diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index fd37722..d50624e 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -53,12 +53,11 @@ Suggests:
     Seurat, 
     bluster, 
     cluster, 
-    msigdbr, 
     rmarkdown,
     slingshot, 
+    gprofiler2,
     BiocGenerics, 
     BiocNeighbors, 
-    clusterProfiler, 
     testthat (>= 3.0.0),
     SingleCellExperiment, 
     SummarizedExperiment
diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index dbf4c7e..60275d4 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ importFrom(dplyr,arrange)
 importFrom(dplyr,bind_cols)
 importFrom(dplyr,case_when)
 importFrom(dplyr,contains)
+importFrom(dplyr,desc)
 importFrom(dplyr,distinct)
 importFrom(dplyr,filter)
 importFrom(dplyr,group_by)
diff --git a/R/enrichDynamicGenes.R b/R/enrichDynamicGenes.R
index 014833c..4acb05b 100644
--- a/R/enrichDynamicGenes.R
+++ b/R/enrichDynamicGenes.R
@@ -2,40 +2,29 @@
 #'
 #' @name enrichDynamicGenes
 #' @author Jack Leary
-#' @description This function uses the \code{msigdbr} and \code{clusterProfiler} packages to perform GSEA on a set of genes from one or more lineages that were determined to be dynamic with \code{\link{testDynamic}}.
+#' @description This function uses the \code{gprofiler2} package to perform pathway analysis on a set of genes from one or more lineages that were determined to be dynamic with \code{\link{testDynamic}}.
 #' @import magrittr
-#' @importFrom dplyr filter distinct pull
+#' @importFrom dplyr filter arrange desc distinct pull
 #' @param scLANE.de.res The output from \code{\link{getResultsDE}}. Defaults to NULL.
 #' @param lineage A character vector specifying lineages to isolate. Defaults to NULL.
-#' @param species One of "hs" or "mm", specifying whether the gene sets are human or murine in origin.
-#' @param gene.set.cat Corresponds to the \code{category} parameter of \code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr}}. Defaults to NULL.
-#' @param gene.set.subcat Corresponds to the \code{subcategory} parameter of \code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr}}. Defaults to NULL.
-#' @return The output from \code{\link[clusterProfiler]{enricher}}.
-#' @seealso \code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr}}
-#' @seealso \code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr_collections}}
-#' @seealso \code{\link[clusterProfiler]{enricher}}
+#' @param species The species against which to run enrichment analysis. Defaults to "hsapiens".
+#' @return The output from \code{\link[gprofiler2]{gost}}.
+#' @seealso \code{\link[gprofiler2]{gost}}
 #' @export
 #' @examples
 #' \dontrun{
+#' enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = de_stats)
 #' enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = de_stats,
-#'                    lineage = "A",
-#'                    gene.set.cat = "C1",
-#'                    gene.set.subcat = "CGP")
-#' enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = de_stats,
-#'                    species = "mm",
-#'                    gene.set.cat = "C2",
-#'                    gene.set.subcat = "CP:REACTOME")
+#'                    lineage = "B",
+#'                    species = "mmusculus")
 #' }
 
 enrichDynamicGenes <- function(scLANE.de.res = NULL,
                                lineage = NULL,
-                               species = "hs",
-                               gene.set.cat = NULL,
-                               gene.set.subcat = NULL) {
+                               species = "hsapiens") {
   # check inputs
-  if (is.null(scLANE.de.res) || is.null(gene.set.cat)) { stop("Arguments to enrichDynamicGenes() are missing.") }
+  if (is.null(scLANE.de.res)) { stop("Arguments to enrichDynamicGenes() are missing.") }
   species <- tolower(species)
-  if (!species %in% c("hs", "mm")) { stop("species must be one of 'hs' or 'mm' at this time.") }
   if (!is.null(lineage)) {
     scLANE.de.res <- dplyr::filter(scLANE.de.res,
                                    Lineage %in% lineage,
@@ -43,21 +32,13 @@ enrichDynamicGenes <- function(scLANE.de.res = NULL,
   } else {
     scLANE.de.res <- dplyr::filter(scLANE.de.res, Gene_Dynamic_Overall == 1)
   }
-  genes <- dplyr::distinct(scLANE.de.res, Gene) %>%
+  genes <- dplyr::arrange(scLANE.de.res, dplyr::desc(Test_Stat)) %>%
+           dplyr::distinct(Gene) %>%
            dplyr::pull(Gene)
-  if (species == "hs") {
-    gene_sets <- msigdbr::msigdbr(species = "human",
-                                  category = gene.set.cat,
-                                  subcategory = gene.set.subcat)
-  } else if (species == "mm") {
-    gene_sets <- msigdbr::msigdbr(species = "mouse",
-                                  category = gene.set.cat,
-                                  subcategory = gene.set.subcat)
-  }
-  term_to_gene <- dplyr::distinct(gene_sets, gs_name, gene_symbol)
-  gsea_res <- clusterProfiler::enricher(gene = genes,
-                                        TERM2GENE = term_to_gene,
-                                        universe = unique(term_to_gene$gene_symbol),
-                                        qvalueCutoff = 0.05)
-  return(gsea_res)
+  pathway_enr_res <- gprofiler2::gost(query = genes,
+                                      organism = species,
+                                      ordered_query = TRUE,
+                                      multi_query = FALSE,
+                                      significant = FALSE)
+  return(pathway_enr_res)
 }
diff --git a/R/marge2.R b/R/marge2.R
index af0ba58..a202c11 100644
--- a/R/marge2.R
+++ b/R/marge2.R
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #' @importFrom MASS glm.nb negative.binomial theta.mm
 #' @importFrom utils tail
 #' @importFrom purrr map_chr
-#' @importFrom stats fitted coef offset as.formula
+#' @importFrom stats quantile fitted coef offset as.formula
 #' @param X_pred A matrix of the predictor variables. Defaults to NULL.
 #' @param Y The response variable. Defaults to NULL.
 #' @param Y.offset (Optional) An vector of per-cell size factors to be included in the final model fit as an offset. Defaults to NULL.
@@ -165,8 +165,10 @@ marge2 <- function(X_pred = NULL,
         X_red1 <- min_span(X_red = X, q = q, minspan = minspan)
         X_red2 <- max_span(X_red = X, q = q)
         X_red <- intersect(X_red1, X_red2)
+        q05 <- stats::quantile(X_pred[, v], 0.05)
+        q95 <- stats::quantile(X_pred[, v], 0.95)
+        X_red <- X_red[X_red > q05 & X_red < q95]
         if (length(X_red) > n.knot.max) {
-          # set.seed(as.integer(length(X_red)))
           X_red <- sample(X_red, size = n.knot.max)
         }
       } else {
diff --git a/man/enrichDynamicGenes.Rd b/man/enrichDynamicGenes.Rd
index e24387e..58cefcf 100644
--- a/man/enrichDynamicGenes.Rd
+++ b/man/enrichDynamicGenes.Rd
@@ -4,49 +4,31 @@
 \alias{enrichDynamicGenes}
 \title{Perform GSEA on dynamic genes identified by \code{scLANE}.}
 \usage{
-enrichDynamicGenes(
-  scLANE.de.res = NULL,
-  lineage = NULL,
-  species = "hs",
-  gene.set.cat = NULL,
-  gene.set.subcat = NULL
-)
+enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = NULL, lineage = NULL, species = "hsapiens")
 }
 \arguments{
 \item{scLANE.de.res}{The output from \code{\link{getResultsDE}}. Defaults to NULL.}
 
 \item{lineage}{A character vector specifying lineages to isolate. Defaults to NULL.}
 
-\item{species}{One of "hs" or "mm", specifying whether the gene sets are human or murine in origin.}
-
-\item{gene.set.cat}{Corresponds to the \code{category} parameter of \code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr}}. Defaults to NULL.}
-
-\item{gene.set.subcat}{Corresponds to the \code{subcategory} parameter of \code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr}}. Defaults to NULL.}
+\item{species}{The species against which to run enrichment analysis. Defaults to "hsapiens".}
 }
 \value{
-The output from \code{\link[clusterProfiler]{enricher}}.
+The output from \code{\link[gprofiler2]{gost}}.
 }
 \description{
-This function uses the \code{msigdbr} and \code{clusterProfiler} packages to perform GSEA on a set of genes from one or more lineages that were determined to be dynamic with \code{\link{testDynamic}}.
+This function uses the \code{gprofiler2} package to perform pathway analysis on a set of genes from one or more lineages that were determined to be dynamic with \code{\link{testDynamic}}.
 }
 \examples{
 \dontrun{
+enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = de_stats)
 enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = de_stats,
-                   lineage = "A",
-                   gene.set.cat = "C1",
-                   gene.set.subcat = "CGP")
-enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = de_stats,
-                   species = "mm",
-                   gene.set.cat = "C2",
-                   gene.set.subcat = "CP:REACTOME")
+                   lineage = "B",
+                   species = "mmusculus")
 }
 }
 \seealso{
-\code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr}}
-
-\code{\link[msigdbr]{msigdbr_collections}}
-
-\code{\link[clusterProfiler]{enricher}}
+\code{\link[gprofiler2]{gost}}
 }
 \author{
 Jack Leary
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test_scLANE.R b/tests/testthat/test_scLANE.R
index 3f1ac41..29bd595 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test_scLANE.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test_scLANE.R
@@ -188,9 +188,7 @@ withr::with_output_sink(tempfile(), {
                                          expr.mat = sim_data,
                                          cell.meta.data = as.data.frame(SummarizedExperiment::colData(sim_data)),
                                          id.vec = sim_data$subject)
-  gsea_res <- enrichDynamicGenes(scLANE.de.res = glm_test_results,
-                                 gene.set.cat = "C2",
-                                 species = "hs")
+  gsea_res <- enrichDynamicGenes(glm_test_results, species = "hsapiens")
   coef_summary_glm <- summarizeModel(marge_mod_offset, pt = pt_test)
   coef_summary_gee <- summarizeModel(marge_mod_GEE_offset, pt = pt_test)
 })
@@ -348,9 +346,9 @@ test_that("getFittedValues() output", {
 })
 
 test_that("enrichDynamicGenes() output", {
-  expect_s4_class(gsea_res, "enrichResult")
-  expect_s3_class(gsea_res@result, "data.frame")
-  expect_equal(ncol(gsea_res@result), 9)
+  expect_type(gsea_res, "list")
+  expect_length(gsea_res, 2)
+  expect_s3_class(gsea_res$result, "data.frame")
 })
 
 test_that("summarizeModels() output", {