| category | tool | contributors | filename | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tool |
git |
|
LearnGit.txt |
Git is a distributed version control and source code management system.
It does this through a series of snapshots of your project, and it works with those snapshots to provide you with functionality to version and manage your source code.
Version control is a system that records changes to a file, or set of files, over time.
- Centralized version control focuses on synchronizing, tracking, and backing up files.
- Distributed version control focuses on sharing changes. Every change has a unique id.
- Distributed systems have no defined structure. You could easily have a SVN style, centralized system, with git.
- Can work offline.
- Collaborating with others is easy!
- Branching is easy!
- Merging is easy!
- Git is fast.
- Git is flexible.
A set of files, directories, historical records, commits, and heads. Imagine it as a source code datastructure, with the attribute that each source code "element" gives you access to its revision history, among other things.
A git repository is comprised of the .git directory & working tree.
The .git directory contains all the configurations, logs, branches, HEAD, and more. Detailed List.
This is basically the directories and files in your repository. It is often referred to as your working directory.
The Index is the staging area in git. It's basically a layer that separates your working tree from the Git repository. This gives developers more power over what gets sent to the Git repository.
A git commit is a snapshot of a set of changes, or manipulations to your Working Tree. For example, if you added 5 files, and removed 2 others, these changes will be contained in a commit (or snapshot). This commit can then be pushed to other repositories, or not!
A branch is essentially a pointer that points to the last commit you made. As you commit, this pointer will automatically update and point to the latest commit.
HEAD is a pointer that points to the current branch. A repository only has 1 active HEAD. head is a pointer that points to any commit. A repository can have any number of heads.
Create an empty Git repository. The Git repository's settings, stored information, and more is stored in a directory (a folder) named ".git".
$ git initTo configure settings. Whether it be for the repository, the system itself, or global configurations.
# Print & Set Some Basic Config Variables (Global)
$ git config --global user.email
$ git config --global user.name
$ git config --global user.email "MyEmail@Zoho.com"
$ git config --global user.name "My Name"To give you quick access to an extremely detailed guide of each command. Or to just give you a quick reminder of some semantics.
# Quickly check available commands
$ git help
# Check all available commands
$ git help -a
# Command specific help - user manual
# git help <command_here>
$ git help add
$ git help commit
$ git help initTo show differences between the index file (basically your working copy/repo) and the current HEAD commit.
# Will display the branch, untracked files, changes and other differences
$ git status
# To learn other "tid bits" about git status
$ git help statusTo add files to the current working tree/directory/repo. If you do not git add new files to the
working tree/directory, they will not be included in commits!
# add a file in your current working directory
$ git add HelloWorld.java
# add a file in a nested dir
$ git add /path/to/file/HelloWorld.c
# Regular Expression support!
$ git add ./*.javaManage your branches. You can view, edit, create, delete branches using this command.
# list existing branches & remotes
$ git branch -a
# create a new branch
$ git branch myNewBranch
# delete a branch
$ git branch -d myBranch
# rename a branch
# git branch -m <oldname> <newname>
$ git branch -m myBranchName myNewBranchName
# edit a branch's description
$ git branch myBranchName --edit-descriptionUpdates all files in the working tree to match the version in the index, or specified tree.
# Checkout a repo - defaults to master branch
$ git checkout
# Checkout a specified branch
$ git checkout branchName
# Create a new branch & switch to it, like: "git branch <name>; git checkout <name>"
$ git checkout -b newBranchClones, or copies, an existing repository into a new directory. It also adds remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repo, which allows you to push to a remote branch.
# Clone learnxinyminutes-docs
$ git clone https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.gitStores the current contents of the index in a new "commit." This commit contains the changes made and a message created by the user.
# commit with a message
$ git commit -m "Added multiplyNumbers() function to HelloWorld.c"Shows differences between a file in the working directory, index and commits.
# Show difference between your working dir and the index
$ git diff
# Show differences between the index and the most recent commit.
$ git diff --cached
# Show differences between your working dir and the most recent commit
$ git diff HEADAllows you to quickly search a repository.
Optional Configurations:
# Thanks to Travis Jeffery for these
# Set line numbers to be shown in grep search results
$ git config --global grep.lineNumber true
# Make search results more readable, including grouping
$ git config --global alias.g "grep --break --heading --line-number"# Search for "variableName" in all java files
$ git grep 'variableName' -- '*.java'
# Search for a line that contains "arrayListName" and, "add" or "remove"
$ git grep -e 'arrayListName' --and \( -e add -e remove \) Google is your friend; for more examples Git Grep Ninja
Display commits to the repository.
# Show all commits
$ git log
# Show X number of commits
$ git log -n 10
# Show merge commits only
$ git log --merges"Merge" in changes from external commits into the current branch.
# Merge the specified branch into the current.
$ git merge branchName
# Always generate a merge commit when merging
$ git merge --no-ff branchNameRename or move a file
# Renaming a file
$ git mv HelloWorld.c HelloNewWorld.c
# Moving a file
$ git mv HelloWorld.c ./new/path/HelloWorld.c
# Force rename or move
# "existingFile" already exists in the directory, will be overwritten
$ git mv -f myFile existingFilePulls from a repository and merges it with another branch.
# Update your local repo, by merging in new changes
# from the remote "origin" and "master" branch.
# git pull <remote> <branch>
# git pull => implicitly defaults to => git pull origin master
$ git pull origin master
# Merge in changes from remote branch and rebase
# branch commits onto your local repo, like: "git pull <remote> <branch>, git rebase <branch>"
$ git pull origin master --rebasePush and merge changes from a branch to a remote & branch.
# Push and merge changes from a local repo to a
# remote named "origin" and "master" branch.
# git push <remote> <branch>
# git push => implicitly defaults to => git push origin master
$ git push origin masterTake all changes that were committed on one branch, and replay them onto another branch. Do not rebase commits that you have pushed to a public repo.
# Rebase experimentBranch onto master
# git rebase <basebranch> <topicbranch>
$ git rebase master experimentBranchReset the current HEAD to the specified state. This allows you to undo merges, pulls, commits, adds, and more. It's a great command but also dangerous if you don't know what you are doing.
# Reset the staging area, to match the latest commit (leaves dir unchanged)
$ git reset
# Reset the staging area, to match the latest commit, and overwrite working dir
$ git reset --hard
# Moves the current branch tip to the specified commit (leaves dir unchanged)
# all changes still exist in the directory.
$ git reset 31f2bb1
# Moves the current branch tip backward to the specified commit
# and makes the working dir match (deletes uncommited changes and all commits
# after the specified commit).
$ git reset --hard 31f2bb1The opposite of git add, git rm removes files from the current working tree.
# remove HelloWorld.c
$ git rm HelloWorld.c
# Remove a file from a nested dir
$ git rm /pather/to/the/file/HelloWorld.c