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JavaScript01.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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巩固JavaScript系列--01数据类型和函数 |
黄明照--一个在路上慢慢行走的前端人
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<ol class="post-toc"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#script标签"><span class="post-toc-number">1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">script标签</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#数据类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">数据类型</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#1-Undefined类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">1. Undefined类型</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#2-Null类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">2. Null类型</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#3-Boolean类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">3. Boolean类型</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#4-Number类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">4. Number类型</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#5-String类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">5. String类型</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#6-Object类型"><span class="post-toc-number">2.6.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">6. Object类型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#函数"><span class="post-toc-number">3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">函数</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#函数实现伪重载"><span class="post-toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">函数实现伪重载</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#结尾"><span class="post-toc-number">4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text">结尾</span></a></li></ol>
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巩固JavaScript系列--01数据类型和函数
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<strong>黄明照</strong>
<span>8月 12, 2017</span>
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<p>最近感觉校招也快到了，感觉自己的知识体系还是挺乱的，所以拿起了红宝书再仔细读读，对知识点再巩固巩固，想每次学习完对整体的一个知识点总结总结，写下了自己的JavaScript系列学习。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<p>在开始写数据类型之前，想对<script>标签记下几点内容。</p>
<h2 id="script标签"><a href="#script标签" class="headerlink" title="script标签"></a>script标签</h2><p><script>有以下6个属性</p>
<ol>
<li><p>async：可选。表示应该立即下载脚本，但不妨碍页面中的其他操作，比如可以下载其他资源或等待加载其他脚本。只对外部脚本文件有效。</p>
</li>
<li><p>charset：可选。表示通过src属性指定的代码的字符集。由于大多数浏览器会忽略它的值，所有很少用</p>
</li>
<li><p>defer：可选。表示脚本可以延迟到文档完全被解析和显示之后再执行。只对外部文件有效。</p>
</li>
<li><p>language：已放弃。</p>
</li>
<li><p>src：可选。表示包含要执行的外部文件。</p>
</li>
<li><p>type：可选。表示编码使用的脚本语言的内容类型</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>这里重点记下两个比较特殊的属性<strong>async和defer</strong>：</p>
<p>defer：设置defer的脚本会在整个页面都解析完毕之后再执行。</p>
<p>async：指定async属性的目的是不让页面等待其脚本下载和执行，从而异步加载页面的其他内容。</p>
<h2 id="数据类型"><a href="#数据类型" class="headerlink" title="数据类型"></a>数据类型</h2><p>ECMAScript中有5种简单的数据类型(也称为基本数据类型)：<strong>Undefined、Null、Boolean、Number和String</strong>。</p>
<p>还有一种复杂数据类型：<strong>Object</strong>。Object本质是由一组无序的名值(键值)组成。</p>
<h3 id="1-Undefined类型"><a href="#1-Undefined类型" class="headerlink" title="1. Undefined类型"></a>1. Undefined类型</h3><p>Undefined类型的值就只有一个undefined。<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var name;</span><br><span class="line">alert(name == undefined) //<span class="literal">true</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>从上面可以看出，name只定义，未初始化。它的默认值为undefined。与下面代码一致。<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var name=undefined;</span><br><span class="line">alert(name == undefined) //<span class="literal">true</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>其实我们再没必要为它赋值undefined，因为它默认的值就是undefined。</p>
<h3 id="2-Null类型"><a href="#2-Null类型" class="headerlink" title="2. Null类型"></a>2. Null类型</h3><p>Null类型的值也只有一个，即null。从逻辑角度来看，null值表示一个空对象指针，这也是使用typeof操作符检测null值时会返回object类型的原因。<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var people=null</span><br><span class="line">alert(typeof people) //object</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>如果定义的变量准备在将来用于保存对象，那么最好将该变量初始化为null而不是其他值(像默认的undefined)</strong></p>
<p><strong>undefined值是派生自null值的</strong>，因此下面代码返回的是true<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">alert(alert( null == undefined)) //<span class="literal">true</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>但如果是全等操作的话，返回的是false<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">alert(alert( null === undefined)) //<span class="literal">false</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><strong>无论什么时候都没有必要把一个变量的值显式的设置为undefined</strong>，可是同样的规则对应null却是不适用。换句话说，<strong>只要意在保存对象的变量还没有真正的保存对象，就应该为其设置null值</strong>。这样做的目的不仅体现null做为空对象指针的惯例，而且也有助于进一步区分null和undefined。这也是null和undefined的只要区别。</p>
<h3 id="3-Boolean类型"><a href="#3-Boolean类型" class="headerlink" title="3. Boolean类型"></a>3. Boolean类型</h3><p>Boolean类型有两个值即true和false。Boolean类型的知识点主要是下面这个:</p>
<p>可以对任何数据类型调用Boolean()函数，而且总会返回一个Boolean值。</p>
<p><strong>除了 0、-0、’’、NaN、null、undefined、false对其使用Boolean函数返回的是假(false)，其余返回的是真(true)</strong></p>
<p>在流控制语句中(如if语句)，它会自动执行相应的Boolean转换。请看下面代码：<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var name=<span class="string">'hmz'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (name){</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="string">'my name is hmz'</span>) //my name is hmz</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>因为name被自动执行相应的Boolean转换，返回的是true</p>
<h3 id="4-Number类型"><a href="#4-Number类型" class="headerlink" title="4. Number类型"></a>4. Number类型</h3><ol>
<li><p>浮点数值： 浮点数值需要的内存空间是保存<strong>整数值的两倍</strong>，因此ECMAScript会不失时机地将浮点数值转换为整数值。浮点数值计算会<strong>产生舍入误差</strong>，比如0.1+0.2不会等于0.3，而是等于0.3000000…0004，所以千万不要使用以下代码，你会发现代码并不会去实现alert：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var a=0.1,b=0.2;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span>(a+b == 0.3){ //不要做这样的测试</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="string">'go this'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>数值范围： isFinite()函数在参数位于最大值(Number.MAX_VALUE)和最小值(Number.MIN_VALUE)之间会返回true。</p>
</li>
<li><p>NaN： NaN(Not a Number)是一个特殊的数值。NaN有两个特点①任何涉及NaN的操作都会返回NaN；②NaN跟任何值都不相等，包括他自己本身。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>根据NaN的两个特点ECMAScript定义了isNaN()函数。isNaN()函数传入的参数会被想转换为数值再判断，<strong>参数不会转换为数值的函数会返回true，否则函数会返回false</strong>。<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">alert(isNaN(NaN)) //<span class="literal">true</span> 不能被转换为数值</span><br><span class="line">alert(isNaN(10)) //<span class="literal">false</span> 10是数值</span><br><span class="line">alert(isNaN(<span class="string">'blue'</span>)) //<span class="literal">true</span> 不能被转换为数值</span><br><span class="line">alert(isNaN(<span class="string">'10'</span>)) //<span class="literal">false</span> <span class="string">'10'</span>会被转换为10</span><br><span class="line">alert(isNaN(<span class="literal">true</span>)) //<span class="literal">false</span> <span class="literal">true</span>会被转换为1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ol>
<li>数值转换<br>可以转换为数值的函数有Number()、parseInt()、parseFloat()。Number()函数可以用于任何数据类型，而parseInt()和parseFloat()专门用于把字符串转换为数值。</li>
</ol>
<p>parseInt()转化为整数，可以传入第二个参数，告诉浏览器按几进制进行解析数据，如果不传第二个参数，默认是10进制<br>parseFloat()转化为浮点数，只解析整数，故没有第二个参数。</p>
<h3 id="5-String类型"><a href="#5-String类型" class="headerlink" title="5. String类型"></a>5. String类型</h3><p>转换为字符的函数有：toString()和String()。</p>
<p>toString()：①数值、布尔、对象、字符串都有toString()方法。但是<strong>null和undefined</strong>没有toString()方法。②多数情况下，toString()方法不必传参，但也可以为其传一个参数，该参数可以将num.toString(2|8|10|16)返回几进制的字符串表示</p>
<p>String()：在不知道要转换的值是不是undefined和null的情况下，还可以使用String()函数。这个函数能将任何类型的值转换为字符串。</p>
<h3 id="6-Object类型"><a href="#6-Object类型" class="headerlink" title="6. Object类型"></a>6. Object类型</h3><p>ECMAScript中的对象其实就是一组数据和功能的集合。</p>
<p>Object的每个实例都有下列的属性和方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>constructor：保存着用于创建当前对象的函数，即构造器。</li>
<li>hasOwnProperty：用于检查给定的属性在当前对象实例中是否存在(而不是在实例的原型中)。如：people.hasOwnProperty(‘name’)</li>
<li>isPrototypeOf(object): 检测传入的对象是否是当期对象的原型</li>
<li>propertyIsEnumerable(propertyName): 检测传入的属性能否使用for-in进行枚举<br>5.toLocaleString()：返回对象的字符串表示，该字符串与执行环境对应</li>
<li>toString()：返回对象的字符串表示</li>
<li>valueOf：返回对象的字符串、数组或布尔的表示。通常与toString()的返回值相同</li>
</ol>
<p>在ECMAScript中Object是所有对象的基础，因此所有对象都具有上面这些基本的属性和方法。</p>
<h2 id="函数"><a href="#函数" class="headerlink" title="函数"></a>函数</h2><p>函数中个人感觉想要去注意的是函数的返回值和函数的参数。</p>
<ol>
<li>函数的返回值：函数中要么让函数始终都返回一个值，要么永远都不要返回值。如果未指定返回值的函数，那么它返回的是一个特殊的undefined值</li>
<li>理解参数：</li>
</ol>
<p>ECMAScript函数传递参数比较灵活，定义函数参数也比较灵活。原因在于ECMAScript的参数在内部是用一个<strong>数组来表示</strong>的。函数接收到的是这个数组，而不关心数组中包含哪些参数。实际上在函数体内可以通过arguments对象来访问这个参数数组，从而获取传递给函数的每一个参数。</p>
<p>arguments对象只是与数组类似(他并不是Array的实例)，因为可以使用[]来访问它的每一个元素，使用length属性可以确定传递进来多少参。arguments的length由传入的参数个数决定的，不是由定义函数时的命名参数的个数决定的。对于没有传递值的命名参数将被自动赋予undefined，这就跟定义了变量但没有初始化一样。</p>
<h3 id="函数实现伪重载"><a href="#函数实现伪重载" class="headerlink" title="函数实现伪重载"></a>函数实现伪重载</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="function"><span class="title">doAdd</span></span>() {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (arguments.length == 1){</span><br><span class="line"> alert(arguments[0])</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> (arguments.length == 2){</span><br><span class="line"> alert(arguments[0] + arguments[1])</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">doAdd(10) //10</span><br><span class="line">doAdd(10,20) //30</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面<strong>利用arguments的length可以实现伪重载</strong>，但ECMAScript中是<strong>没有真正的重载</strong>(方法名一样，接收的参数的类型或数量不同)，因为ECMAScript不存在函数签名(函数签名由参数个数与其类型组成)的特性！！！函数名相同的情况下ECMAScript中前面定义的函数会被后面定义的函数所覆盖，故而没有真正的重载，但可以使用上面的代码实现伪重载。</p>
<h2 id="结尾"><a href="#结尾" class="headerlink" title="结尾"></a>结尾</h2><p>时间过的很快，不知不觉快要八月中旬了，各个公司也开始陆续开放网申了，不由的会想太多东西，故而感觉最近的节奏感没跟上，上周在学Vue感觉也是不是很好，没有把真正的心思放在学Vue上面，搞七搞八的一周也过去了。现在自己就想静静，外面的世界如何如何，你的能力有限，大可不必在乎，现在呢要做的只有好好的静下心，坚持吧，一切顺其自然！再说写这个JavaScript系列，我也不知道我会写多少，当我还是会尽自己最大的努力去总结。</p>
<p>于 厦门高崎新村 自己的小屋 </p>
<p>本文首发于个人博客>> <a href="https://blog.huangmingzhao.cn" target="_blank" rel="noopener">shineTomorrow–一个路上慢慢行走的前端人</a></p>
<p>参考文献：《JavaScript高级程序设计》</p>
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