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Windows.md

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Windows

  • In most applications, you can copy things (files, text, images, etc.) with Ctrl+C and paste them somewhere else with Ctrl+V.
  • If you want to move things (files, text, images etc.) instead of copying them, use Ctrl+X and Ctrl+V.
  • Lots of applications allow you to undo things with Ctrl+Z.
  • The program that you view websites with is called web browser, or just browser.
  • Some good free web browers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Safari.
  • If you want to write simple texts without formatting and design, use Windows' Editor or WordPad instead of complex Microsoft Word etc.
  • You can take a photo of the full screen by pressing the Print button (screen capture). Afterwards, paste the image (Ctrl+V) somewhere.
  • For basic graphics editing, the free Paint.NET is very good. For more complex work, try the free Gimp or commercial Adobe Photoshop.
  • In order to pack and unpack collections of files or archives, use the free 7-Zip.
  • In order to start the command prompt for a certain location quickly, just navigate to the desired folder in Explorer. Then press Shift and right-click on the background of the Explorer window. You should be able to launch the command prompt by clicking Open command window here then.
  • If you want to have a file name start with a dot (.), it works only if you add another dot at the end of the file name as well. The trailing dot will be removed automatically.
  • In order to create a file without a file extension (e.g. LICENSE), just type the desired file name and append a trailing dot. The void in the place of the file extension causes the file to be created without an extension.
  • If you want to use cURL from the command line, you should just get Git for Windows which includes GNU Bash.
  • If you don't want GNU Bash from Git for Windows to save a history of the most recent commands, this can be prevented easily: In your user directory, i.e. %USERPROFILE%, create (or append to) a file named .bashrc. Put HISTFILESIZE=0 in a new line and save the file.
  • If you want Notepad++'s search (and replace) history of recent entries to be cleared (or at least trimmed) whenever you exit the program, this can be easily done in its configuration files: Open %APPDATA%\Notepad++\config.xml with notepad.exe (!). In that file, find the opening FindHistory tag. Among that tag's attributes, change nbMaxFindHistoryPath and nbMaxFindHistoryFilter from 10 to 1, and nbMaxFindHistoryFind and nbMaxFindHistoryReplace from 10 to 0. You may enter any values you like, but these are reasonable defaults for clearing the lists.

Keyboard shortcuts

  • Ctrl + A: select all items in a list, select the full text in a text field, select the full image in an image editing application
  • Ctrl + C: copy the selected content
  • Ctrl + V: paste the most recently copied content
  • Ctrl + X: cut out (as opposed to copying) the selected content so that it will be relocated and not copied while pasting
  • Print: copy a screenshot of the full screen (may be pasted in an image editing application, for example)
  • Tab: jump to the next control or input field
  • Shift + Tab: jump to the previous control or input field
  • Ctrl + Z: reverse the latest action
  • Ctrl + Y: repeat (un-reverse) the latest action
  • End: jump to the end of the current line in an input field
  • Pos1: jump to the beginning of the current line in an input field
  • Alt + Tab: switch between windows that have been opened
  • Win + D: switch to the desktop
  • Win + L: lock the computer
  • Ctrl + Alt + Del: open the task manager (e.g. to force an application to be closed)

PowerShell

  • Run ii . or explorer.exe . to open an explorer window for the current directory.

Java

  • If you use the java command to run a program and want UTF-8 output on the console, add the option -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8.

Extracting the license key from an existing Windows installation

On the same computer, i.e. with the same hardware and drives present, boot from a Ubuntu live DVD. Then open a terminal window and run the following command:

$ sudo cat /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/MSDM | strings

Alternatively, having located the Windows drive in Ubuntu’s file manager (“Other Locations”), you may try the following set of commands:

# sudo add-apt-repository universe
# sudo apt-get update
# sudo apt-get install chntpw
$ chntpw -e /path/to/drive/Windows/System32/config/SOFTWARE
$ dpi \Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\DigitalProductId

Detecting DNS resolver (recursive DNS server) used by local machine

nslookup -type=TXT whoami.ds.akahelp.net
REM or
nslookup -type=A whoami.akamai.net

Saving screenshots, screen captures or thumbnails from a video file

vlc.exe <VIDEO_FILENAME> --start-time=<START_TIME_SECONDS_OR_MINUS_1> --stop-time=<STOP_TIME_SECONDS_OR_MINUS_1> --rate=<PROCESSING_SPEED> --video-filter=scene --vout=dummy --aout=dummy --scene-format=<IMAGE_FORMAT> --scene-ratio=<CAPTURE_EVERY_NTH_FRAME> --scene-width=<IMAGE_WIDTH> --scene-height=<IMAGE_HEIGHT> --no-scene-replace --scene-prefix=<IMAGE_FILENAME_PREFIX> --scene-path=<IMAGE_OUTPUT_PATH> vlc://quit
REM e.g.: vlc.exe "input.mp4" --start-time=-1 --stop-time=-1 --rate=1 --video-filter=scene --vout=dummy --aout=dummy --scene-format=png --scene-ratio=30 --scene-width=-1 --scene-height=-1 --no-scene-replace --scene-prefix=thumb_ --scene-path=./thumbs vlc://quit
REM e.g.: vlc.exe "input.mp4" --start-time=24 --stop-time=2397 --rate=1 --video-filter=scene --vout=dummy --aout=dummy --scene-format=png --scene-ratio=300 --scene-width=1920 --scene-height=1080 --no-scene-replace --scene-prefix=thumb_ --scene-path=./thumbs vlc://quit

Wiping or overwriting unallocated (remaining free) disk space

Download “SDelete” from Sysinternals here or here. Then use it to write zeros to drive “C:” until it’s filled completely:

sdelete -z c:

Finding the IP addresses of all devices connected to the local network (LAN)

for /L %i in (1,1,254) do ping -4 -n 1 -w 1000 192.168.0.%i | findstr -l -i "bytes=32"