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<h2>Rails 應用程式模版</h2><p>應用程式模版其實就是 Ruby 檔案，內含新增 Gems、Initializers 等的 DSL，用來建立、更新 Rails 專案。</p><p>讀完本篇，您將了解：</p>
<ul>
<li>如何使用模版來產生、客製化 Rails 應用程式。</li>
<li>如何使用 Rails 的模版 API 撰寫出可複用的應用程式模版。</li>
</ul>
<div id="subCol">
<h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
<ol class="chapters">
<li><a href="#%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94">用途</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%88-api">模版 API</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#gem-args">gem(*args)</a></li>
<li><a href="#gem-group-names-block">gem_group(*names, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#add-source-source-options">add_source(source, options = {})</a></li>
<li><a href="#environment-application-data-nil-options-block">environment/application(data=nil, options={}, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#vendor-lib-file-initializer-filename-data-nil-block">vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename, data = nil, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#rakefile-filename-data-nil-block">rakefile(filename, data = nil, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#generate-what-args">generate(what, *args)</a></li>
<li><a href="#run-command">run(command)</a></li>
<li><a href="#rake-command-options">rake(command, options = {})</a></li>
<li><a href="#route-routing-code">route(routing_code)</a></li>
<li><a href="#inside-dir">inside(dir)</a></li>
<li><a href="#ask-question">ask(question)</a></li>
<li><a href="#yes-questionmark-question-or-no-questionmark-question">yes?(question) or no?(question)</a></li>
<li><a href="#git-command">git(:command)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E9%80%B2%E9%9A%8E%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94">進階用途</a></li>
</ol>
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<h3 id="用途">1 用途</h3><p>要套用模版，首先需要提供 Rails 產生器並用 <code>-m</code> 選項附上模版的位置。位置可以是個檔案或是 URL。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
$ rails new blog -m ~/template.rb
$ rails new blog -m http://example.com/template.rb
</pre>
</div>
<p>可以使用 <code>rake rails:template</code> 來套用模版到現有的 Rails 應用程式。模版的位置需要使用 <code>LOCATION</code> 這個環境變數傳入。再強調一次，模版的位置可以是檔案或 URL。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="模版-api">2 模版 API</h3><p>Rails 模版 API 很容易理解。看下面這個 Rails 模版的典型例子：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# template.rb
generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
route "root to: 'people#index'"
rake("db:migrate")
after_bundle do
git :init
git add: "."
git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
end
</pre>
</div>
<p>下節概述模版 API 主要提供的方法：</p><h4 id="gem-args">2.1 gem(*args)</h4><p>新增 <code>gem</code> 到應用程式的 <code>Gemfile</code>。</p><p>舉個例子，加入 <code>bj</code> 與 <code>nokogiri</code> 到 <code>Gemfile</code>：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
gem "bj"
gem "nokogiri"
</pre>
</div>
<p>請注意這不會安裝，要執行 <code>bundle install</code> 才會安裝：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
bundle install
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="gem-group-names-block">2.2 gem_group(*names, &block)</h4><p>將 Gem 分組。</p><p>譬如只想要在開發與測試環境下載入 <code>rspec-rails</code>：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
gem_group :development, :test do
gem "rspec-rails"
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="add-source-source-options">2.3 add_source(source, options = {})</h4><p>新增 RubyGems 來源網站到 <code>Gemfile</code>。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
add_source "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="environment-application-data-nil-options-block">2.4 environment/application(data=nil, options={}, &block)</h4><p>新增程式到 <code>config/application.rb</code>。</p><p>若有指定環境 <code>options[:env]</code>，則程式會加到 <code>config/environments</code> 下對應的環境設定檔裡。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
environment 'config.action_mailer.default_url_options = {host: "http://yourwebsite.example.com"}', env: 'production'
</pre>
</div>
<p><code>data</code> 參數可以是區塊。</p><h4 id="vendor-lib-file-initializer-filename-data-nil-block">2.5 vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename, data = nil, &block)</h4><p>新增 initializer 到 <code>config/initializers</code> 目錄下。</p><p>假設想使用 <code>Object#not_nil?</code> 與 <code>Object#not_blank?</code>：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
initializer 'bloatlol.rb', <<-CODE
class Object
def not_nil?
!nil?
end
def not_blank?
!blank?
end
end
CODE
</pre>
</div>
<p><code>lib()</code> 則是在 <code>lib/</code> 目錄下建立檔案、<code>vender()</code> 在 <code>vender/</code> 目錄下建立檔案。</p><p>還有一個 <code>file()</code> 方法，可在 <code>Rails.root</code> 的相對路徑下同時建立目錄與檔案。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
file 'app/components/foo.rb', <<-CODE
class Foo
end
CODE
</pre>
</div>
<p>這會建立出 <code>app/components</code> 目錄，並新增 <code>foo.rb</code>。</p><h4 id="rakefile-filename-data-nil-block">2.6 rakefile(filename, data = nil, &block)</h4><p>在 <code>lib/tasks</code> 建立 Rake 檔案：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rakefile("bootstrap.rake") do
<<-TASK
namespace :boot do
task :strap do
puts "i like boots!"
end
end
TASK
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="generate-what-args">2.7 generate(what, *args)</h4><p>使用給入的參數執行 Rails 的產生器：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
generate(:scaffold, "person", "name:string", "address:text", "age:number")
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="run-command">2.8 run(command)</h4><p>執行任何命令，即反引號（<code>`</code>）。譬如想移除 <code>README.rdoc</code> 檔案：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
run "rm README.rdoc"
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="rake-command-options">2.9 rake(command, options = {})</h4><p>執行指定的 Rake 任務。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rake "db:migrate"
</pre>
</div>
<p>也可以針對環境執行：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rake "db:migrate", env: 'production'
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="route-routing-code">2.10 route(routing_code)</h4><p>新增一筆路由到 <code>config/routes.rb</code>。譬如加一筆 <code>root</code> 路由：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
route "root to: 'person#index'"
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="inside-dir">2.11 inside(dir)</h4><p>在特定目錄下執行命令：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
inside('vendor') do
run "ln -s ~/commit-rails/rails rails"
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="ask-question">2.12 ask(question)</h4><p><code>ask()</code> 可以詢問使用者問題，並獲得使用者的輸入。比如詢問即將新增的函式庫名稱：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
lib_name = ask("What do you want to call the shiny library ?")
lib_name << ".rb" unless lib_name.index(".rb")
lib lib_name, <<-CODE
class Shiny
end
CODE
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="yes-questionmark-question-or-no-questionmark-question">2.13 yes?(question) or no?(question)</h4><p>這兩個方法可以問問題，根據使用者的答案來決定執行流程。譬如根據使用者的回答，決定是否執行 <code>bundle package</code>：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
system("bundle package") if yes?("Package all gems?")
# no?(question) acts just the opposite.
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="git-command">2.14 git(:command)</h4><p>Rails 模版可執行任何 git 命令：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
git :init
git add: "."
git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="進階用途">3 進階用途</h3><p>應用程式模版在 <code>Rails::Generators::AppGenerator</code> 實體的上下文裡求值。使用了由 <a href="https://github.com/erikhuda/thor/blob/master/lib/thor/actions.rb#L209">Thor</a> 所提供的 <code>apply</code> 方法。這表示可以自己擴展、修改這個實體，以符所需。</p><p>舉個複寫 <code>source_paths</code> 方法的例子，讓 <code>source_path</code> 包含模版的位置。現在像是 <code>copy_file</code> 的方法會接受相對於模版的位置了。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
def source_paths
[File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))]
end
</pre>
</div>
<h3>反饋</h3>
<p>
歡迎幫忙改善指南的品質。
</p>
<p>
如發現任何錯誤之處，歡迎修正。開始貢獻前，可以先閱讀<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">貢獻指南：文件</a>。
</p>
<p>翻譯如有錯誤，深感抱歉，歡迎 <a href="https://github.com/docrails-tw/guides/fork">Fork</a> 修正，或至此處<a href="https://github.com/docsrails-tw/guides/issues/new">回報</a>。</p>
<p>
文章可能有未完成或過時的內容。請先檢查 <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> 來確定問題在 master 是否已經修掉了。再上 master 補上缺少的文件。內容參考 <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails 指南準則</a>來了解行文風格。
</p>
<p>最後，任何關於 Ruby on Rails 文件的討論，歡迎至 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs 郵件論壇</a>。
</p>
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