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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
<title>Core Programming Language – Tutorial</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/base.css">
<script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container leftSpace">
<header>
<div class="pageHeader">
<div class="topSpace"></div>
<div class="pageTitle"><a href=".">Core</a></div>
<div class="pageSubtitle"> / tutorial </div>
</div>
</header>
<main>
<nav class="toc">
<div id="toc-lang">
<p>Language</p>
</div>
<div id="toc-std">
<p>Library</p>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="doc-lang">
<h3>Literals</h3>
<h4>Numbers</h4>
<div class="code">
1 -23 123'456
<div class="explanation">some integer values of type Int64</div>
1i32 -23i32 123'456i32
<div class="explanation">some integer values of type Int32</div>
1.0 -23.0 123'456.0
<div class="explanation">some floating-point values of type Float64</div>
1.0f32 -23.0f32 123'456.0f32
<div class="explanation">some floating-point values of type Float32</div>
</div>
<h4>Booleans</h4>
<div class="code">
true false
<div class="explanation">the two values of type Bool</div>
</div>
<h4>Strings</h4>
<div class="code">
"abc" ""
<div class="explanation">some values of type String</div>
</div>
<h3>Definitions</h3>
<h4>Constants</h4>
<div class="code">
let a = 1
<div class="explanation">the Int64 value 1 assigned to the constant a</div>
a
<div class="result">1</div>
a = 2
<div class="explanation">compilation error – a constant cannot be reassigned</div>
</div>
<h4>Variables</h4>
<div class="code">
var a = 1
<div class="explanation">the Int64 value 1 assigned to the variable a</div>
a
<div class="result">1</div>
a = 2 * 3
<div class="result">6</div>
</div>
<h4>Functions</h4>
<div class="code">
fun sum(a: Int64, b: Int64): Int64 = a + b
<div class="explanation">a function accepting two arguments of type Int64</div>
<div class="explanation">and returning a value of type Int64</div>
sum(12, 23)
<div class="result">35</div>
</div>
<h4>Classes</h4>
<div class=code>
class Person(let firstName: String, let lastName: String, var age: Int64) {
fun fullName(): String = "${self.firstName} ${self.lastName}"
}
let alice = Person("Alice", "Smith", 23)
alice.lastName
<div class="result">"Smith"</div>
alice.fullName()
<div class="result">"Alice Smith"</div>
alice.age = 24
alice.age
<div class="result">24</div>
</div>
<h4>Modules (not implemented)</h4>
<div class=code>
module Utilities {
fun appendTest(value: String): String = "${value} test"
}
Utilities.appendTest("string")
<div class="result">"string test"</div>
</div>
<h4>Namespaces (not implemented)</h4>
<h3>Control Flow</h3>
<h4>Conditions</h4>
<div class=code>
let a = 2
if a == 1 { println("a is one") } else { println("a is not one") }
<div class="result">a is not one</div>
fun describeFloat(float: Float64): String =
if float
... === Float64.NaN { "not a number" }
... .isFinite.not { "infinity" }
... >= 0.0 { "positive" }
else { "negative" }
describeFloat(123.4)
<div class="result">"positive"</div>
describeFloat(1.0/0.0)
<div class="result">"infinity"</div>
</div>
<h4>Loops</h4>
<div class=code>
for i in List[Int64](1, 2, 3) {
print(i.toString())
}
<div class="result">"123"</div>
</div>
<h3>Operators</h3>
<table class="operators">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Precedence</th>
<th>Operator</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><code><span class="operator">=</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><code><span class="operator">||</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td><code><span class="operator">&&</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><code><span class="operator">==</span><span class="operator">!=</span><span class="operator"><</span><span class="operator"><=</span><span class="operator">></span><span class="operator">>=</span><span class="operator">===</span><span class="operator">!==</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><code><span class="operator">+</span><span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">|</span><span class="operator">^</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><code><span class="operator">*</span><span class="operator">/</span><span class="operator">&</span></code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class=code>
1 + 1
<div class="result">2</div>
23.0 + 42.0 / 2.0
<div class="result">44.0</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="doc-std">
<h3>Basic Types</h3>
<h4>Strings</h4>
<div class=code>
let a = "foo"
<div class="result">"foo"</div>
let c = a + "bar"
<div class="result">"foobar"</div>
c.size()
<div class="result">6</div>
c.isEmpty()
<div class="result">false</div>
</div>
<h4>Options</h4>
<div class=code>
let some = Some[String]("value")
<div class="result">Some("value")</div>
let none = None[String]()
<div class="result">None</div>
some.isSome()
<div class="result">true</div>
none.isSome()
<div class="result">false</div>
some.contains("value")
<div class="result">true</div>
some.contains("other")
<div class="result">false</div>
none.contains("value")
<div class="result">false</div>
</div>
<h4>Lists</h4>
<div class=code>
let list = List[Int64](30, 10, 20, 40)
<div class="result">List(30, 10, 20, 40)</div>
list.size()
<div class="result">4</div>
list(0) // same as list.get(0)
<div class="result">30</div>
list(0) = 5 // same as list.set(0, 5)
<div class="result">List(5, 10, 20, 40)</div>
list.first()
<div class="result">Some(5)</div>
list.last()
<div class="result">Some(40)</div>
d.removeAt(3)
<div class="result">List(5, 10, 20)</div>
d.push(40)
<div class="result">List(5, 10, 20, 40)</div>
</div>
<h4>Set</h4>
<div class=code>...</div>
<h4>Maps</h4>
<div class=code>
let map = HashMap[String, String](("hello", "a greeting"), ("goodbye", "a parting"))
<div class="result">HashMap(("hello", "a greeting"), ("goodbye", "a parting"))</div>
map.contains("hello")
<div class="result">true</div>
map.get("hello")
<div class="result">Some("a greeting")</div>
map.insert("ciao", "not sure ...")
<div class="result">HashMap(("hello", "a greeting"), ("goodbye", "a parting"), ("ciao", "not sure ..."))</div>
map.remove("ciao")
<div class="result">"not sure ..."</div>
</div>
<h4>Array</h4>
<div class=code>...</div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</body>
</html>