item_31.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# Copyright 2014 Brett Slatkin, Pearson Education Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Preamble to mimick book environment
import logging
from pprint import pprint
from sys import stdout as STDOUT


# Example 1
class Homework(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._grade = 0

    @property
    def grade(self):
        return self._grade

    @grade.setter
    def grade(self, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')
        self._grade = value


# Example 2
galileo = Homework()
galileo.grade = 95
print(galileo.grade)


# Example 3
class Exam(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._writing_grade = 0
        self._math_grade = 0

    @staticmethod
    def _check_grade(value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')


# Example 4
    @property
    def writing_grade(self):
        return self._writing_grade

    @writing_grade.setter
    def writing_grade(self, value):
        self._check_grade(value)
        self._writing_grade = value

    @property
    def math_grade(self):
        return self._math_grade

    @math_grade.setter
    def math_grade(self, value):
        self._check_grade(value)
        self._math_grade = value


# Example 5
galileo = Exam()
galileo.writing_grade = 85
galileo.math_grade = 99
print('Writing: %5r' % galileo.writing_grade)
print('Math:    %5r' % galileo.math_grade)


# Example 6
class Grade(object):
    def __get__(*args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def __set__(*args, **kwargs):
        pass

class Exam(object):
    # Class attributes
    math_grade = Grade()
    writing_grade = Grade()
    science_grade = Grade()


# Example 7
exam = Exam()
exam.writing_grade = 40


# Example 8
Exam.__dict__['writing_grade'].__set__(exam, 40)


# Example 9
print(exam.writing_grade)


# Example 10
print(Exam.__dict__['writing_grade'].__get__(exam, Exam))


# Example 11
class Grade(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._value = 0

    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type):
        return self._value

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')
        self._value = value

class Exam(object):
    math_grade = Grade()
    writing_grade = Grade()
    science_grade = Grade()


# Example 12
first_exam = Exam()
first_exam.writing_grade = 82
first_exam.science_grade = 99
print('Writing', first_exam.writing_grade)
print('Science', first_exam.science_grade)


# Example 13
second_exam = Exam()
second_exam.writing_grade = 75
print('Second', second_exam.writing_grade, 'is right')
print('First ', first_exam.writing_grade, 'is wrong')


# Example 14
class Grade(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._values = {}

    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type):
        if instance is None: return self
        return self._values.get(instance, 0)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')
        self._values[instance] = value


# Example 15
from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary

class Grade(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._values = WeakKeyDictionary()
    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type):
        if instance is None: return self
        return self._values.get(instance, 0)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')
        self._values[instance] = value


# Example 16
class Exam(object):
    math_grade = Grade()
    writing_grade = Grade()
    science_grade = Grade()

first_exam = Exam()
first_exam.writing_grade = 82
second_exam = Exam()
second_exam.writing_grade = 75
print('First ', first_exam.writing_grade, 'is right')
print('Second', second_exam.writing_grade, 'is right')