README.md

Paradigm list

Most grammars of Western Armenian use 3 simple conjugation classes, but these don't cover the entire language. This is because of confounds like the following:

1. Derived verbs are conjugated differently than simple verbs. This includes causatives, passives, inchoatives.
2. Irregular verbs pattern differently and show subregularities.
3. Defective verbs don't have all the paradigm cells.
4. Suppletive verbs use different stems in different cells
5. Paradigms can slightly differ for vowel-initial vs. consonant-initial verbs.

For more complete coverage, Boyacioglu 2010 uses 58 conjugation classes. We use his conjugation system. We refine his paradigms to incorporate passives and regularized verbs. We did some other minor changes, described in the modifications files.

Types of files

In this folder, paradigms are provided in four types of files:

1. paradigms_arm: paradigms in the Armenian script.
2. paradigms_trans: paradigms in their transliterated form.
3. paradigms_arm_stemmed: stemmed paradigms in the Armenian script.
4. paradigms_trans_stemmed: stemmed paradigms in their transliterated form.

For stemmed paradigms, the paradigm cells are segmented into a stem and affixes. The transliterated forms are generated based on the transliteration key. The files have both xlsx and tsv versions.

Structure of a paradigm file

The structure of a paradigm file looks like the following. This is taken from the transliterated paradigms_trans file.

Class number	Class 1	...	Class 57	...
Subclass		...		...
Regularity	Regular	...	Suppletive	...
Initial segment	V	...	V	...
Example lemma	erkel	...	udel	...
Example stem	erk	...	ud, ger	...
Affix	-el	...	-el	...
evidential participle	erker	...	gerer	...
future participle	erkelu	...	udelu	...
...	...	...	...	...

The different classes are organized on separate columns, starting from the second column. For example, the second column is for Class 1. The content of the paradigms is described on separate rows. The first 7 rows organize the classes in the following way:

1. Class number: Number of the class. Numbers are taken from Boyacioglu 2010 and range from Class 1 to Class 58.
2. Subclass: We refine Boyacioglu's classes and provide subclasses for some classesNumber of the class.
3. Regularity: Type of class. Possible values are Regular, Archaic, Irregular, Defective, or Suppletive.
4. Initial segment: The initial segment of all the lemmas of a class can either be a vowel V or a consonant C.
5. Example lemma: An example lemma that belongs to this classs, such as erkel.
6. Example stem: The stem of the example lemma. The stem is the part of the lemma without any suffixes, such as erk.
7. Affix: The sequence of segments which follows the stem.

For most classes, the stem is a single item. But some classes use multiple stems in different contexts. For example, the Class 57 lemma udel uses two types of suppletive stems: ud and ger. These stems are listed in the Example stem row and separated with commas: ud, ger. Stems are useful for the stemmed files, described in the Stemming section.

The rest of the rows list the different paradigm cells, such as the evidential participle. For Class 1, the evidential participle of its example lemma erkel is erker. The full list of possible paradigm cells is described in the Paradigm cells section.

Depending on the class, the value of a paradigm cell can be:

1. a single string: For example, the evidential participle of Class 1 erkel is erker.
2. multiple strings: For some classes, a cell can have multiple possible values. For example for Class 3 abril, the imperative 2sg is either abri՛r or abre՛. These multiple forms are optional and separated by commas: abri՛r, abre՛.
3. blank: A blank cell means that the class is defective and doesn't have a realization for that cell. For example, Class 27 grnam doesn't have an an infinitival form. Its value for the infinitival cell is blank.
4. the word 'periphrasis': Most classes use a periphrastic form for present negatives. For example for Class 1 erkel, the entry for negative indicative present 1pl is the word periphrasis. Periphrastic or complex tenses are described in the complex_tenses file.

Stemming

The files paradigms_arm.tsv and paradigms_trans.tsv show the paradigm cells as a single string of letters. In the paradigms_arm_stemmed.tsv and paradigms_trans_stemmed.tsv files, the entries are divided into a stem and affixes. The stems are marked by angle brackets. Their value matche the values in the Example stem row.

For example, the table below is part of the paradigms_trans_stemmed file.

Class number	Class 1	...	Class 57	...
Subclass		...		...
Regularity	Regular	...	Suppletive	...
Initial segment	V	...	V	...
Example lemma	erkel	...	udel	...
Example stem	<X> = erk	...	<Xprs> = ud, <Xpst> = ger	...
Affix	-el	...	-el	...
evidential participle	<X>er	...	<Xpst>er	...
future participle	<X>elu	...	<Xprs>elu	...
...	...	...	...	...

For Class 1 erkel, it uses a stem erk which is represented as <X>. This is shown in the Example stem row: <X> = erk. The symbol <X> replaces erk in all of its paradigm cells, such as the evidential participle <X>er (= erker).

Some classes like Class 57 udel use multiple stems in different contexts. One of its stems ger is used in the evidential participle gerer while another stem ud is used in future participle udelu. These stems have unique names in the Example stem row: <Xprs> = ud, <Xpst> = ger. For Class 57, the symbols <Xprs> and <Xpst> replace the corresponding stems in the entire paradigm.

For some classes, the imperative 2sg is just the stem with the exlamation mark, such as ge՛r 'eat!' for Class 57 udel. The exclamation mark is placed inside the verb. For convenience, its stem form is <Xpst>՛ with the exclamation mark placed after the stem.

Paradigm cells

The paradigm list keeps of track of at most 79 paradigm cells for each conjugation class. Some classes are defective and use less than the full 79 cells. Besides these 79 paradigm cells, there are also over 20 complex tense constructions. The paradigm list and complex-tense list partially overlap for negatives indicatives and prohibitives.

In the paradigm files, the cells are distributed across 79 rows in alphabetical order. For illustration, I list these cells here based on their semantic grouping. For each table, I include a header but the header is not a paradigm cell.

1. Infinitivals

Basic infinitival	Derived infinitval
infinitival	causative infinitival
negative infinitival	passive infinitival

2. Participles

Basic	Negative
evidential participle
future participle	negative future participle
past imperfect negative participle
perfect participle	negative perfective participle
present negative participle
prospective participle	negative prospective participle
subject participle	negative subject participle

3. Imperatives and prohibitives:

Imperatives	Prohibitives
imperative 2sg	prohibitive 2sg
imperative 2pl	prohibitive 2pl

4. Simple past

Positive	Negative
indicative past 1sg	negative indicative past 1sg
indicative past 2sg	negative indicative past 2sg
indicative past 3sg	negative indicative past 3sg
indicative past 1pl	negative indicative past 1pl
indicative past 2pl	negative indicative past 2pl
indicative past 3pl	negative indicative past 3pl

5. Present

Indicative	Subjunctive	Negative indicative	Negative subjunctive
indicative present 1sg	subjunctive present 1sg	negative indicative present 1sg	negative subjunctive present 1sg
indicative present 3sg	subjunctive present 3sg	negative indicative present 3sg	negative subjunctive present 3sg
indicative present 2sg	subjunctive present 2sg	negative indicative present 2sg	negative subjunctive present 2sg
indicative present 1pl	subjunctive present 1pl	negative indicative present 1pl	negative subjunctive present 1pl
indicative present 2pl	subjunctive present 2pl	negative indicative present 2pl	negative subjunctive present 2pl
indicative present 3pl	subjunctive present 3pl	negative indicative present 3pl	negative subjunctive present 3pl

6. Past imperfect

Indicative	Subjunctive	Negative indicative	Negative subjunctive
indicative past imperfective 1sg	subjunctive past imperfective 1sg	negative indicative past imperfective 1sg	negative subjunctive past imperfective 1sg
indicative past imperfective 2sg	subjunctive past imperfective 3pl	negative indicative past imperfective 2sg	negative subjunctive past imperfective 2sg
indicative past imperfective 3sg	subjunctive past imperfective 3sg	negative indicative past imperfective 3sg	negative subjunctive past imperfective 3sg
indicative past imperfective 1pl	subjunctive past imperfective 1pl	negative indicative past imperfective 1pl	negative subjunctive past imperfective 1pl
indicative past imperfective 2pl	subjunctive past imperfective 2pl	negative indicative past imperfective 2pl	negative subjunctive past imperfective 2pl
indicative past imperfective 3pl	subjunctive past imperfective 3sg	negative indicative past imperfective 3pl	negative subjunctive past imperfective 3pl