prizesByYear.json

{
  "prizes": [
    {
      "year": "2018",
      "category": "physics",
      "overallMotivation": "“for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics”",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "960",
          "firstname": "Arthur",
          "surname": "Ashkin",
          "motivation": "\"for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "961",
          "firstname": "Gérard",
          "surname": "Mourou",
          "motivation": "\"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "962",
          "firstname": "Donna",
          "surname": "Strickland",
          "motivation": "\"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2018",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "963",
          "firstname": "Frances H.",
          "surname": "Arnold",
          "motivation": "\"for the directed evolution of enzymes\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "964",
          "firstname": "George P.",
          "surname": "Smith",
          "motivation": "\"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "965",
          "firstname": "Sir Gregory P.",
          "surname": "Winter",
          "motivation": "\"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2018",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "958",
          "firstname": "James P.",
          "surname": "Allison",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "959",
          "firstname": "Tasuku",
          "surname": "Honjo",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2018",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "966",
          "firstname": "Denis",
          "surname": "Mukwege",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "967",
          "firstname": "Nadia",
          "surname": "Murad",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2018",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "968",
          "firstname": "William D.",
          "surname": "Nordhaus",
          "motivation": "\"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "969",
          "firstname": "Paul M.",
          "surname": "Romer",
          "motivation": "\"for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2017",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "941",
          "firstname": "Rainer",
          "surname": "Weiss",
          "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "942",
          "firstname": "Barry C.",
          "surname": "Barish",
          "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "943",
          "firstname": "Kip S.",
          "surname": "Thorne",
          "motivation": "\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2017",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "944",
          "firstname": "Jacques",
          "surname": "Dubochet",
          "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "945",
          "firstname": "Joachim",
          "surname": "Frank",
          "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "946",
          "firstname": "Richard",
          "surname": "Henderson",
          "motivation": "\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2017",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "938",
          "firstname": "Jeffrey C.",
          "surname": "Hall",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "939",
          "firstname": "Michael",
          "surname": "Rosbash",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "940",
          "firstname": "Michael W.",
          "surname": "Young",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2017",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "947",
          "firstname": "Kazuo",
          "surname": "Ishiguro",
          "motivation": "\"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2017",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "948",
          "firstname": "International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)",
          "motivation": "\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2017",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "949",
          "firstname": "Richard H.",
          "surname": "Thaler",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to behavioural economics\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2016",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "928",
          "firstname": "David J.",
          "surname": "Thouless",
          "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "929",
          "firstname": "F. Duncan M.",
          "surname": "Haldane",
          "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "930",
          "firstname": "J. Michael",
          "surname": "Kosterlitz",
          "motivation": "\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2016",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "931",
          "firstname": "Jean-Pierre",
          "surname": "Sauvage",
          "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "932",
          "firstname": "Sir J. Fraser",
          "surname": "Stoddart",
          "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "933",
          "firstname": "Bernard L.",
          "surname": "Feringa",
          "motivation": "\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2016",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "927",
          "firstname": "Yoshinori",
          "surname": "Ohsumi",
          "motivation": "\"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2016",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "937",
          "firstname": "Bob",
          "surname": "Dylan",
          "motivation": "\"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2016",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "934",
          "firstname": "Juan Manuel",
          "surname": "Santos",
          "motivation": "\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2016",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "935",
          "firstname": "Oliver",
          "surname": "Hart",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to contract theory\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "936",
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "surname": "Holmström",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to contract theory\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2015",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "919",
          "firstname": "Takaaki",
          "surname": "Kajita",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "920",
          "firstname": "Arthur B.",
          "surname": "McDonald",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2015",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "921",
          "firstname": "Tomas",
          "surname": "Lindahl",
          "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "922",
          "firstname": "Paul",
          "surname": "Modrich",
          "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "923",
          "firstname": "Aziz",
          "surname": "Sancar",
          "motivation": "\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2015",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "916",
          "firstname": "William C.",
          "surname": "Campbell",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "917",
          "firstname": "Satoshi",
          "surname": "Ōmura",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "918",
          "firstname": "Youyou",
          "surname": "Tu",
          "motivation": "\"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2015",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "924",
          "firstname": "Svetlana",
          "surname": "Alexievich",
          "motivation": "\"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2015",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "925",
          "firstname": "National Dialogue Quartet",
          "motivation": "\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2015",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "926",
          "firstname": "Angus",
          "surname": "Deaton",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2014",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "906",
          "firstname": "Isamu",
          "surname": "Akasaki",
          "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "907",
          "firstname": "Hiroshi",
          "surname": "Amano",
          "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "908",
          "firstname": "Shuji",
          "surname": "Nakamura",
          "motivation": "\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2014",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "909",
          "firstname": "Eric",
          "surname": "Betzig",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "910",
          "firstname": "Stefan W.",
          "surname": "Hell",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "911",
          "firstname": "William E.",
          "surname": "Moerner",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2014",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "903",
          "firstname": "John",
          "surname": "O'Keefe",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "904",
          "firstname": "May-Britt",
          "surname": "Moser",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "905",
          "firstname": "Edvard I.",
          "surname": "Moser",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2014",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "912",
          "firstname": "Patrick",
          "surname": "Modiano",
          "motivation": "\"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and\r\nuncovered the life-world of the occupation\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2014",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "913",
          "firstname": "Kailash",
          "surname": "Satyarthi",
          "motivation": "\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "914",
          "firstname": "Malala",
          "surname": "Yousafzai",
          "motivation": "\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2014",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "915",
          "firstname": "Jean",
          "surname": "Tirole",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of market power and regulation\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2013",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "887",
          "firstname": "François",
          "surname": "Englert",
          "motivation": "\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "888",
          "firstname": "Peter W.",
          "surname": "Higgs",
          "motivation": "\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2013",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "889",
          "firstname": "Martin",
          "surname": "Karplus",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "890",
          "firstname": "Michael",
          "surname": "Levitt",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "891",
          "firstname": "Arieh",
          "surname": "Warshel",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2013",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "884",
          "firstname": "James E.",
          "surname": "Rothman",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "885",
          "firstname": "Randy W.",
          "surname": "Schekman",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "886",
          "firstname": "Thomas C.",
          "surname": "Südhof",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2013",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "892",
          "firstname": "Alice",
          "surname": "Munro",
          "motivation": "\"master of the contemporary short story\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2013",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "893",
          "firstname": "Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)",
          "motivation": "\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons\"",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2013",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "894",
          "firstname": "Eugene F.",
          "surname": "Fama",
          "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "895",
          "firstname": "Lars Peter",
          "surname": "Hansen",
          "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "896",
          "firstname": "Robert J.",
          "surname": "Shiller",
          "motivation": "\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2012",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "876",
          "firstname": "Serge",
          "surname": "Haroche",
          "motivation": "\"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "877",
          "firstname": "David J.",
          "surname": "Wineland",
          "motivation": "\"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2012",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "878",
          "firstname": "Robert J.",
          "surname": "Lefkowitz",
          "motivation": "\"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "879",
          "firstname": "Brian K.",
          "surname": "Kobilka",
          "motivation": "\"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2012",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "874",
          "firstname": "Sir John B.",
          "surname": "Gurdon",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "875",
          "firstname": "Shinya",
          "surname": "Yamanaka",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2012",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "880",
          "firstname": "Mo",
          "surname": "Yan",
          "motivation": "\"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2012",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "881",
          "firstname": "European Union (EU)",
          "motivation": "\"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe\"",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2012",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "882",
          "firstname": "Alvin E.",
          "surname": "Roth",
          "motivation": "\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "883",
          "firstname": "Lloyd S.",
          "surname": "Shapley",
          "motivation": "\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2011",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "864",
          "firstname": "Saul",
          "surname": "Perlmutter",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "865",
          "firstname": "Brian P.",
          "surname": "Schmidt",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "866",
          "firstname": "Adam G.",
          "surname": "Riess",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2011",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "867",
          "firstname": "Dan",
          "surname": "Shechtman",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of quasicrystals\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2011",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "861",
          "firstname": "Bruce A.",
          "surname": "Beutler",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "862",
          "firstname": "Jules A.",
          "surname": "Hoffmann",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "863",
          "firstname": "Ralph M.",
          "surname": "Steinman",
          "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2011",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "868",
          "firstname": "Tomas",
          "surname": "Tranströmer",
          "motivation": "\"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2011",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "869",
          "firstname": "Ellen",
          "surname": "Johnson Sirleaf",
          "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "870",
          "firstname": "Leymah",
          "surname": "Gbowee",
          "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "871",
          "firstname": "Tawakkol",
          "surname": "Karman",
          "motivation": "\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2011",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "872",
          "firstname": "Thomas J.",
          "surname": "Sargent",
          "motivation": "\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "873",
          "firstname": "Christopher A.",
          "surname": "Sims",
          "motivation": "\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2010",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "849",
          "firstname": "Andre",
          "surname": "Geim",
          "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "850",
          "firstname": "Konstantin",
          "surname": "Novoselov",
          "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2010",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "851",
          "firstname": "Richard F.",
          "surname": "Heck",
          "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "852",
          "firstname": "Ei-ichi",
          "surname": "Negishi",
          "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "853",
          "firstname": "Akira",
          "surname": "Suzuki",
          "motivation": "\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2010",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "848",
          "firstname": "Robert G.",
          "surname": "Edwards",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of in vitro fertilization\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2010",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "854",
          "firstname": "Mario",
          "surname": "Vargas Llosa",
          "motivation": "\"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2010",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "855",
          "firstname": "Liu",
          "surname": "Xiaobo",
          "motivation": "\"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2010",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "856",
          "firstname": "Peter A.",
          "surname": "Diamond",
          "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "857",
          "firstname": "Dale T.",
          "surname": "Mortensen",
          "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "858",
          "firstname": "Christopher A.",
          "surname": "Pissarides",
          "motivation": "\"for their analysis of markets with search frictions\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2009",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "838",
          "firstname": "Charles Kuen",
          "surname": "Kao",
          "motivation": "\"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "839",
          "firstname": "Willard S.",
          "surname": "Boyle",
          "motivation": "\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "840",
          "firstname": "George E.",
          "surname": "Smith",
          "motivation": "\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2009",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "841",
          "firstname": "Venkatraman",
          "surname": "Ramakrishnan",
          "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "842",
          "firstname": "Thomas A.",
          "surname": "Steitz",
          "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "843",
          "firstname": "Ada E.",
          "surname": "Yonath",
          "motivation": "\"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2009",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "835",
          "firstname": "Elizabeth H.",
          "surname": "Blackburn",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "836",
          "firstname": "Carol W.",
          "surname": "Greider",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "837",
          "firstname": "Jack W.",
          "surname": "Szostak",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2009",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "844",
          "firstname": "Herta",
          "surname": "Müller",
          "motivation": "\"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2009",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "845",
          "firstname": "Barack H.",
          "surname": "Obama",
          "motivation": "\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2009",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "846",
          "firstname": "Elinor",
          "surname": "Ostrom",
          "motivation": "\"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "847",
          "firstname": "Oliver E.",
          "surname": "Williamson",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2008",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "826",
          "firstname": "Yoichiro",
          "surname": "Nambu",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "827",
          "firstname": "Makoto",
          "surname": "Kobayashi",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "828",
          "firstname": "Toshihide",
          "surname": "Maskawa",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2008",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "829",
          "firstname": "Osamu",
          "surname": "Shimomura",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "830",
          "firstname": "Martin",
          "surname": "Chalfie",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "831",
          "firstname": "Roger Y.",
          "surname": "Tsien",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2008",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "823",
          "firstname": "Harald",
          "surname": "zur Hausen",
          "motivation": "\"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "824",
          "firstname": "Françoise",
          "surname": "Barré-Sinoussi",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "825",
          "firstname": "Luc",
          "surname": "Montagnier",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2008",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "832",
          "firstname": "Jean-Marie Gustave",
          "surname": "Le Clézio",
          "motivation": "\"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2008",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "833",
          "firstname": "Martti",
          "surname": "Ahtisaari",
          "motivation": "\"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2008",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "834",
          "firstname": "Paul",
          "surname": "Krugman",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2007",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "814",
          "firstname": "Albert",
          "surname": "Fert",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "815",
          "firstname": "Peter",
          "surname": "Grünberg",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2007",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "816",
          "firstname": "Gerhard",
          "surname": "Ertl",
          "motivation": "\"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2007",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "811",
          "firstname": "Mario R.",
          "surname": "Capecchi",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "812",
          "firstname": "Sir Martin J.",
          "surname": "Evans",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "813",
          "firstname": "Oliver",
          "surname": "Smithies",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2007",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "817",
          "firstname": "Doris",
          "surname": "Lessing",
          "motivation": "\"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2007",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "818",
          "firstname": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        },
        {
          "id": "819",
          "firstname": "Albert Arnold (Al)",
          "surname": "Gore Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2007",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "820",
          "firstname": "Leonid",
          "surname": "Hurwicz",
          "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "821",
          "firstname": "Eric S.",
          "surname": "Maskin",
          "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "822",
          "firstname": "Roger B.",
          "surname": "Myerson",
          "motivation": "\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "804",
          "firstname": "John C.",
          "surname": "Mather",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "805",
          "firstname": "George F.",
          "surname": "Smoot",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "806",
          "firstname": "Roger D.",
          "surname": "Kornberg",
          "motivation": "\"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "802",
          "firstname": "Andrew Z.",
          "surname": "Fire",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "803",
          "firstname": "Craig C.",
          "surname": "Mello",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "808",
          "firstname": "Orhan",
          "surname": "Pamuk",
          "motivation": "\"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "809",
          "firstname": "Muhammad",
          "surname": "Yunus",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "810",
          "firstname": "Grameen Bank",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "807",
          "firstname": "Edmund S.",
          "surname": "Phelps",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "791",
          "firstname": "Roy J.",
          "surname": "Glauber",
          "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "792",
          "firstname": "John L.",
          "surname": "Hall",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "793",
          "firstname": "Theodor W.",
          "surname": "Hänsch",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "794",
          "firstname": "Yves",
          "surname": "Chauvin",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "795",
          "firstname": "Robert H.",
          "surname": "Grubbs",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "796",
          "firstname": "Richard R.",
          "surname": "Schrock",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "789",
          "firstname": "Barry J.",
          "surname": "Marshall",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "790",
          "firstname": "J. Robin",
          "surname": "Warren",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "801",
          "firstname": "Harold",
          "surname": "Pinter",
          "motivation": "\"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "797",
          "firstname": "International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        },
        {
          "id": "798",
          "firstname": "Mohamed",
          "surname": "ElBaradei",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "799",
          "firstname": "Robert J.",
          "surname": "Aumann",
          "motivation": "\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "800",
          "firstname": "Thomas C.",
          "surname": "Schelling",
          "motivation": "\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "776",
          "firstname": "David J.",
          "surname": "Gross",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "777",
          "firstname": "H. David",
          "surname": "Politzer",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "778",
          "firstname": "Frank",
          "surname": "Wilczek",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "779",
          "firstname": "Aaron",
          "surname": "Ciechanover",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "780",
          "firstname": "Avram",
          "surname": "Hershko",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "781",
          "firstname": "Irwin",
          "surname": "Rose",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "774",
          "firstname": "Richard",
          "surname": "Axel",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "775",
          "firstname": "Linda B.",
          "surname": "Buck",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "782",
          "firstname": "Elfriede",
          "surname": "Jelinek",
          "motivation": "\"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich&eacute;s and their subjugating power\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "783",
          "firstname": "Wangari Muta",
          "surname": "Maathai",
          "motivation": "\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "786",
          "firstname": "Finn E.",
          "surname": "Kydland",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "787",
          "firstname": "Edward C.",
          "surname": "Prescott",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "766",
          "firstname": "Alexei A.",
          "surname": "Abrikosov",
          "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "767",
          "firstname": "Vitaly L.",
          "surname": "Ginzburg",
          "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "768",
          "firstname": "Anthony J.",
          "surname": "Leggett",
          "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "overallMotivation": "\"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes\"",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "769",
          "firstname": "Peter",
          "surname": "Agre",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of water channels\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "770",
          "firstname": "Roderick",
          "surname": "MacKinnon",
          "motivation": "\"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "764",
          "firstname": "Paul C.",
          "surname": "Lauterbur",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "765",
          "firstname": "Sir Peter",
          "surname": "Mansfield",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "763",
          "firstname": "John M.",
          "surname": "Coetzee",
          "motivation": "\"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "773",
          "firstname": "Shirin",
          "surname": "Ebadi",
          "motivation": "\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "771",
          "firstname": "Robert F.",
          "surname": "Engle III",
          "motivation": "\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "772",
          "firstname": "Clive W.J.",
          "surname": "Granger",
          "motivation": "\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "753",
          "firstname": "Raymond",
          "surname": "Davis Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "754",
          "firstname": "Masatoshi",
          "surname": "Koshiba",
          "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "755",
          "firstname": "Riccardo",
          "surname": "Giacconi",
          "motivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "overallMotivation": "\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "756",
          "firstname": "John B.",
          "surname": "Fenn",
          "motivation": "\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "757",
          "firstname": "Koichi",
          "surname": "Tanaka",
          "motivation": "\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "758",
          "firstname": "Kurt",
          "surname": "Wüthrich",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "750",
          "firstname": "Sydney",
          "surname": "Brenner",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "751",
          "firstname": "H. Robert",
          "surname": "Horvitz",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "752",
          "firstname": "John E.",
          "surname": "Sulston",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "761",
          "firstname": "Imre",
          "surname": "Kertész",
          "motivation": "\"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "762",
          "firstname": "Jimmy",
          "surname": "Carter",
          "motivation": "\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "759",
          "firstname": "Daniel",
          "surname": "Kahneman",
          "motivation": "\"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "760",
          "firstname": "Vernon L.",
          "surname": "Smith",
          "motivation": "\"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "738",
          "firstname": "Eric A.",
          "surname": "Cornell",
          "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "739",
          "firstname": "Wolfgang",
          "surname": "Ketterle",
          "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "740",
          "firstname": "Carl E.",
          "surname": "Wieman",
          "motivation": "\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "741",
          "firstname": "William S.",
          "surname": "Knowles",
          "motivation": "\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "742",
          "firstname": "Ryoji",
          "surname": "Noyori",
          "motivation": "\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "743",
          "firstname": "K. Barry",
          "surname": "Sharpless",
          "motivation": "\"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "735",
          "firstname": "Leland H.",
          "surname": "Hartwell",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "736",
          "firstname": "Tim",
          "surname": "Hunt",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "737",
          "firstname": "Sir Paul M.",
          "surname": "Nurse",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "747",
          "firstname": "Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad",
          "surname": "Naipaul",
          "motivation": "\"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "748",
          "firstname": "United Nations (U.N.)",
          "motivation": "\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        },
        {
          "id": "749",
          "firstname": "Kofi",
          "surname": "Annan",
          "motivation": "\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "744",
          "firstname": "George A.",
          "surname": "Akerlof",
          "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "745",
          "firstname": "A. Michael",
          "surname": "Spence",
          "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "746",
          "firstname": "Joseph E.",
          "surname": "Stiglitz",
          "motivation": "\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "category": "physics",
      "overallMotivation": "\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "726",
          "firstname": "Zhores I.",
          "surname": "Alferov",
          "motivation": "\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "727",
          "firstname": "Herbert",
          "surname": "Kroemer",
          "motivation": "\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "728",
          "firstname": "Jack S.",
          "surname": "Kilby",
          "motivation": "\"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "729",
          "firstname": "Alan J.",
          "surname": "Heeger",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "730",
          "firstname": "Alan G.",
          "surname": "MacDiarmid",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "731",
          "firstname": "Hideki",
          "surname": "Shirakawa",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "722",
          "firstname": "Arvid",
          "surname": "Carlsson",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "723",
          "firstname": "Paul",
          "surname": "Greengard",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "724",
          "firstname": "Eric R.",
          "surname": "Kandel",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "734",
          "firstname": "Gao",
          "surname": "Xingjian",
          "motivation": "\"for an &aelig;uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "725",
          "firstname": "Kim",
          "surname": "Dae-jung",
          "motivation": "\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "732",
          "firstname": "James J.",
          "surname": "Heckman",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "733",
          "firstname": "Daniel L.",
          "surname": "McFadden",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1999",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "158",
          "firstname": "Gerardus",
          "surname": "'t Hooft",
          "motivation": "\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "159",
          "firstname": "Martinus J.G.",
          "surname": "Veltman",
          "motivation": "\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1999",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "292",
          "firstname": "Ahmed H.",
          "surname": "Zewail",
          "motivation": "\"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1999",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "461",
          "firstname": "Günter",
          "surname": "Blobel",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1999",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "676",
          "firstname": "Günter",
          "surname": "Grass",
          "motivation": "\"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1999",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "568",
          "firstname": "Médecins Sans Frontières",
          "motivation": "\"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1999",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "720",
          "firstname": "Robert A.",
          "surname": "Mundell",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "155",
          "firstname": "Robert B.",
          "surname": "Laughlin",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "156",
          "firstname": "Horst L.",
          "surname": "Störmer",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "157",
          "firstname": "Daniel C.",
          "surname": "Tsui",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "290",
          "firstname": "Walter",
          "surname": "Kohn",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of the density-functional theory\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "291",
          "firstname": "John A.",
          "surname": "Pople",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "458",
          "firstname": "Robert F.",
          "surname": "Furchgott",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "459",
          "firstname": "Louis J.",
          "surname": "Ignarro",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "460",
          "firstname": "Ferid",
          "surname": "Murad",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "675",
          "firstname": "José",
          "surname": "Saramago",
          "motivation": "\"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "566",
          "firstname": "John",
          "surname": "Hume",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "567",
          "firstname": "David",
          "surname": "Trimble",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "719",
          "firstname": "Amartya",
          "surname": "Sen",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to welfare economics\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1997",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "152",
          "firstname": "Steven",
          "surname": "Chu",
          "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "153",
          "firstname": "Claude",
          "surname": "Cohen-Tannoudji",
          "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "154",
          "firstname": "William D.",
          "surname": "Phillips",
          "motivation": "\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1997",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "287",
          "firstname": "Paul D.",
          "surname": "Boyer",
          "motivation": "\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "288",
          "firstname": "John E.",
          "surname": "Walker",
          "motivation": "\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "289",
          "firstname": "Jens C.",
          "surname": "Skou",
          "motivation": "\"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1997",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "457",
          "firstname": "Stanley B.",
          "surname": "Prusiner",
          "motivation": "\"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1997",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "674",
          "firstname": "Dario",
          "surname": "Fo",
          "motivation": "\"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1997",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "564",
          "firstname": "International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)",
          "motivation": "\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        },
        {
          "id": "565",
          "firstname": "Jody",
          "surname": "Williams",
          "motivation": "\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1997",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "717",
          "firstname": "Robert C.",
          "surname": "Merton",
          "motivation": "\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "718",
          "firstname": "Myron S.",
          "surname": "Scholes",
          "motivation": "\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1996",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "149",
          "firstname": "David M.",
          "surname": "Lee",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "150",
          "firstname": "Douglas D.",
          "surname": "Osheroff",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "151",
          "firstname": "Robert C.",
          "surname": "Richardson",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1996",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "284",
          "firstname": "Robert F.",
          "surname": "Curl Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "285",
          "firstname": "Sir Harold W.",
          "surname": "Kroto",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "286",
          "firstname": "Richard E.",
          "surname": "Smalley",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1996",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "455",
          "firstname": "Peter C.",
          "surname": "Doherty",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "456",
          "firstname": "Rolf M.",
          "surname": "Zinkernagel",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1996",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "673",
          "firstname": "Wislawa",
          "surname": "Szymborska",
          "motivation": "\"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1996",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "562",
          "firstname": "Carlos Filipe Ximenes",
          "surname": "Belo",
          "motivation": "\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "563",
          "firstname": "José",
          "surname": "Ramos-Horta",
          "motivation": "\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1996",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "715",
          "firstname": "James A.",
          "surname": "Mirrlees",
          "motivation": "\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "716",
          "firstname": "William",
          "surname": "Vickrey",
          "motivation": "\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1995",
      "category": "physics",
      "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics\"",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "147",
          "firstname": "Martin L.",
          "surname": "Perl",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the tau lepton\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "148",
          "firstname": "Frederick",
          "surname": "Reines",
          "motivation": "\"for the detection of the neutrino\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1995",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "281",
          "firstname": "Paul J.",
          "surname": "Crutzen",
          "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "282",
          "firstname": "Mario J.",
          "surname": "Molina",
          "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "283",
          "firstname": "F. Sherwood",
          "surname": "Rowland",
          "motivation": "\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1995",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "452",
          "firstname": "Edward B.",
          "surname": "Lewis",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "453",
          "firstname": "Christiane",
          "surname": "Nüsslein-Volhard",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "454",
          "firstname": "Eric F.",
          "surname": "Wieschaus",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1995",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "672",
          "firstname": "Seamus",
          "surname": "Heaney",
          "motivation": "\"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1995",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "560",
          "firstname": "Joseph",
          "surname": "Rotblat",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "561",
          "firstname": "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1995",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "714",
          "firstname": "Robert E.",
          "surname": "Lucas Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1994",
      "category": "physics",
      "overallMotivation": "\"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter\"",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "145",
          "firstname": "Bertram N.",
          "surname": "Brockhouse",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of neutron spectroscopy\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "146",
          "firstname": "Clifford G.",
          "surname": "Shull",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1994",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "280",
          "firstname": "George A.",
          "surname": "Olah",
          "motivation": "\"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1994",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "450",
          "firstname": "Alfred G.",
          "surname": "Gilman",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "451",
          "firstname": "Martin",
          "surname": "Rodbell",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1994",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "671",
          "firstname": "Kenzaburo",
          "surname": "Oe",
          "motivation": "\"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1994",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "557",
          "firstname": "Yasser",
          "surname": "Arafat",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "558",
          "firstname": "Shimon",
          "surname": "Peres",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "559",
          "firstname": "Yitzhak",
          "surname": "Rabin",
          "motivation": "\"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1994",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "711",
          "firstname": "John C.",
          "surname": "Harsanyi",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "712",
          "firstname": "John F.",
          "surname": "Nash Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "713",
          "firstname": "Reinhard",
          "surname": "Selten",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "143",
          "firstname": "Russell A.",
          "surname": "Hulse",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "144",
          "firstname": "Joseph H.",
          "surname": "Taylor Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "overallMotivation": "\"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry\"",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "278",
          "firstname": "Kary B.",
          "surname": "Mullis",
          "motivation": "\"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "279",
          "firstname": "Michael",
          "surname": "Smith",
          "motivation": "\"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "448",
          "firstname": "Richard J.",
          "surname": "Roberts",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of split genes\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "449",
          "firstname": "Phillip A.",
          "surname": "Sharp",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of split genes\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "670",
          "firstname": "Toni",
          "surname": "Morrison",
          "motivation": "\"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "555",
          "firstname": "Nelson",
          "surname": "Mandela",
          "motivation": "\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "556",
          "firstname": "Frederik Willem",
          "surname": "de Klerk",
          "motivation": "\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "709",
          "firstname": "Robert W.",
          "surname": "Fogel",
          "motivation": "\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "710",
          "firstname": "Douglass C.",
          "surname": "North",
          "motivation": "\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "142",
          "firstname": "Georges",
          "surname": "Charpak",
          "motivation": "\"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "277",
          "firstname": "Rudolph A.",
          "surname": "Marcus",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "446",
          "firstname": "Edmond H.",
          "surname": "Fischer",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "447",
          "firstname": "Edwin G.",
          "surname": "Krebs",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "669",
          "firstname": "Derek",
          "surname": "Walcott",
          "motivation": "\"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "554",
          "firstname": "Rigoberta",
          "surname": "Menchú Tum",
          "motivation": "\"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "708",
          "firstname": "Gary S.",
          "surname": "Becker",
          "motivation": "\"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1991",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "141",
          "firstname": "Pierre-Gilles",
          "surname": "de Gennes",
          "motivation": "\"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1991",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "276",
          "firstname": "Richard R.",
          "surname": "Ernst",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1991",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "444",
          "firstname": "Erwin",
          "surname": "Neher",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "445",
          "firstname": "Bert",
          "surname": "Sakmann",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1991",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "668",
          "firstname": "Nadine",
          "surname": "Gordimer",
          "motivation": "\"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1991",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "553",
          "firstname": "Aung San Suu Kyi",
          "motivation": "\"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1991",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "707",
          "firstname": "Ronald H.",
          "surname": "Coase",
          "motivation": "\"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "138",
          "firstname": "Jerome I.",
          "surname": "Friedman",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "139",
          "firstname": "Henry W.",
          "surname": "Kendall",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "140",
          "firstname": "Richard E.",
          "surname": "Taylor",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "275",
          "firstname": "Elias James",
          "surname": "Corey",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "442",
          "firstname": "Joseph E.",
          "surname": "Murray",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "443",
          "firstname": "E. Donnall",
          "surname": "Thomas",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "667",
          "firstname": "Octavio",
          "surname": "Paz",
          "motivation": "\"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "552",
          "firstname": "Mikhail Sergeyevich",
          "surname": "Gorbachev",
          "motivation": "\"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "704",
          "firstname": "Harry M.",
          "surname": "Markowitz",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "705",
          "firstname": "Merton H.",
          "surname": "Miller",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "706",
          "firstname": "William F.",
          "surname": "Sharpe",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1989",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "135",
          "firstname": "Norman F.",
          "surname": "Ramsey",
          "motivation": "\"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "136",
          "firstname": "Hans G.",
          "surname": "Dehmelt",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "137",
          "firstname": "Wolfgang",
          "surname": "Paul",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1989",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "273",
          "firstname": "Sidney",
          "surname": "Altman",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "274",
          "firstname": "Thomas R.",
          "surname": "Cech",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1989",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "440",
          "firstname": "J. Michael",
          "surname": "Bishop",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "441",
          "firstname": "Harold E.",
          "surname": "Varmus",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1989",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "666",
          "firstname": "Camilo José",
          "surname": "Cela",
          "motivation": "\"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1989",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "551",
          "firstname": "The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1989",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "703",
          "firstname": "Trygve",
          "surname": "Haavelmo",
          "motivation": "\"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1988",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "132",
          "firstname": "Leon M.",
          "surname": "Lederman",
          "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "133",
          "firstname": "Melvin",
          "surname": "Schwartz",
          "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "134",
          "firstname": "Jack",
          "surname": "Steinberger",
          "motivation": "\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1988",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "270",
          "firstname": "Johann",
          "surname": "Deisenhofer",
          "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "271",
          "firstname": "Robert",
          "surname": "Huber",
          "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "272",
          "firstname": "Hartmut",
          "surname": "Michel",
          "motivation": "\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1988",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "437",
          "firstname": "Sir James W.",
          "surname": "Black",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "438",
          "firstname": "Gertrude B.",
          "surname": "Elion",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "439",
          "firstname": "George H.",
          "surname": "Hitchings",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1988",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "665",
          "firstname": "Naguib",
          "surname": "Mahfouz",
          "motivation": "\"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1988",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "550",
          "firstname": "United Nations Peacekeeping Forces",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1988",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "702",
          "firstname": "Maurice",
          "surname": "Allais",
          "motivation": "\"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1987",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "130",
          "firstname": "J. Georg",
          "surname": "Bednorz",
          "motivation": "\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "131",
          "firstname": "K. Alexander",
          "surname": "Müller",
          "motivation": "\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1987",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "267",
          "firstname": "Donald J.",
          "surname": "Cram",
          "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "268",
          "firstname": "Jean-Marie",
          "surname": "Lehn",
          "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "269",
          "firstname": "Charles J.",
          "surname": "Pedersen",
          "motivation": "\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1987",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "436",
          "firstname": "Susumu",
          "surname": "Tonegawa",
          "motivation": "\"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1987",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "664",
          "firstname": "Joseph",
          "surname": "Brodsky",
          "motivation": "\"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1987",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "549",
          "firstname": "Oscar",
          "surname": "Arias Sánchez",
          "motivation": "\"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1987",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "701",
          "firstname": "Robert M.",
          "surname": "Solow",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1986",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "127",
          "firstname": "Ernst",
          "surname": "Ruska",
          "motivation": "\"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "128",
          "firstname": "Gerd",
          "surname": "Binnig",
          "motivation": "\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "129",
          "firstname": "Heinrich",
          "surname": "Rohrer",
          "motivation": "\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1986",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "264",
          "firstname": "Dudley R.",
          "surname": "Herschbach",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "265",
          "firstname": "Yuan T.",
          "surname": "Lee",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "266",
          "firstname": "John C.",
          "surname": "Polanyi",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1986",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "434",
          "firstname": "Stanley",
          "surname": "Cohen",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "435",
          "firstname": "Rita",
          "surname": "Levi-Montalcini",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1986",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "663",
          "firstname": "Wole",
          "surname": "Soyinka",
          "motivation": "\"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1986",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "548",
          "firstname": "Elie",
          "surname": "Wiesel",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1986",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "700",
          "firstname": "James M.",
          "surname": "Buchanan Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1985",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "126",
          "firstname": "Klaus",
          "surname": "von Klitzing",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1985",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "262",
          "firstname": "Herbert A.",
          "surname": "Hauptman",
          "motivation": "\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "263",
          "firstname": "Jerome",
          "surname": "Karle",
          "motivation": "\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1985",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "432",
          "firstname": "Michael S.",
          "surname": "Brown",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "433",
          "firstname": "Joseph L.",
          "surname": "Goldstein",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1985",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "662",
          "firstname": "Claude",
          "surname": "Simon",
          "motivation": "\"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1985",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "547",
          "firstname": "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1985",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "699",
          "firstname": "Franco",
          "surname": "Modigliani",
          "motivation": "\"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "124",
          "firstname": "Carlo",
          "surname": "Rubbia",
          "motivation": "\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "125",
          "firstname": "Simon",
          "surname": "van der Meer",
          "motivation": "\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "261",
          "firstname": "Robert Bruce",
          "surname": "Merrifield",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "429",
          "firstname": "Niels K.",
          "surname": "Jerne",
          "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "430",
          "firstname": "Georges J.F.",
          "surname": "Köhler",
          "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "431",
          "firstname": "César",
          "surname": "Milstein",
          "motivation": "\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "661",
          "firstname": "Jaroslav",
          "surname": "Seifert",
          "motivation": "\"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "546",
          "firstname": "Desmond Mpilo",
          "surname": "Tutu",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "698",
          "firstname": "Richard",
          "surname": "Stone",
          "motivation": "\"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "122",
          "firstname": "Subramanyan",
          "surname": "Chandrasekhar",
          "motivation": "\"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "123",
          "firstname": "William Alfred",
          "surname": "Fowler",
          "motivation": "\"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "260",
          "firstname": "Henry",
          "surname": "Taube",
          "motivation": "\"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "428",
          "firstname": "Barbara",
          "surname": "McClintock",
          "motivation": "\"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "660",
          "firstname": "William",
          "surname": "Golding",
          "motivation": "\"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "545",
          "firstname": "Lech",
          "surname": "Walesa",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "697",
          "firstname": "Gerard",
          "surname": "Debreu",
          "motivation": "\"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "121",
          "firstname": "Kenneth G.",
          "surname": "Wilson",
          "motivation": "\"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "259",
          "firstname": "Aaron",
          "surname": "Klug",
          "motivation": "\"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "425",
          "firstname": "Sune K.",
          "surname": "Bergström",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "426",
          "firstname": "Bengt I.",
          "surname": "Samuelsson",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "427",
          "firstname": "John R.",
          "surname": "Vane",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "659",
          "firstname": "Gabriel",
          "surname": "García Márquez",
          "motivation": "\"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "543",
          "firstname": "Alva",
          "surname": "Myrdal",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "544",
          "firstname": "Alfonso",
          "surname": "García Robles",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "696",
          "firstname": "George J.",
          "surname": "Stigler",
          "motivation": "\"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1981",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "118",
          "firstname": "Nicolaas",
          "surname": "Bloembergen",
          "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "119",
          "firstname": "Arthur Leonard",
          "surname": "Schawlow",
          "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "120",
          "firstname": "Kai M.",
          "surname": "Siegbahn",
          "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1981",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "257",
          "firstname": "Kenichi",
          "surname": "Fukui",
          "motivation": "\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "258",
          "firstname": "Roald",
          "surname": "Hoffmann",
          "motivation": "\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1981",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "422",
          "firstname": "Roger W.",
          "surname": "Sperry",
          "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "423",
          "firstname": "David H.",
          "surname": "Hubel",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "424",
          "firstname": "Torsten N.",
          "surname": "Wiesel",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1981",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "658",
          "firstname": "Elias",
          "surname": "Canetti",
          "motivation": "\"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1981",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "515",
          "firstname": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1981",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "695",
          "firstname": "James",
          "surname": "Tobin",
          "motivation": "\"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "116",
          "firstname": "James Watson",
          "surname": "Cronin",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "117",
          "firstname": "Val Logsdon",
          "surname": "Fitch",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "254",
          "firstname": "Paul",
          "surname": "Berg",
          "motivation": "\"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "255",
          "firstname": "Walter",
          "surname": "Gilbert",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "222",
          "firstname": "Frederick",
          "surname": "Sanger",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "419",
          "firstname": "Baruj",
          "surname": "Benacerraf",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "420",
          "firstname": "Jean",
          "surname": "Dausset",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "421",
          "firstname": "George D.",
          "surname": "Snell",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "657",
          "firstname": "Czeslaw",
          "surname": "Milosz",
          "motivation": "\"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "541",
          "firstname": "Adolfo",
          "surname": "Pérez Esquivel",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "694",
          "firstname": "Lawrence R.",
          "surname": "Klein",
          "motivation": "\"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1979",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "113",
          "firstname": "Sheldon Lee",
          "surname": "Glashow",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "114",
          "firstname": "Abdus",
          "surname": "Salam",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "115",
          "firstname": "Steven",
          "surname": "Weinberg",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1979",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "252",
          "firstname": "Herbert C.",
          "surname": "Brown",
          "motivation": "\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "253",
          "firstname": "Georg",
          "surname": "Wittig",
          "motivation": "\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1979",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "417",
          "firstname": "Allan M.",
          "surname": "Cormack",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "418",
          "firstname": "Godfrey N.",
          "surname": "Hounsfield",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1979",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "655",
          "firstname": "Odysseus",
          "surname": "Elytis",
          "motivation": "\"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1979",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "540",
          "firstname": "Mother Teresa",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1979",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "692",
          "firstname": "Theodore W.",
          "surname": "Schultz",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "693",
          "firstname": "Sir Arthur",
          "surname": "Lewis",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1978",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "110",
          "firstname": "Pyotr Leonidovich",
          "surname": "Kapitsa",
          "motivation": "\"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "111",
          "firstname": "Arno Allan",
          "surname": "Penzias",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "112",
          "firstname": "Robert Woodrow",
          "surname": "Wilson",
          "motivation": "\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1978",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "251",
          "firstname": "Peter D.",
          "surname": "Mitchell",
          "motivation": "\"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1978",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "414",
          "firstname": "Werner",
          "surname": "Arber",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "415",
          "firstname": "Daniel",
          "surname": "Nathans",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "416",
          "firstname": "Hamilton O.",
          "surname": "Smith",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1978",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "654",
          "firstname": "Isaac Bashevis",
          "surname": "Singer",
          "motivation": "\"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1978",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "538",
          "firstname": "Mohamed Anwar",
          "surname": "al-Sadat",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "539",
          "firstname": "Menachem",
          "surname": "Begin",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1978",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "691",
          "firstname": "Herbert A.",
          "surname": "Simon",
          "motivation": "\"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1977",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "107",
          "firstname": "Philip Warren",
          "surname": "Anderson",
          "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "108",
          "firstname": "Sir Nevill Francis",
          "surname": "Mott",
          "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "109",
          "firstname": "John Hasbrouck",
          "surname": "van Vleck",
          "motivation": "\"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1977",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "250",
          "firstname": "Ilya",
          "surname": "Prigogine",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1977",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "411",
          "firstname": "Roger",
          "surname": "Guillemin",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "412",
          "firstname": "Andrew V.",
          "surname": "Schally",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "413",
          "firstname": "Rosalyn",
          "surname": "Yalow",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1977",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "653",
          "firstname": "Vicente",
          "surname": "Aleixandre",
          "motivation": "\"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1977",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "537",
          "firstname": "Amnesty International",
          "share": "1",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1977",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "689",
          "firstname": "Bertil",
          "surname": "Ohlin",
          "motivation": "\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "690",
          "firstname": "James E.",
          "surname": "Meade",
          "motivation": "\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1976",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "105",
          "firstname": "Burton",
          "surname": "Richter",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "106",
          "firstname": "Samuel Chao Chung",
          "surname": "Ting",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1976",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "249",
          "firstname": "William N.",
          "surname": "Lipscomb",
          "motivation": "\"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1976",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "409",
          "firstname": "Baruch S.",
          "surname": "Blumberg",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "410",
          "firstname": "D. Carleton",
          "surname": "Gajdusek",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1976",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "652",
          "firstname": "Saul",
          "surname": "Bellow",
          "motivation": "\"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1976",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "535",
          "firstname": "Betty",
          "surname": "Williams",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "536",
          "firstname": "Mairead",
          "surname": "Corrigan",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1976",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "688",
          "firstname": "Milton",
          "surname": "Friedman",
          "motivation": "\"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1975",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "102",
          "firstname": "Aage Niels",
          "surname": "Bohr",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "103",
          "firstname": "Ben Roy",
          "surname": "Mottelson",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "104",
          "firstname": "Leo James",
          "surname": "Rainwater",
          "motivation": "\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1975",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "247",
          "firstname": "John Warcup",
          "surname": "Cornforth",
          "motivation": "\"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "248",
          "firstname": "Vladimir",
          "surname": "Prelog",
          "motivation": "\"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1975",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "406",
          "firstname": "David",
          "surname": "Baltimore",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "407",
          "firstname": "Renato",
          "surname": "Dulbecco",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "408",
          "firstname": "Howard Martin",
          "surname": "Temin",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1975",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "651",
          "firstname": "Eugenio",
          "surname": "Montale",
          "motivation": "\"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1975",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "534",
          "firstname": "Andrei Dmitrievich",
          "surname": "Sakharov",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1975",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "686",
          "firstname": "Leonid Vitaliyevich",
          "surname": "Kantorovich",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "687",
          "firstname": "Tjalling C.",
          "surname": "Koopmans",
          "motivation": "\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1974",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "100",
          "firstname": "Sir Martin",
          "surname": "Ryle",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "101",
          "firstname": "Antony",
          "surname": "Hewish",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1974",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "246",
          "firstname": "Paul J.",
          "surname": "Flory",
          "motivation": "\"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1974",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "403",
          "firstname": "Albert",
          "surname": "Claude",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "404",
          "firstname": "Christian",
          "surname": "de Duve",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "405",
          "firstname": "George E.",
          "surname": "Palade",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1974",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "649",
          "firstname": "Eyvind",
          "surname": "Johnson",
          "motivation": "\"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "650",
          "firstname": "Harry",
          "surname": "Martinson",
          "motivation": "\"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1974",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "532",
          "firstname": "Seán",
          "surname": "MacBride",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "533",
          "firstname": "Eisaku",
          "surname": "Sato",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1974",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "684",
          "firstname": "Gunnar",
          "surname": "Myrdal",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "685",
          "firstname": "Friedrich August",
          "surname": "von Hayek",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1973",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "97",
          "firstname": "Leo",
          "surname": "Esaki",
          "motivation": "\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "98",
          "firstname": "Ivar",
          "surname": "Giaever",
          "motivation": "\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "99",
          "firstname": "Brian David",
          "surname": "Josephson",
          "motivation": "\"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1973",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "244",
          "firstname": "Ernst Otto",
          "surname": "Fischer",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "245",
          "firstname": "Geoffrey",
          "surname": "Wilkinson",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1973",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "400",
          "firstname": "Karl",
          "surname": "von Frisch",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "401",
          "firstname": "Konrad",
          "surname": "Lorenz",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "402",
          "firstname": "Nikolaas",
          "surname": "Tinbergen",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1973",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "648",
          "firstname": "Patrick",
          "surname": "White",
          "motivation": "\"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1973",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "530",
          "firstname": "Henry A.",
          "surname": "Kissinger",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "531",
          "firstname": "Le Duc Tho",
          "share": "2",
          "surname": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1973",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "683",
          "firstname": "Wassily",
          "surname": "Leontief",
          "motivation": "\"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1972",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "66",
          "firstname": "John",
          "surname": "Bardeen",
          "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "95",
          "firstname": "Leon Neil",
          "surname": "Cooper",
          "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "96",
          "firstname": "John Robert",
          "surname": "Schrieffer",
          "motivation": "\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1972",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "241",
          "firstname": "Christian B.",
          "surname": "Anfinsen",
          "motivation": "\"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "242",
          "firstname": "Stanford",
          "surname": "Moore",
          "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"",
          "share": "4"
        },
        {
          "id": "243",
          "firstname": "William H.",
          "surname": "Stein",
          "motivation": "\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"",
          "share": "4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1972",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "398",
          "firstname": "Gerald M.",
          "surname": "Edelman",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "399",
          "firstname": "Rodney R.",
          "surname": "Porter",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1972",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "647",
          "firstname": "Heinrich",
          "surname": "Böll",
          "motivation": "\"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1972",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "681",
          "firstname": "John R.",
          "surname": "Hicks",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "682",
          "firstname": "Kenneth J.",
          "surname": "Arrow",
          "motivation": "\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1971",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "93",
          "firstname": "Dennis",
          "surname": "Gabor",
          "motivation": "\"for his invention and development of the holographic method\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1971",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "240",
          "firstname": "Gerhard",
          "surname": "Herzberg",
          "motivation": "\"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1971",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "397",
          "firstname": "Earl W.",
          "surname": "Sutherland, Jr.",
          "motivation": "\"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1971",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "645",
          "firstname": "Pablo",
          "surname": "Neruda",
          "motivation": "\"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1971",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "529",
          "firstname": "Willy",
          "surname": "Brandt",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1971",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "680",
          "firstname": "Simon",
          "surname": "Kuznets",
          "motivation": "\"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1970",
      "category": "physics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "91",
          "firstname": "Hannes Olof Gösta",
          "surname": "Alfvén",
          "motivation": "\"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics\"",
          "share": "2"
        },
        {
          "id": "92",
          "firstname": "Louis Eugène Félix",
          "surname": "Néel",
          "motivation": "\"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics\"",
          "share": "2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1970",
      "category": "chemistry",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "239",
          "firstname": "Luis F.",
          "surname": "Leloir",
          "motivation": "\"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1970",
      "category": "medicine",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "394",
          "firstname": "Sir Bernard",
          "surname": "Katz",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "395",
          "firstname": "Ulf",
          "surname": "von Euler",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"",
          "share": "3"
        },
        {
          "id": "396",
          "firstname": "Julius",
          "surname": "Axelrod",
          "motivation": "\"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation\"",
          "share": "3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1970",
      "category": "literature",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "644",
          "firstname": "Aleksandr Isayevich",
          "surname": "Solzhenitsyn",
          "motivation": "\"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1970",
      "category": "peace",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "528",
          "firstname": "Norman E.",
          "surname": "Borlaug",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "year": "1970",
      "category": "economics",
      "laureates": [
        {
          "id": "679",
          "firstname": "Paul A.",
          "surname": "Samuelson",
          "motivation": "\"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science\"",
          "share": "1"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}