diff --git a/lib/bolognese/metadata.rb b/lib/bolognese/metadata.rb
index e5426d92..5e8a3d0e 100644
--- a/lib/bolognese/metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/bolognese/metadata.rb
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ def dates
     end
 
     def publisher
-      @publisher ||= 
-        if meta.fetch("publisher", nil).is_a?(Hash)
+      @publisher ||=
+        if meta.fetch("publisher", nil).respond_to?(:to_hash)
           meta.fetch("publisher", nil)
-        elsif meta.fetch("publisher", nil).is_a?(String)
+        elsif meta.fetch("publisher", nil).respond_to?(:to_str)
           { "name" => meta.fetch("publisher", nil) }.compact
         end
     end
diff --git a/lib/bolognese/readers/bibtex_reader.rb b/lib/bolognese/readers/bibtex_reader.rb
index ce04ca50..0e75f8a0 100644
--- a/lib/bolognese/readers/bibtex_reader.rb
+++ b/lib/bolognese/readers/bibtex_reader.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def read_bibtex(string: nil, **options)
           "titles" => meta.try(:title).present? ? [{ "title" => meta.try(:title).to_s }] : [],
           "creators" => creators,
           "container" => container,
-          "publisher" => meta.try(:publisher).present? ? { "name" => meta.try(:publisher).to_s }.compact : nil,
+          "publisher" => meta.try(:publisher).present? ? { "name" => meta.publisher.to_s } : nil,
           "related_identifiers" => related_identifiers,
           "dates" => dates,
           "publication_year" => publication_year,
diff --git a/lib/bolognese/readers/crosscite_reader.rb b/lib/bolognese/readers/crosscite_reader.rb
index 5546c544..06e1f4d2 100644
--- a/lib/bolognese/readers/crosscite_reader.rb
+++ b/lib/bolognese/readers/crosscite_reader.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ def read_crosscite(string: nil, **options)
         errors = jsonlint(string)
         return { "errors" => errors } if errors.present?
 
-        string.present? ? Maremma.from_json(string) : {}
+        crosscite = string.present? ? Maremma.from_json(string) : {}
+        crosscite["publisher"] = normalize_publisher(crosscite.fetch("publisher", nil)) if crosscite.fetch("publisher", nil).present?
+
+        crosscite
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bolognese/readers/datacite_json_reader.rb b/lib/bolognese/readers/datacite_json_reader.rb
index d2c9cf09..c1be32ec 100644
--- a/lib/bolognese/readers/datacite_json_reader.rb
+++ b/lib/bolognese/readers/datacite_json_reader.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ def read_datacite_json(string: nil, **options)
         errors = jsonlint(string)
         return { "errors" => errors } if errors.present?
 
-        string.present? ? Maremma.from_json(string).transform_keys! { |key| key.underscore } : {}
+        datacite_json = string.present? ? Maremma.from_json(string).transform_keys! { |key| key.underscore } : {}
+        datacite_json["publisher"] = normalize_publisher(datacite_json.fetch("publisher", nil)) if datacite_json.fetch("publisher", nil).present?
+
+        datacite_json
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bolognese/utils.rb b/lib/bolognese/utils.rb
index 63584eea..c2358214 100644
--- a/lib/bolognese/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/bolognese/utils.rb
@@ -773,6 +773,14 @@ def normalize_licenses(licenses)
       nil
     end
 
+    def normalize_publisher(publisher)
+      if publisher.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+        publisher
+      elsif publisher.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        { "name" => publisher }
+      end
+    end
+
     def to_datacite_json(element, options={})
       a = Array.wrap(element).map do |e|
         e.inject({}) {|h, (k,v)| h[k.dasherize] = v; h }