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Lesson Page.html
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<h2>
<span>Project 1</span>
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<div class="textbox"><p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">(This page only contains content relative to Project1. For content relative to Project2 go to the Project2 page.) </span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Grading and Submission Policies:</span></span></strong><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> Project 1 will contribute 15% to the class grade (as specified in the syllabus). All students must submit for Project 1 using the appropriate link in the Tests & Quizzes content area, and using the submission naming convention specified below. If you want just one group member to submit your long submission, the other team members have to submit some text or file with a pointer to the submitting student in their team (or otherwise I cannot assign a score).</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The following paragraph is common to both projects.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The project should be realized by a team of 2 or 3 students (only well motivated exceptions will be considered acceptable). The implementation can be in any programming language, but those choosing C or C++ will receive a small extra credit, as these are the most recommended (for combined performance and user convenience) programming languages to implement cryptography solutions in the real world. The project comes with a minimal assignment and requires a submission of both software and a report being graded mainly by the TAs according to scoring criteria defined below; any additional work you perform will be considered extra credit work (specifically, Extra Credit 3) if later also submitted under the appropriate space for Extra Credit 3 under Tests and Quizzes. Teams are supposed to split the amount of work more or less equally among the team members; if a team splits the work in a way that is too unbalanced, details should be mentioned to the instructor and the score given to team members may be suitably unbalanced.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Project 1 (Cryptanalysis of permutation ciphers):</span></span></u></strong></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;font-size: 14.0px;">This cryptanalysis project consists of a software implementation of an algorithm that tries to decrypt an L-symbol challenge ciphertext computed using a permutation cipher. Informally speaking, your program's goal is to find the plaintext used to compute this ciphertext within a reasonable amount of time. Specifically, your program should print on screen something like "Enter the ciphertext:", obtain the ciphertext from stdin, apply some cryptanalysis strategy and output on screen something like "My plaintext guess is:" followed by the plaintext found by your strategy. In doing that, your program is allowed access to:</span></p> <ol style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> <li><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The ciphertext (to be taken as input from stdin)</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">A plaintext dictionary (to be posted on top of this web page), containing a number q of plaintexts, each one obtained as a sequence of space-separated words from the English dictionary</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Partial knowledge of the encryption algorithm used (to be described below).</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Your program is not allowed access to:</span></span></p> <ol style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> <li><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The key used by the permutation cipher.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Part of the encryption scheme (to be detailed below).</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The plaintext is a space-separated sequence of words from the English dictionary (the sentence may not be meaningful). The key is a map from each English alphabet (lower-case) letter to a list of numbers randomly chosen between 0 and 102, where the length of this list is the (rounded) letter’s frequency in English text, as defined in the table below. The ciphertext is a space-separated sequence of encryptions of words, where each word is encrypted as a comma-separated list of numbers between 0 and 102, and these numbers are computed using the table below.</span></span></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;width: 511.111px;border-collapse: collapse;border: none;" width="69%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;background: rgb(217,217,217);"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">English letters</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;background: rgb(217,217,217);"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Average frequency</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;background: rgb(217,217,217);"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Key values (randomly chosen distinct numbers between 0 and 102)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">a</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">8</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">k(a,1),…,k(a,8)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">b</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">k(b,1)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">c</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">3</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">k(c,1),…,k(c,3)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">d</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">4</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">k(d,1),…,k(d,4)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">e</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">13</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">k(e,1),…,k(e,13)</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">f</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">…</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">g</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">h</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">6</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">i</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">7</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.0px;"> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;height: 19.0px;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">j</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;height: 19.0px;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;height: 19.0px;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">k</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">l</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">4</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">m</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">n</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">7</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">o</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">8</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">p</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">q</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">r</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">6</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">s</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">6</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">t</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">9</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">u</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">3</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">v</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">w</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">x</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">y</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 56.7361px;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-top: none;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">z</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 74.5139px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 333.403px;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext;padding: 0.0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;"> <p style="line-height: normal;"> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The permutation cipher works as follows. It takes as input a plaintext from a message space and a key randomly chosen from a key space and returns a ciphertext.</span></span></p> <ul style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The message space is the set {<space>,a,..,z}^L. In other words the message m can be written as m[1]...m[L], where each m[i] is in {(space>,a,..,z}</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The ciphertext c can be written as c[1],...,c[L], where each c[i] is in {<space>,0,..,102}. To avoid ambiguities, cyphertext symbols are separated by a comma.</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The key space is the set of random maps from {0,..,26} to a permutation of all numbers in {0,…,102}, grouped in 26 lists, each list having length determined by column 2 of the table below.</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The encryption algorithm works as follows. A space in the plaintext is mapped to a space in the ciphertext. For each message character m[j], the algorithm finds m[j] in column 1 of the table below, and returns one of the keys in column 3 of the same row. The computation of which key is returned by the algorithm is based on a scheduling algorithm which is intentionally left <u>unknown</u> and is a deterministic algorithm (that is, it does not use new random bits) that may depend on j, L and the length of the list on that row.</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The decryption algorithm does the inverse process. It maps space to a space in the plaintext. On any ciphertext character different from a space, it finds the ciphertext character in column 3 of the table, and returns the column 1 plaintext letter that is on the same row. </span></span></li> </ul> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">For instance, assume k(b,1)=23, k(c,1)=11, k(c,2)=98, k(c,3)=5, k(g,1)=34, k(g,2)=56. Then the plaintext “cbcb gbgg gcb” may be encrypted as “98,23,5,23 34,23,56,34 34,11,23”. (Just for simplicity, in this example the plaintext was not a sequence of English words.)</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">We will likely choose L=500, and a plaintext dictionary with q=5 plaintexts.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Your program will be scored based on two tests.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">In the first test, your program will be run many times, each time on a new ciphertext, computed using the above encryption scheme and a plaintext randomly chosen from the plaintext dictionary, with a different scheduling algorithm. On the first execution, the scheduling algorithm will compute “j mod length(list)” and use this result to select the element of that position in the list. On the other executions, the scheduling algorithms will be more and more complex variations of this one.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;font-size: 14.0px;">In the second test, your program will be run a few times, each time on a new ciphertext, computed using a plaintext obtained as a space-separate sequence of words that are randomly chosen from the set of all English words (as in the attachment english_words at the top of this page)</span><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;font-size: 14.0px;"> and the above encryption scheme, with a different scheduling algorithm.</span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Your executable file should be named "<last name1>-<last name2>-<last name3>-decrypt". Upon execution, it should obtain the ciphertext from stdin, and finally return the output plaintext on stdout within x minutes (or else it will be declared to default to an incorrect guess); most likely, we will likely choose x = 2.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;margin-bottom: 0.0in;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Your accompanying <strong>report</strong> should at least include the following sections:</span></span></p> <ol style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">team member names; the list of project tasks performed by each student in the team; any modifications you made with respect to the above specifications</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">a detailed explanation of the cryptanalysis approach used in your program</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Allowed extensions (to be considered as <strong>extra credit</strong>) include any one among the following:</span></span></p> <ol style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">a report section containing a brief (i.e., <= 2 pages) survey on permutation ciphers</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">a report section containing a brief (i.e., <= 2 pages) survey on cryptanalysis approaches for permutation ciphers</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">anything else you want to add</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Your submission should be a zip file containing at least the following files: project report (in pdf form), source and executable. Please name your zip file as <last-name1><last-name2><last-name3>-cs6903f16project1 and your contained files as <last-name1><last-name2><last-name3>-report, <last-name1><last-name2><last-name3>-source, <last-name1><last-name2><last-name3>-decrypt. Your submission will be judged based on the following<strong> grading criteria</strong>:</span></span></p> <ol style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">software correctness and usability (i.e., if you followed all of the above instructions, if software runs correctly, and is easy to use)</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">quality of report (i.e., how well written is your report)</span></span></li> <li style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">cryptanalysis success (i.e., how many challenge ciphertexts your program successfully decrypted). If there are two or more submissions successfully decrypting the same number of challenge ciphertexts, we may rank them based on their (faster to slower) running time taken to produce their outputs.</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;font-size: 14.0px;">A good cryptanalysis strategy not guessing any plaintext or an uninteresting cryptanalysis strategy guessing all plaintexts in the first test </span><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;font-size: 14.0px;">will be rewarded with a score around the B or B+ level. A good cryptanalysis strategy guessing all plaintexts in the first test will be rewarded with a score around the A- level. Mild success in the second test should be enough for a score in the A level. The top team(s) will be rewarded with a bonus score directly on the class grade.</span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Due date </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: arial , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">is on the syllabus. No late submissions can be accepted without score penalty and early submissions are encouraged. You are strongly recommended to submit any questions to the TAs (see Syllabus content area for their contact info) and the instructor.</span></span></p> <p style="font-size: 14.4px;line-height: 23.04px;"> </p> </div>
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