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HTML {#toc-html}

This section covers HTML as per the living standard in June 2024. Elements from earlier HTML specifications and proprietary elements are not included.

I> ### License Information I> I> This chapter contains HTML elements, element content categories, and attributes derived from the HTML Living Standard. The original material is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license. I> I> The derived information has been reviewed, edited, reordered, and complemented to the best of the author’s knowledge. This chapter (i.e., this book’s section about HTML) is being released under the same license (CC BY 4.0).

Elements

Element Meanings

Memorize the elements and their meanings (semantics), to know what elements there are and what purposes they serve.

  • a: Anchor (hyperlink)
  • abbr: Abbreviation
  • address: Contact information
  • area: Image map area
  • article: Self-contained and distributable content
  • aside: Related content
  • audio: Audio content
  • b: Attention
  • base: Base URL
  • bdi: Bidirectional isolation
  • bdo: Bidirectional override
  • blockquote: Long quotation
  • body: Document body
  • br: Line break
  • button: Button
  • canvas: Scriptable bitmap
  • caption: Table caption
  • cite: Citation
  • code: Code fragment
  • col: Table column
  • colgroup: Table column group
  • data: Content with machine-readable equivalent
  • datalist: Predefined options for form controls
  • dd: Description
  • del: Deleted text
  • details: Disclosure widget
  • dfn: Instance definition
  • dialog: User interaction
  • div: Generic container
  • dl: Description list
  • dt: Description term
  • em: Emphasis
  • embed: Integration point
  • fieldset: Form control group
  • figcaption: figure caption
  • figure: Self-contained flow content
  • footer: Footer
  • form: Form
  • h1: Heading, level 1
  • h2: Heading, level 2
  • h3: Heading, level 3
  • h4: Heading, level 4
  • h5: Heading, level 5
  • h6: Heading, level 6
  • head: Document head
  • header: Header
  • hgroup: Heading and related content
  • hr: Thematic break
  • html: Document root
  • i: Alternate voice
  • iframe: Inline subwindow
  • img: Image content
  • input: Input field
  • ins: Inserted text
  • kbd: User input
  • label: Form control caption
  • legend: fieldset caption
  • li: List item
  • link: Resource link
  • main: Dominant content
  • map: Image map
  • mark: Marked reference text
  • math: MathML container
  • menu: Menu list
  • meta: Metadata
  • meter: Scalar measurement
  • nav: Navigation section
  • noscript: Script fallback
  • object: Generic content
  • ol: Ordered list
  • optgroup: option group
  • option: Selectable choice
  • output: Calculation or user action output
  • p: Paragraph
  • picture: Extended image content
  • pre: Preformatted text
  • progress: Progress of a task
  • q: Short quotation
  • rp: Ruby parentheses
  • rt: Ruby text
  • ruby: Ruby annotation(s)
  • s: Irrelevance
  • samp: Sample output
  • script: Script
  • search: Search controls or content
  • section: Generic section
  • select: option selector
  • slot: Shadow tree slot
  • small: Small print
  • source: Media content
  • span: Generic container
  • strong: Importance
  • style: Formatting
  • sub: Subscript
  • summary: details caption
  • sup: Superscript
  • svg: SVG container
  • table: Table
  • tbody: Table body
  • td: Table data cell
  • template: Fragment declaration
  • textarea: Multi-line input field
  • tfoot: Table footer
  • th: Table header cell
  • thead: Table header
  • time: Date, time, time zone offset, or duration
  • title: Document title
  • tr: Table row
  • track: Text track
  • u: Annotation
  • ul: Unordered list
  • var: Variable
  • video: Video content
  • wbr: Line break opportunity

Void Elements

Memorize the void elements, i.e., elements that have no end tag in the HTML syntax:

  • area
  • base
  • br
  • col
  • embed
  • hr
  • img
  • input
  • link
  • meta
  • source
  • track
  • wbr

I> In HTML (i.e., in HTML not following an XML syntax), you write these elements as <elementname>, like <area>, <img>, or <meta>. There’s no end tag and no slash.

Elements With Optional Start or End Tags

Memorize the elements with optional start and end tags, to be able to omit them, should you choose to use this feature of HTML. Void elements don’t have an end tag and are therefore included (but also called out) as well.

Element Void? Optional Start Tag? Optional End Tag?
area yes no yes (void)
base yes no yes (void)
body no yes yes
br yes no yes (void)
caption no no yes
col yes no yes (void)
colgroup no yes yes
dd no no yes
dt no no yes
embed yes no yes (void)
figcaption no no yes
head no yes yes
hr yes no yes (void)
html no yes yes
img yes no yes (void)
input yes no yes (void)
li no no yes
link yes no yes (void)
meta yes no yes (void)
optgroup no no yes
option no no yes
p no no yes
rp no no yes
rt no no yes
source yes no yes (void)
tbody no yes yes
td no no yes
tfoot no no yes
th no no yes
thead no no yes
tr no no yes
track yes no yes (void)
wbr yes no yes (void)

Element Categories

Memorize the HTML content categories, to maximize opportunities to use the respective elements correctly.

Metadata Content

Metadata content sets up the presentation or behavior of the rest of a document’s content, establishes a document’s relationship with other documents, or conveys other information.

  • base
  • link
  • meta
  • noscript
  • script
  • style
  • template
  • title

Flow Content

Flow content makes for the body of a document.

  • a
  • abbr
  • address
  • article
  • aside
  • audio
  • b
  • bdi
  • bdo
  • blockquote
  • br
  • button
  • canvas
  • cite
  • code
  • data
  • datalist
  • del
  • details
  • dfn
  • dialog
  • div
  • dl
  • em
  • embed
  • fieldset
  • figure
  • footer
  • form
  • h1
  • h2
  • h3
  • h4
  • h5
  • h6
  • header
  • hgroup
  • hr
  • i
  • iframe
  • img
  • input
  • ins
  • kbd
  • label
  • map
  • mark
  • math (MathML)
  • menu
  • meter
  • nav
  • noscript
  • object
  • ol
  • output
  • p
  • picture
  • pre
  • progress
  • q
  • ruby
  • s
  • samp
  • script
  • search
  • section
  • select
  • slot
  • small
  • span
  • strong
  • sub
  • sup
  • svg (SVG)
  • table
  • template
  • textarea
  • time
  • u
  • ul
  • var
  • video
  • wbr
  • Autonomous custom elements
  • Text

Elements that can constitute flow content under certain circumstances:

  • area
  • link
  • main
  • meta

Sectioning Content

Sectioning content defines document sections, and thus the scope of header and footer elements.

  • article
  • aside
  • nav
  • section

Heading Content

Heading content defines the respective heading of a section.

  • h1
  • h2
  • h3
  • h4
  • h5
  • h6
  • hgroup

Phrasing Content

Phrasing content represents the text of a document.

  • a
  • abbr
  • audio
  • b
  • bdi
  • bdo
  • br
  • button
  • canvas
  • cite
  • code
  • data
  • datalist
  • del
  • dfn
  • em
  • embed
  • i
  • iframe
  • img
  • input
  • ins
  • kbd
  • label
  • map
  • mark
  • math (MathML)
  • meter
  • noscript
  • object
  • output
  • picture
  • progress
  • q
  • ruby
  • s
  • samp
  • script
  • select
  • slot
  • small
  • span
  • strong
  • sub
  • sup
  • svg (SVG)
  • template
  • textarea
  • time
  • u
  • var
  • video
  • wbr
  • Autonomous custom elements
  • Text

Elements that can constitute phrasing content under certain circumstances:

  • area
  • link
  • meta

Palpable Content

Palpable content makes an element non-empty by providing non-empty text or something a user can perceive or interact with.

  • a
  • abbr
  • address
  • article
  • aside
  • b
  • bdi
  • bdo
  • blockquote
  • button
  • canvas
  • cite
  • code
  • data
  • del
  • details
  • dfn
  • div
  • em
  • embed
  • fieldset
  • figure
  • footer
  • form
  • h1
  • h2
  • h3
  • h4
  • h5
  • h6
  • header
  • hgroup
  • i
  • iframe
  • img
  • ins
  • kbd
  • label
  • main
  • map
  • mark
  • math (MathML)
  • meter
  • nav
  • object
  • output
  • p
  • picture
  • pre
  • progress
  • q
  • ruby
  • s
  • samp
  • search
  • section
  • select
  • small
  • span
  • strong
  • sub
  • sup
  • svg (SVG)
  • table
  • textarea
  • time
  • u
  • var
  • video
  • Autonomous custom elements

Elements that can constitute palpable content under certain circumstances:

  • audio
  • dl
  • input
  • menu
  • ol
  • ul
  • Text that isn’t whitespace between elements

Embedded Content

Embedded content imports other resources and content into a document.

  • audio
  • canvas
  • embed
  • iframe
  • img
  • math (MathML)
  • object
  • picture
  • svg (SVG)
  • video

Interactive Content

Interactive content serves user interaction.

  • button
  • details
  • embed
  • iframe
  • label
  • select
  • textarea

Elements that can constitute interactive content under certain circumstances:

  • a
  • audio
  • img
  • input
  • video

Form-Associated Elements

Form-associated elements are elements that have a form owner.

  • button
  • fieldset
  • input
  • label
  • object
  • output
  • select
  • textarea
  • img
  • Form-associated custom elements

Labelable Elements

Labelable elements are elements that can be associated with a label element.

  • button
  • input
  • meter
  • output
  • progress
  • select
  • textarea
  • Form-associated custom elements

Listed Elements

Listed elements are elements included in the form.elements and fieldset.elements APIs.

  • button
  • fieldset
  • input
  • object
  • output
  • select
  • textarea
  • Form-associated custom elements

Submittable Elements

Submittable elements may be used to construct the respective entry list when a form element is being submitted.

  • button
  • input
  • select
  • textarea
  • Form-associated custom elements

Resettable Elements

Resettable elements may be affected when a form element is being reset.

  • input
  • output
  • select
  • textarea
  • Form-associated custom elements

Autocapitalize-Inheriting Elements

Autocapitalize-inheriting elements inherit the autocapitalize attribute from their form owner.

  • button
  • fieldset
  • input
  • output
  • select
  • textarea

Script-Supporting Elements

Script-supporting elements do not represent anything by themselves, but provide functionality.

  • script
  • template

Attributes

Memorize all attributes, to be aware of their existence and to develop a sense for what options HTML provides out of the box. (“HTML elements” refers to any element in the http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml namespace—including, as per the specification, XML documents.)

Attributes Elements
abbr th
accept input
accept-charset form
accesskey all HTML elements
action form
allow iframe
allowfullscreen iframe
alt area, img, input
as link
async script
autocapitalize all HTML elements
autocomplete form, input, select, textarea
autofocus all HTML elements
autoplay audio, video
blocking link, script, style
charset meta
checked input
cite blockquote, del, ins, q
class all HTML elements
color link
cols textarea
colspan td, th
content meta
contenteditable all HTML elements
controls audio, video
coords area
crossorigin audio, img, link, script, video
data object
datetime del, ins, time
decoding img
default track
defer script
dir all HTML elements
dirname input, textarea
disabled button, fieldset, input, link, optgroup, option, select, textarea, form-associated custom elements
download a, area
draggable all HTML elements
enctype form
enterkeyhint all HTML elements
fetchpriority img, link, script
for label, output
form button, fieldset, input, object, output, select, textarea, form-associated custom elements
formaction button, input
formenctype button, input
formmethod button, input
formnovalidate button, input
formtarget button, input
headers td, th
height canvas, embed, iframe, img, input, object, source (picture), video
hidden all HTML elements
high meter
href a, area, base, link
hreflang a, link
http-equiv meta
id all HTML elements
imagesizes link
imagesrcset link
inert all HTML elements
inputmode all HTML elements
integrity link, script
is all HTML elements
ismap img
itemid all HTML elements
itemprop all HTML elements
itemref all HTML elements
itemscope all HTML elements
itemtype all HTML elements
kind track
label optgroup, option, track
lang all HTML elements
list input
loading iframe, img
loop audio, video
low meter
max input, meter, progress
maxlength input, textarea
media link, meta, source, style
method form
min input, meter
minlength input, textarea
multiple input, select
muted audio, video
name button, details, fieldset, form, iframe, input, map, meta, object, output, select, slot, textarea, form-associated custom elements
nomodule script
nonce all HTML elements
novalidate form
onafterprint body
onauxclick all HTML elements
onbeforeinput all HTML elements
onbeforematch all HTML elements
onbeforeprint body
onbeforeunload body
onbeforetoggle all HTML elements
onblur all HTML elements
oncancel all HTML elements
oncanplay all HTML elements
oncanplaythrough all HTML elements
onchange all HTML elements
onclick all HTML elements
onclose all HTML elements
oncontextlost all HTML elements
oncontextmenu all HTML elements
oncontext restored all HTML elements
oncopy all HTML elements
oncuechange all HTML elements
oncut all HTML elements
ondblclick all HTML elements
ondrag all HTML elements
ondragend all HTML elements
ondragenter all HTML elements
ondragleave all HTML elements
ondragover all HTML elements
ondragstart all HTML elements
ondrop all HTML elements
ondurationchange all HTML elements
onemptied all HTML elements
onended all HTML elements
onerror all HTML elements
onfocus all HTML elements
onformdata all HTML elements
onhashchange body
oninput all HTML elements
oninvalid all HTML elements
onkeydown all HTML elements
onkeypress all HTML elements
onkeyup all HTML elements
onlanguagechange body
onload all HTML elements
onloadeddata all HTML elements
onloadedmetadata all HTML elements
onloadstart all HTML elements
onmessage body
onmessageerror body
onmousedown all HTML elements
onmouseenter all HTML elements
onmouseleave all HTML elements
onmousemove all HTML elements
onmouseout all HTML elements
onmouseover all HTML elements
onmouseup all HTML elements
onoffline body
ononline body
onpagehide body
onpagereveal body
onpageshow body
onpageswap body
onpaste all HTML elements
onpause all HTML elements
onplay all HTML elements
onplaying all HTML elements
onpopstate body
onprogress all HTML elements
onratechange all HTML elements
onreset all HTML elements
onresize all HTML elements
onrejection handled body
onscroll all HTML elements
onscrollend all HTML elements
onsecuritypolicy violation all HTML elements
onseeked all HTML elements
onseeking all HTML elements
onselect all HTML elements
onslotchange all HTML elements
onstalled all HTML elements
onstorage body
onsubmit all HTML elements
onsuspend all HTML elements
ontimeupdate all HTML elements
ontoggle all HTML elements
onunhandled rejection body
onunload body
onvolumechange all HTML elements
onwaiting all HTML elements
onwheel all HTML elements
open details, dialog
optimum meter
pattern input
ping a, area
placeholder input, textarea
playsinline video
popover all HTML elements
popovertarget button, input
popovertarget action button, input
poster video
preload audio, video
readonly input, textarea, form-associated custom elements
referrerpolicy a, area, iframe, img, link, script
rel a, area, link
required input, select, textarea
reversed ol
rows textarea
rowspan td, th
sandbox iframe
scope th
selected option
shadowroot clonable template
shadowroot delegatesfocus template
shadowrootmode template
shadowroot serializable template
shape area
size input, select
sizes img, link, source
slot all HTML elements
span col, colgroup
spellcheck all HTML elements
src audio, embed, iframe, img, input, script, source (audio and video), track, video
srcdoc iframe
srclang track
srcset img, source
start ol
step input
style all HTML elements
tabindex all HTML elements
target a, area, base, form
title all HTML elements
translate all HTML elements
type a, button, embed, input, link, object, ol, script, source
usemap img
value button, data, input, li, meter, option, progress
width canvas, embed, iframe, img, input, object, source (picture), video
wrap textarea
writing suggestions all HTML elements

Global Attributes

…Excluding Event Handler Attributes

Memorize the attributes that can be used on all HTML elements (not including event handler attributes), to know what attributes you can use anywhere.

  • accesskey
  • autocapitalize
  • autofocus
  • class
  • contenteditable
  • dir
  • draggable
  • enterkeyhint
  • hidden
  • id
  • inert
  • inputmode
  • is
  • itemid
  • itemprop
  • itemref
  • itemscope
  • itemtype
  • lang
  • nonce
  • popover
  • slot
  • spellcheck
  • style
  • tabindex
  • title
  • translate
  • writingsuggestions

…Including Event Handler Attributes

Memorize the attributes that can be used on all HTML elements, including event handler attributes.

  • accesskey
  • autocapitalize
  • autofocus
  • class
  • contenteditable
  • dir
  • draggable
  • enterkeyhint
  • hidden
  • id
  • inert
  • inputmode
  • is
  • itemid
  • itemprop
  • itemref
  • itemscope
  • itemtype
  • lang
  • nonce
  • onauxclick
  • onbeforeinput
  • onbeforematch
  • onbeforetoggle
  • onblur
  • oncancel
  • oncanplay
  • oncanplaythrough
  • onchange
  • onclick
  • onclose
  • oncontextlost
  • oncontextmenu
  • oncontextrestored
  • oncopy
  • oncuechange
  • oncut
  • ondblclick
  • ondrag
  • ondragend
  • ondragenter
  • ondragleave
  • ondragover
  • ondragstart
  • ondrop
  • ondurationchange
  • onemptied
  • onended
  • onerror
  • onfocus
  • onformdata
  • oninput
  • oninvalid
  • onkeydown
  • onkeypress
  • onkeyup
  • onload
  • onloadeddata
  • onloadedmetadata
  • onloadstart
  • onmousedown
  • onmouseenter
  • onmouseleave
  • onmousemove
  • onmouseout
  • onmouseover
  • onmouseup
  • onpaste
  • onpause
  • onplay
  • onplaying
  • onprogress
  • onratechange
  • onreset
  • onresize
  • onscroll
  • onscrollend
  • onsecuritypolicyviolation
  • onseeked
  • onseeking
  • onselect
  • onslotchange
  • onstalled
  • onsubmit
  • onsuspend
  • ontimeupdate
  • ontoggle
  • onvolumechange
  • onwaiting
  • onwheel
  • popover
  • slot
  • spellcheck
  • style
  • tabindex
  • title
  • translate
  • writingsuggestions

Elements With Their Attributes

Go over all elements and their attributes, to extend your understanding of HTML semantics and features. Global attributes are mentioned, but not listed individually.

Elements Attributes
a download, href, hreflang, ping, referrerpolicy, rel, target, type, global attributes
abbr global attributes
address global attributes
area alt, coords, download, href, ping, referrerpolicy, rel, shape, target, global attributes
article global attributes
aside global attributes
audio autoplay, controls, crossorigin, loop, muted, preload, src, global attributes
b global attributes
base href, target, global attributes
bdi global attributes
bdo global attributes
blockquote cite, global attributes
body onafterprint, onbeforeprint, onbeforeunload, onhashchange, onlanguagechange, onmessage, onmessageerror, onoffline, ononline, onpagehide, onpagereveal, onpageshow, onpageswap, onpopstate, onrejectionhandled, onstorage, onunhandledrejection, onunload, global attributes
br global attributes
button disabled, form, formaction, formenctype, formmethod, formnovalidate, formtarget, name, popovertarget, popovertargetaction, type, value, global attributes
canvas height, width, global attributes
caption global attributes
cite global attributes
code global attributes
col span, global attributes
colgroup span, global attributes
data value, global attributes
datalist global attributes
dd global attributes
del cite, datetime, global attributes
details name, open, global attributes
dfn global attributes
dialog open, global attributes
div global attributes
dl global attributes
dt global attributes
em global attributes
embed height, src, type, width, global attributes
fieldset disabled, form, name, global attributes
figcaption global attributes
figure global attributes
footer global attributes
form accept-charset, action, autocomplete, enctype, method, name, novalidate, rel, target, global attributes
h1 global attributes
h2 global attributes
h3 global attributes
h4 global attributes
h5 global attributes
h6 global attributes
head global attributes
header global attributes
hgroup global attributes
hr global attributes
html manifest, global attributes
i global attributes
iframe allow, allowfullscreen, height, loading, name, referrerpolicy, sandbox, src, srcdoc, width, global attributes
img alt, crossorigin, decoding, fetchpriority, height, ismap, loading, referrerpolicy, src, srcset, sizes, usemap, width, global attributes
input accept, alt, autocomplete, checked, dirname, disabled, form, formaction, formenctype, formmethod, formnovalidate, formtarget, height, list, max, maxlength, min, minlength, multiple, name, pattern, placeholder, popovertarget, popovertargetaction, readonly, required, size, src, step, type, value, width, global attributes
ins cite, datetime, global attributes
kbd global attributes
label for, global attributes
legend global attributes
li value, global attributes
link as, blocking, color, crossorigin, disabled, fetchpriority, href, hreflang, imagesizes, imagesrcset, integrity, media, referrerpolicy, rel, sizes, type, global attributes
main global attributes
map name, global attributes
mark global attributes
math defined by MathML
menu global attributes
meta charset, content, http-equiv, media, name, global attributes
meter high, low, max, min, optimum, value, global attributes
nav global attributes
noscript global attributes
object data, form, height, name, type, width, global attributes
ol reversed, start, type, global attributes
optgroup disabled, label, global attributes
option disabled, label, selected, value, global attributes
output for, form, name, global attributes
p global attributes
picture global attributes
pre global attributes
progress max, value, global attributes
q cite, global attributes
rp global attributes
rt global attributes
ruby global attributes
s global attributes
samp global attributes
script async, blocking, defer, crossorigin, fetchpriority, integrity, nomodule, referrerpolicy, src, type, global attributes
search global attributes
section global attributes
select autocomplete, disabled, form, multiple, name, required, size, global attributes
slot name, global attributes
small global attributes
source height, media, sizes, src, srcset, type, width, global attributes
span global attributes
strong global attributes
style blocking, media, global attributes
sub global attributes
summary global attributes
sup global attributes
svg defined by SVG
table global attributes
tbody global attributes
td colspan, headers, rowspan, global attributes
template shadowrootclonable, shadowrootdelegatesfocus, shadowrootmode, shadowrootserializable, global attributes
textarea autocomplete, cols, dirname, disabled, form, maxlength, minlength, name, placeholder, readonly, required, rows, wrap, global attributes
tfoot global attributes
th abbr, colspan, headers, rowspan, scope, global attributes
thead global attributes
time datetime, global attributes
title global attributes
tr global attributes
track default, kind, label, src, srclang, global attributes
u global attributes
ul global attributes
var global attributes
video autoplay, controls, crossorigin, height, loop, muted, playsinline, poster, preload, src, width, global attributes
wbr global attributes
autonomous custom elements global attributes

I> Whenever you have a question related to HTML, remember to always consult the HTML specification first.