager. For more details, see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-December/048682.html
* systemd-run's switch --expand-environment= which currently is disabled
by default when combined with --scope, will be changed in a future
release to be enabled by default.
Security Relevant Changes:
* pam_systemd will now by default pass the CAP_WAKE_ALARM ambient
process capability to invoked session processes of regular users on
local seats (as well as to systemd --user), unless configured
otherwise via data from JSON user records, or via the PAM module's
parameter list. This is useful in order allow desktop tools such as
GNOME's Alarm Clock application to set a timer for
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM that wakes up the system when it elapses. A
per-user service unit file may thus use AmbientCapability= to pass
the capability to invoked processes. Note that this capability is
relatively narrow in focus (in particular compared to other process
capabilities such as CAP_SYS_ADMIN) and we already — by default —
permit more impactful operations such as system suspend to local
users.
Service Manager:
* Memory limits that apply while the unit is activating are now
supported. Previously IO and CPU settings were already supported via
StartupCPUWeight= and similar. The same logic has been added for the
various manager and unit memory settings (DefaultStartupMemoryLow=,
StartupMemoryLow=, StartupMemoryHigh=, StartupMemoryMax=,
StartupMemorySwapMax=, StartupMemoryZSwapMax=).
* The service manager gained support for enqueuing POSIX signals to
services that carry an additional integer value, exposing the
sigqueue() system call. This is accessible via new D-Bus calls
org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager.QueueSignalUnit() and
org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit.QueueSignal(), as well as in systemctl
via the new --kill-value= option.
* systemctl gained a new "list-paths" verb, which shows all currently
active .path units, similarly to how "systemctl list-timers" shows
active timers, and "systemctl list-sockets" shows active sockets.
* systemctl gained a new --when= switch which is honoured by the various
forms of shutdown (i.e. reboot, kexec, poweroff, halt) and allows
scheduling these operations by time, similar in fashion to how this
has been supported by SysV shutdown.
* If MemoryDenyWriteExecute= is enabled for a service and the kernel
supports the new PR_SET_MDWE prctl() call, it is used instead of the
seccomp()-based system call filter to achieve the same effect.
* A new set of kernel command line options is now understood:
systemd.tty.term.<name>=, systemd.tty.rows.<name>=,
systemd.tty.columns.<name>= allow configuring the TTY type and
dimensions for the tty specified via <name>. When systemd invokes a
service on a tty (via TTYName=) it will look for these and configure
the TTY accordingly. This is particularly useful in VM environments
to propagate host terminal settings into the appropriate TTYs of the
guest.
* A new RootEphemeral= setting is now understood in service units. It
takes a boolean argument. If enabled for services that use RootImage=
or RootDirectory= an ephemeral copy of the disk image or directory
tree is made when the service is started. It is removed automatically
when the service is stopped. That ephemeral copy is made using
btrfs/xfs reflinks or btrfs snapshots, if available.
* The service activation logic gained new settings RestartSteps= and
RestartMaxDelaySec= which allow exponentially-growing restart
intervals for Restart=.
* The service activation logic gained a new setting RestartMode= which
can be set to 'direct' to skip the inactive/failed states when
restarting, so that dependent units are not notified until the service
converges to a final (successful or failed) state. For example, this
means that OnSuccess=/OnFailure= units will not be triggered until the
service state has converged.
* PID 1 will now automatically load the virtio_console kernel module
during early initialization if running in a suitable VM. This is done
so that early-boot logging can be written to the console if available.
* Similarly, virtio-vsock support is loaded early in suitable VM
environments. PID 1 will send sd_notify() notifications via AF_VSOCK
to the VMM if configured, thus loading this early is beneficial.
* A new verb "fdstore" has been added to systemd-analyze to show the
current contents of the file descriptor store of a unit. This is
backed by a new D-Bus call DumpUnitFileDescriptorStore() provided by
the service manager.
* The service manager will now set a new $FDSTORE environment variable
when invoking processes for services that have the file descriptor
store enabled.
* A new service option FileDescriptorStorePreserve= has been added that
allows tuning the lifecycle of the per-service file descriptor store.
If set to "yes", the entries in the fd store are retained even after
the service has been fully stopped.
* The "systemctl clean" command may now be used to clear the fdstore of
a service.
* Unit *.preset files gained a new directive "ignore", in addition to
the existing "enable" and "disable". As the name suggests, matching
units are left unchanged, i.e. neither enabled nor disabled.
* Service units gained a new setting DelegateSubgroup=. It takes the
name of a sub-cgroup to place any processes the service manager forks
off in. Previously, the service manager would place all service
processes directly in the top-level cgroup it created for the
service. This usually meant that main process in a service with
delegation enabled would first have to create a subgroup and move
itself down into it, in order to not conflict with the "no processes
in inner cgroups" rule of cgroup v2. With this option, this step is
now handled by PID 1.
* The service manager will now look for .upholds/ directories,
similarly to the existing support for .wants/ and .requires/
directories. Symlinks in this directory result in Upholds=
dependencies.
The [Install] section of unit files gained support for a new
UpheldBy= directive to generate .upholds/ symlinks automatically when
a unit is enabled.
* The service manager now supports a new kernel command line option
systemd.default_device_timeout_sec=, which may be used to override
the default timeout for .device units.
* A new "soft-reboot" mechanism has been added to the service manager.
A "soft reboot" is similar to a regular reboot, except that it
affects userspace only: the service manager shuts down any running
services and other units, then optionally switches into a new root
file system (mounted to /run/nextroot/), and then passes control to a
systemd instance in the new file system which then starts the system
up again. The kernel is not rebooted and neither is the hardware,
firmware or boot loader. This provides a fast, lightweight mechanism
to quickly reset or update userspace, without the latency that a full
system reset involves. Moreover, open file descriptors may be passed
across the soft reboot into the new system where they will be passed
back to the originating services. This allows pinning resources
across the reboot, thus minimizing grey-out time further. This new
reboot mechanism is accessible via the new "systemctl soft-reboot"
command.
* Services using RootDirectory= or RootImage= will now have read-only
access to a copy of the host's os-release file under
/run/host/os-release, which will be kept up-to-date on 'soft-reboot'.
This was already the case for Portable Services, and the feature has
now been extended to all services that do not run off the host's
root filesystem.
* A new service setting MemoryKSM= has been added to enable kernel
same-page merging individually for services.
* A new service setting ImportCredentials= has been added that augments
LoadCredential= and LoadCredentialEncrypted= and searches for
credentials to import from the system, and supports globbing.
* A new job mode "restart-dependencies" has been added to the service
manager (exposed via systemctl --job-mode=). It is only valid when
used with "start" jobs, and has the effect that the "start" job will
be propagated as "restart" jobs to currently running units that have
a BindsTo= or Requires= dependency on the started unit.
* A new verb "whoami" has been added to "systemctl" which determines as
part of which unit the command is being invoked. It writes the unit
name to standard output. If one or more PIDs are specified reports
the unit names the processes referenced by the PIDs belong to.
* The system and service credential logic has been improved: there's
now a clearly defined place where system provisioning tools running
in the initrd can place credentials that will be imported into the
system's set of credentials during the initrd → host transition: the
/run/credentials/@initrd/ directory. Once the credentials placed
there are imported into the system credential set they are deleted
from this directory, and the directory itself is deleted afterwards
too.
* A new kernel command line option systemd.set_credential_binary= has
been added, that is similar to the pre-existing
systemd.set_credential= but accepts arbitrary binary credential data,
encoded in Base64. Note that the kernel command line is not a
recommend way to transfer credentials into a system, since it is
world-readable from userspace.
* The default machine ID to use may now be configured via the
system.machine_id system credential. It will only be used if no
machine ID was set yet on the host.
* On Linux kernel 6.4 and newer system and service credentials will now
be placed in a tmpfs instance that has the "noswap" mount option
set. Previously, a "ramfs" instance was used. By switching to tmpfs
ACL support and overall size limits can now be enforced, without
compromising on security, as the memory is never paged out either
way.
* The service manager now can detect when it is running in a
'Confidential Virtual Machine', and a corresponding 'cvm' value is now
accepted by ConditionSecurity= for units that want to conditionalize
themselves on this. systemd-detect-virt gained new 'cvm' and
'--list-cvm' switches to respectively perform the detection or list
all known flavours of confidential VM, depending on the vendor. The
manager will publish a 'ConfidentialVirtualization' D-Bus property,
and will also set a SYSTEMD_CONFIDENTIAL_VIRTUALIZATION= environment
variable for unit generators. Finally, udev rules can match on a new
'cvm' key that will be set when in a confidential VM.
Additionally, when running in a 'Confidential Virtual Machine', SMBIOS
strings and QEMU's fw_cfg protocol will not be used to import
credentials and kernel command line parameters by the system manager,
systemd-boot and systemd-stub, because the hypervisor is considered
untrusted in this particular setting.
Journal:
* The sd-journal API gained a new call sd_journal_get_seqnum() to
retrieve the current log record's sequence number and sequence number
ID, which allows applications to order records the same way as
journal does internally. The sequence number is now also exported in
the JSON and "export" output of the journal.
* journalctl gained a new switch --truncate-newline. If specified
multi-line log records will be truncated at the first newline,
i.e. only the first line of each log message will be shown.
* systemd-journal-upload gained support for --namespace=, similar to
the switch of the same name of journalctl.
systemd-repart:
* systemd-repart's drop-in files gained a new ExcludeFiles= option which
may be used to exclude certain files from the effect of CopyFiles=.
* systemd-repart's Verity support now implements the Minimize= setting
to minimize the size of the resulting partition.
* systemd-repart gained a new --offline= switch, which may be used to
control whether images shall be built "online" or "offline",
i.e. whether to make use of kernel facilities such as loopback block
devices and device mapper or not.
* If systemd-repart is told to populate a newly created ESP or XBOOTLDR
partition with some files, it will now default to VFAT rather than
ext4.
* systemd-repart gained a new --architecture= switch. If specified, the
per-architecture GPT partition types (i.e. the root and /usr/
partitions) configured in the partition drop-in files are
automatically adjusted to match the specified CPU architecture, in
order to simplify cross-architecture DDI building.
* systemd-repart will now default to a minimum size of 300MB for XFS
filesystems if no size parameter is specified. This matches what the
XFS tools (xfsprogs) can support.
systemd-boot, systemd-stub, ukify, bootctl, kernel-install:
* gnu-efi is no longer required to build systemd-boot and systemd-stub.
Instead, pyelftools is now needed, and it will be used to perform the
ELF -> PE relocations at build time.
* bootctl gained a new switch --print-root-device/-R that prints the
block device the root file system is backed by. If specified twice,
it returns the whole disk block device (as opposed to partition block
device) the root file system is on. It's useful for invocations such
as "cfdisk $(bootctl -RR)" to quickly show the partition table of the
running OS.
* systemd-stub will now look for the SMBIOS Type 1 field
"io.systemd.stub.kernel-cmdline-extra" and append its value to the
kernel command line it invokes. This is useful for VMMs such as qemu
to pass additional kernel command lines into the system even when
booting via full UEFI. The contents of the field are measured into
TPM PCR 12.
* The KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT= setting for kernel-install gained a new
value "auto". With this value, a kernel will be automatically
analyzed, and if it qualifies as UKI, it will be installed as if the
setting was to set to "uki", otherwise as "bls".
* systemd-stub can now optionally load UEFI PE "add-on" images that may
contain additional kernel command line information. These "add-ons"
superficially look like a regular UEFI executable, and are expected
to be signed via SecureBoot/shim. However, they do not actually
contain code, but instead a subset of the PE sections that UKIs
support. They are supposed to provide a way to extend UKIs with
additional resources in a secure and authenticated way. Currently,
only the .cmdline PE section may be used in add-ons, in which case
any specified string is appended to the command line embedded into
the UKI itself. A new 'addon<EFI-ARCH>.efi.stub' is now provided that
can be used to trivially create addons, via 'ukify' or 'objcopy'. In
the future we expect other sections to be made extensible like this as
well.
* ukify has been updated to allow building these UEFI PE "add-on"
images, using the new 'addon<EFI-ARCH>.efi.stub'.
* ukify now accepts SBAT information to place in the .sbat PE section
of UKIs and addons. If a UKI is built the SBAT information from the
inner kernel is merged with any SBAT information associated with
systemd-stub and the SBAT data specified on the ukify command line.
* The kernel-install script has been rewritten in C, and reuses much of
the infrastructure of existing tools such as bootctl. It also gained
--esp-path= and --boot-path= options to override the path to the ESP,
and the $BOOT partition. Options --make-entry-directory= and
--entry-token= have been added as well, similar to bootctl's options
of the same name.
* A new kernel-install plugin 60-ukify has been added which will
combine kernel/initrd locally into a UKI and optionally sign them
with a local key. This may be used to switch to UKI mode even on
systems where a local kernel or initrd is used. (Typically UKIs are
built and signed by the vendor.)
* The ukify tool now supports "pesign" in addition to the pre-existing
"sbsign" for signing UKIs.
* systemd-measure and systemd-stub now look for the .uname PE section
that should contain the kernel's "uname -r" string.
* systemd-measure and ukify now calculate expected PCR hashes for a UKI
"offline", i.e. without access to a TPM (physical or
software-emulated).
Memory Pressure & Control:
* The sd-event API gained new calls sd_event_add_memory_pressure(),
sd_event_source_set_memory_pressure_type(),
sd_event_source_set_memory_pressure_period() to create and configure
an event source that is called whenever the OS signals memory
pressure. Another call sd_event_trim_memory() is provided that
compacts the process' memory use by releasing allocated but unused
malloc() memory back to the kernel. Services can also provide their
own custom callback to do memory trimming. This should improve system
behaviour under memory pressure, as on Linux traditionally provided
no mechanism to return process memory back to the kernel if the
kernel was under memory pressure. This makes use of the kernel's PSI
interface. Most long-running services in systemd have been hooked up
with this, and in particular systems with low memory should benefit
from this.
* Service units gained new settings MemoryPressureWatch= and
MemoryPressureThresholdSec= to configure the PSI memory pressure
logic individually. If these options are used, the
$MEMORY_PRESSURE_WATCH and $MEMORY_PRESSURE_WRITE environment
variables will be set for the invoked processes to inform them about
the requested memory pressure behaviour. (This is used by the
aforementioned sd-events API additions, if set.)
* systemd-analyze gained a new "malloc" verb that shows the output
generated by glibc's malloc_info() on services that support it. Right
now, only the service manager has been updated accordingly. This
call requires privileges.
User & Session Management:
* The sd-login API gained a new call sd_session_get_username() to
return the user name of the owner of a login session. It also gained
a new call sd_session_get_start_time() to retrieve the time the login
session started. A new call sd_session_get_leader() has been added to
return the PID of the "leader" process of a session. A new call
sd_uid_get_login_time() returns the time since the specified user has
most recently been continuously logged in with at least one session.
* JSON user records gained a new set of fields capabilityAmbientSet and
capabilityBoundingSet which contain a list of POSIX capabilities to
set for the logged in users in the ambient and bounding sets,
respectively. homectl gained the ability to configure these two sets
for users via --capability-bounding-set=/--capability-ambient-set=.