03_exploratory_analysis_pandas.py

"""
CLASS: Pandas for Data Exploration, Analysis, and Visualization

About the data:
WHO alcohol consumption data:
    article: http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/dear-mona-followup-where-do-people-drink-the-most-beer-wine-and-spirits/
    original data: https://github.com/fivethirtyeight/data/tree/master/alcohol-consumption
    files: drinks.csv (with additional 'continent' column)
"""

"""
First, we need to import Pandas into Python.  Pandas is a Python package that
allows for easy manipulation of DataFrames.  You'll also need to import 
matplotlib for plotting.
"""

#imports
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np


'''
Reading Files, Summarizing, Selecting, Filtering, Sorting
'''
# Can read a file from a local file on your computer or from a URL
drinks = pd.read_table('drinks.csv', sep=',')   # read_table is more general
drinks = pd.read_csv('drinks.csv')  # read_csv is specific to CSV and implies sep=","
# Can also read from URLs
drinks = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/justmarkham/DAT5/master/data/drinks.csv')


'''
Key Concept: Dot notation
In Python, you can think of an object as an entity that can have both attributes
and methods.  A dot following an object indicates that you are about to access
something within the object, an attribute or a method.  Attributes contain
information about the object.  They are usually a single "word" following the
dot.  A method is somethng the object can do.  They are usually a "word" with
parentheses following the dot.
'''

# examine the drinks data
drinks                          # print the first 30 and last 30 rows
type(drinks)                    # DataFrame
drinks.head()                   # print the first 5 rows
drinks.head(10)                 # print the first 10 rows
drinks.tail()                   # print the last 5 rows
drinks.describe()               # summarize all numeric columns
drinks.describe(include='all')  # includes non numeric columns; new in pandas 0.15.0
drinks.index                    # "the index" (aka "the labels")
drinks.columns                  # column names (which is "an index")
drinks.dtypes                   # data types of each column
drinks.shape                    # number of rows and columns
drinks.values                   # underlying numpy array
drinks.info()                   # concise summary (includes memory usage as of pandas 0.15.0)

# Print the 'beer_servings' Series (a single column)
drinks.beer_servings
drinks['beer_servings']
type(drinks.beer_servings)    

# Print two columns
drinks[['beer_servings','wine_servings']] 
cols = ['beer_servings','wine_servings']
drinks[cols]

# Calculate the average 'beer_servings' for the entire dataset
drinks.describe()                   # summarize all numeric columns
drinks.beer_servings.describe()     # summarize only the 'beer_servings' Series
drinks.beer_servings.mean()         # only calculate the mean
drinks.beer_servings.max()          # only calculate the max
drinks.beer_servings.min()          # only calculate the min

# Other aggregation functions
drinks.beer_servings.sum()
drinks.beer_servings.count()
float(drinks.beer_servings.sum())/drinks.beer_servings.count()

# Count the number of occurrences of each 'continent' value
drinks.continent.value_counts()

# Simple logical filters
# Print all columns, but only show rows where the country is in Europe
# Let's look at each piece of this.
drinks.continent                    # Returns all of the continent values
drinks.continent=='EU'              # Returns True/False list
drinks[drinks.continent=='EU']      # Returns all rows where True

# Other logical filters
drinks[drinks.beer_servings > 158]
drinks[drinks.beer_servings <= 10]
type(drinks[drinks.beer_servings <= 10])    # DataFrame
drinks[drinks.beer_servings <= 10][['country','beer_servings']]

# Calculate the average 'beer_servings' for all of Europe
drinks[drinks.continent=='EU'].beer_servings.mean()

# More complex logical fitering
# Only show European countries with 'wine_servings' greater than 300
# Note: parentheses are required for each condition, and you can't use 'and' or 'or' keywords
drinks[(drinks.continent=='EU') & (drinks.wine_servings > 300)]

# Show European countries or countries with 'wine_servings' greater than 300
drinks[(drinks.continent=='EU') | (drinks.wine_servings > 300)]

# Show countries who have more than the mean beer_servings
drinks[drinks.beer_servings > drinks.beer_servings.mean()]

##########################################
############    Exercise 1    ############
##########################################

# Using the 'drinks' data, answer the following questions:
# 1. What is the maximum number of total litres of pure alcohol?
drinks.total_litres_of_pure_alcohol.max()

# 2. Which country has the maximum number of total litres of pure alcohol?
drinks[drinks.total_litres_of_pure_alcohol == drinks.total_litres_of_pure_alcohol.max()]['country']

# 3. Does Haiti or Belarus consume more servings of spirits?
drinks.spirit_servings[drinks.country=='Haiti'] > drinks.spirit_servings[drinks.country=='Belarus']

# 4. How many countries have more than 300 wine servings OR more than 300 
# beer servings OR more than 300 spirit servings?
drinks[(drinks.wine_servings > 300) | (drinks.beer_servings > 300) | (drinks.spirit_servings > 300)].country.count()

# 5. For the countries in the previous question, what is the average total litres
# of pure alcohol? 
drinks[(drinks.wine_servings > 300) | (drinks.beer_servings > 300) | (drinks.spirit_servings > 300)].mean()


# sorting
drinks.beer_servings.order()                              # only works for a Series
drinks.sort_index()                                       # sort rows by label
drinks.sort_index(by='beer_servings')                     # sort rows by a specific column
drinks.sort_index(by='beer_servings', ascending=False)    # use descending order instead
drinks.sort_index(by=['beer_servings', 'wine_servings'])  # sort by multiple columns

# Determine which 10 countries have the highest 'total_litres_of_pure_alcohol'
drinks.sort_index(by='total_litres_of_pure_alcohol').tail(10)

# Determine which country has the highest value for 'beer_servings'
drinks[drinks.beer_servings==drinks.beer_servings.max()].country

# Use dot notation to string together commands
# How many countries in each continent have beer_servings greater than 182?
# i.e. a beer every two days
drinks[drinks.beer_servings > 182].continent.value_counts()

# add a new column as a function of existing columns
# note: can't (usually) assign to an attribute (e.g., 'drinks.total_servings')
drinks['total_servings'] = drinks.beer_servings + drinks.spirit_servings + drinks.wine_servings
drinks['alcohol_mL'] = drinks.total_litres_of_pure_alcohol * 1000
drinks.head()

'''
Split-Apply-Combine
'''

# for each continent, calculate mean beer servings
drinks.groupby('continent').beer_servings.mean()

# for each continent, calculate mean of all numeric columns
drinks.groupby('continent').mean()

# for each continent, count number of occurrences
drinks.groupby('continent').continent.count()
drinks.continent.value_counts()


'''
A little numpy
'''
probs = np.array([0.51, 0.50, 0.02, 0.49, 0.78])
# np.where functions like an IF statement in Excel
# np.where(condition, value if true, value if false)
np.where(probs >= 0.5, 1, 0)
drinks['lots_of_beer'] = np.where(drinks.beer_servings > 300, 1, 0)



##########################################
############    Exercise 2    ############
##########################################

# 1. What is the average number of total litres of pure alcohol for each 
# continent?
drinks.groupby('continent').total_litres_of_pure_alcohol.mean()


# 2. For each continent, calculate the mean wine_servings for all countries who 
# have a spirit_servings greater than the overall spirit_servings mean.
drinks[drinks.spirit_servings > drinks.spirit_servings.mean()].groupby('continent').wine_servings.mean()


# 3. Per continent, for all of the countries that drink more beer servings than 
# the average number of beer servings, what is the average number of wine 
# servings?
drinks[drinks.beer_servings > drinks.beer_servings.mean()].groupby('continent').wine_servings.mean()


'''
Advanced Filtering (of rows) and Selecting (of columns)
'''

# loc: filter rows by LABEL, and select columns by LABEL
drinks.loc[0]                        # row with label 0
drinks.loc[0:3]                      # rows with labels 0 through 3
drinks.loc[0:3, 'beer_servings':'wine_servings']  # rows 0-3, columns 'beer_servings' through 'wine_servings'
drinks.loc[:, 'beer_servings':'wine_servings']    # all rows, columns 'beer_servings' through 'wine_servings'
drinks.loc[[0,3], ['beer_servings','spirit_servings']]  # rows 1 and 4, columns 'beer_servings' and 'spirit_servings'

# iloc: filter rows by POSITION, and select columns by POSITION
drinks.iloc[0]                       # row with 0th position (first row)
drinks.iloc[0:3]                     # rows with positions 0 through 2 (not 3)
drinks.iloc[0:3, 0:3]                # rows and columns with positions 0 through 2
drinks.iloc[:, 0:3]                  # all rows, columns with positions 0 through 2
drinks.iloc[[0,2], [0,1]]            # 1st and 3rd row, 1st and 2nd column

# mixing: select columns by LABEL, then filter rows by POSITION
drinks.wine_servings[0:3]
drinks[['beer_servings', 'spirit_servings', 'wine_servings']][0:3]


##########################################
#############    Homework    #############
##########################################
'''
Use the automotive mpg data (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/justmarkham/DAT5/master/data/auto_mpg.csv) 
to complete the following parts.  Please turn in your code for each part.  
Before each code chunk, give a brief description (one line) of what the code is
doing (e.g. "Loads the data" or "Creates scatter plot of mpg and weight").  If 
the code output produces a plot or answers a question, give a brief
interpretation of the output (e.g. "This plot shows X,Y,Z" or "The mean for 
group A is higher than the mean for group B which means X,Y,Z").
'''

'''
Part 1
Load the data (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/justmarkham/DAT5/master/data/auto_mpg.txt) 
into a DataFrame.  Try looking at the "head" of the file in the command line
to see how the file is delimited and how to load it.
Note:  You do not need to turn in any command line code you may use.
'''

'''
Part 2
Get familiar with the data.  Answer the following questions:
- What is the shape of the data?  How many rows and columns are there?
- What variables are available?
- What are the ranges for the values in each numeric column?
- What is the average value for each column?  Does that differ significantly
  from the median?
'''


'''
Part 3
Use the data to answer the following questions:
- Which 5 cars get the best gas mileage?  
- Which 5 cars with more than 4 cylinders get the best gas mileage?
- Which 5 cars get the worst gas mileage?  
- Which 5 cars with 4 or fewer cylinders get the worst gas mileage?
'''

'''
Part 4
Use groupby and aggregations to explore the relationships 
between mpg and the other variables.  Which variables seem to have the greatest
effect on mpg?
Some examples of things you might want to look at are:
- What is the mean mpg for cars for each number of cylindres (i.e. 3 cylinders,
  4 cylinders, 5 cylinders, etc)?
- Did mpg rise or fall over the years contained in this dataset?
- What is the mpg for the group of lighter cars vs the group of heaver cars?
Note: Be creative in the ways in which you divide up the data.  You are trying
to create segments of the data using logical filters and comparing the mpg
for each segment of the data.
'''