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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link js-scroll-trigger" href="#about">About</a></li>
<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link js-scroll-trigger" href="#examples">Example timelines</a></li>
<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link js-scroll-trigger" href="#decisions">12 decisions</a></li>
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<div class="masthead-subheading">You were always wondering what a hackathon is and if you should organize one?</div>
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<h2 class="section-heading text-uppercase">About</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">On this website you will find information about how to design a hackathon that fits your needs. We will guide you step by step through key decisions you have to take on this journey. But let's start with the basics.</h3>
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<h4 class="my-9">What is a "hackathon"?</h4>
<p>Hackathons are "time-bounded participant-driven events that are organized to foster specific goals or objectives. [...] People that participate in an event often have different backgrounds and bring different expertise. Their primary motivation to join an event is to work on a shared team project that interests them [...]. During the event, teams attempt to create an artifact that can be shared with other participants" <sup>[1]</sup>. To get a more concrete idea we provided links to hackathons we studied and / or co-organized <a class="js-scroll-trigger" href="#co-organized-hackathons">here</a>.</p>
<ol class="list">
<li class="list-item text-quote">Falk, J., Nolte, A., Huppenkothen, D., Weinzierl, M., Gama, K., Spikol, D., Tollerud, E., Chue Hong, N., Knäpper, I., & Hayden, L. B. (2024). The future of hackathon research and practice. <i>IEEE Access 12</i>, 133406 - 133425. (<a href="files/Falk-IEEEAccess-2024.pdf" target="_blank">pdf</a>)</li>
</ol>
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<h4 class="my-9">How to use this website</h4>
<p>This website is organized around 12 key designs decisions organizers have to take when planning a hackathon. For each decision, we provide information about when you should consider making it, who should be involved in the decision, how to make the choice and implement its result, and discuss potential tradeoffs among the various options.</p>
<p>For <i>first-time organizers</i> we provide <a class="js-scroll-trigger" href="#examples">example timelines</a> for two types of hackathons. These walk you through the different decision points and show you examples for how and why you could decide for one or the other option.</p>
<p><i>Experienced organizers</i> can directly access an overview of <a class="js-scroll-trigger" href="#decisions">design decisions</a> and create their own timeline for a hackathon that fits their needs.</p>
<p class="mb-2">A downloadable and citable verion of planning kit is available on <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08025v2" target="_blank">arXiv</a>. Please use following reference format:</p>
<p class="text-quote ml-2">Nolte, A., Pe-Than, E. P. P., Affia, A. O., Chaihirunkarn, C., Filippova, A., Kalyanasundaram, A., Medina Angarita, M. A., Trainer, E., & Herbsleb, J. D. (2020). How to organize a hackathon - A planning kit. <i>arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.08025</i></p>
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<h4 class="my-9">Additional resources</h4>
<p>You will also find links to additional resources such as <a class="js-scroll-trigger" href="#guides">sample guides</a> by different organizations, information about <a class="js-scroll-trigger" href="#workshops">workshops</a> we conducted on the topic, and <a class="js-scroll-trigger" href="#academic-publications">academic publications</a>. The included guides provide a rich resource on how to organize the everyday details of an event. They however typically assume a particular goal and a particular style of hackathon. It is thus important to adapt them to fit your needs using the decision guidelines we provide on this website.</p>
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<p class="warning-content">We are currently experiencing a surge of hackathon events organized online due to the world-wide pandemic. While still partly applicable, the suggestions provided on this website are based on our experiences related to <b>collocated events</b>. Organizing <b>online hackathons</b> will certainly require additional considerations that are not reflected here yet. We are currently studying these new and upcoming online events and we will update the hackathon planning kit based on our findings as soon as possible.
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<h2 class="section-heading text-uppercase">Example timelines</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">These timelines show an idealized procedure for the organization of two different types of hackathons. They are based on our previous experiences collaborating with experienced organizers, co-organizing hackathons and our ongoing research work.</h3>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 my-3">
<div class="bg-light">
<img class="example-img" src="assets/img/example-startup.png" alt=""/>
<h4 class="text-center">Entrepreneurial hackathon</h4>
<p class="text-center text-muted text-padding-lr"><i>This timeline shows an example for a medium sized hackathon (between 100 and 150 participants) which aimed to attract entrepreneurs and foster innovative projects that can become successful businesses.</i></p>
<ul class="example-list">
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">4 months before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal1"><b>Goal:</b></a> Fostering the regional development of the start-up ecosystem related to the cyber security domain.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal2"><b>Theme:</b></a> Cyber security</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal3"><b>Competition / cooperation:</b></a> Decision for a competition style event. Teams can win prizes ranging from tech gadgets to start-up coaching and participation in accelerator programs.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Discussion about and decision for a tentative date for a 48-hour event starting in the afternoon of the first day and ending in the afternoon of the third day.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Discussion about decision for a tentative agenda that includes daily checkpoints, a final pitch presentation and an award ceremony.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal5"><b>Participant recruitment:</b></a> Creation of an information hub. Contacting local universities, start-up hubs, tech companies, accelerator programs and government agencies to spread news about the event through their networks. Start of the social-media campaign.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Discussing with representatives of aforementioned groups about their interest in the event and invitation to participate as mentors, give thematic talks and provide sponsorship and prizes.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">3 months before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal5"><b>Participant recruitment:</b></a> Creation of an online form that covers participants’ contact details, their current profession and their projected role during the hackathon. Registration requires the payment of a small nominal fee that will be refunded after participation.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Decision for a pitch-style ideation process at the hackathon. Participants can indicate if they have a project idea for the hackathon and provide a short description as part of the registration form.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Identification and invitation of a diverse group of individuals who can provide mentorship related to cyber security, various programming languages, design, entrepreneurship, marketing and others. Decision for a combination between mentor teams and individual on-demand support.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">1 month before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal9"><b>Team formation:</b></a> Teams will form around ideas. They cannot have less than 3 members, have to be of similar size and include individuals with diverse expertise and interests including cyber security, programming, design and entrepreneurship.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Finalization of sponsor agreements including prizes and talks at the hackathon.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal5"><b>Participant recruitment:</b></a> 1-day competitive ideation events in three cities close to the main hackathon location during which participants can start working on ideas and form teams. Winners receive travel support for the main hackathon.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">1 week before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Adding final event agenda including thematic talks, trainings and talks by sponsors during each day to the information hub.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Adding information about the pitch procedure to the information hub.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Introduction of mentors on the information hub.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">Hackathon day 1</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Welcoming words by the organizers, presentation of hackathon agenda including idea pitches, mandatory checkpoints for idea proposers, talks and trainings, expected outcome (pitch presentation) and jury. Reiteration of information hub and contact details for organizers and mentors.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Introduction of sponsors and supporting individuals and institutions.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Introduction of mentors, their area of expertise and their role during the hackathon.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Participants pitch ideas in front of organizers, mentors and other participants including information about which expertise they perceive to be required. Everyone can pitch. Not only participants that submitted ideas through the registration form.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal9"><b>Team formation:</b></a> Ideas are written on large sheets of paper that idea proposers hang on the walls in the foyer of the hackathon venue. Participants that did not pitch ideas go around and talk to idea proposers, discuss their expertise and voice their interest. Idea proposers select suitable team members based on interest and expertise. Ideas that do not gain sufficient interest by other participants are abandoned and the proposers of these ideas join other teams.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Idea proposers present their teams. Quick check by the organizers if the teams are of roughly equal size and if all teams have sufficient expertise to start working on their projects. Teams start hacking.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Mentors meet and form teams with diverse expertise. Each mentor team is assigned to a group of hackathon teams that they support during the hackathon. Mentors focus on their teams but also support others if necessary.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">Hackathon day 2</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Idea proposers present their progress in front of organizers and mentors at the beginning of the day (1st mandatory checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Mentors meet, discuss potential difficulties that certain teams face and decide for mentors with related expertise to support them.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Thematic talk before lunch time.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> First pitch training for idea proposers shortly before next checkpoint.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Idea proposers present their progress in front of organizers and mentors at the end of the day (2nd mandatory checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Mentors meet, discuss potential difficulties that certain teams face and decide for mentors with related expertise to support them.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">Hackathon day 3</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Idea proposers present their progress in front of organizers and mentors at the beginning of the day (3rd mandatory checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Mentors meet, discuss potential difficulties that certain teams face and decide for mentors with related expertise to support them.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Second pitch training for idea proposers before lunch time.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Third and final pitch training for idea proposers a few hours before the final pitches.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Final pitches of idea proposers in front of all participatnts, jury, organizers, mentors and online audience (live stream).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal3"><b>Competition / cooperation:</b></a> Online voting for audience favorite, jury decision and award ceremony.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Group pictures, networking, end of the hackathon and departure.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">After the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal12"><b>Continuity planning:</b></a> Organizers share summary of the hackathon on information hub, connect interested teams with stakeholders and periodically contact winning teams about their progress.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 my-3">
<div class="bg-light">
<img class="example-img" src="assets/img/example-community.png" alt=""/>
<h4 class="text-center">Community hackathon</h4>
<p class="text-center text-muted text-padding-lr"><i>This timeline shows an example for a small-scale hackathon (< 50 participants) which aimed to bring together interested researchers, students and practitioners and form a community around a novel resource.</i></p>
<ul class="example-list">
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">4 months before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal1"><b>Goal:</b></a> Formation of a community around a novel data resource which contains a virtually complete collection of all open source projects around the world.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal2"><b>Theme:</b></a> Development of research ideas and initial prototypes that utilize the resource.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal3"><b>Competition / cooperation:</b></a> Decision for a cooperation style event that focuses on joint exploration of the resource.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Discussion about and decision for a tentative date.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal5"><b>Participant recruitment:</b></a> Identification of key individuals in industry, universities and scientific communities that could benefit from the resource and that can support the recruitment of individuals that would be interested in and would benefit from using the resource.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Discussions with these key individuals as well as developers and maintainers of similar resources about their interest in the resource.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Decision to ask participants for initial ideas through the registration form and conduct additional ideation during the hackathon.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">3 months before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal5"><b>Participant recruitment:</b></a> Invitation of potential participants through previously identified key individuals. Registration through an online form that covers their contact details, open source handle, preferred programming languages and interests in the resource. Selection of participants based on interests.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Ask invitees to propose initial ideas for hackathon projects through the registration form.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal12"><b>Continuity planning:</b></a> Invitation of selected participants and key individuals to common communication channel. Creation of an information hub to spread information about the hackathon and the resource.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Identification and invitation of individuals who are familiar with the resource and relevant technologies to serve as mentors. Decision for dedicated mentors that are assigned to individual teams.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">1 month before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal6"><b>Specialized preparation:</b></a> Development of documentation for the resource including sample code for selected project ideas that were submitted through the registration form. Sharing of documentation through communication channel.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Decision for a 3-day event starting in the afternoon of the first day and ending in the afternoon of the third day with breaks over night.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Development of Development of a first complete agenda that focuses on hacking during the day with breaks breaks during each day for socializing and networking.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Planning for ideation session at the beginning of the event. Card based brainstorming with questions focusing on the usability and usefulness of the resource.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal9"><b>Team formation:</b></a> Decision that teams will form around ideas and that members should come from different institutions.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">1 week before the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal6"><b>Specialized preparation:</b></a> Pre-hackathon webinar to introduce participants to the capabilities and usage of the resource. Interaction during webinar that allows participants to connect to the resource and run code samples.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Introduction of mentors and their area of expertise at the webinar.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">Hackathon day 1</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Welcoming words by the organizers, presentation of hackathon agenda and expected final submission (source code and presentation slides) and reiteration of communication channels and information hub.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Introduction of supporting individuals and institutions.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Introduction of mentors, their area of expertise and their role during the hackathon.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Participants introduce themselves to each other.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Card based brainstorming. Participants write ideas on cards and share them with the organizers.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Break for participants to socialize and network and for organizers to integrate ideas that were submitted through the registration form and to pre-structure brainstorming cards into thematic clusters that can be the basis for hackathon projects.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8"><b>Ideation:</b></a> Discussion of pre-structured clusters and adjustment based on participant input.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal9"><b>Team formation:</b></a> Participants select cluster / project based on their interests while observing the rule that they should be from different institutions. Adjustments to ensure that teams are roughly of equal size.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11"><b>Mentoring:</b></a> Mentors join teams and support them to connect to the resource, scope their project and help with technical issues. Mentors focus on their teams but also support others if necessary.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> At the end of the day teams introduce their members, share their concrete project idea and their plans for the next day (1st checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Social dinner at the end of the day.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">Hackathon day 2</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> At the beginning of the day the organizers lay out the agenda for the day and reiterate the expected final submission. Teams explain their project ideas and share their plans for the current day (2nd checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Lunch break.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> After lunch teams share their progress, problems they ran into and their plans for the rest of the day (3rd checkpoint)</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Social game during the afternoon.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> At the end of the day teams share their progress, problems they ran into and their plans for the final day (4th checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Social dinner at the end of the day.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">Hackathon day 3</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> At the beginning of the day the organizers lay out the agenda for the day and reiterate the expected final submission. Teams share their progress, problems they ran into and their plans for the remainder of the time (5th checkpoint).</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10"><b>Agenda:</b></a> Final presentations of teams before lunch. Discussions about the content of the presented projects and problems the teams encountered during the hackathon.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal12"><b>Continuity planning:</b></a> Teams share presentations and code repositories through communications channel.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7"><b>Duration / breaks:</b></a> Lunch break, group pictures, end of the hackathon and departure.</p>
</li>
<li class="example-list-item">
<p class="example-list-item-header">After the hackathon</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal12"><b>Continuity planning:</b></a> Organizers distribute summary of the event directly after the hackathon and provide regular updates about the resource through communications channel.</p>
<p class="example-list-item-text text-muted"><a data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4"><b>Stakeholder involvement:</b></a> Organizers suggest for stakeholders to share publications and other outcomes they produce using the resource through communications channel.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 12 decisions -->
<section class="page-section bg-light" id="decisions">
<div class="container">
<div class="text-center">
<h2 class="section-heading text-uppercase">12 decisions</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">When organizing a hackathon, you have to consider many aspects ranging from the theme of the event to whom to invite, where to hold the event, how to organize teams once the hackathon started and what to do after the event has ended. We organized these aspects into the following 12 key decisions that will help you organize a successful hackathon.</h3>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 mb-4">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal1">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
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<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/01-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Goal</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">What do you want to achieve when organizing your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 mb-4">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal2">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
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<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/02-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Theme</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">What should be the overall theme of your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 mb-4">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal3">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
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<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/03-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Competition / cooperation</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">Should teams compete for prizes or work together?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 mb-4 mb-lg-0">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal4">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/04-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Stakeholder involvement</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">How can you integrate externals into your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6 mb-4 mb-sm-0">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal5">
<div class="decisions-hover">
<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/05-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Participant recruitment</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">Who would you like to come to your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal6">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/06-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Specialized preparation</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">What will be required for teams to participate in your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal7">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/07-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Duration / breaks</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">How long and intense will your hackathon be?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal8">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/08-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Ideation</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">When and how will teams develop ideas they can work on?</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal9">
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<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/09-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Team formation</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">How will likeminded participants find each other?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal10">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/10-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Agenda</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">What is going to happen during your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal11">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/11-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Mentoring</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">How will you support the participants of your hackathon?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="decisions-item">
<a class="decisions-link" data-toggle="modal" href="#decisionsModal12">
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<div class="decisions-hover-content"><i class="fas fa-plus fa-3x"></i></div>
</div>
<img class="img-fluid" src="assets/img/decisions/12-thumbnail.jpg" alt=""
/></a>
<div class="decisions-caption">
<div class="decisions-caption-heading">Continuity planning</div>
<div class="decisions-caption-subheading text-muted">What will happen after the hackathon is over?</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Resources-->
<section class="page-section" id="resources">
<div class="container">
<div class="text-center">
<h2 class="section-heading text-uppercase">Resources</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">The following academic publications, technical reports, sample guides by various organizations and links to hackathons we co-organized will help you to dive deeper into the world of hackathons. Each of these resources will show you a new perspective on this fascinating topic.</h3>
</div>
<div class="row space" id="academic-publications">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<h5>Peer reviewed publications</h5>
</div>
<div class="col-md-9 col-sm-18 my-3">
<ol class="list">
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printPaperList('peerreviewed');</script>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<h5>Technical reports and workshops</h5>
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<div class="col-md-9 col-sm-18 my-3">
<ol class="list">
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printPaperList('workshops');</script>
</li>
</ul>
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<div class="row space" id="guides">
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<h5>Guides</h5>
</div>
<div class="col-md-9 col-sm-18 my-3">
<p class="text-muted"><i>Here you will find guides that were developed by hackathon organizers from various backgrounds. They contain lots of useful information especially about the organizational details of an event. Please keep in mind though that they typically describe hackathons that were organized in a specific context to achive specific goals which might or might not be fitting to the aim you follow.</i></p>
<ol class="list">
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printGuideList();</script>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row space" id="co-organized-hackathons">
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<h5>Hackathons</h5>
</div>
<div class="col-md-9 col-sm-18 my-3">
<p class="text-muted"><i>We studied </i>(<i class="fas fa-search"></i>)<i> and supported the organization </i>(<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>)<i> of various hackathon events in different contexts. These events provided a basis for this planning kit and continue to serve as a proving ground for its feasibility.</i></p>
<ol class="list">
<!-- 2024 -->
<li class="list-item">FacultyHack@<a href="https://sciencegateways.org/gateways2024" target="_blank">Gateways24</a> - September 16 - 20, 2024, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/facultyhack-gateways24/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hack Beyond the Code at <a href="https://aied2024.cesar.school/" target="_blank">AIED 2024</a> - July 12, 2024, Refice, Brazil (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackailiteracy.github.io/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">SGX3's <a href="https://www.admiusa.org/admi2024/" target="_blank">ADMI24</a> Hackathon - June 24 - 28, 2023, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/sgx3admi24/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Turingway <a href="https://book.the-turing-way.org/community-handbook/bookdash.html" target="_blank">Bookdash</a> Edit-a-thon - June 3 - 6, 2024, multiple sites and online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://hackmd.io/@AlexandraAA/BypHX0th6?utm_source=preview-mode&utm_medium=rec" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hackathon at <a href="https://www.dotastronomy.com/thirteen" target="_blank">.Astronomy</a> - April 25 - 26, 2024, Madrid, Spain (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hackathon "Designing sound emitted by future electric cars" - March 5, 2024, Delft, The Netherlands (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>)</li>
<li class="list-item">OpenML 2024 Winter Hackathon - January 8 - 12, 2024, Delft, The Netherlands (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://www.openml.org/meet" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2023 -->
<li class="list-item">CodeArcade hackathon - December 15 - 16, 2023, Duisburg, Germany (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>)</li>
<li class="list-item">World of Code (WoC) Hackathon - November 17 - 19, 2023, Knoxville, TN, USA and online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://github.com/woc-hack/hackathon-knoxville-2023" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HPC in the City Pandemics at <a href="https://sc23.supercomputing.org/" target="_blank">SC23</a> - November 3 - 7, 2023, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/hpcinthecity23/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HackOHI/O 11 - October 28 - 29, 2023, Columbus, OH, USA and online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://hack.osu.edu/2023/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">FacultyHack@<a href="https://sciencegateways.org/gateways2023" target="_blank">Gateways23</a> - October 19 - 23, 2023, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/facultyhack-gateways23/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Empowering Women Ukraine - September 9 - 10, 2023, Tallinn, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://garage48.org/events/the-empowering-women-idea-garage" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">GAI3 hackathon series - July 21 - 23, July 28 - 30, and August 4 - 6, 2023, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://genaihackathon2023.github.io/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HackHPC@<a href="https://www.admiusa.org/admi2023/" target="_blank">ADMI23</a> - June 26 - 29, 2023, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/admi23/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Code@<a href="https://ms-cc.org/" target="_blank">MD-CC</a> - May 9 - 10, 2023, Atlanta, GA, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/codeatms-cc23/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hack the Threat - March 2 - 6, 2023, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/HacktheThreat23/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2022 -->
<li class="list-item">HPC in the City hackathon at <a href="https://sc22.supercomputing.org/" target="_blank">SC22</a> - November 3 - 7, 2022, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/HPCintheCity22/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">AstroHackWeek - October 17 - October 21, 2022, Heidelberg, Germany (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="http://astrohackweek.org/2022/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">FacultyHack at <a href="https://sciencegateways.org/gateways2022" target="_blank">Gateways22</a> - October 16 - 17, 2022, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/FacultyHack-Gateways22/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">World of Code (WoC) Hackathon - October 7 - 8, 2022, Lero, Limerick, Ireland (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://github.com/woc-hack" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hack@TACC hackathon - June 6 - June 10, 2022, Austin, TX, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/HackatTACC-2022/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">World of Code (WoC) Hackathon - May 21 - 22, 2022, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://github.com/woc-hack" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HackHPC hackathon at <a href="https://www.admiusa.org/admi2022/index.php" target="_blank">ADMI22</a> - March 31 - April 4, 2022, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/ADMI22/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2021 -->
<li class="list-item">HPC in the City hackathon at <a href="https://sc21.supercomputing.org/" target="_blank">SC21</a> - November 4 - 8, 2021, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/HPCintheCity21/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HACK@PEARC2021 hackathon - July 8 - 12, 2021, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/Pearc21/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">#wirfürschule hackathon - June 13 - 18, 2021, online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://wirfuerschule.de/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2020 -->
<li class="list-item">Ideathon do Bem - December 12 - 13, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://www.claro.com.br/hubdobem" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">48 for the Future - December 3 - 6, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://garage48.org/events/48forthefuture" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">World of Code (WoC) Hackathon at <a href="https://2021.msrconf.org/track/hackathon?" target="_blank">MSR</a> - November 14 - December 5, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://github.com/woc-hack/msr-hackathon" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HPC in the City hackathon at <a href="https://sc20.supercomputing.org/" target="_blank">SC20</a> - November 5 - 9, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/HPCintheCity20/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Future City hackathon - October 23 - 25, 2020, Tallinn, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://taltech.ee/en/events/future-city-hackathon" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Garage48 Cyber Security 2020 - October 23 - 25, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://garage48.org/events/garage48-cyber-security-online-hackathon-2020" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Conservathon - October 13 - 15, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://conservathon.teiadesolucoes.com.br/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">HACK@PEARC2020 hackathon - July 27 - 29, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://hackhpc.github.io/Pearc20/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hack the Crisis Afghanistan - June 9 - June 12, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="http://garage48.org/events/hack-the-crisis-afghanistan" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hello Future_ hackathon - June 23 - 30, 2020, USA and Arbat, Syria (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://www.hellofuture.io/hackathon-june-2020" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">The Global Hack - April 9 - 12, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://theglobalhack.com/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Hack the Crisis India - March 22 - April 5, 2020, online (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="http://garage48.org/events/hackthecrisisindia" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2019 -->
<li class="list-item">Pipedrive Back2Garage hackathon - November 20 - 22, 2019, Tartu, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://www.pipedrive.com/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Cloud HPC Hackathon at <a href="https://sc19.supercomputing.org/" target="_blank">SC19</a> - November 18 - 20, 2019, Denver, CO, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://sciencegateways.org/web/wd/hackathon-2019" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">World of Code (WoC) Hackathon - November 1 - 3, 2019, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://github.com/woc-hack" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Garage48 Cyber Security 2019 - October 11 - 13, 2019, Tartu, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="http://garage48.org/events/garage48-cyber-security-2019" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Science Gateways Hackathon at <a href="https://www.pearc19.pearc.org/" target="_blank">PEARC19</a> - July 28 - 31, 2019, Chicago, IL, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://sciencegateways.org/web/wd/hackathon-2019" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Pipedrive Back2Garage hackathon - May 23 - 25, 2019, Tartu, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://www.pipedrive.com/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2018 -->
<li class="list-item">Cloud HPC Hackathon at <a href="https://sc18.supercomputing.org/" target="_blank">SC18</a> - November 12 - 14, 2018, Dallas, TX, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>)</li>
<li class="list-item">International NASA SpaceApps Challenge - October 19 - 21, 2018, Tartu, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://spaceapps2018.ut.ee/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Garage48 Impact Hackathon - September 21 - 23, 2018, Oslo, Norway (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="http://garage48.org/events/garage48-impact-hackathon" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Science Gateways Hackathon at <a href="https://www.pearc18.pearc.org/" target="_blank">PEARC18</a> - July 23 - 27, 2018, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>, <a href="https://sciencegateways.org/web/wd/hackathon18" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">OHBM BrainHack 2018 - June 14 - 16, 2018, Singapore (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://ohbm.github.io/hackathon2018/" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">BioInnovation Days 2018 - June 14 - 16, 2018, Tartu, Estonia (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="http://startuplab.ut.ee/news/bioinnovation-days-2018" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Four hack days organized by the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/" target="_blank">Hubble Space Telescope (HST)</a> team at the <a href="http://www.stsci.edu/" target="_blank">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> - March 2018 - February 2019, Baltimore, MD, USA (<i class="fas fa-people-carry"></i>)</li>
<!-- 2017 -->
<li class="list-item">Microsoft OneWeek Hackathon - July 24 – 28, 2017, Redmond, WA, USA (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://news.microsoft.com/life/one-week-microsoftlife/" target="_blank">news article</a>)</li>
<!-- 2016 -->
<!-- 2015 -->
<li class="list-item">SciPy Hackathon - July 6 - 12, 2015, Austin, TX, USA (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://scipy2015.scipy.org/ehome/115969/292867/index.html" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">PopGen Hackathon - March 16 - 20, 2015, Durham, NC, USA (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://github.com/NESCent/r-popgen-hackathon" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<!-- 2014 -->
<li class="list-item">NSF Polar DataViz Hackathon - November 3 - 4, 2014, New York, NY, USA (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://www.open-bio.org/wiki/Codefest_2014" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
<li class="list-item">Open Bioinformatics Foundation CodeFest - July 9 - 10, 2014, Cambridge, MA, USA (<i class="fas fa-search"></i>, <a href="https://www.open-bio.org/wiki/Codefest_2014" target="_blank">website</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Contributors-->
<section class="page-section bg-light" id="contributors">
<div class="container">
<div class="text-center">
<h2 class="section-heading text-uppercase">Contributors</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">Get to know the people behind the planning kit.</h3>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/amefon.jpg" alt="Abasi-amefon Obot Affia" />
<h4>Abasi-amefon Obot Affia-Jomants</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Assistant Professor<br/>Institute of Computer Science<br/>University of Tartu</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wDInissAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abasi_Amefon_Affia" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-researchgate"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/chalalai.jpg" alt="Chalalai Chaihirunkarn" />
<h4>Chalalai Chaihirunkarn</h4>
<p class="text-muted">PhD Candidate<br/>Institute for Software Research<br/>Carnegie Mellon University</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nHYZW2MAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/anna.jpg" alt="Anna Filippova" />
<h4>Anna Filippova</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Director, Streamlit Community<br/>Snowflake</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=yGZ0e6oAAAAJ" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/annafilippova/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/jim.jpg" alt="James D. Herbsleb" />
<h4>James D. Herbsleb</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Professor of Computer Science<br/>Software and Societal Systems Department<br/>Carnegie Mellon University</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Q3xxVngAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://herbsleb.org/" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-globe"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/arun.jpg" alt="Arun Kalyanasundaram" />
<h4>Arun Kalyanasundaram</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Software Engineer<br/>Roblox</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=0pQNfwcAAAAJ" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arun-kalyan-sundaram/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/maria.jpg" alt="Maria Angelica Medina Angarita" />
<h4>Maria Angelica Medina Angarita</h4>
<p class="text-muted">PhD Candidate<br/>Institute of Computer Science<br/>University of Tartu</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Medina81" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-researchgate"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/alex.jpg" alt="Alexander Nolte" />
<h4>Alexander Nolte</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Assistant Professor<br/>Software Engineering and Technology Cluster<br/>Eindhoven University of Technology</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=0Vmn0QQAAAAJ&hl=de&oi=ao" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexander_Nolte" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-researchgate"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://alexandernolte.github.io/" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-globe"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/eipa.jpg" alt="Ei Pa Pa Pe-Than" />
<h4>Ei Pa Pa Pe-Than</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Former Postdoctoral Associate<br/>Institute for Software Research<br/>Carnegie Mellon University</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=U7HARQEAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ei_Pa_Pa_Pe-Than" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-researchgate"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://epppt.github.io/" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-globe"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4">
<div class="contributor">
<img class="mx-auto rounded-circle" src="assets/img/contributors/erik.jpg" alt="Erik Trainer" />
<h4>Erik Trainer</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Director, User Experience Research<br/>Fidelity Investments</p>
<a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RH4mZy0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-google-scholar"></i></a><a class="btn btn-dark btn-social mx-2" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eriktrainer/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Partners -->
<section class="py-5" id="partners">
<div class="container">
<div class="row space">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<h5>Funders</h5>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://sloan.org/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/sloan.png" alt="Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://www.kulturstaatsministerin.de/DE/startseite/startseite_node.html" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/gfcfcm.png" alt="German Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media" /></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row space">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<h5>Contributing organizations</h5>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/tue.png" alt="Eindhoven University of Technology" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://www.cmu.edu/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/cmu.png" alt="Carnegie Mellon University" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://s3d.cmu.edu/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/s3d.png" alt="Software and Societal Systems Department" /></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row space2x">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6"></div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://www.cs.ut.ee/en" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/utcs.png" alt="University of Tartu" /></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<h5>Partners</h5>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/msr.png" alt="Microsoft Research" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/garage/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/garage.png" alt="Microsoft Garage" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="http://www.stsci.edu/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/stsci.png" alt="Space Telescope Science Institute" /></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row space2x">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6"></div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://sciencegateways.org/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/sgci.png" alt="Science Gateways Community Institute" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="https://hackhpc.org/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/hackhpc.png" alt="HackHPC" /></a>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6 my-3">
<a href="http://www.omnibond.com/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/omnibond.png" alt="Omnibond" /></a>
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<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6"></div>
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<a href="https://garage48.org/" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid d-block logo" src="assets/img/logos/g48.svg" alt="Garage 48" /></a>
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<h5>Collaborators</h5>
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<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-8">
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/christian-bird-1896494/" target="_blank">Christian Bird</a> (Microsoft Research)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/amy-cannon-46230b31/" target="_blank">Amy Cannon</a> (Omnibond)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="http://iachounta.com/" target="_blank">Irene-Angelica Chounta</a> (University of Duisburg-Essen)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tapajit-dey/" target="_blank">Tapajit Dey</a> (Carnegie Mellon University)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-ellett-523b54212/" target="_blank">Kevin Ellet</a> (Geospherics LLC)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/kievgama/" target="_blank">Kiev Gama</a> (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/linda-hayden-5a8b424/" target="_blank">Linda Bailey Hayden</a> (Elizabeth City State University)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/timothy-holston-263b15139/" target="_blank">Timothy Holston</a> (University of Mississippi)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-mahmoud-603469202/" target="_blank">Ahmed Samir Imam Mahmoud</a> (KLM Royal Dutch Airlines)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajesh-kalyanam-7295184/" target="_blank">Rajesh Kalyanam</a> (Purdue University)</p>
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<div class="col-md-5 col-sm-10">
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/thomasmaillart/" target="_blank">Thomas Maillart</a> (University of Geneva)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/raimundasmatulevicius/" target="_blank">Raimundas Matulevičius</a> (University of Tartu)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/audris-mockus-29950789/" target="_blank">Audris Mockus</a> (University of Tennessee)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/sudhakar-pamidighantam-0074a77/" target="_blank">Sudhakar Pamidighantam</a> (Indiana University Bloomington)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeaimehp/" target="_blank">Je'aime Powell</a> (Omnibond)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/steve-scallen-2221893/" target="_blank">Steve Scallen</a> (Microsoft Garage)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RqWiiS8AAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">Cleo Schulten</a> (University of Duisburg-Essen)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/spikol/" target="_blank">Daniel Spikol</a> (University of Copenhagen)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/kathryn-traxler/" target="_blank">Kathryn Traxler</a> (Louisiana State University)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nancy-wilkins-diehr-8a58125/" target="_blank">Nancy Wilkins-Diehr</a> (San Diego Supercomputer Center)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/boydwilson/" target="_blank">Boyd Wilson</a> (Omnibond)</p>
<p class="collaborator"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/monaw/" target="_blank">Mona Wong</a> (San Diego Supercomputer Center)</p>
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<h2 class="text-uppercase text-center space">Goal</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">Goal setting is key for hackathon design. All parties should be clear about their goals going into an event and consider the attainability and clarity of these goals. A failure to consider them could result in disappointment among participants and organizers.</p>
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<h5>When?</h5>
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<p>Setting goals for the hackathon should take place <i>before any planning of the event begins</i>. A common timeframe is to form goals about 4 months before the start of the event. Before deciding for one or multiple goals the organizers can consult with projected future participants <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup> and potential stakeholders <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intStakeholder');</script>]</sup> about the value and feasibility of the projected goals and continue discussions about details after the general direction has been set.</p>
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<p>Organizers, stakeholders, and participants are involved in setting goals for their hackathon. In practice, organizers often set initial goals and modify them in collaboration with stakeholders, which is done in the early phase of hackathon planning. Participants are often also asked to express their goals for the event through e.g. a pre-hackathon survey <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup>. It is important to note here that the organizers’ goals may not always be aligned with those of the participants. For example, organizers might aim to foster entrepreneurship whereas participants simply aim to pursue their interest related to a particular topic or project. It is not necessary that organizers and participants have identical goals, but organizers should be aware of potential goal disparities and take necessary actions to maximize the satisfaction of participants with different goals <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','medina2019does');</script>]</sup>. The participants, for example, might have a superset of the organizers’ goals, or the organizers’ goals may be achievable even if only a subset of participants shares them. The organizers should be aware though if goals are incompatible, (e.g. the organizers want to benefit a charity, while the participants mainly want to start a business), the participants may have unrealistic expectations and leave disappointed. It would be wise for organizers to adapt their recruiting approach <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup> and their messaging to attract attendees with compatible goals.</p>
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<h5>How?</h5>
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<p class="modal-content-inline">There are several goals that organizers may aim to achieve when organizing a hackathon. Clarity of goals is strongly related to participant satisfaction and outcome quality <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','filippova2017from');</script>]</sup>.</p>
<p class="modal-content-inline">The most common goal around which hackathons are organized is the <b>production of artifacts or products</b>. We observe two different strategies that organizers use to achieve this goal. The first strategy involves the recruitment of experts from different fields <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup> and the facilitation of brainstorming <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intIdeation');</script>]</sup> to produce cross-pollinated project ideas. Brainstorming has also been found to be associated with better outcomes for self-identified minorities <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','filippova2017from');</script>]</sup>. The organizers using this strategy should devote most of their effort on recruiting stakeholders <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intStakeholder');</script>]</sup> from diverse groups that will benefit from meeting and working with each other. For example, they might include local startup communities, volunteers and activists, non-profits, accelerator programs, investors, technology companies and others. Moreover, organizers should design their events in a way that fosters participants to meet and work with people outside their regular networks and contribute to initiatives outside their usual scope. The sections dedicated to ideation <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intIdeation');</script>]</sup> and duration/breaks <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intDuration');</script>]</sup> contain helpful ideas to facilitate networking among participants. One common example are regular checkpoints <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intAgenda');</script>]</sup> to ensure that participants communicate with each other about their projects several times during the event. For example, a series of hackathons organized by Garage48 <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','g48cyber');</script>]</sup> aims to foster the startup ecosystem by connecting entrepreneurs with domain experts, investors, accelerators and others. Similarly, BioInnovation Days <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','pe2019understanding');</script>]</sup> gathers together students, researchers, mentors, and startups to develop prototypes in the domain of bio-medicine. The Global hack <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','globalhack');</script>]</sup> is a recent example of an online movement where enthusiasts from different countries hosted several hackathons to address the global pandemic.</p>
<p>The second strategy is teaming up experts and novices as mentors and apprentices, which enables the positive side effects of vertical <b>networking and learning</b>. Hackathons adopting this strategy should focus their efforts on identifying experts in the field and themes of their events, abilities of participants, modularization of projects to support parallelism, and the use of relevant mentoring strategies <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','nolte2020mentor');</script>,<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intMentor');</script>]</sup>. One example of this type of hackathon is Astro Hack Week <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','astrohackweek');</script>]</sup> where a diverse group of participants ranging from novices to experts in the fields of astronomy, physics, statistics, machine learning, and data science gather together to learn skills necessary for the analysis of astronomical data through tutorials and then solve open problems in the astronomical community. Another example is a series of hackathons organized by the team at Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) managing the science program and operations of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','pe2019understanding');</script>]</sup> where astronomers and software engineers are teamed up to facilitate fruitful cross-domain discussions among them. World of Code <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','woc');</script>]</sup> is another example for a hackathon where students are teamed up with faculty members to learn how to do quantitative research on the behaviors of open source software (OSS) projects through the world’s largest OSS dataset.</p>
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<h5>Tradeoffs</h5>
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<li class="list-item"><b>Goal compatibility (Organization goals vs personal goals):</b> Although the organizational goals may not necessarily be compatible with personal goals of the participants <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','medina2019does');</script>]</sup>, the huge disparity among goals will lead to dissatisfying with experience and artifacts generated. One essential responsibility of organizers is then to identify any potential misalliance among goals and ways to mitigate it. This could be done by clear a presentation of organization goals, selective recruitment of participants <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup>, upfront negotiation of goals, and adaptation and customization of the hackathon process and outcome based on goals <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intContinuity');</script>]</sup>.</li>
<li class="list-item"><b>Illustrating a concept vs producing something useful:</b> Teams can either aim to develop illustrative proofs of concepts, or software that can actually be used to help accomplish a task. In our experience, teams that have not worked together extensively (i.e. flash or ad hoc teams) are likely to spend more time discussing what to build and how to go about it, and how to pitch their projects to potential stakeholders, and they should thus aim to produce <b>lightly-engineered demos and videos</b>, with mock-up data, which require little engineering effort. For teams that have worked together extensively, as in a corporate hackathon where intact existing teams participate, it is often desirable for them to aim for a prototype with <b>sufficient functionality that could be used almost immediately in the real context</b> <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','pe2022corporate');</script>]</sup>.</li>
<li class="list-item"><b>Challenging vs achievable:</b> Research has shown that groups accomplish more and are more inclined to continue working on a project when they have goals that are challenging <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','nolte2020what');</script>]</sup>. Goals that are too easy fail to motivate them to do their best. On the other hand, goals that are so challenging that they are, or seem to be, impossible to achieve can also be demotivating. Choosing appropriate goals involves an understanding both of the participants capabilities and interests, as well as a realistic view of what can be achieved in a short time frame. One useful approach for managing this tradeoff is to set (or encourage each team to set) both a relatively easy goal, and a more difficult “stretch” goal. This gives teams the opportunity to feel that they achieved something meaningful, as well as motivation to go beyond this and attempt something very challenging.</li>
<li class="list-item"><b>Goal clarity:</b> Although hackathons should ideally be designed to achieve goals of both organizers and participants, there are circumstances where their goals are not aligned <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','medina2019does');</script>,<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','filippova2017from');</script>]</sup>. This occurs, for example, when organizers hold a hackathon to connect professionals working across different fields, but participants wish to develop viable product prototypes. It is important for organizers to recognize such potential goal conflicts and plan accordingly to be reasonably able to achieve their intended goals. One way to address this tradeoff is for organizers to clearly state their goals during recruitment <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('goal','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup> so that participants know what to expect.</li>
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<h5 text-left>Further readings</h5>
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<h2 class="text-uppercase text-center space">Theme</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">Most hackathons focus on a specific theme. A theme refers to a specific topic or cause that motivates the organization of a hackathon which in turn sets its boundary. A theme helps organizers to address a particular topical area and devise solutions for problems within this area.</p>
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<h5>When?</h5>
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<p>Organizing a hackathon commonly starts with a theme. Themes are generally developed in conjunction with the goals of a hackathon <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','intGoal');</script>]</sup>, typically 4 months ahead of the hackathon.</p>
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<p>While the decision for a specific theme resides with the organizers, it is advisable to discuss it with relevant stakeholders such as non-profits, investors, educational institutions or others <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','intStakeholder');</script>]</sup>.</p>
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<p class="modal-content-inline">The organizers should decide the initial theme of the event and invite potential stakeholders interested in their proposed theme to discuss its feasibility and develop project ideas related to this theme. Themes can range from general to specific, e.g. fighting a global crisis <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','globalhack');</script>]</sup>, mining a large-scale open source data source <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','woc');</script>]</sup>, building cybersecurity solutions and teaching cybersecurity skills <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','g48cyber');</script>,<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','affia2020developing');</script>]</sup>, learning data science through solving astronomical and geo challenges <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','astrohackweek');</script>,<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','geohackweek');</script>]</sup>, computational biology <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','openbio');</script>]</sup>, neuroscience <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','brainhack');</script>]</sup>, environmental issues <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','zapico2013hacking');</script>]</sup>, and high performance computing <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','hackhpc');</script>]</sup>.</p>
<p class="modal-content-inline">The theme focuses potential project ideas on immediate needs or outstanding challenges in the chosen area. One such need is to <b>speed up development work</b>. A series of hackathons by a team of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) that manages science programs and conducts experiments on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','pe2019understanding');</script>]</sup> is one such example. In this case events were organized to speed up the conversion of tools to a language, bringing together individuals who are using such tools for their work. Hackathons organized by Garage48 <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','g48cyber');</script>]</sup> are other examples of speeding up the development of cybersecurity solutions. Another need is solving outstanding challenges which could take a form of technical debt or scientific advancement. A team participating in a corporate hackathon we studied <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','oneweek');</script>]</sup>, for example, utilized the time during that hackathon to implement a tool to automate recurring manual work.</p>
<p class="modal-content-inline">Another reason for choosing a specific theme is <b>hack to train</b>. Astro hack week <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','astrohackweek');</script>]</sup> and Geo Hack Week <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','geohackweek');</script>]</sup> are examples of this type where participants are first trained to apply basic analysis and coding skills and gather domain knowledge before moving on to solve challenges in the respective domains. Singapore’s BrainHack of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) in 2018 <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','brainhack');</script>]</sup> is another example. There the organizers held parallel training and hacking tracks to get participants up to speed with technologies and approaches they might require to work on projects in this domain.</p>
<p>A theme might also be chosen to <b>build resources for a specific community</b>. One example for this is the World of Code (WoC) hackathon <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','woc');</script>]</sup> that aimed to bring interested researchers and together and identify requirements for a large archive of open source data. Another example are events organized by the Open Bioinformatics Foundation (OBF) which aims at improving and extending existing resources and infrastructure and publishing papers about the accomplished work <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('theme','openbio');</script>]</sup>.</p>
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<h5>Tradeoffs</h5>
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<li class="list-item"><b>Speed vs quality:</b> Hackathons operated under the themes related to of speeding or accelerating could quickly advance the development work in a specific domain with proper implementation. Getting things done fast and quick however does not mean that such hackathons produce quality artifacts, i.e. they might be workaround solutions and need code cleanup or dependency reduction, and thus follow-up work is usually required to ensure the quality of the developed artifacts.</li>
<li class="list-item"><b>More general vs more specific:</b> Themes can be very specific, e.g., building an app to monitor occupancy levels in a local shelter, or much more general, e.g., help local governments support sustainability. Very specific themes can be effective in helping to ensure the work actually serves a useful purpose but runs the risk of not matching up well with the interests of a large group of potential participants. More general themes allow more latitude for participants to develop projects that align with their personal interests but run a greater risk of not matching up with a real need. To address this tradeoff organizers should make sure they understand the motivations potential participants. To achieve this, they may want to conduct a survey to assess their attitudes toward different theme variations.</li>
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<h2 class="text-uppercase text-center space">Competition / cooperation</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">One key decision that organizers need to make when designing a hackathon is whether to provide external incentives in the form of prizes, which introduces a strong element of competition into an event.</p>
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<p>The decision whether to have a competitive or collaborative hackathon should be made several months before an event. Competitive events, in particular, take considerable time to organize. Organizers must find credible judges, decide on suitable award criteria, determine prizes and prize categories, and ensure that prizes can be handed out at the end of an event. If the prizes have considerable monetary value or will involve a time commitment from experts whose time is very limited (e.g., the opportunity to pitch the team’s winning idea to potential investors), there may be considerable work for the organizers to secure sponsorship.</p>
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<p>Organizers, sponsors, and other stakeholders <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','intStakeholder');</script>]</sup> involved in setting goals for a hackathon should consider whether and how to introduce competition to their event. It is also extremely important to consider the goals of participants -- picking a structure that does not further their goals will make recruiting <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','intRecruitment');</script>]</sup> difficult. If participant goals are not clear to the organizers, a brief survey or interviews with a sample of the population of interested participants can be very helpful.</p>
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<p class="modal-content-inline"><b>Cooperative events</b> are typically structured around a <b>common goal</b> <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','intGoal');</script>]</sup> <b>or theme</b> <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','intTheme');</script>]</sup>. An example for cooperative events is a series of cooperative hackathons <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','biohack');</script>]</sup> that was organized to accelerate the development of integrated web services in the field of bioinformatics. Teams there worked on projects involving data standardization and interoperability of tools and services among others. Other cooperative hackathons aim to perfect an artifact. For example, the Debian Linux project launched the Debcamp event <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','debcamp');</script>]</sup>, a hacking session before the Debian Conference, where software developers whose work depends on the Debian Linux software distribution worked together to promote the redistribution, general availability, and mutual compatibility of software. Another example is a corporate hackathon series organized by STScI’s Hubble Space Telescope team that aimed to accelerate the migration of data analysis tools implemented in an old obsolescing language to a contemporary one <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','pe2019understanding');</script>]</sup>.</p>
<p class="modal-content-inline"><b>Competitive events</b> focus on teams winning prizes. Winners can be selected by a <b>jury</b> or based on a <b>popular vote</b>. Some hackathons also award special prizes to projects that meet specific challenges posed by sponsors or other stakeholders. If winners are selected by a jury, it is necessary to invite judges and to specify suitable judging criteria. For judges, the organizers may consider recruiting (domain) experts from a university, community leaders, or representatives from tech companies <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','mlhjudging');</script>]</sup>. Some commonly used judging criteria include appeal to market, creativity, originality, completeness and level of difficulty. For a competition to be perceived as fair, it is important that judging criteria are well known in advance and that organizers make sure that participants do not simply turn up with solutions that have been built prior to the event. There are different approaches to award prizes based on a popular vote. Voting can e.g. be limited to on-site participants only or it can be replaced or augmented by online voting. The latter requires an online voting system as well as final presentation sessions to be live-streamed or presentation materials to be distributed online.</p>
<p class="modal-content-inline">In order to select the winning teams, the organizers should create a dedicated session at the conclusion of a hackathon to allow each participating team to pitch and demonstrate their idea to the entire audience of an event. This session could take the form either of an <b>on-stage presentation</b> or a <b>(science) fair</b>. In the former approach, each team is typically given a set time to present their prototypes in front of the entire event audience. For this it is important to inform participants in advance how their presentation will be evaluated, the presentation format, and the time limit. The commonly used presentation format starts with a brief introduction of team members and problems that they tried to solve, which is followed by a live demo <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','playbook');</script>]</sup>. It is also possible that teams record a short introductory video and focus on their demo during the presentation. In a (science) fair style presentation session <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','nolte2018you');</script>]</sup>, each team is commonly allocated a booth in a large-enough space to set up their presentations and judges and visitors visit each booth to interact with the teams. This approach facilitates a greater face-to-face interaction between participants, judges, and other attendees. At the Microsoft OneWeek Hackathon we observed <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','nolte2018you');</script>,<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','oneweek');</script>]</sup>, teams could both attend a science fair and upload a video to an online platform where other participants and observers could vote on their favorite projects. This online voting enables individuals who are not able to attend the fair in person to participate in winner selection. </p>
<p>Prizes can vary greatly, with tech gadgets, cash prizes and opportunities for continued development of winning ideas probably being the most common. The opportunities for further development can take the form of providing additional resources, computing power, freeing up participants’ time to work on their project post-hackathon, or simply the opportunity to pitch their idea to top executives or investors. Awarding cash prizes is not always feasible or recommended approach <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','prizes');</script>]</sup>. Major League Hacking (MLH) for example provides a few non-cash prize ideas <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','mlhprizes');</script>]</sup> such as laptops, headphones, conference tickets, etc. as alternatives. Moreover, hackathon organizers need to decide for <b>how many prizes</b> they offer in relation to the number of participating teams. Offering many prizes at a small event might reduce their perceived value which in turn can negatively affect participant motivation <sup>[<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">printDecisionReference('competition','nolte2020what');</script>]</sup>.</p>
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<h5>Tradeoffs</h5>
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<li class="list-item"><b>Competition vs cooperation:</b> Competition is suitable for hackathons aiming to create innovations because, under competitive pressure, teams are likely to generate unique solutions to differentiate themselves from other competing teams and put more effort in their projects. However, competition discourages communication among teams, and hence is not suitable for hackathons aiming to enrich networking among participants beyond their own teams, or to engage participants in a common goal. On the other hand, cooperation works well whenever it furthers the organizers’ and participants’ goals, such as promoting a civic cause, providing different pieces of an integrated solution, or learning about programming tools or a particular domain. To reduce the severity of this trade off, it might be advisable to de-emphasize the prizes in a competitive event so that participants do not over-emphasize competition, e.g., by having prizes that are largely symbolic rather than great cash value. Heavily emphasizing prizes might put off many potential participants especially if they feel that the odds of winning a significant prize are low, that their idea might not work well with the proposed judging criteria or that judging might not be fair.</li>
<li class="list-item"><b>Jury vs popular vote:</b> Experts are more appropriate as judges if the desired criteria are technically complex. They will be much more able to determine if a prototype is actually feasible, for example, and if it actually addresses the problem claimed. On the other hand, if the desired result is something that addresses a widely-experienced need, or to produce something that seems cool or stylish, a popular vote may be more suitable.</li>
<li class="list-item"><b>High value vs low value prizes:</b> High value prizes create a more serious atmosphere and level of competitiveness, and organizers will have to be very careful about finding skilled judges and applying the pre-specified criteria in a way that can be perceived as fair by hackathon participants. The rules will have to be very clear, e.g., about whether teams can form and start work prior to the hackathon and whether they can bring code they have written with them to the hackathon. If the highest possible level of professionalism, skill, and innovation is the goal, high value prizes are a good choice. Low value prizes are better when organizers and participants have a variety of goals such as learning, expanding social ties, or attracting new people to a community. As the value of prizes approaches zero (e.g., special hats or shirts), competitive hackathons can look much more like collaborative hackathons. With inherently competitive populations, however, even symbolic prizes can make some teams behave very competitively.</li>
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<h5 text-left>Further readings</h5>
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