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Tweedledum/Tweedledee supporting evidence

This repository contains supporting evidence that the amicable pair of prime-order curves:

  • Ep : y^2 = x^3 + 5 over GF(p) of order q, called Tweedledum;
  • Eq : y^2 = x^3 + 5 over GF(q) of order p, called Tweedledee;

with

  • p = 2^254 + 4707489545178046908921067385359695873
  • q = 2^254 + 4707489544292117082687961190295928833

satisfy some of the SafeCurves criteria.

The criteria that are not satisfied are, in summary:

  • large-magnitude CM discriminant (both curves have CM discriminant of absolute value 3, as a consequence of how they were constructed);
  • completeness (complete formulae are possible, but not according to the Safe curves criterion);
  • ladder support (not possible for prime-order curves);
  • Elligator 2 support (indistinguishability is possible using Elligator Squared, but not using Elligator 2).

Tweedledum/Tweedledee is the first cycle output by sage amicable.sage --sequential --nearpowerof2 255 32.

(The --sequential option makes the output completely deterministic and so resolves ambiguity about which result is "first". For exploratory searches it is faster not to use --sequential.)

The cycle we call Tweedledum/Tweedledee has changed from the initial (September 2019) draft of the Halo paper.

Note that although there is no known security problem with the Tweedle cycle, there are efficiency and interoperability reasons to prefer the Pasta cycle, as explained in this blog post.

Prerequisites:

  • apt-get install sagemath

Run sage verify.sage Ep and sage verify.sage Eq; or ./run.sh to run both and also print out the results.

amicable.sage also outputs isogenies (of degree up to ISOGENY_DEGREE_MAX) suitable for use with the "simplified SWU" method for hashing to an elliptic curve. This is based on code from Appendix A of Wahby and Boneh 2019. Note that simplified SWU is not necessarily the preferred method to hash to a given curve. In particular it probably is not for the Tweedle curves; they only have suitable isogenies of degree 23, which is rather large.

To check the correctness of the endomorphism optimization described in the Halo paper, run python3 injectivitylemma.py and python3 checksumsets.py. To also generate animations showing the minimum distances between multiples of ζ used in the proof, run ./animation.sh.

animation.sh has the following prerequisites:

  • apt-get install ffmpeg ffcvt
  • pip3 install bintrees Pillow

checksumsets.py on its own only requires the bintrees Python package.